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of
ResearchCyc 1.0, a version of Cyc aimed at the research community, at no charge. (ResearchCyc was in beta stage of development during all of 2004; a beta version was released in February 2005.) In addition to the taxonomic information, ResearchCyc includes more semantic knowledge; it also includes
807:
One Cyc application has the stated aim to help students doing math at a 6th grade level. The application, called MathCraft, was supposed to play the role of a fellow student who is slightly more confused than the user about the subject. As the user gives good advice, Cyc allows the avatar to make
529:
Cyc's ontology grew to about 100,000 terms in 1994, and as of 2017, it contained about 1,500,000 terms. The Cyc knowledge base involving ontological terms was largely created by hand axiom-writing; it was at about 1 million in 1994, and as of 2017, it is at about 24.5 million.
834:, a cognitive scientist and the cofounder of an AI company called Geometric Intelligence, says "it represents an approach that is very different from all the deep-learning stuff that has been in the news." This is consistent with Doug Lenat's position that "Sometimes the
557:. Unlike the knowledge base as a whole, each microtheory must be free from monotonic contradictions. Each microtheory is a first-class object in the Cyc ontology; it has a name that is a regular constant. The concept names in Cyc are CycL
617:, when provided with an argument describing a type (or collection) of plants, will return the collection of its fruits. By convention, function constants start with an upper-case letter and end with the string
471:
has a publicly released specification, and dozens of HL modules were described in Lenat and Guha's textbook, but the Cyc inference engine code and the full list of HL modules are Cycorp-proprietary.
1620:
1318:
Chris Deaton; Blake
Shepard; Charles Klein; Corrinne Mayans; Brett Summers; Antoine Brusseau; Michael Witbrock; Doug Lenat (2005). "The Comprehensive Terrorism Knowledge Base in Cyc".
739:-compatible content extracted from OpenCyc. The version OpenCyc 4.0 was released in June 2012. OpenCyc 4.0 contained 239,000 concepts and 2,093,000 facts; however, these are mainly
1354:
1893:
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and SubL interpreter (the program that allows users to browse and edit the database as well as to draw inferences) was released free of charge, but only as a binary, without
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refers to the project as a "catastrophic failure" for the unending amount of data required to produce any viable results and the inability for Cyc to evolve on its own.
925:
492:
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Proc. of the 2006 AAAI Spring
Symposium on Formalizing and Compiling Background Knowledge and Its Applications to Knowledge Representation and Question Answering
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was an application of Cyc that tried to contain knowledge about "terrorist"-related descriptions. The knowledge is stored as statements in mathematical logic.
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representation language started as an extension of RLL (the
Representation Language Language, developed in 1979–1980 by Lenat and his graduate student
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846:
This is a list of some of the notable people who work or have worked on Cyc either while it was a project at MCC (where Cyc was first started) or Cycorp.
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The first version of OpenCyc was released in spring 2002 and contained only 6,000 concepts and 60,000 facts. The knowledge base was released under the
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companies to "collude" on long-term research. Since
January 1995, the project has been under active development by Cycorp, where Douglas Lenat was the
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Lenat, Douglas; Witbrock, Michael; Baxter, David; Blackstone, Eugene; Deaton, Chris; Schneider, Dave; Scott, Jerry; Shepard, Blake (2010-07-28).
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487:(MCC), a research consortium started by two United States-based corporations "to counter a then ominous Japanese effort in AI, the so-called '
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architecture in which specialized modules, each with its own algorithm, became prioritized if they could make progress on the sub-problem.
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Workshop Notes of the 2004 Workshop on
Knowledge Markup and Semantic Annotation at the 3rd International Semantic Web Conference ISWC2004
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Papers from the AAAI Workshop on
Intelligent Agent Architectures: Combining the Strengths of Software Engineering and Cognitive Systems
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719:. Cycorp stated its intention to release OpenCyc under parallel, unrestricted licences to meet the needs of its users. The
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The Cyc project has been described as "one of the most controversial endeavors of the artificial intelligence history".
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Putting Flesh on the Bones: Issues that Arise in
Creating Anatomical Knowledge Bases with Rich Relational Structures
1606:"Combining analogy, intelligent information retrieval, and knowledge integration for analysis: A preliminary report"
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is a computer program that tries to derive answers from a knowledge base. The Cyc inference engine performs general
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1861:. "Model-Based Validation of Intelligence: Papers from the 2001 AAAI Symposium" (AAAI Technical Report SS-01-04).
