291:, and long-range intron-intron and intron-exon interactions are important for splice site positioning, as well as a number of tertiary contacts between motifs, including kissing-loop and tetraloop-receptor interactions. In 2005, A. De Lencastre et al. found that during splicing of Group II introns, all reactants are preorganized before the initiation of splicing. The branch site, both exons, the catalytically essential regions of DV and J2/3, and ε−ε' are in close proximity before the first step of splicing occurs. In addition to the bulge and AGC triad regions of DV, the J2/3 linker region, the ε−ε' nucleotides and the coordination loop in DI are crucial for the architecture and function of the active-site.
613:. The length of these introns can, as a result, be up to 3 kb. Splicing occurs in almost identical fashion to nuclear pre-mRNA splicing with two transesterification steps, with both also using magnesium ions to stabilize the leaving group in each step, which has led some to theorize a phylogenetic link between group II introns and the nuclear spliceosome. Further evidence for this link includes structural similarity between the U2/U6 junction of spliceosomal RNA and domain V of group II introns, which contains the catalytic AGC triad and much of the heart of the active site, as well as parity between conserved 5' and 3' end sequences.
236:
270:), some of the nucleotides of the central core (joiner sequences), a relatively high number of nucleotides of DV and some short-sequence stretches of DI. The unpaired adenosine in DVI (marked by an asterisk in the figure and located 7 or 8 nt away from the 3' splicing site) is also conserved and plays a central role in the splicing process. The 2' hydroxyl of the bulged
40:
147:
86:
265:
Group II introns possess only a very few conserved nucleotides, and the nucleotides important for the catalytic function are spread over the complete intron structure. The few strictly conserved primary sequences are the consensus at the 5' and 3' splicing site (...↓GUGYG&... and ...AY↓..., with
252:
in the central region (linker or joiner sequences). Due to its enormous size, the domain I was divided further into subdomains a, b, c, and d. Sequence differences of group II introns that led to a further division into subgroups IIA, IIB and IIC were identified, along with varying distance of the
247:
The secondary structure of group II introns is characterized by six typical stem-loop structures, also called domains I to VI (DI to DVI, or D1 to D6). The domains radiate from a central core that brings the 5' and 3' splice junctions into close proximity. The proximal helix structures of the six
306:
modeling of previously unresolved regions. Group IIC are characterized by a catalytic triad made up by CGC, while Group IIA and Group IIB are made up by AGC catalytic triad, which is more similar to the catalytic triad of the spliceosome. It is believed that the Group IIC are also smaller, more
636:
Group II IEPs share a related conserved domain, known as either "Domain X" in organelles or "GIIM" in bacteria, that is not found in other retroelements. Domain X is essential for splicing in yeast mitochondria. This domain may be responsible for recognizing and binding to intron RNA or DNA.
257:
in domain VI (the prospective branch point forming the lariat) from the 3' splice site, and the inclusion or omission of structural elements such as a coordination loop in domain I, which is present in IIB and IIC introns but not IIA. Group II introns also form very complicated
302:(P.li.LSUI2) group IIB intron in 2014. Attempts have been made to model the tertiary structure of other group II introns, such as the ai5γ group IIB intron, using a combination of programs for homology mapping onto known structures and
1596:
215:) may have evolved from group II introns, due to the similar catalytic mechanism as well as the structural similarity of the Group II Domain V substructure to the U6/U2 extended
1176:
Ahlert D, Piepenburg K, Kudla J, Bock R (July 2006). "Evolutionary origin of a plant mitochondrial group II intron from a reverse transcriptase/maturase-encoding ancestor".
848:
Karberg M, Guo H, Zhong J, Coon R, Perutka J, Lambowitz AM (December 2001). "Group II introns as controllable gene targeting vectors for genetic manipulation of bacteria".
