325:. To settle an argument with Dr. Gabor, Lenat computer-generated a five-dimensional hologram, by photo-reducing computer printout of the interference pattern of a globe rotating and expanding over time, reducing the large two-dimensional paper printout to a moderately large 5-cm square film surface through which a conventional laser beam was then able to project a three-dimensional image, which changed in two independent ways (rotating and changing in size) as the film was moved up-down or left-right.
371:. Experimenting with the program fueled a cycle of criticism and improvement. Many issues had to be dealt with in constructing such a program: how to represent knowledge formally, expressively, and concretely, how to program hundreds of heuristic "interestingness" rules to judge the worth of new discoveries, heuristics for when to reason symbolically and inductively
474:
501:“If computers were human, they’d present themselves as autistic, schizophrenic, or otherwise brittle. It would be unwise or dangerous for that person to take care of children and cook meals, but it’s on the horizon for home robots. That’s like saying, ‘We have an important job to do, but we’re going to hire dogs and cats to do it.'”
387:. The limitation with AM was that it was locked into following a fixed set of interestingness heuristics; Eurisko, by contrast, represented its heuristic rules as first class objects and hence it could explore, manipulate, and discover new heuristics just as AM explored, manipulated, and discovered new domain concepts.
448:
Project, and the second decade (1995-2006) of work on Cyc was funded by US government agencies' research contracts, the third decade up through the present (2007–2023) has been largely supported through commercial applications of Cyc, including in the financial services, energy, and healthcare areas.
321:, was to bounce acoustic waves in the 40 mHz range off real-world objects, record their interference patterns on a 2-meter square plot, photo-reduce those to a 10-mm square film image, shine a laser through the film, and thus project the three-dimensional imaged object—i.e., the first known acoustic
390:
Lenat returned to
Stanford as an assistant professor of Computer Science in 1978 and continued his research building the Eurisko automated discovery and heuristic-discovery program. Eurisko made many interesting discoveries and enjoyed significant acclaim, with Lenat's paper "Heuretics: Theoretical
375:
when to reason statistically from frequency data, what the architecture—the design constraints—of such reasoning programs might be, why heuristics work, and what their "inner structure" might be. AM was one of the first steps toward demonstrating that computer programs can make novel and creative
403:
Lenat (working with John Seely Brown at Xerox PARC) published in 1984 an analysis of what were the limitations of his AM and
Eurisko lines of research. It concluded that progress toward real, general, symbolic AI would require a vast knowledge base of "common sense", suitably formalized and
1067:, Richard J. Waldinger, David R. Barstow, Robert Elschlager, Douglas B. Lenat, Brian P. McCune, David E. Shaw, and Louis I. Steinberg. Memo AIM-240, Report STAN-CS-74-444, Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Computer Science Department, Stanford University, Stanford, California, August 1974
420:, culminating in Lenat's becoming Principal Scientist of MCC from 1984–1994, though he continued even after this period to return to Stanford to teach approximately one course per year. At the 400-person MCC, Lenat was able to have several dozen researchers work on that
407:
The successes, and analysis of the limitations, of this AM and
Eurisko approach to AI, and the concluding plea for the massive (multi-thousand-person-year, decades-long) R&D effort would be required to break that bottleneck to AI, led to attention in 1982 from
220:). He has also worked in military simulations, and numerous projects for the US government, military, intelligence, and scientific organizations. In 1980, he published a critique of conventional random-mutation Darwinism. He authored a series of articles in the
1827:
482:"Intelligence is ten million rules." This refers to the prior and tacit knowledge that authors presume their readers all possess (such as "if person x knows person y, then x's date of death can't be earlier than y's date of birth")
1832:
491:"Once you have a truly massive amount of information integrated as knowledge, then the human-software system will be superhuman, in the same sense that mankind with writing is superhuman compared to mankind before writing."
443:
Lenat continued to work on Cyc as CEO of Cycorp until his death. While the first decade of work on Cyc (1984–1994) was funded by large
American companies pooling long-term research funds to compete with the Japanese
404:
represented, and an inference engine capable of finding tens- or hundreds-deep conclusions and arguments that followed from the application of that knowledge base to specific questions and applications.
