35:
959:) from the root of the host drive and attempts to communicate with it through the DOS preload API. If the driver responds as expected, the DOS BIOS will keep the driver, if not, it will get discarded. If kept and configured accordingly, drive letters may get swapped, so that the compressed drive becomes C:.
928:
etc.) Depending on the version, only the first few sectors of the file or the whole file may be loaded into memory. In the first case, the loaded stub contains another loader loading the remainder of the file from disk. In the case of DR-DOS, the BIOS is packed and will decompress itself through an
196:
per megabyte. For the users who bought disk compression applications, the software proved to be in the short term a more economic means of acquiring more disk space as opposed to replacing their current drive with a larger one. A good disk compression utility could, on average, double the available
503:
servers also running
Stacker in order to avoid unnecessary recompression when copying files. It also introduced support for the DOS 6 preload API in order to maintain compatibility with Microsoft's DoubleSpace in multi-boot scenarios. A similar mechanism was used to load the optional single- or
1168:
DOS command. Most compression utilities would mark the drive file with at least one or more of the System, Hidden, and Read-Only attributes (many would use all three). However, files marked with such attributes can be viewed and deleted by other means. In addition, the user can also remove
270:
With increasing PC processor power software-only solutions began to reach or even outperform the performance of hardware-assisted solutions in most scenarios. These compression utilities were sold independently. A user had to specifically choose to install and configure the software.
1592:, including the description of many undocumented features and internals. It is part of the author's yet larger MPDOSTIP.ZIP collection maintained up to 2001 and distributed on many sites at the time. The provided link points to a HTML-converted older version of the NWDOSTIP.TXT file.
1135:, two files are storing at least part of their data in the same location. At least part of one file (the "bad" file) is always lost in this instance. However, if the "bad" file is copied and then deleted, part of the "good" file is deleted as well. Microsoft
1049:
Users did not always realize that the large file on the host drive contained the compressed drive. While it was usually "hidden" by default, users who did find the large file curious or suspicious were able to delete it. This would normally result in data
369:
disk compression into new machines appealed to resellers and users. Resellers liked that they could claim more storage space; users liked that they did not have to configure the software. Bundled utilities included (in chronological order):
1042:
were modified to copy the compression drivers to boot disks by default, and the corresponding operation systems would also fall back to look for them on drives other than the boot disk if they couldn't be found
1159:
with files: System, Hidden, Read-Only, and
Archive. Files with the System or Hidden attributes are often not displayed by default. Files with the System or Read-Only attribute cannot be deleted with the
1038:, for example, might not contain the driver. (This was not normally an issue for solutions that came bundled with the operation systems unless booting foreign operating systems, as system utilities like
1684:
1007:) converting the hard drive to compressed drives could speed up the system significantly. Compression and decompression of the data increases the CPU utilization. If the system was already
197:
space with negligible speed loss. Disk compression fell into disuse by the late 1990s, as advances in hard drive technology and manufacturing led to increased capacities and lower prices.
154:
utility works automatically through resident software without the user needing to be aware of its existence. On-the-fly disk compression is therefore also known as
1498:
1430:"Hands on - Under the Hood: Inside MS-DOS 6 - The developers of MS-DOS describe the operating system's memory optimization and disk-compression technology"
1496:
1429:
857:
All drives would initially be empty. The utility to create a drive would usually offer to "compress a current drive". This meant the utility would:
254:
1721:
1475:
Undocumented DOS: A programmer's guide to reserved MS-DOS functions and data structures - expanded to include MS-DOS 6, Novell DOS and
Windows 3.1
1811:
173:
the information. When information needs to be read, the utility decompresses the information. A disk compression utility overrides the standard
1451:
1887:
1525:
807:(1996), a Linux kernel driver, to support the reading and writing of DoubleSpace, DriveSpace 2 & 3, as well as Stacker 3 & 4 volumes.
1668:
1572:
1910:
1532:
980:
Depending on configuration and if this hasn't happened already, drive letters may get swapped, so that the compressed drive becomes C:.
