347:
instance, a 2013 study found that 90% of the families spend ¥7,000–¥10,000 (US$ 1,092.61– $ 1,560.87) monthly on average to support one autistic child. More specifically, it costs approximately ¥8,500 (US$ 1,326.99) in
Beijing and ¥ 6,790 (US$ 1,060.03) in Qingdao monthly. Around 30% of parents reported that they cannot sustain this amount of financial burden for a prolonged period.
78:
intervention in those institutions and frequent rejections, most parents send their children to private treatment centres, which are costly. Children from rural communities and lower socioeconomic backgrounds often are neglected due to the lack of investment into governmental services to provide them with adequate care and education.
346:
Because of the limitations of special education schools in China for autistic students, and the difficulty of them integrating into public schools, many families seek autism intervention from private organizations. Because these treatments are not state-run, they cost substantial amount of money. For
71:
Despite adhering to stringent international standards for diagnosis, autism is often misdiagnosed in China due to prevalent cultural beliefs. In comparison to the West, autism still remains a taboo subject. Children who are diagnosed with autism and their parents often face societal stigma. Those who
384:
The program 星光溢彩 (Xīng Guāng Yì Cǎi) is initiated by the China Social
Welfare Foundation's Fund for Autistic Children (中国社会福利基金会自闭症儿童救助基金) in collaboration with Beijing Association for Rehabilitation for Autistic Children (北京市孤独症儿童康复协会). It aims at using art therapy for intervention, emotional care,
147:
Due to limited conversation about autism in everyday life, teachers often label children who may present with behavioral challenges as naughty, playful, and unusual instead of recommending they are tested for autism. Chinese society shies aways from accepting autism as a serious disorder and chooses
258:
China is a society which thrives on a collectivist work culture. Individuals who are diagnosed with autism are often classified as either a patient or victim. While this may result in feelings of pity towards an individual, it also often makes an individual seem like an unworthy of employment and a
112:
The underestimation is also related to under-diagnosis and misdiagnosis due to the lack of autism awareness amongst
Chinese professionals, and especially psychiatrists. Other common reasons for misdiagnosis is include parental concealment and a persistent shortage of medical professionals in remote
393:
The charity sale (义卖) of artworks by autistic children and charity concerts can be observed on World Autism
Awareness Day in most major cities across China and above. This is done in collaboration of rehabilitation centres, businesses and schools. Often, the members of those institutions interact
337:
China has had a history of establishing special education schools since the early 1900s. However, the special education schools are mainly tailored toward deaf and blind students rather than those with cognitive and neurological conditions. Children with autism still face frequent rejections from
254:
Despite legal recognition, those with autism face a variety of challenges both socially and economically. While government assistance is often available for those with disabilities, it is extremely limited. There is no national framework to support those with disabilities. Only individuals whose
143:
This lack of understanding can be directly attributed to the cultural expectations of
Chinese society. Chinese communities often deeply respect achievement, good manners, and appropriate behavior as a result of Confucian tradition. Autism can often result in behaviors that are contrary to these
135:
The
Chinese people often view the prevalence of autism in a negative light. According to many in the country, autism is not a developmental disorder, but a contagious disease that is caught and can be cured over time. This incorrect viewpoint often results in parents being wrongfully blamed for
77:
Public schools and special education schools are two possible paths for autistic children to receive education. Public schools often have a quota for the acceptance of children with disabilites, however these are often extremely low. Therefore, due to the lack of professional training in autism
139:
Furthermore, the disorder is often associated with the word "canfei" which roughly translates to worthlessness in
Chinese. Language like this often devalues the life experiences of those who are diagnosed with autism and exacerbate the struggle of their families.
67:
in 2006. The country has passed a number of laws to ensure the state service and inclusion of autistic individuals. Currently, the diagnosis of autism in China adapts several international assessment tools and a procedure carried out by the psychiatrist.
59:
Current studies show that autism has a prevalence rate of around 1% among the
Chinese population. Though there is evidence that, this number may be more significant due to under-diagnosis and lack of awareness among many in China.
360:
Beijing Stars and Rain
Institution is the first NGO established for autism in China. It was founded in 1993 by Tián Huìpíng (田慧萍). The institution runs training programs for both parents and children, and overall has a focus on
307:
Due to advancements made in the diagnosis of autism in China, the average age children are diagnosed has significantly reduced to 2.8 years old. This has resulted in interventions starting at an earlier age of 3.3 years old
272:
Autism was first diagnosed in China in 1982 by
Professor Táo Guótài (陶国泰) from Nanjing Brain Hospital presented the case in a Chinese journal. In the late 1980s, he introduced his findings to the global audience in English.
144:
expectations. Behavior that doesn't result in conformity is known to bring shame on their families. As a result, some parents who suspect their child has autism fear being ostracized and refuse to get their child diagnosed.
376:. The report highlights the lack of institutional support and the high expense for treatment. The report also exposes that only 16.6% of the practitioners received adequate college training in the field.
