5742:
5254:
464:, an officer shows a group of photos to a witness and asks the witness to identify the individual who committed the crime. Since the officer is typically aware of who the suspect is, they may (subconsciously or consciously) influence the witness to choose the individual that they believe committed the crime. There is a growing movement in law enforcement to move to a blind procedure in which the officer who shows the photos to the witness does not know who the suspect is.
491:
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332:. Success or failure of blinding is rarely reported or measured; it is implicitly assumed that experiments reported as "blind" are truly blind. Critics have pointed out that without assessment and reporting, there is no way to know if a blind succeeded. This shortcoming is especially concerning given that even a small error in blinding can produce a
58:, and other sources. A blind can be imposed on any participant of an experiment, including subjects, researchers, technicians, data analysts, and evaluators. In some cases, while blinding would be useful, it is impossible or unethical. For example, it is not possible to blind a patient to their treatment in a physical therapy intervention. A good
316:
to determine if they have received an active treatment by gathering information on social media and message boards. While researchers counsel patients not to use social media to discuss clinical trials, their accounts are not monitored. This behavior is believed to be a source of unblinding. CONSORT standards and
368:
Studies of blinded pharmacological trials across widely varying domains find evidence of high levels of unblinding. Unblinding has been shown to affect both patients and clinicians. This evidence challenges the common assumption that blinding is highly effective in pharmacological trials. Unblinding
315:
A problem arises in the assessment of blinding because asking subjects to guess masked information may prompt them to try to infer that information. Researchers speculate that this may contribute to premature unblinding. Furthermore, it has been reported that some subjects of clinical trials attempt
215:
guidelines state that these terms should no longer be used because they are ambiguous. For instance, "double-blind" could mean that the data analysts and patients were blinded; or the patients and outcome assessors were blinded; or the patients and people offering the intervention were blinded, etc.
307:
Premature unblinding may also occur when a participant infers from experimental conditions information that has been masked to them. A common cause for unblinding is the presence of side effects (or effects) in the treatment group. In pharmacological trials, premature unblinding can be reduced with
426:
A 2018 study on acupuncture which used needles that did not penetrate the skin as a sham treatment found that 68% of patients and 83% of acupuncturists correctly identified their group allocation. The authors concluded that the blinding had failed, but that more advanced placebos may someday offer
69:
if they deduce or otherwise obtain information that has been masked to them. For example, a patient who experiences a side effect may correctly guess their treatment, becoming unblinded. Unblinding is common in blinded experiments, particularly in pharmacological trials. In particular, trials on
422:
found no fewer than four methods of blinding patients to acupuncture treatment: 1) superficial needling of true acupuncture points, 2) use of acupuncture points which are not indicated for the condition being treated, 3) insertion of needles outside of true acupuncture points, and 4) the use of
381:
found that assessment of blinding was reported in only 23 out of 408 randomized controlled trials for chronic pain (5.6%). The study concluded upon analysis of pooled data that the overall quality of the blinding was poor, and the blinding was "not successful." Additionally, both pharmaceutical
209:, double-blind studies blind both patients and researchers to treatment allocations, and triple-blinded studies blind patients, researcher, and some other third party (such as a monitoring committee) to treatment allocations. However, the meaning of these terms can vary from study to study.
478:
Auditions for symphony orchestras take place behind a curtain so that the judges cannot see the performer. Blinding the judges to the gender of the performers has been shown to increase the hiring of women. Blind tests can also be used to compare the quality of musical instruments.
291:. Removing a blind upon completion of a study is never mandatory, but is typically performed as a courtesy to study participants. Unblinding that occurs after the conclusion of a study is not a source of bias, because data collection and analysis are both complete at this time.
271:. As a result, it is not possible to measure unblinding in a way that is completely objective. Nonetheless, it is still possible to make informed judgments about the quality of a blind. Poorly blinded studies rank above unblinded studies and below well-blinded studies in the
236:"Unblinding" occurs in a blinded experiment when information becomes available to one from whom it has been masked. In clinical studies, unblinding may occur unintentionally when a patient deduces their treatment group. Unblinding that occurs before the conclusion of an
312:, which conceals treatment allocation by ensuring the presence of side effects in both groups. However, side effects are not the only cause of unblinding; any perceptible difference between the treatment and control groups can contribute to premature unblinding.
452:, so it is important in these fields to properly blind the researchers. In some cases, while blind experiments would be useful, they are impractical or unethical. Blinded data analysis can reduce bias, but is rarely used in social science research.
216:
The terms also fail to convey the information that was masked and the amount of unblinding that occurred. It is not sufficient to specify the number of parties that have been blinded. To describe an experiment's blinding, it is necessary to report
435:
It is standard practice in physics to perform blinded data analysis. After data analysis is complete, one is allowed to unblind the data. A prior agreement to publish the data regardless of the results of the analysis may be made to prevent
303:
dictates when a subject should be unblinded prematurely. A code-break procedure should only allow for unblinding in cases of emergency. Unblinding that occurs in compliance with code-break procedure is strictly documented and reported.
1317:
Dinnett EM, Mungall MM, Kent JA, Ronald ES, McIntyre KE, Anderson E, Gaw A (2005). "Unblinding of trial participants to their treatment allocation: lessons from the
Prospective Study of Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk (PROSPER)".
263:?). In a perfectly blinded experiment, the responses should be consistent with no knowledge of the masked information. However, if unblinding has occurred, the responses will indicate the degree of unblinding. Since unblinding
398:. Researchers concluded that unblinding inflates effect size in antidepressant trials. Some researchers believe that antidepressants are not effective for the treatment of depression and only outperform placebos due to
204:
are commonly used to describe blinding. These terms describe experiments in which (respectively) one, two, or three parties are blinded to some information. Most often, single-blind studies blind patients to their
168:
A number of biases are present when a study is insufficiently blinded. Patient-reported outcomes can be different if the patient is not blinded to their treatment. Likewise, failure to blind researchers results in
117:. In the investigations, the researchers (physically) blindfolded mesmerists and asked them to identify objects that the experimenters had previously filled with "vital fluid". The subjects were unable to do so.
151:-era attitude that scientific observation can only be objectively valid when undertaken by a well-educated, informed scientist. The first study recorded to have a blinded researcher was conducted in 1907 by
1162:
Bello, Segun; Moustgaard, Helene; Hróbjartsson, Asbjørn (2017). "Unreported formal assessment of unblinding occurred in 4 of 10 randomized clinical trials, unreported loss of blinding in 1 of 10 trials".