1629:
1925:
1488:
301:
118:
52:
992:
On systems with slower hard drives, disk compression could actually increase system performance. This was accomplished two ways:
1920:
99:
1787:
1541:
1539:
71:
56:
1046:
Uninstallation was problematic if the expanded size of data on the compressed disk was larger than the normal disk capacity.
974:
1869:
749:
78:
1915:
1568:
NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte
Details, Bugs und Workarounds
776:
689:
400:
867:
Increase the size of the new compressed drive as necessary to accommodate more files and allow empty space when done.
1860:
1762:
210:
Some of the initial disk compression solutions were hardware-assisted and utilized add-on compressor/decompressor
85:
1372:
1413:
890:
A device driver had to be loaded to access the compressed drive. A compressed drive C: required changes to the
461:(after acquiring AddStor) was included in a later release, also introducing the preload API in the PC DOS line.
67:
1080:
181:
access the hard disk using these routines, they continue to work after disk compression has been installed.
45:
1034:
The compressed drive is only visible if the device driver is loaded and the compressed drive is mounted. A
436:
1075:
838:
798:
1846:
1389:
1024:
730:
557:
248:
1821:
239:
944:
726:
716:
511:
432:
366:
283:
178:
1602:
741:
chip containing a custom version of Squish Plus with only 36 KB footprint adapted for the
821:
816:
754:
382:
315:
1393:
1380:
1139:
was created, in part, to perform a better check of the file system prior to compression than the
1070:
910:
903:
734:
1566:
1274:"Expanz! board quickly compresses files on all disk types but forfeits some DOS compatibilities"
1746:
424:
328:
1695:
1521:
1484:
1238:
1165:
1039:
842:
92:
1733:
1337:
1305:
1273:
1197:
1269:
1132:
1065:
1028:
742:
738:
685:
607:
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492:
378:
345:
292:
226:
174:
170:
147:
143:
135:
1639:
1892:
1534:
1060:
595:
966:
processing by looking for the file in the root of the boot drive. In the case of DR-DOS,
1672:
1517:
1480:
1473:
1156:
784:
780:
772:
1696:"Squeeze 10 times as many spreadsheets on a disk - SQZ! - The data squeezer for Lotus"
1239:"Double - no - triple your hard disk space with on-the-fly data compression utilities"
1904:
1874:
1817:
1635:
1607:
1468:
1434:
1161:
846:
675:
185:
1537:
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systems, that is not implemented as a separate "compressed drive" like those above.
457:, while the original release did not include a disk compressor, a custom version of
1783:
1589:
1585:
952:
948:
617:
600:
588:
576:
561:
515:
505:
483:
478:
440:
1700:
1342:
1278:
1243:
967:
956:
899:
875:
783:
and utilities, utilizing
Cloaking's built-in DPMS server to relocate and run in
758:
712:
665:
645:
631:
565:
543:
488:
419:
392:
354:
340:
211:
34:
963:
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925:
812:
762:
655:
621:
583:
571:
548:
531:
525:
464:
450:
444:
410:
374:
1879:
973:
Compression drivers not loaded through the preload API may be loaded through
1851:
1414:
http://files.mpoli.fi/unpacked/software/dos/compress/jam125sw.zip/readme.doc
1310:
1202:
1035:
1008:
1004:
933:
879:
468:
414:
259:
184:
Disk compression utilities were popular especially in the early 1990s, when
139:
568:
had to ship without any disk compression software at all for legal reasons.
192:). Hard drives were also rather expensive at the time, costing roughly 10
17:
1136:
1095:
1023:
Not all compression utilities would confirm the absence of errors in the
189:
1758:
1003:
If the system had to wait frequently for hard drive access to complete (
1813:
DR-DOS 7.03 WHATSNEW.TXT — Changes from DR-DOS 7.02 to DR-DOS 7.03
1090:
891:
841:
hard drive. This is similar to how a single physical hard drive can be
793:(1994–1996 by Thomas Scheuermann), a compressed file system driver for
496:
837:
Disk compression usually creates a single large file, which becomes a
146:
utility, which compresses only specified files—and which requires the
1143:
1140:
1106:
1085:
921:
864:
Transfer existing files on the old drive to the new compressed drive.
845:
into multiple virtual drives. The compressed drive is accessed via a
396:
1306:"Squish - File compressor crams data into smaller space, but slowly"
870:
When all files were transferred, the drive letters would be swapped.