1589:
527:
405:
211:, with an A-residue branchpoint strongly resembling that found in lariats formed during splicing of nuclear pre-mRNA. It is hypothesized that pre-mRNA splicing (see
1582:
594:. The first intron to be identified as distinct from group I was the ai5γ group IIB intron, which was isolated in 1986 from a pre-mRNA transcript of the
1126:"Metal ion catalysis during the exon-ligation step of nuclear pre-mRNA splicing: extending the parallels between the spliceosome and group II introns"
1229:"Evolutionary relationships among group II intron-encoded proteins and identification of a conserved domain that may be related to maturase function"
1081:
Peebles CL, Perlman PS, Mecklenburg KL, Petrillo ML, Tabor JH, Jarrell KA, Cheng HL (January 1986). "A self-splicing RNA excises an intron lariat".
646:
1330:"Splicing defective mutants of the COXI gene of yeast mitochondrial DNA: initial definition of the maturase domain of the group II intron aI2"
2414:
307:
reactive and more ancient. The first step of splicing in Group IIC intron is done by water and it form a linear structure instead of lariat.
223:. For example, group II introns can be modified to make site-specific genome insertions and deliver cargo DNA such as reporter genes or
1281:"Presence of a group II intron in a multiresistant Serratia marcescens strain that harbors three integrons and a novel gene fusion"
1379:"Group II intron endonucleases use both RNA and protein subunits for recognition of specific sequences in double-stranded DNA"
2250:
1845:
547:
425:
1540:
Michel F, Umesono K, Ozeki H (October 1989). "Comparative and functional anatomy of group II catalytic introns--a review".
628:
splicing of Group II introns, and can be found in chloroplastic introns or in the nuclear genome. Its RT domain is broken.
2386:
2034:
624:(MatK) is a protein somewhat similar to those intron-encoded proteins, found in plant chloroplasts. It is required for
1954:
1710:
2255:
1503:
Lehmann K, Schmidt U (2003). "Group II introns: structure and catalytic versatility of large natural ribozymes".
2102:
2003:
1920:
666:
200:
757:"Structure of a self-splicing group II intron catalytic effector domain 5: parallels with spliceosomal U6 RNA"
535:
413:
2129:
1905:
208:
2357:
1673:
282:. This results in a branched intron lariat connected by a 2' phosphodiester linkage at the DVI adenosine.
259:
204:
2429:
2117:
2090:
531:
409:
2061:
2056:
1932:
1185:
219:. Finally, their ability to site-specifically insert into DNA sites has been exploited as a tool for
940:
de
Lencastre A, Hamill S, Pyle AM (July 2005). "A single active-site region for a group II intron".
2297:
2139:
2095:
2051:
1789:
661:
275:
240:
2424:
2347:
1528:
1209:
1106:
965:
873:
610:
1034:"A structural analysis of the group II intron active site and implications for the spliceosome"
235:
2342:
2046:
1557:
1520:
1491:
1448:
1408:
1359:
1310:
1258:
1201:
1155:
1098:
1063:
1014:
957:
922:
865:
830:
786:
737:
522:
400:
216:
141:
80:
2078:
1972:
1605:
1549:
1512:
1481:
1473:
1440:
1398:
1390:
1349:
1341:
1300:
1292:
1248:
1240:
1193:
1145:
1137:
1090:
1053:
1045:
1004:
996:
949:
912:
904:
857:
820:
776:
768:
727:
719:
671:
176:
514:
392:
2335:
2029:
1937:
1740:
609:
encode essential splicing proteins, known as intron-encoded proteins or IEPs, in intronic
1328:
Moran JV, Mecklenburg KL, Sass P, Belcher SM, Mahnke D, Lewin A, Perlman P (June 1994).
1189:
2325:
2212:
2083:
1942:
1925:
1730:
1660:
1403:
1378:
1150:
1058:
1033:
1009:
984:
917:
892:
804:
781:
756:
732:
707:
1574:
1486:
1461:
1444:
1354:
1329:
1305:
1280:
1253:
1228:
2408:
2365:
2330:
2173:
2163:
2134:
1767:
1760:
1553:
1094:
220:
1532:
1296:
1110:
969:
877:
463:
341:
2419:
2352:
2195:
2155:
2122:
1894:
1880:
1778:
1213:
1125:
891:
Cerisy T, Rostain W, Chhun A, Boutard M, Salanoubat M, Tolonen AC (December 2019).