887:
Shortly after the start of the Cold War double-blind reviews became the norm for conducting scientific medical research, as well as the means by which peers evaluated scholarship, both in science and in
127:
An early example of a double-blind protocol was the
Nuremberg salt test of 1835 performed by Friedrich Wilhelm von Hoven, Nuremberg's highest-ranking public health official, as well as a close friend of
1689:
357:
Blinding is considered essential in medicine, but is often difficult to achieve. For example, it is difficult to compare surgical and non-surgical interventions in blind trials. In some cases,
423:
placebo needles which are designed not to penetrate the skin. The authors concluded that there was "no clear association between type of sham intervention used and the results of the trials."
394:
trials: at least three-quarters of patients were able to correctly guess their treatment assignment. Unblinding also occurs in clinicians. Better blinding of patients and clinicians reduces
252:(or complete failure of blinding) on one end, perfect blinding on the other, and poor or good blinding between. Thus, the common view of studies as blinded or unblinded is an example of a
147:, which advocated for the blinding of researchers. Bernard's recommendation that an experiment's observer should not know the hypothesis being tested contrasted starkly with the prevalent
565:
Bello, Segun; Moustgaard, Helene; Hróbjartsson, Asbjørn (October 2014). "The risk of unblinding was infrequently and incompletely reported in 300 randomized clinical trial publications".
78:
are poorly blinded. Unblinding that occurs before the conclusion of a study is a source of experimental error, as the bias that was eliminated by blinding is re-introduced. The
1105:
Moher, David; Hopewell, Sally; Schulz, Kenneth F.; Montori, Victor; Gøtzsche, Peter C.; Devereaux, P. J.; Elbourne, Diana; Egger, Matthias; Altman, Douglas G. (23 March 2010).
124:
violin to one with a guitar-like design. A violinist played each instrument while a committee of scientists and musicians listened from another room so as to avoid prejudice.
2459:
299:
Premature unblinding is any unblinding that occurs before the conclusion of a study. In contrast with post-study unblinding, premature unblinding is a source of bias. A
1719:
1666:
616:
4375:
5316:
4880:
1797:
Perlis, Roy H.; Ostacher, Michael; Fava, Maurizio; Nierenberg, Andrew A.; Sachs, Gary S.; Rosenbaum, Jerrold F. (2010). "Assuring that double-blind is blind".
259:
Success of blinding is assessed by questioning study participants about information that has been masked to them (e.g. did the participant receive the drug or
2359:
5030:
4654:
177:). These biases are typically the result of subconscious influences, and are present even when study participants believe they are not influenced by them.
79:
3295:
5641:
2193:
Vase, L; Baram, S; Takakura, N; Takayama, M; Yajima, H; Kawase, A; Schuster, L; Kaptchuk, TJ; Schou, S; Jensen, TS; Zachariae, R; Svensson, P (2015).
4428:
2751:
2747:
4867:
2797:
2755:
2743:
2452:
1942:
Greenberg, RP; Bornstein, RF; Greenberg, MD; Fisher, S (October 1992). "A meta-analysis of antidepressant outcome under "blinder" conditions".
922:"Bias due to lack of patient blinding in clinical trials. A systematic review of trials randomizing patients to blind and nonblind sub-studies"
1891:
Moncrieff, Joanna; Wessely, Simon; Hardy, Rebecca (2 January 2018). "Meta-analysis of trials comparing antidepressants with active placebos".
874:
763:
1848:
White, K.; Kando, J.; Park, T.; Waternaux, C.; Brown, W. A. (December 1992). "Side effects and the "blindability" of clinical drug trials".
3290:
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2834:
540:
106:
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and H. N. Webber to investigate the effects of caffeine. The need to blind researchers became widely recognized in the mid-20th century.
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may be caused by error in blinding. Some researchers have called for the mandatory assessment of blinding efficacy in clinical trials.
5716:
5554:
5309:
4677:
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2445:
2261:
2287:"Accuracy and the accused: Psychologists work with law enforcement on research-based improvements to crime-suspect identification"
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4855:
4729:
2956:
120:
In 1817, the first blind experiment recorded to have occurred outside of a scientific setting compared the musical quality of a
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244:. Some degree of premature unblinding is common in blinded experiments. When a blind is imperfect, its success is judged on a
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guidelines recommend the reporting of all premature unblinding. In practice, unintentional unblinding is rarely reported.
4216:
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2195:"Can acupuncture treatment be double-blinded? An evaluation of double-blind acupuncture treatment of postoperative pain"
1658:
608:
288:
206:
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sponsorship and the presence of side effects were associated with lower rates of reporting assessment of blinding.
82:
reporting guidelines recommend that all studies assess and report unblinding. In practice, very few studies do so.
47:
4133:
3899:
3757:
2158:
Dincer, F; Linde, K. (December 2003). "Sham interventions in randomized clinical trials of acupunctureâa review".
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Schulz KF, Chalmers I, Altman DG (February 2002). "The landscape and lexicon of blinding in randomized trials".
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Schulz, Kenneth F.; Grimes, David A. (23 February 2002). "Blinding in randomised trials: hiding who got what".
333:
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Bias due to poor blinding tends to favor the experimental group, resulting in inflated effect size and risk of
4239:
4223:
1471:"Changes in beliefs identify unblinding in randomized controlled trials: a method to meet CONSORT guidelines"
1361:
Quittell, Lynne M. (3 October 2018). "The
Scientific and Social Implications of Unblinding a Study Subject".
1107:"CONSORT 2010 explanation and elaboration: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials"
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3823:
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1735:"The Blind Leading the Not-So-Blind: A Meta-Analysis of Blinding in Pharmacological Trials for Chronic Pain"
90:
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4872:
4809:
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5508:
5149:
5079:
4564:
4451:
3448:
3345:
3252:
3131:
3030:
2709:
1414:"Placebo mania. Placebo controlled trials are needed to provide data on effectiveness of active treatment"
504:
340:(i.e. statistical significance is not robust to bias). As such, many statistically significant results in
317:
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5495:
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272:
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42:
is withheld until after the experiment is complete. Good blinding can reduce or eliminate experimental
1594:
1469:
Rees, Judy R.; Wade, Timothy J.; Levy, Deborah A.; Colford, John M.; Hilton, Joan F. (February 2005).
5611:
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1623:
Siegfried, Tom (2010). "Odds are, it's wrong: Science fails to face the shortcomings of statistics".
1026:
300:
148:
93:, it is considered essential. In clinical research, a trial that is not a blinded trial is called an
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3587:
3496:
3275:
3231:
3149:
3074:
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2586:
2518:
2368:
2044:"Effectiveness of antidepressants: an evidence myth constructed from a thousand randomized trials?"