440:
of effort, probably twice that, and by 2017, he and his team had spent about 2,000 person-years of effort building Cyc, creating approximately 24 million rules and assertions (not counting "facts").
392:
228:
1857:
1837:
413:
213:
1786:
232:
1852:
509:
421:
1745:
488:"The time may come when a greatly expanded Cyc will underlie countless software applications. But reaching that goal could easily take another two decades."
436:
were spun out of MCC into a company, Cycorp, at the end of 1994. In 1986, he estimated the effort to complete Cyc would be at least 250,000 rules and 1,000
1842:
1862:
1867:
1847:
461:
Lenat was married to Merle Baruch, with whom he had a daughter; they divorced and he later married Cycorp business manager Mary
Shepherd. He died of
1646:
1262:
Lenat, Douglas; Witbrock, Michael; Baxter, David; Blackstone, Eugene; Deaton, Chris; Schneider, Dave; Scott, Jerry; Shepard, Blake (July 28, 2010).
867:
Lenat, Douglas. "The
Heuristics of Nature: The Plausible Mutation of DNA." Stanford Heuristic Programming Project, 1980, technical report HPP-80-27.
1525:
1246:
580:
559:
693:
656:
616:
244:
1088:
802:
853:
Lenat, DB; Fishwick, PA; Modjeski, RB; Oresky, CM; Clarkson, A; Kaisler, S (1991). "STRADS: A Strategic
Automatic Discovery System".
1629:
1604:
894:
727:
631:
221:
185:
150:
231:, and is the only individual to have served on the Scientific Advisory Boards of both Microsoft and Apple. He was a Fellow of the
1204:
240:
33:
596:
Lenat, Douglas B.; Clarkson, Albert; Kircmidjian, Garo (1983). "An Expert System for
Indications & Warning Analysis".
985:
673:
Lenat DB, Durlach P. “Reinforcing Math
Knowledge by Immersing Students in a Simulated Learning-By-Teaching Experience.”
1370:
328:
Lenat was a Ph.D. student in
Computer Science at Stanford University, where his published research included automatic
295:
291:
84:
53:
1488:"The Most Ambitious Artificial Intelligence Project In The World Has Been Operating In Near Secrecy For 30 Years"
1411:
Proceedings of the International Workshop on Artificial Intelligence for Industrial Applications, Tokyo, May 1988
689:
652:
612:
445:
236:
119:
1461:
528:
1515:
352:, along with the Ph.D. thesis of Randall Davis, McGraw-Hill, 1982) in 1976. His thesis advisor was Professor
1773:
670:. Institute of Medicine Learning Health System Series, The National Academies Press, pp. 123–144, 2011.
360:
205:
189:
166:
131:
1442:
1153:
484:
not counting the vastly larger number of "facts" such as one might find in Knowledge (XXG) or by Googling.
280:
1674:
1205:"Hal's Legacy: 2001's Computer as Dream and Reality. From 2001 to 2001: Common Sense and the Mind of HAL"
719:
Out of their Minds - The Lives and Discoveries of 15 Great Computer Scientists | Dennis Shasha | Springer
1792:
1039:
1822:
1817:
450:
341:
307:
272:
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345:
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1353:
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279:. His father died when he was 13 and the family then returned to Pennsylvania, where he attended
1334:
1305:"Reinforcing Math Knowledge by Immersing Students in a Simulated Learning-By-Teaching Experience"
877:
Lenat, Douglas B. (1983). "The Role of Heuristics in Learning by Discovery: Three Case Studies".
752:
363:
was one of the first computer programs that attempted to make discoveries, i.e., to be a theorem
299:
162:
99:
311:
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1600:
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1547:
Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence - Volume 1
1521:
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Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence - Volume 1
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627:
598:
Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence - Volume 1
576:
555:
505:
329:
303:
201:
1709:
1658:
1569:
1560:
Lenat, Douglas B.; Feigenbaum, Edward A. (February 1991). "On the Thresholds of Knowledge".
1492:
1375:
1316:
1275:
1163:
1144:
Lenat, Douglas B.; Brown, John Seely (August 1, 1984). "Why am and eurisko appear to work".