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1723:. University of Rochester, Commonsense '09 Conference (describes Cyc's library of ~1600 'Commonsense Tests')
1710:"Inducing criteria for mass noun lexical mappings using the Cyc Knowledge Base and its Extension to WordNet"
1601:. In: Proceedings of the 2005 International Conference on Intelligence Analysis, McLean, Virginia, May 2005.
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1821:. In Proceedings of the 2005 International Conference on Intelligence Analysis, McLean, Virginia, May 2005.
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449:
983:"Hal's Legacy: 2001's Computer as Dream and Reality. From 2001 to 2001: Common Sense and the Mind of HAL"
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James
Masters and Z. Güngördü (2003). ."Structured Knowledge Source Integration: A Progress Report" In:
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Practical
Aspects of Knowledge Management, Proceedings of PAKM 2004, Vienna, Austria, December 2–3, 2004
1797:"A Knowledge-Based Approach to Network Security: Applying Cyc in the Domain of Network Risk Assessment"
1097:
Lenat, Douglas B.; Guha, R. V. (June 1991). "The Evolution of CycL, the Cyc Representation Language".
1852:
Papers from the 2005 AAAI Spring Symposium on Knowledge Collection from Volunteer Contributors (KCVC)
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Hypothesis Generation and Evidence Assembly for Intelligence Analysis: Cycorp's Nooscape Application"
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Logos for Cyc's Knowledge Base, Inference Engines, Actionable Output, and Intelligent Data Selection
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1370:"Reinforcing Math Knowledge by Immersing Students in a Simulated Learning-By-Teaching Experience"
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1868:. {\em Performance Metrics for Intelligent Systems PerMIS '03} (NIST Special Publication 1014).
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627:, which can apply to one or more other concepts and return either true or false. For example,
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1808:"Agent Architectures: Combining the Strengths of Software Engineering and Cognitive Systems"
1801:
Proceedings of the Seventeenth Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence Conference
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Papers from the AAAI Workshop on Contexts and Ontologies: Theory, Practice and Applications
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The Master Algorithm: How the Quest for the Ultimate Learning Machine Will Remake Our World
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In Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on World Wide Web (pp. 673–678).
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Proceedings of the Eighteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence
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Building Large Knowledge-Based Systems: Representation and Inference in the Cyc Project
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1141:"Integrating Cyc and Knowledge (XXG): Folksonomy meets rigorously defined common-sense"
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Building Large Knowledge-Based Systems; Representation and Inference in the Cyc Project
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of pharmaceutical-industry terms. Previously, they used staff to do that manually. The
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1814:. Technical Report WS-04-07, pp. 74–79. Menlo Park, California: AAAI Press, 2004.
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1739:"First-Orderized ResearchCyc: Expressivity and Efficiency in a Common-Sense Ontology"
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978:
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that spans the basic concepts and rules about how the world works. Hoping to capture
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1670:"Structured Knowledge Source Integration and its applications to information fusion"
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1848:"Knowledge Begets Knowledge: Steps towards Assisted Knowledge Acquisition in Cyc"
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Papers from the IJCAI Workshop on Knowledge and Reasoning for Answering Questions
141:
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831:
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467:
The name "Cyc" (from "encyclopedia") is a registered trademark owned by Cycorp.
83:
1581:
Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Inductive Logic Programming
764:-based interfaces for knowledge editing and querying. It contains a system for
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Using an Ontology to Evaluate a Large Rule Based Ontology: Theory and Practice
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957:(1st ed.). Boston, MA, USA: Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing Co., Inc.
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Proceedings of the Twentieth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence
1859:"Validation of Intelligence in Large Rule-Based Systems with Common Sense"
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Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Computational Semantics
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Proceedings of the 2005 International Conference on Intelligence Analysis
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Proceedings of the 2005 International Conference on Intelligence Analysis
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Proceedings of the 2005 International Conference on Intelligence Analysis
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Proceedings of the 2005 International Conference on Intelligence Analysis
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62:
1501:"An AI that spent 30 years learning some common sense is ready for work"
635:. By convention, truth function constants start with a lowercase letter.
