294:
623:, as well as due to its microfossils' potential utility as biostratigraphical markers. Taken as a whole, the Doushantuo Formation ranges from about 635 Ma (million years ago) at its base to about 551 Ma at its top, with the most fossiliferous layer predating by perhaps five Ma the earliest of the 'classical' Ediacaran faunas from
730:) makes these claims difficult to prove: some argue that their lack suggests these finds are not larval and embryonic forms at all; supporters contend that some unidentified process "filtered out" all but the smallest forms from fossilization. An alternative interpretation suggests that it was created by non-biological
711:
Doushantuo fossils are all aquatic, microscopic, and preserved to a great degree of detail. The latter two characteristics mean that the structure of the organisms that made them can be studied at the cellular level, and considerable insight has been gained into the embryonic and larval stages of
742:
The discovery was made when the rich phosphate deposits were being mined, and was first reported in 1998. The finds offer direct evidence that confirms expectations that major evolutionary diversification of animals already had occurred before the onset of the
Cambrian period, with its apparent
738:
have defended their conclusion that it was an animal, pointing out that they found ten specimens (not illustrated) of the same size and configuration, and stating that non-biological processes would be very unlikely to produce so many specimens that were so alike.
722:("springtime micro-animal") was announced in October 2005, with the claim that it was the oldest known bilateral animal. However, the absence of adult forms of almost all animal types in the Doushantuo (there are microscopic adult
1334:
C.-W. Li; J.-Y. Chen; J. H. Lipps; F. Gao; H.-M. Chi; H.-J. Wu (2007), "Ciliated protozoans from the
Precambrian Doushantuo Formation, Wengan, South China", in Vickers-Rich, Patricia; Komarower, Patricia (eds.),
872:
The most recent
Doushantuo rocks show a sharp decrease in the C/C carbon isotope ratio. Since this change appears to be worldwide but its timing does not match that of any other known major event such as a
1571:
Hagadorn, J. W.; Xiao, S; Donoghue, PC; Bengtson, S; Gostling, NJ; Pawlowska, M; Raff, EC; Raff, RA; et al. (2006). "Cellular and
Subcellular Structure of Neoproterozoic Animal Embryos".
612:". The formation, whose deposits date back to the Early and Middle Ediacaran, is of particular interest because it covers the poorly understood interval of time between the end of the
885:(multi-celled organisms) removed carbon from the water, which increased the concentration of oxygen, and the increased oxygen level made possible the evolution of new metazoans.
856:
The formation was laid down on a carbonate shelf, whose rim enclosed a lagoon between tidal flats on the shore, and the deeper ocean. This lagoon was periodically anoxic or
1019:
Awramik, S.M.; McMenamin, D.S.; Yin, C.; Zhao, Z.; Ding, Q.; Zhang, Z. (1985). "Prokaryotic and eukaryotic microfossils from a
Proterozoic/Phanerozoic transition in China".
833:
by the bacteria, which has been observed in modern environments. If dark spots in the fossil transpire to be fossilised nuclei - an unlikely claim - this would refute the
1711:
1143:"Quantitative evaluation of the biostratigraphic distribution of acanthomorphic acritarchs in the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation in the Yangtze Gorges area, South China"
864:); variations in the chemistry in the lagoon can be detected in isotopic and elemental abundance cycles in the rock and possibly contributed to the fossil preservation.
1462:
1291:
Chen, J.Y.; Oliveri, P.; Davidson, E. & Bottjer, D.J. (2004). "Response to
Comment on "Small Bilaterian Fossils from 40 to 55 Million Years Before the Cambrian"".
919:
Jiang, G.; Shi, X.; Zhang, S.; Wang, Y.; Xiao, S. (2011). "Stratigraphy and paleogeography of the
Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation (ca. 635-551 Ma) in South China".
716:, a common feature in many modern-day animals which is usually assumed to have evolved later, during the Cambrian Explosion. A nearly microscopic fossil animal,
1187:
Chen, Jun-Yuan; Bottjer, David J.; Oliveri, Paola; Dornbos, Stephen Q.; Gao, Feng; Ruffins, Seth; Chi, Huimei; Li, Chia-Wei; Davidson, Eric H. (9 July 2004).
957:
Lee, J. S.; Chao, Y. T. (1924). "Geology of the Gorges Area of the
Yangtze (from Ichang to Tzekuei) with special reference to the development of the gorges".
655:
with the underlying
Liantuo formation, which is free of fossils, an unconformity usually being interpreted as a period of erosion. On that unconformity lie
686:
indicate highly saline conditions, such as might be found in a lagoon, low oxygen levels, and very little sediment that had been washed off land surfaces.
682:
The
Doushantuo formation itself has three layers representing aquatic sediments that formed as sea levels rose with the melting of worldwide glaciation.