530:
399:
4819:
669:
639:
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4013:
3996:
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3867:
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3561:
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3159:
2839:
2789:
2604:
2533:
2491:
1924:
1830:
1772:
1394:
1343:
1239:
1087:
971:"Lack of blinding of outcome assessors in animal model experiments implies risk of observer bias"
894:
796:
337:
129:
1734:
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2468:
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2224:
2175:
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2083:
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2024:
2006:
1967:
1959:
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1908:
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1865:
1822:
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992:
951:
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result in the absence of any real difference between test groups when a study is sufficiently
174:
86:
59:
55:
1262:"Towards a proposal for assessment of blinding success in clinical trials: up-to-date review"
5681:
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5189:
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4908:
4895:
4788:
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4115:
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2557:
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2413:
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2232:
2214:
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2130:
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2014:
1998:
1951:
1900:
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1806:
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1482:
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1425:
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1215:
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1034:
982:
969:
Bello, S; Krogsbøll, LT; Gruber, J; Zhao, ZJ; Fischer, D; Hróbjartsson, A (September 2014).
941:
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835:
827:
788:
714:
706:
574:
514:
437:
284:
249:
110:
94:
62:
ensures that blinding is as effective as possible within ethical and practical constraints.
1539:"CONSORT 2010 Statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials"
365:
ensures that blinding is as effective as possible within ethical and practical constrains.
267:, but must be inferred from participants' responses, its measured value will depend on the
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5627:
5580:
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2705:
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1470:
906:
268:
264:
152:
75:
71:
663:
2399:
2210:
1595:"E6(R2) Good Clinical Practice: Integrated Addendum to ICH E6(R1) Guidance for Industry"
1030:
920:
HrĂłbjartsson, A; Emanuelsson, F; Skou
Thomsen, AS; Hilden, J; Brorson, S (August 2014).
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2019:
1986:
1571:
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1413:
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1139:
1106:
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140:
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665:
The Violin: Some
Account of That Leading Instrument and its Most Eminent Professors...
173:. Unblinded data analysts may favor an analysis that supports their existing beliefs (
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4814:
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1834:
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800:
461:
449:
378:
253:
170:
51:
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1776:
1659:"Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine - Levels of Evidence (March 2009) - CEBM"
1398:
1347:
1243:
1091:
641:
Biographie
Universelle des Musiciens et Bibliographie GĂŠnĂŠrale de la Musique, Tome 1
609:"Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine - Levels of Evidence (March 2009) - CEBM"
5671:
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2002:
1928:
1810:
1176:
987:
970:
831:
578:
509:
490:
358:
329:
283:
Post-study unblinding is the release of masked data upon completion of a study. In
121:
114:
1374:
2219:
864:
5527:
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5413:
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4842:
4743:
4605:
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3794:
3789:
3433:
3390:
3370:
3350:
3340:
3109:
2923:
2777:
2650:
2640:
2360:"Violinists can't tell the difference between Stradivarius violins and new ones"
2118:
1751:
535:
519:
415:
395:
186:
1955:
1429:
710:
17:
5343:
4043:
3523:
3223:
3154:
3104:
3079:
2999:
2725:
2717:
2683:
2645:
2552:
1690:"An example of problems that arise from clinical trials and how to avoid them"
1486:
1331:
695:"Inventing the randomized double-blind trial: the Nuremberg salt test of 1835"
486:
237:
133:
39:
2228:
2126:
2069:
2010:
1963:
1912:
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1644:
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1437:
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1971:
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1904:
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1455:
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3712:
3330:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3169:
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937:
245:
5294:
644:(Second ed.). Paris: Firmin Didot Frères, Fils, et Cie. p. 249
5217:
4918:
2824:
2363:
260:
212:
27:
Experiment in which information about the test is masked to reduce bias
1537:
Moher, David; Altman, Douglas G.; Schulz, Kenneth F. (24 March 2010).
5139:
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3325:
3116:
1554:
1122:
369:
has also been documented in clinical trials outside of pharmacology.
1039:
1014:
89:, and is used in many fields of research. In some fields, such as
869:. Blackwell Companions to History. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 307.
3059:
1733:
Colagiuri, Ben; Sharpe, Louise; Scott, Amelia (September 2018).
241:
43:
5298:
5028:
4595:
4342:
3641:
3411:
3028:
2972:
2441:
2262:"'Blind analysis' could reduce bias in social science research"
2968:
779:
Daston L (2005). "Scientific Error and the Ethos of Belief".
287:, post-study unblinding serves to inform subjects of their
816:"The action of caffeine on the capacity for muscular work"
65:
During the course of an experiment, a participant becomes
38:, information which may influence the participants of the
668:(Fourth ed.). London: Robert Cocks and Co. pp.
427:
the possibility of well-blinded studies in acupuncture.
402:. These researchers argue that antidepressants are just
1987:"Active placebos versus antidepressants for depression"
1688:
390:
Studies have found evidence of extensive unblinding in
185:"Double blind" redirects here. Not to be confused with
113:
as proposed by
Charles d'Eslon, a former associate of
105:
The first known blind experiment was conducted by the
4881:
Autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ARCH)
1013:
MacCoun, Robert; Perlmutter, Saul (7 October 2015).
5594:
5489:
5422:
5332:
5188:
5125:
5078:
5041:
4996:
4978:
4945:
4936:
4894:
4841:
4802:
4751:
4742:
4663:
4620:
4550:
4516:
4470:
4437:
4399:
4366:
4278:
4187:
4106:
4061:
4029:
3982:
3927:
3853:
3844:
3654:
3596:
3570:
3522:
3477:
3424:
3311:
3266:
3240:
3222:
3178:
3130:
3050:
3041:
2901:
2863:
2812:
2762:
2736:
2698:
2668:
2659:
2585:
2532:
2479:
756:
Introduction Ă l'ĂŠtude de la mĂŠdecine expĂŠrimentale
361:may be necessary for the blinding process. A good
145:Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine
742:Biographie Des Doctor Friedrich Wilhelm Von Hoven
448:Social science research is particularly prone to
1015:"Blind analysis: Hide results to seek the truth"
4429:Multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS)
2388:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2384:"Player preferences among new and old violins"
2048:Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine
46:that arise from a participants' expectations,
5310:
2984:
2453:
1944:Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
1260:Kolahi, J; Bang, H; Park, J (December 2009).
1255:
1253:
8:
2297:(7). American Psychological Association: 74.
754:Bernard, Claude; Dagognet, François (2008).
132:. This trial contested the effectiveness of
1991:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1985:Moncrieff, J; Wessely, S; Hardy, R (2004).
1718:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
863:Alder K (2006). Kramer LS, Maza SC (eds.).
