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of flower development. In this model, genes involved in flower formation belong to one of three classes of genes: A class genes which affect sepal and petal formation, B class genes which affect petal and stamen formation, and C class genes which affect stamen and carpel formation. These genes are
224:
flower segments. When both copies of the gene are deleted or otherwise damaged, developing flowers lack the signals to form stamen and carpel segments. Regions which would have formed stamens instead default to petals and the carpel region develops into a new flower, resulting in a recursive
602:
M.F. Yanofsky; H. Ma; J.L. Bowman; G.N. Drews; K.A. Feldmann & E.M. Meyerowitz (1990). "The protein encoded by the
Arabidopsis homeotic gene agamous resembles transcription factors".
167:, a model organism for plant development and genetics, was recorded in 1873. The mutated gene likely responsible for the phenotype, AGAMOUS, was cloned and characterized in 1990 in
348:
220:, which has been used as a model for understanding flower development, the double-flower gene AGAMOUS encodes a protein responsible for tissue specification of stamen and
84:
form meaning "with full flower"). The first abnormality to be documented in flowers, double flowers are popular varieties of many commercial flower types, including
100:
and must be propagated through cuttings. Many double-flowered plants have little wildlife value as access to the nectaries is typically blocked by the mutation.
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expressed in certain regions of the developing flower and are responsible for development of organs in those regions. Agamous is a C class gene, a
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229:-petal-petal pattern. Because no stamens and carpels form, the plants have no reproductive organs and are sexually sterile.
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96:. In some double-flowered varieties all of the reproductive organs are converted to petals. As a result, they are sexually
108:
Double flowers are the earliest documented form of floral abnormality, first recognized more than two thousand years ago.
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created illustrations of many double flowers beside their wild-type counterparts in 1597. A double-flowered variety of
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124:
were known and selected by around 750 AD, and around 1000 AD double varieties of roses were cultivated to form the
691:
303:
195:. These types of mutations, where one organ in a developing organism is replaced with another, are known as
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ABC model of flower development. Double flower varieties often arise from mutations affecting C class genes.
146:
Herbalists of the
Renaissance recognized double flowers and began to cultivate them in their gardens—
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was discovered and cultivated in
Austria in the late 16th century, becoming a valued garden plant.
63:, often containing flowers within flowers. The double-flowered trait is often noted alongside the
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Sagawa Y & Mehlquist GAL (1 March 1959). "Some X-ray
Induced Mutants In Carnation".
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171:'s lab as part of his study of molecular mechanisms of pattern formation in flowers.
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381:"Genes for Unusual 'Flower Within a Flower' are Identified by UCSD Scientists"
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responsible for activating genes involved in stamen and carpel development.
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30:"Double flower" redirects here. For the football club from Hong Kong, see
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196:
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132:). Today, most cultivated rose varieties bear this double-flower trait.
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489:"A study on the history of Chinese roses from ancient works and images"
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D. Onno
Wijnands (1993). "The double-flowered Caltha palustris".
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also described double roses in 1st century BC. In China, double
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411:"Abnormal flowers and pattern formation in floral development"
187:
Double-flower forms often arise when some or all of the
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published a description of double flowers in 1568, and
383:. Biological Sciences, UC San Diego. Archived from
555:"Prehistory and History of Arabidopsis Research"
409:Meyerowitz EM; Smyth DR & Bowman JL (1989).
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161:The first documented double-flowered mutant of
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232:Mutations affecting flower morphology in
203:, although the double flower mutation in
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27:Varieties of flowers with extra petals
667:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a106881
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175:Genetics of double-flower mutations
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128:(one of the ancestors of modern
505:10.17660/ActaHortic.2007.751.44
440:William Thomas Stearn (2004).
379:McDonald, Kim (May 10, 2000).
112:mentioned double roses in his
41:A double-flowered cultivar of
1:
468:. Royal Horticultural Society
444:. Timber Press. p. 355.
282:, often called "French lilac"
466:"RHS Plants for Pollinators"
199:mutations. They are usually
191:in a flower are replaced by
708:
29:
116:, written before 286 BC.
55:" describes varieties of
553:E.M. Meyerowitz (2001).
236:can be described by the
487:Wang GuoLiang (2007).
184:
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67:with the abbreviation
48:
427:10.1242/dev.106.2.209
182:
138:
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243:transcription factor
209:incomplete dominance
44:Impatiens walleriana
655:Journal of Heredity
616:1990Natur.346...35Y
571:10.1104/pp.125.1.15
266:are double-flowered
114:Enquiry into Plants
532:10.1007/BF00036702
493:Acta Horticulturae
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451:978-0-88192-627-9
169:Elliot Meyerowitz
16:(Redirected from
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692:Plant morphology
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624:10.1038/346035a0
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559:Plant Physiology
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499:(751): 347–356.
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354:Double-flowered
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324:Double-flowered
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309:Double-flowered
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294:Double-flowered
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278:Double-flowered
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139:Double-flowered
130:hybrid tea roses
32:Double Flower FA
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148:Rembert Dodoens
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65:scientific name
53:Double-flowered
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18:Double flowered
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156:Marsh Marigold
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472:November 11,
470:. Retrieved
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389:. Retrieved
385:the original
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262:Most garden
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110:Theophrastus
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415:Development
391:19 December
234:Arabidopsis
217:Arabidopsis
164:Arabidopsis
152:John Gerard
141:Arabidopsis
74:flore pleno
59:with extra
681:Categories
366:References
311:carnations
205:carnations
126:China rose
94:carnations
520:Euphytica
238:ABC model
207:exhibits
201:recessive
90:camellias
589:11154286
540:29029988
359:'Kanzan'
296:Camellia
197:homeotic
82:ablative
687:Flowers
640:4323431
632:1973265
612:Bibcode
580:1539315
326:petunia
249:Gallery
189:stamens
122:peonies
104:History
98:sterile
69:fl. pl.
57:flowers
638:
630:
604:Nature
587:
577:
538:
448:
357:Prunus
222:carpel
193:petals
61:petals
636:S2CID
536:S2CID
341:peony
280:lilac
264:roses
227:sepal
118:Pliny
86:roses
79:Latin
628:PMID
585:PMID
474:2014
446:ISBN
393:2020
92:and
77:, a
663:doi
620:doi
608:346
575:PMC
567:doi
563:125
528:doi
501:doi
497:751
423:doi
419:106
214:In
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401:^
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71:(
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20:)
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