1064:
929:
Lenat, Douglas (1983). "The Nature of Heuristics II: Theory formation by heuristic search".
882:
827:
603:
Lenat, Douglas B.; Feigenbaum, Edward A. (February 1991). "On the Thresholds of Knowledge".
462:
276:
248:
193:
1397:
795:
Proceedings of the 6th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence - Volume 1
1777:
1741:
1238:
989:
409:
380:
967:
Lenat, Douglas (1984). "The Nature of Heuristics IV: Why AM and Eurisko Appear to Work".
1181:
Lenat, Douglas B.; Borning, Alan; McDonald, David; Taylor, Craig; Weyer, Steven (1983).
1119:
1597:
Building Large Knowledge-Based Systems: Representation and Inference in the Cyc Project
1078:
624:
Building Large Knowledge-Based Systems: Representation and Inference in the Cyc Project
589:
Lenat, Douglas B. "Computer Software for Intelligent Systems: An Underview of AI," in
549:
284:
664:
Infrastructure required to learn which care is best: methods that need to be developed
535:. Book One (Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 3): 236–240
1811:
1573:
1542:
1212:
1182:
1167:
790:
643:
Lenat, Douglas B. (2008-07-10). "The Voice of the Turtle: Whatever Happened to AI?".
570:
417:
353:
178:
72:
770:
Lenat, Douglas; Greiner, Russell (1980). "RLL: A Representation Language Language".
391:
and Experimental Study of Heuristic Rules" winning the Best Paper award at the 1982
1487:
1208:
668:
Learning What Works: Infrastructure Required for Comparative Effectiveness Research
318:
268:
252:
174:
127:
109:
1746:"Remembering Doug Lenat (1950–2023) and His Quest to Capture the World with Logic"
1424:
1338:
717:
379:
In 1976, Lenat started teaching as an assistant professor of Computer Science at
886:
569:
Hayes-Roth, Frederick; Waterman, Donald Arthur; Lenat, Douglas B., eds. (1983).
513:
1782:
294:, supporting himself by programming, including the design and development of a
256:
1798:
1321:
1304:
797:. IJCAI'79. San Francisco, CA, USA: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.: 531–536.
322:
1723:
1714:
1670:
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1581:
1330:
1289:
1280:
839:
600:. IJCAI'83. San Francisco, CA, USA: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.: 259–262.
1105:
332:
from input/output pairs and from natural language clarification dialogues.
271:, United States, on September 13, 1950. When he was 5, the family moved to
1828:
Fellows of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence
1799:"Douglas Lenat: Cyc and the Quest to Solve Common Sense Reasoning in AI."
1002:
508:”, a full frontal assault on common sense: the challenge is to create an
437:
881:. Symbolic Computation. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. pp. 243–306.
756:
473:
818:
Lenat, D. B. (March 1989). "Ontological versus knowledge engineering".
384:
197:
135:
831:
217:
348:, "AM: Discovery in mathematics as heuristic search" (published as
1833:
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
1120:"Heuretics: Theoretical and Experimental Study of Heuristic Rules"
1106:"Designing a rule system that searches for scientific discoveries"
1080:
Knowledge-Based Systems in Artificial Intelligence: 2 Case Studies
472:
1770:
1183:"Knoesphere: Building Expert Systems with Encyclopedic Knowledge"
680:
Lenat, Douglas B. (2016-04-13). "WWTS (What Would Turing Say?)".
675:
J. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education.
287:
which motivated him to learn programming as a better occupation.
283:. His after-school job was cleaning rat cages and goose pens at
948:
Lenat, Douglas (1983). "The Nature of Heuristics III: Eurisko".
789:
Lenat, Douglas B.; Hayes-Roth, Frederick; Klahr, Philip (1979).
1541:
Lenat, Douglas B.; Clarkson, Albert; Kircmidjian, Garo (1983).
1462:"Sometimes the Veneer of Intelligence is Not Enough | CogWorld"
1264:"Harnessing Cyc to Answer Clinical Researchers' Ad Hoc Queries"
32:
1040:"Douglas Lenat, Who Tried to Make A.I. More Human, Dies at 72"
433:
209:
170:
139:
123:
1620:
Clarke, Arthur C. (February 6, 1998). Stork, David G. (ed.).