243:
States the nation's responsibility for "the rights of recovery, education, employment and social participation" of people with disability, which officially included people affected with autism.
279:
Since then, Chinese professionals have translated and used several international methods of assessment. Currently, the most common methods of assessment include the Chinese version of the
132:
In China, studies have shown that public awareness of autism is a mere 57% to 65%. In comparison, 86% to 91% of the United States population has an adequate understanding of the disorder.
365:. Beijing Stars and Rain Institution provides professional support for government departments and local intervention centres. The institution collaborates with many organizations such as
1201:
304:
It is also common for Chinese psychiatrists to diagnose a child as "having autism tendency" (also known as an "autism-like case", or 自闭症倾向) rather than directly as "autistic".
1239:
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with autistic individuals or simply remain as the audience. Those events are often accompanied by awareness pamphlets or slogans and receive significant media attention.
88:
Finally, there has been increasing social support and media coverage of autism, as well as autism awareness songs and films in the past decade, particularly surrounding
513:
Sun, Xiang; Allison, Carrie; Wei, Liping; Matthews, Fiona E.; Auyeung, Bonnie; Wu, Yu Yu; Griffiths, Sian; Zhang, Jie; Baron-Cohen, Simon; Brayne, Carol (2019-02-28).
324:, and those on the autism spectrum requiring less support. The lack of trained psychiatrists and diagnosis service outside major cities contributes to this issue.
100:
Studies found the autism prevalence rate in China to be around 0.26% to 1%, which corresponds to about 3.9 million to 14.5 million out of 1.4 billion individuals.
85:(NGOs) in China established to provide autism intervention and parental training, as well as improving the emotional well-being for both the children and parents.
276:
Before the introduction of the first national Mental Health Plan in 2002, there was no avenue for autism treatment through China's national health care system.
1042:
461:
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and teaching life skills to autistic individuals. Currently, the art lessons incorporates fine art, singing, instruments, dance, floristry, gardening, etc.
116:
Therefore, the estimated autism prevalence rate of 1% might be more accurate, and the percentage is increasing every year. Western countries (e.g. the
1209:
421:(2010) (海洋天堂): about a single father trying to teach his son Dafu life skills and finding a place for him to stay after his precedented death.
294:
862:"Explaining differences in autism detection timing: Age of diagnosis and associated individual and socio-familial factors in Chinese children"
786:"Explaining differences in autism detection timing: Age of diagnosis and associated individual and socio-familial factors in Chinese children"
963:
424:
In 2012, Beijing Stars and Rain set up a fundraiser named Ocean Heaven Project (海洋天堂计划) based on the film. It is done in collaboration with
298:
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52:: zì bì zhèng, literal translation: "self-enclosure disorder") or 孤独症 (pinyin: gū dú zhèng, literal translation: "lonely disorder") in
1231:
372:
In 2012, Beijing Stars and Rain published the first report on medical support for Chinese autistic children in collaboration with
56:. It is also common for autistic individuals to be metaphorically called 来自星星的孩子 (translation: "children coming from the stars").
289:
255:
diagnosis is considered serious enough are provided welfare. In most cases, this doesn't include individuals with autism.
82:
240:
Amendments to "the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Persons with Disabilities" (中华人民共和国残疾人保障法)
1362:
293:(CHAT). Other methods of assessment include the Chinese versions of the Psycho-Educational Profile—or C-PEP (PEP), the
1128:
Sun, Xiang; Allison, Carrie; Auyeung, Bonnie; Matthews, Fiona E.; Baron-Cohen, Simon; Brayne, Carol (December 2013).
89:
106:
1) most of these studies only included the population in special education schools and not in public schools, and
373:
362:
211:
1331:
998:
1075:"Children with Autism in the People's Republic of China: Diagnosis, Legal Issues, and Educational Services"
601:"Children with Autism in the People's Republic of China: Diagnosis, Legal Issues, and Educational Services"
195:"The Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Persons with Disabilities" (中华人民共和国残疾人保障法)
317:
409:
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732:
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burden. The legal system doesn't prevent against employment discrimination towards those with autism
320:
are usually the only group who are officially diagnosed. This excludes autistic adults, those with
218:
158:
575:
1306:
1110:
969:
721:"Public concerns and attitudes towards autism on Chinese social media based on K-means algorithm"
656:"Public concerns and attitudes towards autism on Chinese social media based on K-means algorithm"
636:
34:
1202:"Chinese organization offers hope to families struggling with autism | Autism Support Network"
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However, many researchers, both domestic and international, suggested an underestimation, as:
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1130:"Service provision for autism in mainland China: Preliminary mapping of service pathways"
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China's "Eleventh Five Year" Development Programme for the Disabled (中国残疾人事业"十一五"发展纲要)
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38:
17:
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Plans of increasing services to people with disability (for more laws related, see
161:
has been seeking to improve the conditions of people with disability. In 2006, the
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124:) have reported similar or higher autism prevalence rates and increasing trends.
109:
2) most of the studies did not use contemporary screening or diagnostic methods.