510:
388:
180:
476:
354:
893:"A Targetron-Recombinase System for Large-Scale Genome Engineering of Clostridia"
488:
366:
2376:
2242:
2190:
2185:
1698:
723:
656:
212:
1477:
1394:
2284:
2279:
2232:
2225:
2220:
2205:
2200:
2041:
1976:
1725:
1667:
1197:
1141:
621:
294:
The first crystal structure of a group II intron was resolved in 2008 for the
267:
249:
1345:
1244:
908:
2289:
2274:
2261:
2013:
1801:
1720:
1715:
1705:
1693:
1632:
575:
271:
254:
1524:
1495:
1452:
1314:
1205:
1159:
1067:
1018:
961:
926:
869:
834:
790:
741:
39:
1561:
1412:
1363:
1262:
1102:
1000:
825:
808:
2320:
2266:
2168:
2112:
2107:
1998:
1959:
1915:
1817:
1622:
861:
676:
591:
587:
483:
361:
185:
168:
1049:
772:
17:
2302:
2180:
1964:
1949:
1652:
1627:
287:
195:
190:
1516:
1431:
Bonen L, Vogel J (June 2001). "The ins and outs of group II introns".
239:
The Domain V substructure that is shared between Group II introns and
2393:
2371:
2068:
1991:
1986:
1751:
1642:
1637:
651:
606:
583:
542:
420:
953:
1875:
1867:
1685:
1647:
579:
234:
97:
Entry contains
Splicing domain V (D5) and some consensus 3' to it.
68:
2381:
2073:
1614:
983:
Somarowthu S, Legiewicz M, Keating KS, Pyle AM (February 2014).
682:
617:
571:
567:
563:
504:
470:
458:
382:
348:
336:
279:
172:
124:
63:
1578:
1460:
Chu VT, Adamidi C, Liu Q, Perlman PS, Pyle AM (December 2001).
755:
Seetharaman M, Eldho NV, Padgett RA, Dayie KT (February 2006).
129:
1377:
Guo H, Zimmerly S, Perlman PS, Lambowitz AM (November 1997).
1124:
Gordon PM, Sontheimer EJ, Piccirilli JA (February 2000).
620:, share a reverse transcriptase domain and a "Domain X".
1032:
Keating KS, Toor N, Perlman PS, Pyle AM (January 2010).
1505:
Critical
Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
1462:"Control of branch-site choice by a group II intron"
708:"Group II introns: mobile ribozymes that invade DNA"
2313:
2241:
2154:
2022:
1904:
1893:
1866:
1838:
1788:
1777:
1750:
1739:
1684:
1613:
541:
521:
503:
498:
482:
469:
457:
449:
444:
439:
419:
399:
381:
376:
360:
347:
335:
327:
322:
317:
278:on the 3' splice site by the 3' OH of the upstream
154:
140:
135:
123:
115:
110:
105:
93:
79:
74:
62:
54:
49:
32:
1227:Mohr G, Perlman PS, Lambowitz AM (November 1993).
298:group IIC catalytic intron, and was joined by the
809:"Role of the snRNAs in spliceosomal active site"
1171:
1169:
701:
699:
1590:
171:and mobile genetic elements found within the
8:
285:Protein machinery is required for splicing
203:, intron excision occurs in the absence of
44:full secondary structure of group II intron
1901:
1785:
1747:
1597:
1583:
1575:
712:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
495:
373:
1485:
1402:
1353:
1304:
1252:
1149:
1057:
1008:
942:Nature Structural & Molecular Biology
916:
824:
780:
731:
706:Lambowitz AM, Zimmerly S (August 2011).
274:attacks the 5' splice site, followed by
1274:
1272:
985:"Visualizing the ai5γ group IIB intron"
695:
647:Database for bacterial group II introns
183:) can occur under high-salt conditions
436:
314:
102:
29:
1285:Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
158:Entry contains D1-D4, parts 5' to D5.
7:
167:are a large class of self-catalytic
578:(chloroplasts and mitochondria) in
440:Group II intron, maturase-specific
27:Class of self-catalyzing ribozymes
25:
207:and involves the formation of a
179:. Ribozyme activity (e.g., self-
106:Group II catalytic intron, D1-D4
38:
1297:10.1128/AAC.46.5.1402-1409.2002
248:domains are connected by a few
2251:Last universal common ancestor
1846:Defective interfering particle
1279:Centrón D, Roy PH (May 2002).