560:
558:
556:
414:While the possibility of blinded trials on
107:French Royal Commission on Animal Magnetism
5317:
5303:
5295:
5038:
5025:
4942:
4748:
4617:
4592:
4363:
4339:
4067:
3850:
3651:
3638:
3421:
3408:
3047:
3038:
3025:
2991:
2977:
2969:
2665:
2460:
2446:
2438:
688:
686:
2417:
2407:
2236:
2218:
2134:
2077:
2059:
2018:
1750:
1570:
1445:
1293:
1266:Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology
1138:
1038:
986:
945:
866:A Companion to Western Historical Thought
839:
718:
2752:Preventable fraction among the unexposed
2748:Attributable fraction for the population
2103:"Antidepressants and the Placebo Effect"
1008:
1006:
699:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
2756:Preventable fraction for the population
2744:Attributable fraction among the exposed
1076:10.7326/0003-4819-136-3-200202050-00022
552:
4955:KaplanâMeier estimator (product limit)
1711:
902:
892:
418:is controversial, a 2003 review of 47
1532:
1530:
926:International Journal of Epidemiology
109:in 1784 to investigate the claims of
85:Blinding is an important tool of the
48:observer's effect on the participants
7:
5265:
4965:Accelerated failure time (AFT) model
2919:Correlation does not imply causation
2835:Animal testing on non-human primates
1669:from the original on 26 October 2017
814:Rivers WH, Webber HN (August 1907).
619:from the original on 26 October 2017
541:Royal Commission on Animal Magnetism
5666:Generalized randomized block design
5277:
4560:Analysis of variance (ANOVA, anova)
2160:Complementary Therapies in Medicine
4655:CochranâMantelâHaenszel statistics
3281:Pearson product-moment correlation
2336:"Is Blind Hiring the Best Hiring?"
1850:The American Journal of Psychiatry
1799:The American Journal of Psychiatry
25:
5717:Sequential probability ratio test
1412:Double, D. B. (19 October 1996).
1363:The American Journal of Bioethics
5740:
5642:Polynomial and rational modeling
5276:
5264:
5252:
5239:
5238:
1278:10.1111/j.1600-0528.2009.00494.x
1165:Journal of Clinical Epidemiology
975:Journal of Clinical Epidemiology
567:Journal of Clinical Epidemiology
489:
4914:Least-squares spectral analysis
2308:Koerner BI (JulyâAugust 2002).
2285:Dittmann M (JulyâAugust 2004).
192:In medical research, the terms
66:
5409:Replication versus subsampling
3895:Mean-unbiased minimum-variance
2802:Pre- and post-test probability
2524:Patient and public involvement
2334:Miller CC (25 February 2016).
2260:Sanders, Robert (2015-10-08).
2003:10.1002/14651858.CD003012.pub2
1950:(5): 664â9, discussion 670â7.
1811:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09060820
1177:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2016.08.002
988:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2014.04.008
832:10.1113/jphysiol.1907.sp001215
693:Stolberg, M. (December 2006).
579:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2014.05.007
1:
5208:Geographic information system
4424:Simultaneous equations models
2172:10.1016/S0965-2299(03)00124-9
2042:Ioannidis, JP (27 May 2008).
1893:British Journal of Psychiatry
1375:10.1080/15265161.2018.1513589
1220:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)07816-9
758:. Champs. Paris: Flammarion.
269:nature of the questions asked
5636:Response surface methodology
5544:Analysis of variance (Anova)
4391:Coefficient of determination
4002:Uniformly most powerful test
2929:Sex as a biological variable
2220:10.1371/journal.pone.0119612
1475:Contemporary Clinical Trials
1418:BMJ: British Medical Journal
420:randomized controlled trials
342:randomized controlled trials
5706:Randomized controlled trial
4960:Proportional hazards models
4904:Spectral density estimation
4886:Vector autoregression (VAR)
4320:Maximum posterior estimator
3552:Randomized controlled trial
2893:Intention-to-treat analysis
2865:Analysis of clinical trials
2794:Specificity and sensitivity
2548:Randomized controlled trial
2107:Zeitschrift fĂźr Psychologie
1752:10.1016/j.jpain.2018.09.002
1111:BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)
1064:Annals of Internal Medicine
525:Randomized controlled trial
265:cannot be measured directly
5814:
4720:Multivariate distributions
3140:Average absolute deviation
1956:10.1037/0022-006X.60.5.664
1430:10.1136/bmj.313.7063.1008b
711:10.1177/014107680609901216
471:
184:
5725:
5234:
5037:
5024:
4708:Structural equation model
4616:
4591:
4362:
4338:
4070:
4044:Score/Lagrange multiplier
3650:
3637:
3459:Sample size determination
3420:
3407:
3037:
3024:
3006:
2937:
2902:Interpretation of results
2635:Nested caseâcontrol study
2119:10.1027/2151-2604/a000176
1487:10.1016/j.cct.2004.11.020
1332:10.1191/1740774505cn089oa
820:The Journal of Physiology
334:statistically significant
5692:Repeated measures design
5404:Restricted randomization
5203:Environmental statistics
4725:Elliptical distributions
4518:Generalized linear model
4447:Simple linear regression
4217:HodgesâLehmann estimator
3674:Probability distribution
3583:Stochastic approximation
3145:Coefficient of variation
2504:Academic clinical trials
4863:Cross-correlation (XCF)
4471:Non-standard predictors
3905:LehmannâScheffĂŠ theorem
3578:Adaptive clinical trial
2722:Relative risk reduction
2570:Adaptive clinical trial
2514:Evidence-based medicine
2497:Adaptive clinical trial
2409:10.1073/pnas.1114999109
2101:Kirsch, Irving (2014).
1862:10.1176/ajp.149.12.1730
1637:10.1002/scin.5591770721
1510:"A question of Control"
744:(1840), ISBN 1104040891
5747:Mathematics portal
5509:Ordinary least squares
5259:Mathematics portal
5080:Engineering statistics
4988:NelsonâAalen estimator
4565:Analysis of covariance
4452:Ordinary least squares
4376:Pearson product-moment
3780:Statistical functional
3691:Empirical distribution
3524:Controlled experiments
3253:Frequency distribution
3031:Descriptive statistics
2710:Number needed to treat
2310:"Under the Microscope"
2061:10.1186/1747-5341-3-14
1694:Pharmaceutical Journal
505:Allocation concealment
318:good clinical practice
228:each blind succeeded.