1031:, could result in additional data loss during the transfer process.
1722:
ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/Filesystems/dosfs/thsfs.tgz
1428:
Slivka, Benjamin W.; Straub, Eric; Freedman, Richard (July 1993).
1112:
1100:
947:, the DOS BIOS attempts to load a preloadable compression driver (
794:
169:
When information needs to be stored to the hard disk, the utility
624:(after acquiring Novell DOS), included a DPMS-enabled version of
214:
cards in addition to a software driver. Known solutions include:
1669:"Caldera OpenDOS 7.01/7.02 Update Alpha 3 IBMBIO.COM README.TXT"
1462:
1460:
1458:
1338:"Squish Puts a Squeeze on Files Before They Are Written to Disk"
826:
909:
The partition sector loads sector 0 of the bootable partition (
861:
Create an empty compressed drive, stored on the existing drive.
1507:
1505:
917:
454:
193:
28:
999:
Disk accesses would often be batched together for efficiency.
1747:
http://ftp.nluug.nl/ftp/ibiblio/system/filesystems/thsfs.lsm
598:(1996), from Microsoft, included a stripped-down version of
495:, which also supported compressed data exchange with remote
439:
type interface which allowed the disk compression software (
138:
increases the amount of information that can be stored on a
757:
was an add-on product, enhancing the functionality of the
1027:
before compressing a disk in place. Some errors, such as
668:(1999), from Caldera, included a DPMS-enabled version of
634:(1998), from Caldera, included a DPMS-enabled version of
1471:; Maxey, David; Michels, Raymond J.; Kyle, Jim (1994) .
481:(1993), from Novell, included a DPMS-enabled version of
815:, from Microsoft, included both a native support and a
586:(1995), from Microsoft, included an updated version of
1806:
1804:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
678:(1999), from Microsoft, included the full version of
658:(1998), from Microsoft, included the full version of
648:(1998), from IBM, included a DPMS-enabled version of
610:(1996), from Microsoft, included the full version of
574:(1995), from IBM, included a DPMS-enabled version of
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
59:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1734:"Re: Disk Compression - Stacker - Drivespace, etc"
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1472:
1011:, disk compression decreases overall performance.
996:Once compressed, there was less data to be stored.
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1019:Some common drawbacks to using disk compression:
902:loads sector 0 of the first physical hard drive (
638:. DR-DOS 7.02 also added support for Microsoft's
258:(Microsoft Real-Time Compression Interface) from
188:hard disks were still relatively small (20 to 80
1366:
1364:
399:(after acquiring Digital Research), included a
1373:"50% more file space for as little as $ 89.95"
692:, included a disk compression component named
518:, included a disk compression component named
1423:
1421:
970:takes precedence over CONFIG.SYS, if present.
8:
983:Processing continues from compressed drive.
150:to designate the files to be compressed—an
1495:(xviii+856+vi pages, 3.5"-floppy) Errata:
916:Host drive sector 0 loads (in the case of
878:would not be transferred. For example, OS
336:(JAM.SYS) from JAM Software, Kiev, Ukraine
1704:. Turner Hall Publishing: 155. 1986-10-14
443:) to be loaded automatically even before
119:Learn how and when to remove this message
1584:NWDOSTIP.TXT is a comprehensive work on
932:The DOS BIOS then loads the DOS kernel (
534:(1994), from IBM, included a version of
1181:
1155:For example, DOS associated up to four
1124:
729:, but distributed exclusively through
431:. MS-DOS 6.0 introduced the so-called
1571:. MPDOSTIP (in German) (3 ed.).
913:). In this case, it's the host drive.
882:would remain only on the host drive.
711:, a resident DOS file compressor for
7:
779:-enabled Stacker 4.01 combined with
57:adding citations to reliable sources
1786:(dmsdoc.doc). 0.9.2.0. 1998-11-19.
1336:Davis, Stephen Randy (1987-02-24).
471:, included an improved version of
25:
719:files from Turner Hall Publishing
546:(1994), from Microsoft, included
302:Integrated Information Technology
201:Common disk compression solutions
1888:"How To... Compress Hard Drives"
1667:Paul, Matthias R. (1997-10-02).