616:Many of these IEPs, including
1:
2387:Clonally transmissible cancer
1823:Satellite-like nucleic acids
1445:10.1016/S0168-9525(01)02324-1
499:Available protein structures:
377:Available protein structures:
33:Group II catalytic intron, D5
2415:Rfam pages needing a picture
1554:10.1016/0378-1119(89)90026-7
1095:10.1016/0092-8674(86)90755-5
189:. However, assistance from
724:10.1101/cshperspect.a003616
2446:
1943:Class II or DNA transposon
1938:Class I or retrotransposon
311:Distribution and phylogeny
2256:Earliest known life forms
2130:Repeated sequences in DNA
1198:10.1007/s10265-006-0284-0
1178:Journal of Plant Research
1142:10.1017/S1355838200992069
494:
372:
199:splicing. In contrast to
37:
2103:Endogenous viral element
1921:Horizontal gene transfer
1478:10.1093/emboj/20.23.6866
1395:10.1093/emboj/16.22.6835
909:10.1128/mSphere.00710-19
600:Saccharomyces cerevisiae
296:Oceanobacillus iheyensis
1800:dsDNA satellite virus (
231:Structure and catalysis
2358:Helper dependent virus
1674:Biological dark matter
1346:10.1093/nar/22.11.2057
1334:Nucleic Acids Research
1245:10.1093/nar/21.22.4991
1233:Nucleic Acids Research
989:Nucleic Acids Research
598:mitochondrial gene of
590:, and also in mRNA in
260:RNA Tertiary Structure
244:
2118:Endogenous retrovirus
2091:Origin of replication
1807:ssDNA satellite virus
1797:ssRNA satellite virus
826:10.4161/rna.7.3.12089
605:A subset of group II
266:the Y representing a
238:
2062:Secondary chromosome
2057:Extrachromosomal DNA
1933:Transposable element
862:10.1038/nbt1201-1162
300:Pylaiella littoralis
2298:Model lipid bilayer
2140:Interspersed repeat
1190:2006JPlR..119..363A
1050:10.1261/rna.1791310
1001:10.1093/nar/gkt1051
773:10.1261/rna.2237806
276:nucleophilic attack
241:U6 spliceosomal RNA
1608:organic structures
1433:Trends in Genetics
245:
2402:
2401:
2343:Non-cellular life
2150:
2149:
1889:
1888:
1862:
1861:
1816:ssRNA satellite (
1517:10.1080/713609236
557:
556:
553:
552:
548:structure summary
435:
434:
431:
430:
426:structure summary
162:
161:
155:Extra information
101:
100:
94:Extra information
16:(Redirected from
2437:
2079:Gene duplication
1902:
1898:self-replication
1786:
1748:
1606:Self-replicating
1599:
1592:
1585:
1576:
1565:
1536:
1499:
1489:
1466:The EMBO Journal
1456:
1417:
1416:
1406:
1383:The EMBO Journal
1374:
1368:
1367:
1357:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1308:
1276:
1267:
1266:
1256:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1173:
1164:
1163:
1153:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1061:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1012:
980:
974:
973:
937:
931:
930:
920:
903:(6): e00710-19.
888:
882:
881:
845:
839:
838:
828:
807:(May–Jun 2010).
801:
795:
794:
784:
752:
746:
745:
735:
703:
672:Group III intron
560:Group II introns
496:
437:
374:
315:
193:is required for
165:Group II introns
103:
42:
30:
21:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2348:Synthetic virus
2336:Artificial cell
2309:
2237:
2146:
2035:RNA replication
2030:DNA replication
2018:
2009:Group II intron
1907:
1897:
1885:
1876:Mammalian prion
1858:
1834:
1813:dsRNA satellite
1810:ssDNA satellite
1780:
1773:
1742:
1735:
1680:
1609:
1603:
1573:
1568:
1539:
1502:
1472:(23): 6866–76.
1459:
1430:
1426:
1424:Further reading
1421:
1420:
1389:(22): 6835–48.
1376:
1375:
1371:
1340:(11): 2057–64.