5778:Design of experiments
5344:Scientific experiment
5326:Design of experiments
5175:Population statistics
5117:System identification
4851:Autocorrelation (ACF)
4779:Exponential smoothing
4693:Discriminant analysis
4688:Canonical correlation
4552:Partition of variance
4414:Regression validation
4258:(JonckheereâTerpstra)
4157:Likelihood-ratio test
3846:Frequentist inference
3758:Locationâscale family
3679:Sampling distribution
3644:Statistical inference
3611:Cross-sectional study
3598:Observational studies
3557:Randomized experiment
3386:Stem-and-leaf display
3188:Central limit theorem
2714:Number needed to harm
2601:Cross-sectional study
2553:Scientific experiment
2509:Clinical study design
2291:Monitor on Psychology
1905:10.1192/bjp.172.3.227
793:10.1353/sor.2005.0016
279:Post-study unblinding
273:hierarchy of evidence
5618:Fractional factorial
5098:Probabilistic design
4683:Principal components
4526:Exponential families
4478:Nonlinear regression
4457:General linear model
4419:Mixed effects models
4409:Errors and residuals
4386:Confounding variable
4288:Bayesian probability
4266:Van der Waerden test
4256:Ordered alternative
4021:Multiple comparisons
3900:RaoâBlackwellization
3863:Estimating equations
3819:Statistical distance
3537:Factorial experiment
3070:Arithmetic-Geometric
2680:Cumulative incidence
301:code-break procedure
295:Premature unblinding
289:treatment allocation
220:has been blinded to
207:treatment allocation
5752:Statistical outline
5712:Sequential analysis
5677:Graeco-Latin square
5586:Multiple comparison
5533:Hierarchical model:
5170:Official statistics
5093:Methods engineering
4774:Seasonal adjustment
4542:Poisson regressions
4462:Bayesian regression
4401:Regression analysis
4381:Partial correlation
4353:Regression analysis
3952:Prediction interval
3947:Likelihood interval
3937:Confidence interval
3929:Interval estimation
3890:Unbiased estimators
3708:Model specification
3588:Up-and-down designs
3276:Partial correlation
3232:Index of dispersion
3150:Interquartile range
2587:Observational study
2519:Real world evidence
2473:experimental design
2400:2012PNAS..109..760F
2211:2015PLoSO..1019612V
1739:The Journal of Pain
1031:2015Natur.526..187M
531:Observational study
462:police photo lineup
5798:Medical statistics
5757:Statistical topics
5349:Statistical design
5190:Spatial statistics
5070:Medical statistics
4970:First hitting time
4924:Whittle likelihood
4575:Degrees of freedom
4570:Multivariate ANOVA
4503:Heteroscedasticity
4315:Bayesian estimator
4280:Bayesian inference
4129:KolmogorovâSmirnov
4014:Randomization test
3984:Testing hypotheses
3957:Tolerance interval
3868:Maximum likelihood
3763:Exponential family
3696:Density estimation
3656:Statistical theory
3616:Natural experiment
3562:Scientific control
3479:Survey methodology
3165:Standard deviation
2873:Riskâbenefit ratio
2840:First-in-man study
2790:Case fatality rate
2631:Caseâcontrol study
2605:Longitudinal study
2382:Fritz, C. (2012).
2340:The New York Times
938:10.1093/ije/dyu115
662:Dubourg G (1852).
444:In social sciences
130:Friedrich Schiller
36:blinded experiment
5793:French inventions
5788:Scientific method
5783:Clinical research
5765:
5764:
5652:Central composite
5550:Cochran's theorem
5504:Linear regression
5481:Nuisance variable
5394:Random assignment
5371:Experimental unit
5292:
5291:
5230:
5229:
5226:
5225:
5165:National accounts
5135:Actuarial science
5127:Social statistics
5020:
5019:
5016:
5015:
5012:
5011:
4947:Survival function
4932:
4931:
4794:Granger causality
4635:Contingency table
4610:Survival analysis
4587:
4586:
4583:
4582:
4439:Linear regression
4334:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4305:Credible interval
4274:
4273:
4057:
4056:
3873:Method of moments
3742:Parametric family
3703:Statistical model
3633:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3547:Random assignment
3469:Statistical power
3403:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3248:Contingency table
3218:
3217:
3085:Generalized/power
2966:
2965:
2914:Survivorship bias
2878:Systematic review
2845:Multicenter trial
2808:
2807:
2798:Likelihood-ratios
2770:Clinical endpoint
2738:Population impact
2692:Period prevalence
2469:Clinical research
2372:, 2 January 2012.
1856:(12): 1730â1731.
1515:. Nature Magazine
1214:(9307): 696â700.
1025:(7572): 187â189.
876:978-1-4051-4961-7
765:978-2-08-121793-5
638:FĂŠtis FJ (1868).
573:(10): 1059â1069.
363:clinical protocol
224:information, and
175:confirmation bias
87:scientific method
60:clinical protocol
56:confirmation bias
16:(Redirected from
5805:
5745:
5744:
5682:Orthogonal array
5319:
5312:
5305:
5296:
5280:
5279:
5268:
5267:
5257:
5256:
5242:
5241:
5145:Crime statistics
5039:
5026:
4943:
4909:Fourier analysis
4896:Frequency domain
4876:
4823:
4789:Structural break
4749:
4698:Cluster analysis
4645:Log-linear model
4618:
4593:
4534:
4508:Homoscedasticity
4364:
4340:
4259:
4251:
4243:
4242:(KruskalâWallis)
4227:
4212:
4167:Cross validation
4152:
4134:AndersonâDarling
4081:
4068:
4039:Likelihood-ratio
4031:Parametric tests
4009:Permutation test
3992:1- & 2-tails
3883:Minimum distance
3855:Point estimation
3851:
3802:Optimal decision
3753:
3652:
3639:
3621:Quasi-experiment
3571:Adaptive designs
3422:
3409:
3286:Rank correlation
3048:
3039:
3026:
2993:
2986:
2979:
2970:
2813:Trial/test types
2688:Point prevalence
2666:
2609:Ecological study
2592:EBM II-2 to II-3
2563:Open-label trial
2558:Blind experiment
2534:Controlled study
2462:
2455:
2448:
2439:
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1982:
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1685:
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1676:
1674:
1665:. 11 June 2009.
1655:
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1620:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1599:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1574:
1555:10.1136/bmj.c332
1534:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1514:
1508:Ledford, Heidi.
1505:
1499:
1498:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1449:
1424:(7063): 1008â9.
1409:
1403:
1402:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1297:
1257:
1248:
1247:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1159:
1153:
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1142:
1123:10.1136/bmj.c869
1102:
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1059:
1053:
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1001:
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990:
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811:
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776:
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690:
681:
680:
678:
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659:
653:
652:
650:
649:
635:
629:
628:
626:
624:
615:. 11 June 2009.