1485:
123:
1375:
Bailey, Jake V.; Joye, SB; Kalanetra, KM; Flood, BE; Corsetti, FA (2007). "Evidence of giant sulphur bacteria in Neoproterozoic phosphorites".
1686:
1681:
1352:
984:
Xiao, S.; Knoll, A. H. (2000). "Phosphatized Animal Embryos from the Neoproterozoic Doushantuo Formation at Weng'an, Guizhou, South China".
1623:
Xiao, S.; Zhang, Y.; Knoll, A. H. (1998). "Three-dimensional preservation of algae and animal embryos in a Neoproterozoic phosphorite".
1666:
1426:
Schiffbauer, J. D.; Xiao, S.; Sharma, K. S.; Wang, G. (2012). "The origin of intracellular structures in Ediacaran metazoan embryos".
667:(also known as Varangian glaciation, this is the second and last of a series of very extensive glaciations during a period called the
1102:"The diversification and extinction of Doushantuo-Pertatataka acritarchs in South China: causes and biostratigraphic significance"
1716:
507:
1701:
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operations in the area. A workshop led in protest by local paleontologists resulted in a temporary halt to the mining in 2017.
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Only about one-twentieth of the site's fossils have been excavated. The fossil beds are threatened by increasing intensity of
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825:, a bacterium so large that it is visible to the naked eye. The interpretation would also provide a mechanism for
830:
804:). Some of the possible animal embryos are in an early stage of cellular division (that was first interpreted as
997:
794:(tetracorallians)). There also seem to be what scientists cautiously report as bilateral animal embryos, termed
894:
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itself) lie at the bottom of the middle stratum, with a date about 570 Ma, thus from some time after the great
605:
382:
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1056:"Radiation of Meso-Neoproterozoic and Early Cambrian protists inferred from the microfossil record of China"
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and expired sea urchin embryos shows little similarity between the fossils and decaying bacterial cells.
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Chuanming, Zhou; Guwei, Xie; McFadden, Kathleen A.; Shuhai, Xiao; Xunlai, Yuan (28 November 2006).
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An alternative possibility is that the "embryos" and "eggs" are in fact fossils of giant sulfur
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hypothesis. That being said, recent comparisons of the Doushantuo fossils to modern decaying
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McFadden, Kathleen A.; Xiao, Shu; Chuanming, Zhou; Kowalewski, Michał (September 2009).
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many early creatures. One contentious claim is that many of the fossils show signs of
1675:
1339:, Special publications, vol. 286, London: Geological Society, pp. 151–156,
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821:
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675:' conditions at the time). This latest Cryogenian glacial level is tentatively dated
414:
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81:
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Condon, D.; Zhu, M.; Bowring, S.; Wang, W.; Yang, A. & Jin, Y. (1 April 2005).
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or algal cells), including eggs and embryos which are most probably of sponges or
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635:, and recording conditions up to a good forty to fifty million years before the
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relationships between evolutionary innovation and seawater chemistry" in which
1486:"Mining threatens Chinese fossil site that revealed planet's earliest animals"
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formed of glacial deposits of cobbles and gravel laid down at the end of the
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1189:"Small Bilaterian Fossils from 40 to 55 Million Years Before the Cambrian"
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Small bilaterian fossils from 40 to 55 million years before the Cambrian
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in Guizhou, as one of the oldest beds to contain minutely preserved
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recognizable in Cambrian macrofossils must have existed previously.
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1512:"U-Pb Ages from the Neoproterozoic Doushantuo Formation, China"
747:-forms and, therefore, that more remote ancestral forms of the
812:, as well as adult sponges and a variety of adult cnidarians.
292:
998:
10.1666/0022-3360(2000)074<0767:PAEFTN>2.0.CO;2
608:
that are so characteristic they have given their name to "
134:
contained within an acritarch from the Doushantuo Formation
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619:and the more familiar fauna of the Late Ediacaran
1060:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
1054:Leiming, Yin; Xunlai, Yuan (8 October 2007).
501:
8:
790:(coelenterates; these may be early forms of
679:654 (660 ± 5) — 635 Ma (million years ago).
959:Bulletin of the Geological Society of China
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494:
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121:
29:
1712:Fossiliferous stratigraphic units of Asia
1535:
1267:
1214:
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952:
950:
1337:The Rise and Fall of the Ediacaran Biota
163:Up to 400 m; usually around 200 to 250 m
1667:Brief overview of Doushantuo formation.
906:
829:through microbially mediated phosphate
283:
27:Fossil formation in south-central China
7:
971:10.1111/j.1755-6724.1924.mp33-4004.x
659:of the Nantuo formation - cemented
560:'steep mountain bay') is a
1463:"Dead Fossils Tell the Best Tales"
25:
1461:Reardon, Sara (6 December 2011).
1246:Bengtson, S.; Budd, G. (2004).
