1223:, one of the prominent leaders of the JKLF, made a significant decision to declare a unilateral ceasefire, signaling a shift from armed struggle to peaceful political activism. This decision was driven by the realization that continued violence was leading to immense suffering among the Kashmiri population and was not yielding the desired political outcomes. Malik's decision led to a split within the JKLF, with Amanullah Khan and his supporters continuing to advocate for armed resistance, particularly from their base in Pakistan-administered Kashmir. Despite this internal split, Malik’s faction, which operated mainly in Indian-administered Kashmir, remained committed to non-violent methods, focusing on political mobilization and international advocacy for Kashmiri self-determination.
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along with their weapons. The anti-government actions by the
Sudhans began in February 1955, marked by an assassination attempt on the Azad Kashmir President, Sher Ahmed Khan, in Poonch, from which he narrowly escaped. The situation worsened when police attempted to arrest a suspect by entering a mosque in Pallandri, leading to clashes between the Sudhans and the Pakistan Army, as well as the Punjab Constabulary, which responded harshly. The Punjab Prosecuting Agency also acted aggressively towards Azad Kashmiris, particularly those who were imprisoned. It took until 1956 to fully suppress the uprising, which involved a search operation by the Pakistan Army in Sudhnuti, known as Operation PC Pak Search Sudhan Operation.
994:, and exacerbated social tensions. Moreover, the wars have polarized Kashmiri society, with differing views on whether to align with India, Pakistan, or pursue an independent path. The prolonged military presence and security measures imposed during and after these conflicts have fueled grievances and strengthened calls for greater autonomy or independence among Kashmiris, who seek to assert their political rights and cultural identity in the face of external dominance and conflict-driven realities. The ongoing geopolitical tensions and unresolved territorial disputes continue to shape Kashmir's political landscape, contributing to a complex environment where aspirations for self-determination and
1208:, in December 1989. This high-profile kidnapping was a strategic move by the JKLF to secure the release of five of its jailed militants and to draw international attention to the Kashmir issue. The Indian government, under pressure, agreed to the demands, marking a significant victory for the JKLF. Throughout 1989 and the early 1990s, the JKLF carried out numerous attacks, including ambushes on Indian security forces and bomb blasts across Kashmir. The organization’s actions were seen as a direct challenge to Indian sovereignty and had the effect of rallying more support for the independence movement within Kashmir.
1110:, assembly, and association. Critics of the government or those advocating for independence or greater autonomy have faced harassment, arbitrary detention, and enforced disappearances. There have also been reports of torture and ill-treatment of political activists and journalists. The political climate is tightly controlled, with significant influence from Pakistani security agencies, limiting the space for genuine political discourse and dissent. These human rights concerns highlight the challenges faced by the region's residents in exercising their fundamental rights and freedoms.
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communication blackouts during periods of unrest severely hamper journalistic activities, hindering the dissemination of information. Moreover, journalists critical of Indian policies or sympathetic to the
Kashmiri cause have faced intimidation, harassment, and even arbitrary detention. This environment has led to a chilling effect on free expression and has raised concerns among human rights organizations about violations of press freedom and the targeting of individuals for their journalistic work in Kashmir.
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1011:, who played a key role in the creation of AJK, and more recently, figures like Sardar Abdul Qayyum Khan, have significantly contributed to the political landscape. These leaders have advocated for both closer ties with Pakistan and greater autonomy, reflecting the region's complex aspirations. The nationalist movement in Pakistan-administered Kashmir continues to navigate between calls for self-determination, administrative autonomy, and the broader geopolitical interests of Pakistan.
1191:(now in Pakistan-administered Kashmir), also played a crucial role alongside Bhat in the Kashmiri independence movement. After studying law in Pakistan, Khan became a key figure in the fight for self-determination for Kashmir. He co-founded the JKLF with Bhat, focusing on both political and militant strategies to achieve independence. Under his leadership, the JKLF gained considerable momentum, particularly after Bhat's execution, which intensified anti-India sentiments in Kashmir.