1565:Paul, Matthias R. (1997-07-30).
33:
1878:. February 1994. Archived from
1870:"How Safe is Disk Compression?"
1790:from the original on 2016-11-02
1765:from the original on 2016-11-11
1575:from the original on 2017-09-10
1304:Walkenbach, John (1987-02-02).
929:embedded decompression routine.
381:, included a custom version of
44:needs additional citations for
1847:"MS-DOS 6 Technical Reference"
1759:"DMSDOS - Linux kernel driver"
1631:Caldera DR-DOS 7.02 User Guide
142:drive of given size. Unlike a
1:
1861:"DoubleSpace CVF file layout"
1603:"MS-DOS-Clone made in Russia"
1371:Goldstein, Hal (1989-07-08).
1237:Pastrick, Greg (1992-01-28).
1196:Slovick, Linda (1992-02-17).
423:, which was based in part on
750:Double Tools for DoubleSpace
853:Compressing existing drives
690:Paragon Technology Software
152:on-the-fly disk compression
1942:
1911:Hard disk computer storage
1820:1998-12-24. Archived from
886:Compressing the boot drive
825:that compresses files on
1926:Compression file systems
1512:Chappell, Geoff (1994).
943:If the DOS supports the
797:, which could read some
1081:Self-extracting archive
775:was a bundle of Stac's
164:online disk compression
1921:Utility software types
1076:Executable compression
580:from Stac Electronics.
1638:1998 . Archived from
1390:Personalized Software
731:Personalized Software
558:compression algorithm
179:software applications
962:The DOS BIOS starts
512:PTS-DOS Extended 6.4
403:-enabled version of
177:routines. Since all
53:improve this article
1784:"DMSDOS CVF module"
266:Standalone software
206:Standalone hardware
1916:Hard disk software
1467:Schulman, Andrew;
1394:Thaddeus Computing
1381:The Portable Paper
1071:Disk fragmentation
988:Performance impact
911:Volume Boot Record
904:Master Boot Record
769:Multimedia Stacker
735:Thaddeus Computing
437:challenge–response
435:, an undocumented
249:Datran Corporation
245:DiskDoubler dd2000
68:"Disk compression"
1527:978-0-201-60835-9
1270:Mendelson, Edward
1198:"The big squeeze"
1133:crosslinked files
1029:crosslinked files
737:), was a special
556:with a different
425:Vertisoft Systems
329:Vertisoft Systems
129:
128:
121:
103:
16:(Redirected from
1933:
1897:
1883:
1864:
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1833:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1808:
1799:
1798:
1796:
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1724:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1709:
1692:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1680:
1671:. Archived from
1664:
1651:
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1648:
1647:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1599:
1593:
1583:
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1234:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1215:
1193:
1170:
1153:
1147:
1129:
1066:Data compression
920:) the DOS BIOS (
874:Usually certain
824:
743:HP Portable Plus
686:PTS-DOS Pro 2000
608:Windows 95 Plus!
493:Stac Electronics
379:Digital Research
361:Bundled software
346:Salient Software
293:Stac Electronics
240:InfoChip Systems
227:Stac Electronics
175:operating system
144:file compression
136:software utility
133:disk compression
124:
117:
113:
110:
104:
102:
61:
37:
29:
21:
1941:
1940:
1936:
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1893:Smart Computing
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1211:
1195:
1194:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1154:
1150:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1061:RAM compression
1057:
1025:FAT file system
1017:
990:
888:
855:
835:
820:
727:Sundog Software
723:Squish Plus ROM
705:
703:Other solutions
596:Windows 95 OSR2
433:DOS preload API
363:
325:DoubleDisk Gold
284:Sundog Software
268:
208:
203:
125:
114:
108:
105:
62:
60:
50:
38:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1939:
1937:
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1913:
1903:
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1899:
1898:
1884:
1882:on 2008-06-19.
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1857:
1841:
1840:External links
1838:
1835:
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1800:
1775:
1761:. 2005-03-18.
1750:
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1714:
1687:
1652:
1621:
1594:
1544:
1526:
1518:Addison Wesley
1501:
1489:
1481:Addison Wesley
1479:(2 ed.).