605:
599:
598:
562:
515:Blind taste test
499:
494:
493:
438:publication bias
400:systematic error
285:clinical studies
21:
5813:
5812:
5808:
5807:
5806:
5804:
5803:
5802:
5768:
5767:
5766:
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5739:
5721:
5698:Crossover study
5689:
5687:Latin hypercube
5623:PlackettâBurman
5602:
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5590:
5493:
5485:
5426:
5418:
5335:
5328:
5323:
5293:
5288:
5251:
5222:
5184:
5121:
5107:quality control
5074:
5056:Clinical trials
5033:
5008:
4992:
4980:Hazard function
4974:
4928:
4890:
4874:
4837:
4833:BreuschâGodfrey
4821:
4798:
4738:
4713:Factor analysis
4659:
4640:Graphical model
4612:
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4512:
4466:
4433:
4395:
4358:
4357:
4326:
4270:
4257:
4249:
4241:
4225:
4210:
4189:Rank statistics
4183:
4162:Model selection
4150:
4108:Goodness of fit
4102:
4079:
4053:
4025:
3978:
3923:
3912:Median unbiased
3840:
3751:
3684:Order statistic
3646:
3625:
3592:
3566:
3518:
3473:
3416:
3414:Data collection
3395:
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3262:
3236:
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3174:
3126:
3043:Continuous data
3033:
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3002:
2997:
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2897:
2859:
2804:
2758:
2732:
2706:Risk difference
2694:
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2492:Trial protocols
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2205:(3): e0119612.
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2100:
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2095:
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2036:
1997:(1): CD003012.
1984:
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781:Social Research
778:
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748:
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705:(12): 642â643.
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404:active placebos
388:
375:
355:
350:
330:false positives
326:
297:
281:
254:false dichotomy
240:is a source of
234:
190:
183:
166:
161:
153:W. H. R. Rivers
103:
76:antidepressants
72:pain medication
28:
23:
22:
18:Double-blinding
15:
12:
11:
5:
5811:
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5530:
5525:
5517:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5500:
5498:
5487:
5486:
5484:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5433:
5431:
5420:
5419:
5417:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5384:Optimal design
5379:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5340:
5338:
5330:
5329:
5324:
5322:
5321:
5314:
5307:
5299:
5290:
5289:
5287:
5286:
5274:
5262:
5248:
5235:
5232:
5231:
5228:
5227:
5224:
5223:
5221:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5194:
5192:
5186:
5185:
5183:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5131:
5129:
5123:
5122:
5120:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5084:
5082:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5053:
5051:Bioinformatics
5047:
5045:
5035:
5034:
5029:
5022:
5021:
5018:
5017:
5014:
5013:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5006:
5000:
4998:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4990:
4984:
4982:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4951:
4949:
4940:
4934:
4933:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4900:
4898:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4859:
4858:
4856:partial (PACF)
4847:
4845:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4817:
4812:
4806:
4804:
4803:Specific tests
4800:
4799:
4797:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4755:
4753:
4746:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4736:
4735:
4734:
4733:
4732:
4717:
4716:
4715:
4705:
4703:Classification
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4669:
4667:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4657:
4652:
4650:McNemar's test
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4626:
4624:
4614:
4613:
4596:
4589:
4588:
4585:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4556:
4554:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4544:
4528:
4522:
4520:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4488:Semiparametric
4485:
4480:
4474:
4472:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4443:
4441:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4405:
4403:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4372:
4370:
4360:
4359:
4356:
4355:
4350:
4344:
4343:
4336:
4335:
4332:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4324:
4323:
4322:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4295:
4284:
4282:
4276:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4268:
4263:
4262:
4261:
4253:
4245:
4229:
4226:(MannâWhitney)
4221:
4220:
4219:
4206:
4205:
4204:
4193:
4191:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4159:
4154:
4151:(ShapiroâWilk)
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4118:
4112:
4110:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4100:
4092:
4083:
4071:
4065:
4063:Specific tests
4059:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4035:
4033:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4023:
4018:
4017:
4016:
4006:
4005:
4004:
3994:
3988:
3986:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3974:
3969:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3933:
3931:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3916:
3915:
3914:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3902:
3887:
3886:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3859:
3857:
3848:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3816:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3799:
3798:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3660:
3658:
3648:
3647:
3642:
3635:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3602:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3528:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3514:Standard error
3511:
3506:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3494:
3483:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3444:Optimal design
3441:
3436:
3430:
3428:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3405:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3317:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3283:
3278:
3272:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3244:
3242:
3241:Summary tables
3238:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3228:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3190:
3184:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3136:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3075:Contraharmonic
3072:
3067:
3056:
3054:
3045:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3007:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2988:
2981:
2973:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2957:List of topics
2953:
2946:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2909:Selection bias
2905:
2903:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2869:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2830:Animal testing
2827:
2822:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2782:Mortality rate
2768:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2742:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2704:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2674:
2672:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2611:
2597:
2595:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2575:Platform trial
2567:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2544:
2542:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2487:Clinical trial
2483:
2481:
2477:
2476:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2457:
2450:
2442:
2434:
2433:
2374:
2352:
2326:
2300:
2277:
2252:
2185:
2166:(4): 235â242.
2150:
2113:(3): 128â134.
2093:
2034:
1977:
1934:
1899:(3): 227â231.
1883:
1840:
1805:(3): 250â252.
1789:
1745:(5): 489â500.
1725:
1680:
1650:
1615:
1586:
1526:
1500:
1461:
1404:
1353:
1326:(3): 254â259.
1309:
1249:
1198:
1154:
1097:
1054:
1002:
961:
932:(4): 1272â83.