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Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Information Fusion
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Knowledge Sharing across Biological and Medical Knowledge Based Systems
910:
632:
17:
1254:"Case Study: A Semantic Web Content Repository for Clinical Research"
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1826:"An Interactive Dialogue System for Knowledge Acquisition in Cyc"
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AAAI 2002 Conference Workshop on Ontologies For The Semantic Web
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1279:"Harnessing Cyc to Answer Clinical Researchers' Ad Hoc Queries"
820:, CEO of Luminoso, says that Cyc is the predecessor project to
179:
77:
36:
1837:"Automated OWL Annotation Assisted by a Large Knowledge Base"
1790:"Semantic construction grammar: bridging the NL/Logic divide"
1374:
International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education
1588:"On the Effective Use of Cyc in a Question Answering System"
1728:"Knowledge Formation and Dialogue Using the KRAKEN Toolset"
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is the sibling relationship, true if the two arguments are
418:
1618:
Theory and Applications of Ontology: Computer Applications
1409:
1732:
Eighteenth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence
1699:"Searching for Common Sense: Populating Cyc from the Web"
1779:"Gathering and Managing Facts for Intelligence Analysis"
1768:"Towards a Model of Pattern Recovery in Relational Data"
1737:
Deepak Ramachandran P. Reagan & K. Goolsbey (2005).
1577:"Converting Semantic Meta-Knowledge into Inductive Bias"
613:, which produce new terms from given ones. For example,
1447:"Who's Doing Common-Sense Reasoning And Why It Matters"
1192:
780:
has used Cyc to semi-automatically integrate the large
203:
1878:
1721:"Evaluation of EPILOG: a Reasoner for Episodic Logic"
1681:
Integration of Knowledge Intensive Multiagent Systems
1355:
Air Force Research Laboratory Information Directorate
1346:
TERRORISM KNOWLEDGE BASE (TKB) Final Technical Report
430:
421:
415:
390:
1854:. pp. 99–105. Stanford, California, March 2005.
1526:"Sometimes the Veneer of Intelligence is Not Enough"
485:
Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation
214:, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a
1688:"An Introduction to the Syntax and Content of Cyc."
1599:"The Comprehensive Terrorism Knowledge Base in Cyc"
1368:Lenat, Douglas B.; Durlach, Paula J. (2014-09-01).
651:), which is its mother (described by the predicate
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108:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1843:. Hiroshima, Japan, November 2004, pp. 71–80.
1788:Schneider, D., & Witbrock, M. J. (2015, May).
1471:
1432:
569:and are case-sensitive. There are constants for:
926:List of notable artificial intelligence projects
1719:Fabrizio Morbini and Lenhart Schubert (2009).
440:project that aims to assemble a comprehensive
1343:Douglas B. Lenat; Chris Deaton (April 2008).
735:. The open source Texai project released the
647:), there exists a female animal (instance of
8:
1894:Common Lisp (programming language) software
1016:Wood, Lamont (2002). "The World in a Box".
533:In 2008, Cyc resources were mapped to many
71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
495:of 1984, which for the first time allowed
267:
263:
1554:"Representing Knowledge Gaps Effectively"
1385:
1327:
1294:
1077:RLL-1: A Representation Language Language
603:). A member of a collection is called an
252:Learn how and when to remove this message
234:Learn how and when to remove this message
168:Learn how and when to remove this message
1556:. In: D. Karagiannis, U. Reimer (Eds.):
1349:(Technical report). Rome Research Site,
537:articles. Cyc is presently connected to
951:Lenat, Douglas B.; Guha, R. V. (1989).
938:
792:interface of biomedical information on
690:The Cyc inference engine separates the
1803:. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, July 2005.
1752:. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, July 2005.
1705:. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, July 2005.
1683:. Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, 2003.
1083:from the original on February 8, 2015.
195:contains content that is written like
1635:Fritz Lehmann and d. foxvog (1998), "
1560:. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg.
639:For every instance of the collection
7:
1567:; Piero, Gian; Zarria, B.C. (2001).
1092:
1090:
1052:"A Representation Language Language"
946:
944:
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698:problem. For the latter, Cyc used a
456:. The project began in July 1984 at
106:adding citations to reliable sources
800:fragments with open variables. The
565:. Constants start with an optional
1755:Stephen Reed and D. Lenat (2002).
1615:douglas foxvog (2010), "Cyc". In:
1220:HILTZIK, MICHAEL A. (2001-06-21).
796:. A query is parsed into a set of
760:parsing and generation tools, and
751:In July 2006, Cycorp released the
479:The project began in July 1984 by
25:
1575:John Cabral & others (2005).