1469:Brown, Ralf D.
1454:
1417:
1406:
1360:
1328:
1296:
1272:(1990-11-13).
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871:
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862:
854:
851:
834:
831:
809:
808:
802:
791:THS filesystem
788:
785:protected mode
781:Helix Cloaking
773:Helix Software
766:
746:
720:
717:Lotus Symphony
704:
701:
700:
699:
683:
673:
663:
653:
643:
629:
615:
605:
593:
581:
569:
541:
529:
509:
476:
462:
448:
447:was processed.
408:
390:
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359:
358:
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351:Double Density
348:
337:
331:
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267:
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1896:. April 1999.
1895:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1875:BYTE Magazine
1871:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1824:on 2019-04-08
1823:
1819:
1818:Caldera, Inc.
1815:
1814:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1789:
1785:
1779:
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1754:
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1729:
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1723:
1718:
1715:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1675:on 2003-10-04
1674:
1670:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1642:on 2016-11-05
1641:
1637:
1636:Caldera, Inc.
1633:
1632:
1625:
1622:
1610:
1609:
1608:Computerwoche
1604:
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1523:
1519:
1515:
1514:DOS Internals
1508:
1506:
1502:
1499:
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1492:
1490:0-201-63287-X
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1482:
1477:
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1436:
1435:BYTE Magazine
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70: –
69:
65:
64:Find sources:
58:
54:
48:
47:
42:This article
40:
36:
31:
30:
27:
19:
1891:
1880:the original
1873:
1850:
1826:. Retrieved
1822:the original
1812:
1792:. Retrieved
1778:
1767:. Retrieved
1753:
1742:
1728:
1717:
1706:. Retrieved
1699:
1690:
1677:. Retrieved
1673:the original
1644:. Retrieved
1640:the original
1630:
1624:
1613:. Retrieved
1611:. 1994-05-06
1606:
1597:
1590:OpenDOS 7.01
1586:Novell DOS 7
1577:. Retrieved
1567:
1513:
1474:
1444:. Retrieved
1442:(8): 197–202
1439:
1433:
1409:
1398:. Retrieved
1385:
1379:
1352:. Retrieved
1347:
1341:
1331:
1320:. Retrieved
1315:
1309:
1299:
1288:. Retrieved
1283:
1277:
1264:
1253:. Retrieved
1248:
1242:
1212:. Retrieved
1207:
1201:
1151:
1127:
1018:
1002:
991:
953:DRVSPACE.BIN
949:DBLSPACE.BIN
894:as follows:
892:boot process
889:
876:system files
873:
856:
836:
810:
804:
790:
768:
748:
722:
708:
694:
693:
680:DriveSpace 3
679:
670:Stacker 3.12
669:
660:DriveSpace 3
659:
650:Stacker 4.02
649:
639:
636:Stacker 3.12
635:
626:Stacker 3.12
625:
618:OpenDOS 7.01
612:DriveSpace 3
611:
601:DriveSpace 3
599:
589:DriveSpace 2
587:
577:Stacker 4.02
575:
562:DRVSPACE.BIN
553:
552:, which was
547:
537:SuperStor/DS
536:
535:
520:
519:
516:PhysTechSoft
484:Stacker 3.12
482:
479:Novell DOS 7
472:
459:SuperStor/DS
458:
441:DBLSPACE.BIN
428:
418:
404:
386:
365:The idea of
364:
350:
339:
333:
324:
320:
311:
307:
297:
288:
279:
275:
269:
253:
244:
236:Expanz! Plus
235:
231:
222:
219:Stacker XT/8
218:
209:
183:
168:
163:
159:
155:
151:
132:
130:
115:
106:
96:
89:
82:
75:
63:
51:Please help
46:verification
43:
26:
1701:PC Magazine
1343:PC Magazine
1279:PC Magazine
1244:PC Magazine
1169:attributes.
977:statements.