1167:10.1016/j.precamres.2009.03.009
651:The whole sequence sits on an
550:
1:
877:, it may represent "possible
584:. It is known for the fossil
455:Cambrian substrate revolution
1687:Proterozoic Eonothem of Asia
1682:Geologic formations of China
1080:10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.03.028
610:Doushantuo type preservation
734:. The team that discovered
1753:
704:
580:, and other localities in
760:phosphatized microfossils
541:
120:
37:
1619:. Princeton Univ. Press.
941:10.1016/j.gr.2011.01.006
895:Phosphatic fossilization
827:phosphatic fossilization
639:at the beginning of the
1717:Paleontology in Guizhou
1593:10.1126/science.1133129
1537:10.1126/science.1107765
1305:10.1126/science.1102328
1269:10.1126/science.1101338
1216:10.1126/science.1099213
986:Journal of Paleontology
689:The richest finds (the
1702:Phosphorite formations
1617:Life on a Young Planet
732:rock-forming processes
297:
705:Further information:
442:Evolutionary concepts
296:
1722:Geography of Guizhou
1615:Knoll, A. H., 2003.
1147:Precambrian Research
562:geological formation
522:Doushantuo Formation
474:Convergent evolution
33:Doushantuo Formation
18:Doushantuo formation
1727:Proterozoic animals
1637:1998Natur.391..553X
1585:2006Sci...314..291H
1528:2005Sci...308...95C
1440:2012Geo....40..223S
1397:10.1038/nature05457
1389:2007Natur.445..198B
1207:2004Sci...305..218C
1159:2009PreR..173..170M
1072:2007PPP...254..350L
1033:1985Natur.315..655A
933:2011GondR..19..831J
695:Gaskiers glaciation
665:Marinoan glaciation
278:Part of a series on
39:Stratigraphic range
1484:Cyranoski, David.
1106:Geological Journal
714:bilateral symmetry
671:-- named because '
637:Cambrian explosion
606:phosphatic fossils
423:Small shelly fauna
298:
286:Cambrian explosion
199:phosphate minerals
144:Dengying Formation
1697:Ediacaran geology
1631:(6667): 553–558.
1579:(5797): 291–294.
1383:(7124): 198–201.
1354:978-1-86239-233-5
1201:(5681): 218–222.
1027:(6021): 655–658.
921:Gondwana Research
617:geological period
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305:Fossil localities
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16:(Redirected from
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1469:. Archived from
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862:hydrogen sulfide
846:phosphate mining
782:, besides adult
766:, multicellular
629:Avalon Peninsula
621:Avalon explosion
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1473:on 8 June 2013.
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852:Palaeogeography
792:tabulate corals
754:The documented
743:'explosion' of
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796:Parapandorina
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265:Year defined
236:Doushantuo,
228:Type section
127:A purported
819:resembling
801:Megasphaera
780:cyanophytes
691:Lagerstätte
641:Phanerozoic
572:, southern
564:in western
526:transcribed
352:Dickinsonia
255: [
252:Zhao Yazeng
213:South China
1676:Categories
1565:References
1467:ScienceNOW
1172:16 October
1085:16 October
810:cnidarians
788:cnidarians
786:and adult
772:acritarchs
684:Biomarkers
669:Cryogenian
614:Cryogenian
592:in Hubei,
576:, central
568:, eastern
534:Toushantou
530:Toushantuo
524:(formerly
469:Cladistics
402:Halwaxiids
397:Radiodonts
359:Kimberella
326:Doushantuo
316:Chengjiang
248:Li Siguang
1363:156823511
1225:0036-8075
1128:129367730
901:Footnotes
883:metazoans
478:Stem and
233:Named for
195:carbonate
168:Lithology
160:Thickness
140:Underlies
129:Ediacaran
43:Ediacaran
1609:25112751
1601:17038620
1554:11673032
1546:15731406
1495:20 April
1405:17183268
1321:84743928
1313:15550644
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1233:15178752
1006:85771456
889:See also
879:feedback
817:bacteria
776:ciliates
657:tillites
408:Opabinia
391:Marrella
244:Named by
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150:Overlies
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1633:Bibcode
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858:euxinic
784:sponges
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701:Fossils
627:on the
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594:Xiuning
578:Jiangxi
574:Shaanxi
570:Guizhou
538:Chinese
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461:Themes
447:Trends
210:Region
132:embryo
1649:S2CID
1605:S2CID
1550:S2CID
1409:S2CID
1317:S2CID
1124:S2CID
1002:S2CID
764:algae
756:biota
749:phyla
697:of .
590:Zigui
582:China
566:Hubei
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238:Hubei
222:China
183:Other
177:Shale
1597:PMID
1542:PMID
1497:2017
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1359:OCLC
1349:ISBN
1309:PMID
1274:PMID
1229:PMID
1221:ISSN
1174:2022
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726:and
557:lit.
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