1445:Havasi, Catherine (Aug 9, 2014).
1207:"Texai SourceForge project files"
1075:Russell, Greiner (October 1980).
1038:10.1038/scientificamerican0102-18
518:). In 1989, CycL had expanded in
493:National Cooperative Research Act
52:This article has multiple issues.
1846:Michael Witbrock et al. (2005).
1835:Michael Witbrock et al. (2004).
1824:Michael Witbrock et al. (2002).
1697:Cynthia Matuszek et al. (2005) .
1686:Cynthia Matuszek et al. (2006).
1433:Bertino, Piero & Zarria 2001
838:of intelligence is not enough".
408:
184:
82:
41:
1189:"The open source Texai project"
998:from the original on 2019-12-09
766:ontology-based data integration
460:and was developed later by the
93:needs additional citations for
60:or discuss these issues on the
27:Artificial intelligence project
1899:Ontology (information science)
1777:Dave Schneider et al. (2005).
1763:. Edmonton, Canada, July 2002.
1604:Kenneth Forbus et al. (2005) .
1571:. Addison-Wesley Professional.
491:' project." The US passed the
332:6.1 / 27 November 2017
1:
1795:Blake Shepard et al. (2005).
1785:. McLean, Virginia, May 2005.
1774:. McLean, Virginia, May 2005.
1766:Benjamin Rode et al. (2005).
1757:"Mapping Ontologies into Cyc"
1583:. Bonn, Germany, August 2005.
1499:Knight, Will (Mar 14, 2016).
1222:"Birth of a Thinking Machine"
824:. Machine-learning scientist
1726:Kathy Panton et al. (2002).
1612:, McLean, Virginia, May 2005
1597:Chris Deaton et al. (2005).
1594:. Edinburgh, Scotland: 2005.
1569:Intelligent Database Systems
1552:Alan Belasco et al. (2004).
727:. It was made available for
677:statistical machine learning
1817:Nick Siegel et al. (2005).
1806:Nick Siegel et al. (2004).
1676:. Annapolis, MD, July 2002.
1524:Doug Lenat (May 15, 2017).
906:DARPA Agent Markup Language
309:; 40 years ago
1925:
1708:Tom O'Hara et al. (2003).
1586:Jon Curtis et al. (2005).
788:has used Cyc to develop a
595:(containing all trees) or
573:Individual items known as
29:
1864:William Jarrold. (2003).
1832:. Acapulco, Mexico, 2003.
1734:. Edmonton, Canada, 2002.
1387:10.1007/s40593-014-0016-x
1357:. AFRL-RI-RS-TR-2008-125.
916:Fifth generation computer
681:symbolic machine learning
347:
321:
266:
1857:William Jarrold (2001).
1470:Domingos, Pedro (2015).
1296:10.1609/aimag.v31i3.2299
802:Terrorism Knowledge Base
794:cardiothoracic surgeries
376:Knowledge representation
1653:and R. V. Guha (1990).
438:artificial intelligence
1909:Cognitive architecture
1668:James Masters (2002).
1164:"cyc Inference engine"
790:natural-language query
597:#$ EquivalenceRelation
450:common sense knowledge
1505:MIT Technology Review
1410:"Mathcraft by Cycorp"
1111:10.1145/122296.122308
601:equivalence relations
334:; 6 years ago
216:neutral point of view
483:as a project of the
102:improve this article
32:Cyc (disambiguation)
30:For other uses, see
1099:ACM SIGART Bulletin
1030:2002SciAm.286a..18W
1018:Scientific American
776:For over a decade,
700:community-of-agents
685:abductive reasoning
673:inductive reasoning
671:. It also performs
653:#$ biologicalMother
607:of that collection.
516:Stanford University
208:promotional content
1744:2014-03-24 at the
1657:. Addison-Wesley.
1623:2018-11-12 at the
877:Srinija Srinivasan
867:Ramanathan V. Guha
524:higher-order logic
454:implicit knowledge
283:Original author(s)
210:and inappropriate
1226:Los Angeles Times
872:Stuart J. Russell
842:Notable employees
756:a large lexicon,
733:Microsoft Windows
694:problem from the
669:logical deduction
643:(i.e., for every
641:#$ ChordataPhylum
452:, Cyc focuses on
436:) is a long-term
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832:Gary Marcus
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1451:TechCrunch
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1258:www.w3.org
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