912:
875:
855:
806:
771:
764:
746:
734:
682:
654:
630:
600:
551:
550:
548:
545:
544:
543:
538:
533:
528:
522:
517:
512:
507:
501:
500:
497:Science portal
484:
481:
474:Blind audition
472:Main article:
469:
466:
457:
454:
445:
442:
432:
429:
411:
408:
392:antidepressant
387:
384:
374:
371:
354:
351:
349:
346:
325:
322:
310:active placebo
308:the use of an
296:
293:
280:
277:
233:
230:
182:
179:
165:
162:
160:
157:
143:published his
141:Claude Bernard
102:
99:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5810:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5775:
5773:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5727:
5724:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5707:
5703:
5702:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5693:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5661:
5657:
5656:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5637:
5633:
5632:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5613:
5609:
5608:
5606:
5604:
5597:
5593:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5581:Compare means
5579:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5569:
5565:
5563:
5561:
5557:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5545:
5541:
5540:
5537:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5523:
5522:Random effect
5519:
5518:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5501:
5499:
5497:
5492:
5488:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5471:
5467:
5465:
5464:Orthogonality
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5439:
5435:
5434:
5432:
5430:
5425:
5421:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5399:Randomization
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5386:
5385:
5381:
5380:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5341:
5339:
5337:
5331:
5327:
5320:
5315:
5313:
5308:
5306:
5301:
5300:
5297:
5285:
5284:
5275:
5273:
5272:
5263:
5261:
5260:
5255:
5249:
5247:
5246:
5237:
5236:
5233:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5213:Geostatistics
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5195:
5193:
5191:
5187:
5181:
5180:Psychometrics
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5128:
5124:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5083:
5081:
5077:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5048:
5046:
5044:
5043:Biostatistics
5040:
5036:
5032:
5027:
5023:
5005:
5004:Log-rank test
5002:
5001:
4999:
4995:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4981:
4977:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4948:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4935:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4897:
4893:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4875:(BoxâJenkins)
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4857:
4854:
4853:
4852:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4844:
4840:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4828:DurbinâWatson
4826:
4824:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4810:DickeyâFuller
4808:
4807:
4805:
4801:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4784:Cointegration
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4759:Decomposition
4757:
4756:
4754:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4741:
4731:
4728:
4727:
4726:
4723:
4722:
4721:
4718:
4714:
4711:
4710:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4666:
4662:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4630:Cohen's kappa
4628:
4627:
4625:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4594:
4590:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4553:
4549:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4519:
4515:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4483:Nonparametric
4481:
4479:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4469:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4440:
4436:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4402:
4398:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4321:
4318:
4317:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4281:
4277:
4267:
4264:
4260:
4254:
4252:
4246:
4244:
4238:
4237:
4236:
4233:
4232:Nonparametric
4230:
4228:
4222:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4213:
4207:
4203:
4202:Sample median
4200:
4199:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4190:
4186:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4123:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4105:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4091:
4089:
4084:
4082:
4077:
4073:
4072:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4060:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4032:
4028:
4022:
4019:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4010:
4007:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3926:
3920:
3917:
3913:
3910:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3891:
3888:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3808:
3807:loss function
3805:
3804:
3803:
3800:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3740:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3721:
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3714:
3711:
3709:
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3705:
3704:
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3697:
3694:
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3677:
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3649:
3645:
3640:
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3609:
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3515:
3512:
3510:
3509:Questionnaire
3507:
3505:
3502:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3480:
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3437:
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3429:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3410:
3406:
3392:
3389:
3387:
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3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3336:Control chart
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3304:
3301:
3297:
3294:
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3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3209:
3206:
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3201:
3199:
3196:
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3189:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3177:
3171:
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3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
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3135:
3133:
3129:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3027:
3023:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3005:
3001:
2994:
2989:
2987:
2982:
2980:
2975:
2974:
2971:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2939:
2936:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2888:Meta-analysis
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2856:
2855:Vaccine trial
2853:
2851:
2850:Seeding trial
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2757:
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2745:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2701:
2697:
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2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2619:Retrospective
2617:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2588:
2584:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2539:EBM I to II-1
2535:
2531:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
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2484:
2482:
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2474:
2470:
2463:
2458:
2456:
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2449:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2394:(3): 760â63.
2393:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2375:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2356:
2353:
2341:
2337:
2330:
2327:
2315:
2314:Legal Affairs
2311:
2304:
2301:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2281:
2278:
2267:
2266:Berkeley News
2263:
2256:
2253:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2189:
2186:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2154:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2124:
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2116:
2112:
2108:
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2097:
2094:
2089:
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2080:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2038:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1887:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
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1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
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1808:
1804:
1800:
1793:
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1511:
1504:
1501:
1496:
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1448:
1443:
1439:
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1431:
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1423:
1419:
1415:
1408:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1369:(10): 71â73.
1368:
1364:
1357:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1313:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1272:(6): 477â84.
1271:
1267:
1263:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
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1202:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1186:
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1077:
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1046:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1009:
1007:
1003:
998:
994:
989:
984:
981:(9): 973â83.
980:
976:
972:
965:
962:
957:
953:
948:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
916:
913:
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889:
878:
872:
868:
867:
859:
856:
851:
847:
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837:
833:
829:
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821:
817:
810:
807:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
775:
772:
767:
761:
757:
750:
747:
743:
738:
735:
730:
726:
721:
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712:
708:
704:
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696:
689:
687:
683:
671:
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658:
655:
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634:
631:
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604:
601:
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584:
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568:
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534:
532:
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508:
506:
503:
502:
498:
492:
487:
482:
480:
475:
467:
465:
463:
455:
453:
451:
450:observer bias
443:
441:
439:
430:
428:
424:
421:
417:
409:
407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
385:
383:
380:
379:meta-analysis
372:
370:
366:
364:
360:
352:
347:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
323:
321:
319:
313:
311:
305:
302:
294:
292:
290:
286:
278:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
257:
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251:
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239:
231:
229:
227:
223:
219:
214:
210:
208:
203:
199:
195:
188:
180:
178:
176:
172:
171:observer bias
163:
158:
156:
154:
150:
149:Enlightenment
146:
142:
137:
135:
131:
125:
123:
118:
116:
112:
108:
100:
98:
96:
92:
88:
83:
81:
77:
73:
68:
63:
61:
57:
53:
52:observer bias
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
5704:
5690:
5672:Latin square
5658:
5634:
5610:
5571:
5567:
5560:multivariate
5559:
5555:
5542:
5520:
5468:
5436:
5382:
5281:
5269:
5250:
5243:
5155:Econometrics
5105: /
5088:Chemometrics
5065:Epidemiology
5058: /
5031:Applications
4873:ARIMA model
4820:Q-statistic
4769:Stationarity
4665:Multivariate
4608: /
4604: /
4602:Multivariate
4600: /
4540: /
4536: /
4310:Bayes factor
4209:Signed rank
4121:
4095:
4087:
4075:
3770:Completeness
3606:Cohort study
3504:Opinion poll
3439:Missing data
3426:Study design
3381:Scatter plot
3303:Scatter plot
3296:Spearman's Ď
3258:Grouped data
2955:
2948:
2941:
2730:Hazard ratio
2614:Cohort study
2391:
2387:
2377:
2367:
2355:
2343:. Retrieved
2339:
2329:
2317:. Retrieved
2313:
2303:
2294:
2290:
2280:
2269:. Retrieved
2265:
2255:
2202:
2198:
2188:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2110:
2106:
2096:
2051:
2047:
2037:
1994:
1990:
1980:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1896:
1892:
1886:
1853:
1849:
1843:
1802:
1798:
1792:
1780:. Retrieved
1742:
1738:
1728:
1714:cite journal
1702:. Retrieved
1697:
1693:
1683:
1671:. Retrieved
1662:
1653:
1631:(7): 26â29.