968:DCONFIG.SYS
957:STACKER.BIN
945:preload API
900:System BIOS
843:partitioned
759:DoubleSpace
713:Lotus 1-2-3
666:DR-DOS 7.03
646:PC DOS 2000
632:DR-DOS 7.02
566:MS-DOS 6.21
554:DoubleSpace
544:MS-DOS 6.22
504:multi-user
489:STACKER.BIN
473:DoubleSpace
420:DoubleSpace
417:, included
393:PalmDOS 1.0
355:Data Becker
341:DiskDoubler
280:Squish Plus
212:coprocessor
156:transparent
1905:Categories
1828:2019-04-08
1794:2016-11-01
1769:2016-05-25
1708:2016-11-18
1679:2009-03-29
1646:2013-08-10
1615:2015-04-12
1579:2015-04-05
1446:2016-11-01
1400:2015-04-05
1354:2015-04-06
1322:2015-04-05
1290:2015-04-06
1255:2015-04-06
1214:2015-04-06
1210:(7): 57–63
1176:References
1157:attributes
964:CONFIG.SYS
938:IBMDOS.COM
926:IBMBIO.COM
880:swap files
813:Windows XP
763:MS-DOS 6.0
656:Windows 98
640:DriveSpace
584:Windows 95
572:PC DOS 7.0
549:DriveSpace
532:PC DOS 6.3
526:FOLDER.SYS
508:component.
465:MS-DOS 6.2
451:PC DOS 6.1
445:CONFIG.SYS
429:DoubleDisk
411:MS-DOS 6.0
375:DR DOS 6.0
321:DoubleDisk
171:compresses
109:April 2019
79:newspapers
18:DoubleDisk
1852:Microsoft
1311:InfoWorld
1203:InfoWorld
1036:boot disk
1015:Drawbacks
1009:CPU bound
1005:I/O bound
934:MSDOS.SYS
833:Operation
564:), after
469:Microsoft
415:Microsoft
405:SuperStor
387:SuperStor
308:SuperStor
298:XtraDrive
260:Microsoft
190:megabytes
160:real-time
140:hard disk
1788:Archived
1763:Archived
1573:Archived
1536:Errata:
1286:(19): 13
1251:(2): 261
1146:utility.
1137:SCANDISK
1096:SquashFS
1055:See also
695:DATACOMP
506:SECURITY
367:bundling
1350:(4): 46
1318:(6): 55
1091:e2compr
1043:there.)
839:virtual
822:compact
817:command
755:Addstor
709:Squeeze
622:Caldera
497:NetWare
491:) from
383:AddStor
316:AddStor
289:Stacker
232:Expanz!
93:scholar
1524:
1487:
1392:, now
1144:CHKDSK
1141:MS-DOS
1107:BitFAT
1086:cramfs
975:DEVICE
922:IO.SYS
819:named
811:While
805:DMSDOS
521:Folder
397:Novell
276:Squish
95:
88:
81:
74:
66:
1388:(4).
1376:(PDF)
1162:ERASE
1120:Notes
1113:MDBPB
1101:MDFAT
1050:loss.
940:etc.)
795:Linux
771:from
753:from
733:(now
725:from
353:from
344:from
327:from
314:from
304:(IIT)
300:from
291:from
282:from
247:from
238:from
225:from
100:JSTOR
86:books
1588:and
1522:ISBN
1485:ISBN
1396:: 46
898:The
827:NTFS
799:CVFs
777:DPMS
715:and
499:and
401:DPMS
323:and
310:and
278:and
255:MRCI
234:and
221:and
148:user
72:news
1865:ff.
1166:DEL
1164:or
1131:In
1040:SYS
955:or
918:DOS
739:ROM
501:PNW
455:IBM
385:'s
334:JAM
194:USD
162:or
55:by
1907::
1890:.
1872:.
1849:.
1816:.
1803:^
1698:.
1655:^
1634:.
1605:.
1547:^
1520:.
1516:.
1504:^
1483:.
1457:^
1440:18
1438:.
1432:.
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1384:.
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1346:.
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1314:.
1308:.
1282:.
1276:.
1249:11
1247:.
1241:.
1223:^
1208:14
1206:.
1200:.
1184:^
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936:,
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158:,
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698:.
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560:(
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524:(
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407:.
389:.
122:)
116:(
111:)
107:(
97:·
90:·
83:·
76:·
49:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