1371:"One Genius' Lonely Crusade to Teach a Computer Common Sense"
1309:
International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education
200:
programs), knowledge representation, "cognitive economy",
1303:
Lenat, Douglas B.; Durlach, Paula J. (September 1, 2014).
1543:"An Expert System for Indications & Warning Analysis"
1517:
Visions: How Science Will Revolutionize the 21st Century
855:
Knowledge-based Simulation: Methodology and Application
666:, in (Olsen L., Grossman, C., and McGinnis, M., eds.)
161:(September 13, 1950 – August 31, 2023) was an American
791:"Cognitive Economy in Artificial Intelligence Systems"
504:"What we needed, he says, is nothing less than an “AI
1624:(Reprint ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press.
743:
Lenat, Douglas B. (1995). "Artificial Intelligence".
1063:“Progress Report on Program Understanding Systems.”
1647:"The Voice of the Turtle: Whatever Happened to AI?"
910:Lenat, Douglas (1982). "The Nature of Heuristics".
820:
IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering
639:
From 2001 to 2001: Common Sense and the Mind of HAL
145:
115:
105:
95:
80:
61:
39:
23:
1622:HAL's Legacy: 2001's Computer as Dream and Reality
1595:Lenat, Douglas B.; Guha, R. V. (January 1, 1990).
1409:Lenat, Douglas (1988). "The Case for Inelegance".
551:Knowledge-Based Systems in Artificial Intelligence
533:Proceedings of National Conference on AI (AAAI–83)
350:Knowledge-based systems in artificial intelligence
188:in 1976 for creating the machine-learning program
527:Brown, John Seely; Lenat, Douglas (August 1983).
1858:Stanford University School of Engineering alumni
1235:Understanding Computers: Artificial Intelligence
424:base, rather than just a few graduate students.
192:. He has worked on (symbolic, not statistical)
554:. New York: McGraw-Hill International Book Co.
662:Blackstone E.H., Lenat, D.B. and Ishwaran H.
622:Lenat, Douglas B.; Guha, R. V. (1990-01-01).
432:The fruits of the first decade of R&D on
227:Lenat was one of the original Fellows of the
8:
1838:American artificial intelligence researchers
1104:Lenat, Douglas B.; Gregory, Harris (1977).
1077:Davis, Randall; Lenat, Douglas B. (1982).
548:Davis, Randall; Lenat, Douglas B. (1982).
317:For his senior thesis, advised in part by
275:, where his father, Nathan Lenat, owned a
31:
20:
1713:
1320:
1279:
1157:
575:. Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co.
383:and commenced his work on the AI program
224:exploring the nature of heuristic rules.
1853:Fellows of the Cognitive Science Society
772:Proceedings of the First AAAI Conference
1783:"Beyond the Semantic Web" video lecture
1083:. New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill, Inc.
709:
699:See also many of the References, below.
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
465:on August 31, 2023, at the age of 72.
314:in Applied Mathematics, all in 1972.
259:. He was named one of the Wired 25.
7:
1696:Lenat, Douglas B. (April 13, 2016).
1441:Michael A. Hiltzik (June 21, 2001),
1645:Lenat, Douglas B. (July 10, 2008).
529:"Why AM and Eurisko Appear to Work"
449:One of these later projects was a
1843:Lisp (programming language) people
1599:. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.
969:Journal of Artificial Intelligence
950:Journal of Artificial Intelligence
931:Journal of Artificial Intelligence
912:Journal of Artificial Intelligence
626:. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.
477:Doug Lenat in his office at Cycorp
310:in Mathematics and Physics, and a
222:Journal of Artificial Intelligence
14:
1863:University of Pennsylvania alumni
1793:"How David Beats Goliath" article
1771:Douglas Lenat bio page at Cyc.com
1352:Kali Shiloh (November 16, 2023),
186:IJCAI Computers and Thought Award
151:IJCAI Computers and Thought Award
16:Computer scientist and AI pioneer
1868:Businesspeople from Philadelphia
1848:American computer businesspeople
1425:Cycorp: The Cost of Common Sense
1354:"He Taught AI the Facts of Life"
1038:Metz, Cade (September 4, 2023).