1327:
1326:
1322:
1278:
1277:
1270:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1175:
1174:
1167:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1031:
1030:
1026:
982:
981:
977:
954:10.1038/nsmb957
939:
938:
934:
890:
889:
885:
847:
846:
842:
803:
802:
798:
754:
753:
749:
705:
704:
697:
692:
662:Nuclear introns
643:
634:
313:
233:
201:group I introns
177:domains of life
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2443:
2441:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2407:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2374:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2345:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2323:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2258:
2253:
2247:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2215:
2213:Kappa organism
2210:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2160:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2084:Non-coding DNA
2081:
2076:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2004:Group I intron
2001:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1970:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1926:Genomic island
1923:
1912:
1910:
1906:Mobile genetic
1899:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1872:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1821:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1798:
1794:
1792:
1783:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1764:
1756:
1754:
1745:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1731:dsDNA-RT virus
1728:
1726:ssRNA-RT virus
1723:
1721:(−)ssRNA virus
1718:
1716:(+)ssRNA virus
1713:
1708:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1690:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1661:Incertae sedis
1657:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1630:
1625:
1619:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1594:
1587:
1579:
1572:
1571:External links
1569:
1567:
1566:
1537:
1511:(3): 249–303.
1500:
1457:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1369:
1320:
1268:
1239:(22): 4991–7.
1219:
1165:
1136:(2): 199–205.
1116:
1073:
1024:
995:(3): 1947–58.
975:
932:
883:
856:(12): 1162–7.
850:Nat Biotechnol
840:
796:
747:
718:(8): a003616.
694:
693:
691:
688:
687:
686:
679:
674:
669:
667:Group I intron
664:
659:
654:
649:
642:
639:
633:
632:Protein domain
630:
555:
554:
551:
550:
545:
539:
538:
525:
519:
518:
508:
501:
500:
492:
491:
486:
480:
479:
474:
467:
466:
461:
455:
454:
451:
447:
446:
442:
441:
433:
432:
429:
428:
423:
417:
416:
403:
397:
396:
386:
379:
378:
370:
369:
364:
358:
357:
352:
345:
344:
339:
333:
332:
329:
325:
324:
320:
319:
312:
309:
232:
229:
160:
159:
156:
152:
151:
145:
138:
137:
133:
132:
127:
121:
120:
117:
113:
112:
108:
107:
99:
98:
95:
91:
90:
84:
77:
76:
72:
71:
66:
60:
59:
56:
52:
51:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2442:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2367:
2366:Nanobacterium
2363:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2331:Cell division
2329:
2328:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2174:Hydrogenosome
2172:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2164:Mitochondrion
2162:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2156:Endosymbiosis
2153:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2135:Tandem repeat
2133:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2023:Other aspects
2021:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1768:Avsunviroidae
1765:
1763:
1762:
1761:Pospiviroidae
1758:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1615:Cellular life
1612:
1607:
1600:
1595:
1593:
1588:
1586:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1570:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1439:(6): 322–31.
1438:
1434:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1373:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1324:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1291:(5): 1402–9.
1290:
1286:
1282:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1223:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1184:(4): 363–71.
1183:
1179:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1089:(2): 213–23.
1088:
1084:
1077:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1028:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
979:
976:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
936:
933:
928:
924:
919:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
887:
884:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
844:
841:
836:
832:
827:
822:
819:(3): 345–53.
818:
814:
810:
806:
800:
797:
792:
788:
783:
778:
774:
770:
767:(2): 235–47.