1628:
1625:Science News
1624:
1618:
1606:. Retrieved
1604:. 2019-04-05
1601:
1589:
1546:
1542:
1517:. Retrieved
1503:
1481:(1): 25â37.
1478:
1474:
1464:
1421:
1417:
1407:
1366:
1362:
1356:
1323:
1319:
1312:
1269:
1265:
1211:
1207:
1201:
1168:
1164:
1157:
1114:
1110:
1100:
1070:(3): 254â9.
1067:
1063:
1057:
1022:
1018:
978:
974:
964:
929:
925:
915:
886:
880:. Retrieved
865:
858:
826:(1): 33â47.
823:
819:
809:
784:
780:
774:
755:
749:
741:
737:
702:
698:
674:. Retrieved
664:
657:
646:. Retrieved
640:
633:
621:. Retrieved
612:
603:
570:
566:
510:Black boxing
477:
459:
456:In forensics
447:
434:
425:
413:
389:
376:
367:
359:sham surgery
356:
348:Applications
327:
324:Significance
314:
306:
298:
282:
258:
235:
225:
221:
217:
211:
202:triple-blind
201:
198:double-blind
197:
194:single-blind
193:
191:
167:
144:
138:
126:
122:Stradivarius
119:
115:Franz Mesmer
104:
84:
64:
35:
31:
29:
5647:BoxâBehnken
5528:Mixed model
5459:Confounding
5454:Interaction
5444:Effect size
5414:Sample size
5283:WikiProject
5198:Cartography
5160:Jurimetrics
5112:Reliability
4843:Time domain
4822:(LjungâBox)
4744:Time-series
4622:Categorical
4606:Time-series
4598:Categorical
4533:(Bernoulli)
4368:Correlation
4348:Correlation
4144:JarqueâBera
4116:Chi-squared
3878:M-estimator
3831:Asymptotics
3775:Sufficiency
3542:Interaction
3454:Replication
3434:Effect size
3391:Violin plot
3371:Radar chart
3351:Forest plot
3341:Correlogram
3291:Kendall's Ď
2924:Null result
2883:Replication
2778:Infectivity
2700:Association
2651:Case report
2641:Case series
2624:Prospective
1320:Clin Trials
903:|work=
536:Metascience
520:Jadad scale
416:acupuncture
410:Acupuncture
396:effect size
353:In medicine
187:Double bind
181:Terminology
134:homeopathic
5772:Categories
5603:randomized
5601:Completely
5572:covariance
5334:Scientific
5150:Demography
4868:ARMA model
4673:Regression
4250:(Friedman)
4211:(Wilcoxon)
4149:Normality
4139:Lilliefors
4086:Student's
3962:Resampling
3836:Robustness
3824:divergence
3814:Efficiency
3752:(monotone)
3747:Likelihood
3664:Population
3497:Stratified
3449:Population
3268:Dependence
3224:Count data
3155:Percentile
3132:Dispersion
3065:Arithmetic
3000:Statistics
2726:Odds ratio
2718:Risk ratio
2684:Prevalence
2670:Occurrence
2646:Case study
2271:2019-08-29
882:2012-02-11
676:2011-07-21
648:2011-07-21
547:References
431:In physics
386:Depression
238:experiment
232:Unblinding
159:Background
136:dilution.
95:open trial
40:experiment
5612:Factorial
5496:inference
5476:Covariate
5438:Treatment
5424:Treatment
4531:Logistic
4298:posterior
4224:Rank sum
3972:Jackknife
3967:Bootstrap
3785:Bootstrap
3720:Parameter
3669:Statistic
3464:Statistic
3376:Run chart
3361:Pie chart
3356:Histogram
3346:Fan chart
3321:Bar chart
3203:L-moments
3090:Geometric
2786:Morbidity
2774:Virulence
2676:Incidence
2229:1932-6203
2127:2190-8370
2070:1747-5341
2011:1469-493X
1964:0022-006X
1913:0007-1250
1870:0002-953X
1835:207628021
1819:1535-7228
1761:1526-5900
1700:: 129â130
1645:1943-0930
1563:0959-8138
1438:0959-8138
1383:1526-5161
1286:1600-0528
1228:0140-6736
1185:1878-5921
1171:: 42â50.
1131:1756-1833
905:ignored (
895:cite book
801:141036212
787:(1): 18.
587:1878-5921
139:In 1865,
111:mesmerism
67:unblinded
5735:Category
5730:Glossary
5536:Bayesian
5514:Bayesian
5470:Blocking
5449:Contrast
5429:blocking
5389:Bayesian
5376:Blinding
5366:validity
5363:external
5359:Internal
5245:Category
4938:Survival
4815:Johansen
4538:Binomial
4493:Isotonic
4080:(normal)
3725:location
3532:Blocking
3487:Sampling
3366:QâQ plot
3331:Box plot
3313:Graphics
3208:Skewness
3198:Kurtosis
3170:Variance
3100:Heronian
3095:Harmonic
2950:Glossary
2943:Category
2820:In vitro
2661:Measures
2480:Overview
2428:22215592
2369:Discover
2345:26 April
2247:25747157
2199:PLOS ONE
2180:15022656
2145:25279271
2088:18505564
2029:14974002
1827:20194487
1782:22 April
1777:52813251
1769:30248448
1704:24 April
1667:Archived
1663:cebm.net
1608:21 April
1581:20332509
1549:: c332.
1519:24 April
1495:15837450
1399:53014880
1391:30339067
1348:36252366
1340:16279148
1304:19758415
1244:11578262
1236:11879884
1193:27555081
1149:20332511
1117:: c869.
1092:34932997
1084:11827510
1049:26450040
997:24972762
956:24881045
888:history.
850:16992882
729:17139070
617:Archived
613:cebm.net
595:24973822
483:See also
468:In music
250:no blind
246:spectrum
226:how well
91:medicine
5628:Taguchi
5596:Designs
5354:Control
5271:Commons
5218:Kriging
5103:Process
5060:studies
4919:Wavelet
4752:General
3919:Plug-in
3713:L space
3492:Cluster
3193:Moments
3011:Outline
2825:In vivo
2419:3271912
2396:Bibcode
2364:Ed Yong
2238:4352029
2207:Bibcode
2136:4172306
2079:2412901
2020:8407353
1972:1401382
1929:4975797
1921:9614471
1878:1443253
1602:fda.gov
1572:2844940
1456:8892442
1447:2352320
1295:3044082
1140:2844943
1027:Bibcode
947:4258786
841:1533733
720:1676327
377:A 2018
338:powered
261:placebo
213:CONSORT
101:History
80:CONSORT
5668:(GRBD)
5568:Ancova
5556:Manova
5491:Models
5336:method
5140:Census
4730:Normal
4678:Manova
4498:Robust
4248:2-way
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