722:. Copernicus. Copernicus. 1998.
251:. He was one of the founders of
1801:Lex Fridman Podcast #221, 2021.
1698:"WWTS (What Would Turing Say?)"
615::10.1016/0004-3702(91)90055-O.
498:of intelligence is not enough."
184:Lenat was awarded the biannual
1514:Kaku, Michio (March 4, 1999).
453:application called Mathcraft.
204:, and what he dubbed in 1984 "
1:
1443:"Birth of a Thinking Machine"
1574:10.1016/0004-3702(91)90055-O
1486:Love, Dylan (July 2, 2014).
1168:10.1016/0004-3702(84)90016-X
510:Encyclopédia of Common sense
361:AM (Automated Mathematician)
887:10.1007/978-3-662-12405-5_9
692::10.1609/aimag.v37i1.2644.
655::10.1609/aimag.v29i2.2106.
1884:
1520:. OUP Oxford. p. 64.
296:natural language interface
292:University of Pennsylvania
255:in 1991 and member of its
85:University of Pennsylvania
54:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
1322:10.1007/s40593-014-0016-x
988:October 12, 2017, at the
446:Fifth Generation Computer
399:A call for "common sense"
344:in Computer Science from
237:Cognitive Science Society
120:Lisp programming language
30:
1750:Stephen Wolfram Writings
1715:10.1609/aimag.v37i1.2644
1663:10.1609/aimag.v29i2.2106
1281:10.1609/aimag.v31i3.2299
263:Background and education
169:who was the founder and
1146:Artificial Intelligence
572:Building Expert Systems
457:Personal life and death
416:research consortium in
239:, and an editor of the
206:ontological engineering
167:artificial intelligence
1398:Douglas Lenat obituary
478:
422:common sense knowledge
367:rather than a theorem
281:Cheltenham High School
241:J. Automated Reasoning
1744:(September 5, 2023).
476:
412:and the then-forming
306:. He graduated with
1549:. IJCAI'83: 259–262.
1241:. 1986. p. 84.
1189:. IJCAI'83: 167–169.
591:Scientific American,
451:learning by teaching
273:Wilmington, Delaware
245:J. Learning Sciences
216:and, since 1994, at
1677:on November 7, 2017
745:Scientific American
637:Lenat, Douglas B.
346:Stanford University
340:Lenat received his
249:J. Applied Ontology
159:Douglas Bruce Lenat
89:Stanford University
1795:at The New Yorker.
1776:2015-05-23 at the
1466:cognitiveworld.com
1215:on October 6, 2006
1044:The New York Times
479:
308:bachelor's degrees
300:United States Navy
267:Lenat was born in
202:blackboard systems
165:and researcher in
163:computer scientist
100:Computer scientist
50:September 13, 1950
1527:978-0-19-288018-5
1448:Los Angeles Times
1429:Technology Review
1358:Stanford Magazine
1248:978-0-7054-0915-5
582:978-0-201-10686-2
561:978-0-07-015557-2
506:Manhattan Project
410:Admiral Bob Inman
330:program synthesis
304:operations manual
196:(with his AM and
156:
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1742:Wolfram, Stephen
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381:Carnegie Mellon
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110:Cycorp, Inc.
67:(2023-08-31)
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1823:2023 deaths
1818:1950 births
1702:AI Magazine
1681:November 7,
1651:AI Magazine
1268:AI Magazine
1129:November 6,
682:AI Magazine
645:AI Magazine
514:Michio Kaku
212:program at
1812:Categories
1499:October 7,
704:References
96:Occupation
46:1950-09-13
1724:0738-4602
1671:0738-4602
1582:0004-3702
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1154:CiteSeerX
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986:Archived
757:24981725
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336:Research
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385:Eurisko
302:online
198:Eurisko
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298:for a
247:, and
218:Cycorp
146:Awards
75:, U.S.
56:, U.S.
1789:2008.
1657:(2).
1376:Wired
1339:72571
1335:S2CID
1007:WIRED
753:JSTOR
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149:1977
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