766:
762:
758:
751:
748:
743:
739:
734:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
702:
700:
696:
689:
685:
684:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
644:
640:
638:
631:
629:
627:
623:
619:
614:
612:
608:
603:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
562:are found in
561:
549:
546:
544:
540:
537:
533:
529:
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
509:
506:
502:
497:
493:
490:
487:
485:
481:
478:
475:
472:
468:
465:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
443:
438:
427:
424:
422:
418:
415:
411:
407:
404:
402:
398:
394:
390:
387:
384:
380:
375:
371:
368:
365:
363:
359:
356:
353:
350:
346:
343:
340:
338:
334:
330:
326:
321:
316:
310:
308:
305:
301:
297:
292:
290:
289:
283:
281:
277:
273:
269:
263:
261:
256:
251:
242:
237:
230:
228:
226:
222:
221:biotechnology
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
197:
192:
188:
187:
182:
178:
175:of all three
174:
170:
166:
157:
153:
149:
146:
143:
139:
134:
131:
128:
126:
122:
119:group-II-D1D4
118:
114:
109:
104:
96:
92:
88:
85:
82:
78:
73:
70:
67:
65:
61:
57:
53:
48:
41:
36:
31:
19:
2430:RNA splicing
2353:Viral vector
2196:Gerontoplast
2123:Transpoviron
2008:
1895:Nucleic acid
1881:Fungal prion
1779:Helper-virus
1766:
1759:
1666:
1659:
1545:
1541:
1508:
1504:
1469:
1465:
1436:
1432:
1386:
1382:
1372:
1337:
1333:
1323:
1288:
1284:
1236:
1232:
1222:
1181:
1177:
1133:
1129:
1119:
1086:
1082:
1076:
1041:
1037:
1027:
992:
988:
978:
948:(7): 626–7.
945:
941:
935:
900:
896:
886:
853:
849:
843:
816:
812:
799:
764:
760:
750:
715:
711:
681:
635:
625:
615:
604:
599:
595:
559:
558:
303:
299:
295:
293:
286:
284:
264:
246:
224:
194:
184:
164:
163:
2377:Cancer cell
2243:Abiogenesis
2191:Chromoplast
2186:Chloroplast
1969:Degradative
1711:dsRNA virus
1706:ssDNA virus
1699:Giant virus
1694:dsDNA virus
1548:(1): 5–30.
813:RNA Biology
805:Valadkhan S
657:Splice site
445:Identifiers
323:Identifiers
250:nucleotides
213:spliceosome
111:Identifiers
58:Intron_gpII
50:Identifiers
2409:Categories
2285:Proteinoid
2280:Coacervate
2233:Nitroplast
2226:Trophosome
2221:Bacteriome
2206:Apicoplast
2201:Leucoplast
2042:Chromosome
1960:Resistance
1668:Parakaryon
1044:(1): 1–9.
690:References
622:Maturase K
576:organelles
511:structures
389:structures
268:pyrimidine
144:structures
136:Other data
83:structures
75:Other data
2425:Ribozymes
2294:Research
2275:Protocell
2014:Retrozyme
1973:Virulence
1955:Fertility
1802:Virophage
1790:Satellite
1781:dependent
1633:Eukaryota
489:IPR013597
367:IPR024937
272:adenosine
255:adenosine
169:ribozymes
2321:Organism
2314:See also
2290:Sulphobe
2267:Ribozyme
2262:RNA life
2169:Mitosome
2113:Prophage
2108:Provirus
2096:Replicon
2052:Circular
1999:Phagemid
1916:Mobilome
1908:elements
1818:Virusoid
1741:Subviral
1653:Protista
1638:Animalia
1623:Bacteria
1533:20944113
1525:12870716
1496:11726522
1453:11377794
1315:11959575
1206:16763758
1160:10688359
1111:42307152
1068:19948765
1019:24203709
970:27639877
962:15980867
927:31826971
878:18669663
870:11731786
835:20458185
791:16428604
742:20463000
677:Twintron
641:See also
592:bacteria
588:protists
528:RCSB PDB