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are diagnosed with autism are often considered weak and a burden to society.
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486:
1043:"The Problems Facing Autistic People in Modern China | Psychology Today"
462:"The Problems Facing Autistic People in Modern China | Psychology Today"
413:(2007) (来自星星的孩子): documentary about lives of autistic children in China.
198:
Aims for additional legislative protections for people with disability.
49:
44:
1073:
Huang, Ann X.; Jia, Meixiang; Wheeler, John J. (September 2013).
515:"Autism prevalence in China is comparable to Western prevalence"
487:"China's Autism Schools a Last Resort for Youth on the Spectrum"
232:
Autism was officially recognized as a neurological disability.
599:
Huang, Ann X.; Jia, Meixiang; Wheeler, John J. (2013-09-01).
719:
Zhou, Qi; Lei, Yuling; Du, Hang; Tao, Yuexian (2023-09-13).
654:
Zhou, Qi; Lei, Yuling; Du, Hang; Tao, Yuexian (2023-09-13).
187:
Requires public schools to accept students with disability.
41:, routine, etc. The disorder is observed across the globe.
1332:"Stars or Weaklings? Autism and Public Awareness in China"
1232:"Stars and Rain: Education services for autistic children"
1019:"Taking Steps Toward Disability Inclusion in China (SSIR)"
999:"Stars or Weaklings? Autism and Public Awareness in China"
860:
Leng, Ling Li; Zhu, Yue Wen; Zhou, Lin Gang (2023-07-26).
784:
Leng, Ling Li; Zhu, Yue Wen; Zhou, Lin Gang (2023-07-26).
148:
to assume symptoms are just a part of normal development
63:
In China, autism was first recognized as a neurological
380:
Other voluntary organizations, funds or initiatives
33:(ASD) is a neurological disorder affecting one's
184:"China Compulsory Education Law" (中华人民共和国义务教育法)
440:"Moms of Stars" (2014) (星星的妈妈): song by Huazi.
287:(ABC), and the Chinese revised version of the
165:officially recognized autism as a disability.
152:Laws related to rights of autistic individuals
1079:Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
605:Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
576:"孙梦麟：《中国自闭症教育康复行业发展状况报告III》发布 - China.org.cn"
351:Voluntary organizations and community support
8:
338:both public and special education schools.
1278:"与"星星的孩子"一起前行！垫江县2021年世界孤独症日（自闭症日）活动举行_康复"
1153:
948:Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders
760:
695:
548:
530:
950:, New York, NY: Springer, pp. 1–4,
155:
450:
295:Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule
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937:
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136:allowing their child to get autism.
7:
831:
829:
827:
570:
568:
508:
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456:
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299:Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised
956:10.1007/978-1-4614-6435-8_102107-1
268:Progress and methods of assessment
120:) and other Asian countries (e.g.
25:
1242:from the original on 2017-11-03.
290:Checklist for Autism in Toddlers
250:Shortcomings in the Legal System
210:The Ninth, Tenth, and Eleventh "
1146:10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.08.016
1330:Diandian Guo (18 April 2016).
997:Diandian Guo (18 April 2016).
908:"Autism & Chinese Culture"
356:Beijing Stars and Rain (北京星星雨）
83:non-governmental organizations
1:
1134:Social Science & Medicine
946:, in Volkmar, Fred R. (ed.),
1206:www.autismsupportnetwork.com
27:Situation of autism in China
837:"Autism Awareness In China"
485:Tone, Sixth (May 8, 2017).
81:However, there are several
1379:
745:10.1038/s41598-023-42396-4
680:10.1038/s41598-023-42396-4
328:Education and intervention
90:World Autism Awareness Day
1091:10.1007/s10803-012-1722-6
878:10.1177/13623613231187184
802:10.1177/13623613231187184
617:10.1007/s10803-012-1722-6
532:10.1186/s13229-018-0246-0
374:Beijing Normal University
363:applied behavior analysis
333:Special education schools
285:Autism Behavior Checklist
281:Child Autism Rating Scale
1307:"Beijing Stars and Rain"
263:Assessment and diagnosis
212:Five-year plans of China
31:Autism spectrum disorder
1311:China Development Brief
1047:www.psychologytoday.com
466:www.psychologytoday.com
312:Shortfalls in diagnosis
398:Popular media coverage
318:early infantile autism
113:areas of the country.
942:Cohen, Jared (2015),
410:Children of the Stars
157:Since the 1970s, the
18:Draft:Autism in China
841:www.discoveryaba.com
342:Private institutions
1363:Disability in China
737:2023NatSR..1315173Z
672:2023NatSR..1315173Z
369:for charity works.
219:disability in china
170:Date of law passed
166:
159:Government of China
944:"China and Autism"
725:Scientific Reports
660:Scientific Reports
156:
35:social interaction
965:978-1-4614-6435-8
389:Community support
322:Asperger syndrome
247:
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48:is known as 自闭症 (
16:(Redirected from
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872:(4): 896–907.
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