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1219:, which were backed by Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) and advocated for Kashmir's merger with Pakistan, began to overshadow the secular and independentist ideology of the JKLF. This shift in dynamics led to ideological differences and internal conflicts within the insurgency, weakening the JKLF's influence. In 1994,
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Kashmir, free from both Indian and
Pakistani control, resonated deeply with many Kashmiris, particularly during the height of its militancy in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Even as the JKLF moved away from violence, the legacy of its struggle continued to influence the broader movement for Kashmiri independence.
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would later write that, "In 1955 when police were brought in from the Punjab, what they did here is a black stain on our history… When in 1956 I became the president I got a chance to reduce their grievances. Hence a number of people who were in prison and suffering distress were released…. but those
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responsible for defense, education, and health. However, he resigned because his community, the
Sudhans, vehemently opposed his appointment due to their dissatisfaction with Sardar Ibrahim Khan's removal. This led to violent protests, particularly in the Rawalakot and Pallandri areas of Poonch, where
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allegations, where Indian security forces were accused of gang-raping dozens of
Kashmiri women. This incident not only sparked widespread outrage and protests but also galvanized Kashmiri nationalism as it highlighted the vulnerability and mistreatment faced by Kashmiri civilians under Indian rule.
1124:, who aimed for Kashmir's integration with India under special autonomy provisions, the region later experienced a shift as grievances grew over perceived erosion of autonomy. This dissatisfaction escalated into armed insurgency in the late 1980s, supported by Pakistan, with separatist leaders like
1006:
Since 1947, Kashmiri nationalism in
Pakistan-administered Kashmir has evolved through various phases. Initially, the region saw the formation of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) and Gilgit-Baltistan following the First Indo-Pakistani War. Early nationalist movements were primarily focused on the desire
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of the
Pakistani Army were brought in. Additionally, the Pakistan Army's 12th Division, based in Murree and with forces already deployed in Azad Kashmir, intervened, imposing martial law in Poonch. The conflict was intense; some Sudhans managed to capture 150 soldiers from the Punjab Constabulary,
774:
against the Dogra monarchy, which marked a significant moment of collective resistance and demands for political representation. These early expressions of
Kashmiri nationalism laid the groundwork for subsequent movements advocating for greater autonomy or independence, reflecting a desire among
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in Jammu and
Kashmir, which were widely perceived as rigged by the Indian government. This electoral fraud disillusioned many Kashmiris, particularly the youth, who saw it as a denial of their democratic rights. As a result, many young Kashmiris were drawn to the JKLF, which advocated for armed
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exclaimed, "The
Ministry played havoc with the Azad Kashmir movement and had it finally liquidated to the satisfaction of all bureaucrats in Pakistan.” On democracy in AJK, he also stated, "It is like hell. It is the worst example of democracy…. It has not served Kashmiris at all. It has always
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The JKLF's transition to peaceful struggle marked a new phase in the Kashmiri independence movement. While the organization’s influence waned over time, its early militant activities had already significantly shaped the narrative of Kashmiri nationalism. The JKLF's insistence on an independent
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The discrimination against Kashmiri Muslims and the perceived favoritism towards Kashmiri Pandits under Dogra rule culminated in a significant demonstration in 1931, centered around the trial of Abdul Qadeer, an employee of an English army officer, accused of sedition by the Dogra authorities.
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have profoundly affected Kashmiris, leading to enduring challenges and shaping the course of Kashmiri nationalism and aspirations for self-determination. These wars, notably in 1947-48, 1965, and 1999, have resulted in significant human suffering, displacement, and loss of life among Kashmiri
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face significant restrictions, particularly concerning coverage of issues related to Kashmiri independence. Journalists and writers advocating for Kashmiri self-determination often operate under strict surveillance and censorship by Indian authorities. Instances of internet shutdowns and
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by Indian security forces. This insurgency has led to persistent unrest and a heavy military presence, despite intermittent attempts at peace talks. Kashmir remains a deeply contested territory, where unresolved political aspirations continue to shape its complex and volatile landscape.