484:InterPro
406:RCSB PDB
362:InterPro
331:Domain_X
318:Domain X
191:proteins
186:in vitro
181:splicing
18:Domain X
2303:Jeewanu
2217:Organs
2181:Plastid
1981:Cryptic
1950:Plasmid
1648:Plantae
1628:Archaea
1562:2684776
1413:9362497
1404:1170287
1364:8029012
1263:8255751
1214:8277547
1186:Bibcode
1151:1369906
1103:3510741
1059:2802019
1010:3919574
918:6908422
897:mSphere
782:1370903
733:3140690
626:in vivo
607:introns
464:PF08388
342:PF01348
304:de novo
288:in vivo
253:bulged
227:sites
196:in vivo
130:CL00102
69:RF00029
2394:Virome
2372:Nanobe
2069:Genome
2047:Linear
1992:Fosmid
1987:Cosmid
1752:Viroid
1743:agents
1560:
1531:
1523:
1494:
1487:125754
1484:
1451:
1411:
1401:
1362:
1355:308121
1352:
1313:
1306:127176
1303:
1261:
1254:310608
1251:
1212:
1204:
1158:
1148:
1109:
1101:
1066:
1056:
1017:
1007:
968:
960:
925:
915:
876:
868:
833:
789:
779:
740:
730:
652:Intron
586:, and
584:plants
570:, and
543:PDBsum
517:
507:
477:CL0359
450:Symbol
421:PDBsum
395:
385:
355:CL0359
328:Symbol
209:lariat
116:Symbol
55:Symbol
1868:Prion
1839:Other
1686:Virus
1643:Fungi
1529:S2CID
1210:S2CID
1107:S2CID
966:S2CID
874:S2CID
596:oxi 3
580:fungi
217:snRNA
173:genes
2382:HeLa
2326:Cell
2074:Gene
1558:PMID
1542:Gene
1521:PMID
1492:PMID
1449:PMID
1409:PMID
1360:PMID
1311:PMID
1259:PMID
1202:PMID
1156:PMID
1099:PMID
1083:Cell
1064:PMID
1015:PMID
958:PMID
923:PMID
866:PMID
831:PMID
787:PMID
738:PMID
683:LtrA
618:LtrA
611:ORFs
572:mRNA
568:tRNA
564:rRNA
536:PDBj
532:PDBe
515:ECOD
505:Pfam
473:clan
471:Pfam
459:Pfam
453:GIIM
414:PDBj
410:PDBe
393:ECOD
383:Pfam
351:clan
349:Pfam
337:Pfam
280:exon
150:4fb0
148:PDBe
125:Rfam
89:6cih
87:PDBe
64:Rfam
2420:RNA
1965:Col
1853:DNA
1850:RNA
1829:DNA
1826:RNA
1550:doi
1513:doi
1482:PMC
1474:doi
1441:doi
1399:PMC
1391:doi
1350:PMC
1342:doi
1301:PMC
1293:doi
1249:PMC
1241:doi
1194:doi
1182:119
1146:PMC
1138:doi
1130:RNA
1091:doi
1054:PMC
1046:doi
1038:RNA
1005:PMC
997:doi
950:doi
913:PMC
905:doi
858:doi
821:doi
777:PMC
769:doi
761:RNA
728:PMC
720:doi
574:of
523:PDB
401:PDB
225:lox
205:GTP
142:PDB
81:PDB
2411::
1977:Ti
1556:.
1546:82
1544:.
1527:.
1519:.
1509:38
1507:.
1490:.
1480:.
1470:20
1468:.
1464:.
1447:.
1437:17
1435:.
1407:.
1397:.
1387:16
1385:.
1381:.
1358:.
1348:.
1338:22
1336:.
1332:.
1309:.
1299:.
1289:46
1287:.
1283:.
1271:^
1257:.
1247:.
1237:21
1235:.
1231:.
1208:.
1200:.
1192:.
1180:.
1168:^
1154:.
1144:.
1132:.
1128:.
1105:.
1097:.
1087:44
1085:.
1062:.
1052:.
1042:16
1040:.
1036:.
1013:.
1003:.
993:42
991:.
987:.
964:.
956:.
946:12
944:.
921:.
911:.
899:.
895:.
872:.
864:.
854:19
852:.
829:.
815:.
811:.
785:.
775:.
765:12
763:.
759:.
736:.
726:.
714:.
710:.
698:^
602:.
582:,
566:,
534:;
530:;
513:/
412:;
408:;
391:/
262:.
2370:?
2364:?
2273:†
2260:?
1975:/
1820:)
1804:)
1598:e
1591:t
1584:v
1564:.
1552::
1535:.
1515::
1498:.
1476::
1455:.
1443::
1415:.
1393::
1366:.
1344::
1317:.
1295::
1265:.
1243::
1216:.
1196::
1188::
1162:.
1140::
1134:6
1113:.
1093::
1070:.
1048::
1021:.
999::
972:.
952::
929:.
907::
901:4
880:.
860::
837:.
823::
817:7
793:.
771::
744:.
722::
716:3
243:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