1194:
The rise of the JKLF in the 1980s was marked by a series of significant political and militant activities that greatly influenced the development of Kashmiri nationalism. The organization officially formed in 1977, but its influence surged in the late 1980s following the controversial
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in 1971 by JKLF members. This act was intended to bring global attention to the Kashmir issue, but it also led to Bhat's arrest and subsequent execution by the Indian government in 1984, which made him a martyr and a symbol of resistance for many Kashmiris. On the other hand,
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These incidents, along with numerous other human rights violations documented by international organizations, have significantly contributed to the persistence of separatist sentiments and demands for self-determination among Kashmiri nationalists. In Kashmir,
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played a pivotal role in the development of Kashmiri nationalism by highlighting the grievances and aspirations of the local populace against the central administration.The uprising broke out in February 1955 and was provoked largely by the dismissal of
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were revoked by the Indian government, which abolished the special autonomous status of Jammu and Kashmir, leading to significant changes in governance. The decision aimed to fully integrate Jammu and Kashmir into the Indian Union, thereby applying all
750:*The population figures are only for the number of speakers of the Kashmiri language. May not include ethnic Kashmiris who no longer speak the Kashmiri language or those people who have adopted the Kashmiri identity as a regional or national identity.
1246:, Srinagar, where Indian security forces opened fire on a peaceful protest, resulting in the deaths of over 50 civilians. This massacre exacerbated anti-India sentiments and fueled support for separatist movements. Another notorious incident was the
1103:, including the ‘Azad Kashmir Public Safety Act 1953’, ‘The Pallandhri Disturbances Special Tribunal Act 1955 and 1956’, ‘The Control of Goondas Act 1956’, as well as ‘The Azad Kashmir Recovery of Abducted Persons Act 1953 and 1956’.
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922:" in Kashmiri history and commemoration, are considered a pivotal moment in Kashmiri history, marking the beginning of organized movements for political autonomy and independence from external governance.
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turned violent when police forces opened fire on the crowd, resulting in the deaths of 21 Muslim protesters. The crowds buried the bodies in the graveyard of the Shrine of Khwaja Bahawuddin Naqshbandi (
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and seek political autonomy from external rulers. During this period, Kashmiris began to articulate grievances against discriminatory policies and perceived cultural and economic exploitation under
1406:, a militant organization formed in the late 1980s that operates primarily in Indian-administered Kashmir, advocating for Kashmiri independence or accession to Pakistan through armed struggle. The
207:
tags using the button below. This will let reviewers know a new draft has been submitted in their area of interest. For instance, if you wrote about a female astronomer, you would want to add the
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Human rights violations in Pakistan-administered Kashmir, particularly in Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK), have been reported by various human rights organizations. Issues include restrictions on
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in Kashmir and the broader geopolitical conflict between India and Pakistan. After completing his education in Pakistan, Bhat became actively involved in political activism and co-founded the
766:, which lasted from the mid-19th century until India's independence in 1947. Intellectuals contributed to the early discourse on Kashmiri identity and political rights, advocating for
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758:
Kashmiri nationalism can be traced back to the late 19th and early 20th centuries, characterized by efforts among Kashmiri intellectuals, activists, and leaders to assert a distinct
1457:, where large communities reside. They actively organize protests globally to highlight Kashmir's plight and demand self-determination. Notable protests include demonstrations in
906:) in Srinagar, which has since come to be known as Mazar-e-Shuhada or the Martyrs' Graveyard. This incident galvanized public sentiment against Dogra rule and became a symbol of
1473:. These efforts amplify Kashmiri voices on the global stage, contributing significantly to international discourse and support for Kashmiri aspirations for freedom and justice.
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outside the Indian High Commission, where diaspora members have gathered to protest human rights violations and call for international intervention. Similarly, in cities like
1441:
have been pivotal in advancing Kashmiri nationalism and advocating for the region's freedom. Headquarters of diaspora organizations are often found in major cities of the
1120:
Since the partition of British India in 1947, Kashmiri nationalism in Indian-administered Kashmir have been integral to the region's tumultuous history. Initially led by
1973:
1242:
Several massacres in Kashmir have deeply affected Kashmiri nationalism and intensified sentiments against Indian administration. One significant incident occurred in
1417:
Jammu and Kashmir recently saw the rise of, Kashmir Tigers, a new militant group which has since been linked to several high-profile attacks, including those in the
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Thousands of Kashmiri Muslims gathered outside the Srinagar Central Jail, where Qadeer was held, demanding fair treatment and an end to oppressive policies. The
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districts. Most recently, in 2024, the Kashmir Tigers claimed responsibility for an encounter in Doda that resulted in the deaths of several Indian soldiers.
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through heavy taxation on Muslim agricultural communities. This socio-economic and political marginalization fueled grievances and a sense of injustice among
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development, enhance security measures, and provide equal opportunities to residents of Jammu and Kashmir. However, the revocation sparked widespread
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uniformly across the region and removing barriers to investment and development. According to the Indian government, the move was intended to promote
1987:
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struggle as a means to achieve independence. In 1989, the JKLF launched a full-scale insurgency against Indian rule in Kashmir, beginning with the
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of separatist groups advocating for dialogue with India and Pakistan while emphasizing Kashmiri representation in any negotiated settlement. The
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the Sudhans, displeased with the new government, demonstrated their opposition. Tensions escalated to the point where the Sudhans clashed with
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1300:, emerged in the region, challenging the Indian government's actions and contributing to ongoing unrest and security challenges in Kashmir.
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for self-governance and integration with Pakistan, but over time, a distinct Kashmiri identity began to emerge. Prominent leaders like
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created a complex situation for princely states like Kashmir, which had the option to accede to either dominion or remain independent.
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1051:, directed against the State of Pakistan by disgruntled Sudhans. Following the unexpected dismissal of Sardar Ibrahim Khan, Colonel
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966:). The subsequent decades saw recurring tensions and military conflicts between India and Pakistan over Kashmir, including wars in
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whose homes were burnt out were not compensated. Although to reduce their sorrows in sympathy, I gave them bits of money.” On the
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in the 1970s, initially pursued an independent Kashmir but later evolved to support the region's right to self-determination.
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Kashmiris to assert their cultural heritage and political aspirations amidst evolving regional and international dynamics.
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851:, which lasted from the 1846 until India's independence in 1947. The Dogra Maharajas, predominantly Hindu rulers, imposed
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and educational empowerment among Kashmiri Muslims. The movement gained momentum with protests and uprisings, such as the
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1178:, free from Indian and Pakistani control. His militant activities brought him into the spotlight, especially after the
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are militant groups with origins in Pakistan, operating in Kashmir and supporting the region's accession to Pakistan.
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752:†The population figures are for those who self identify as ethnic Kashmiris but might not speak the language any more.
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from experienced editors. These venues are only for help with editing and the submission process, not to get reviews.
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in 1965, which later evolved into the Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF). Bhat's vision was to establish an
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The uprising had led to a number of strict and draconian security laws being passed by the local government and
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was established in the region in the 14th century, leading to a predominantly Muslim population by the time of
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and concerns among Kashmiri residents and regional leaders, who viewed it as an erosion of their
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contingents stationed in the area, raising significant concerns for the Central Government.
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prominently advocating for Kashmiri self-determination and highlighting alleged
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but later shifted focus to regional autonomy within the framework of Pakistan.
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and the highest-ranking military officer from Poonch, was appointed as a
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remain central to the Kashmiri struggle for peace and stability.
1075:
were unable to manage it. To control the unrest, members of the
914:
oppression in Kashmir.. The July 13 protests of 1931, known as "
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II: Revolt and Pacification 4.Early Years and the Sudhan Revolt
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15:
480:
Promising draft. But, most claims are unsourced. Please read
1071:
The situation in Poonch deteriorated to the extent that the
459:
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308:
530:. The movement is deeply rooted in historical grievances,
292:
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101:
68:
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to determine Kashmir's political future according to
942:, the ruler of Jammu and Kashmir, chose to accede to
339:
This draft's references do not show that the subject
1692:"Maharaja Hari Singh Signed Instrument of Accession"
510:
and movement centered around the desire for greater
1292:. In response, new militant organizations such as,
735:
682:
662:
642:
604:
576:
571:
1574:. Statistics Canada Statistique Canada. 7 May 2021
1383:, distinct from its AJK counterpart, represents a
1096:divided and made them fight amongst themselves.”
946:in October 1947, sparking immediate conflict with
1860:
1858:
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1654:Paradise at War: A Political History of Kashmir
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126:relevant WikiProject
1498:Census India (.gov)
1353:independent Kashmir
1142:human rights abuses
1138:Mirwaiz Umar Farooq
1093:Sardar Ibrahim Khan
1084:Sardar Abdul Qayyum
1077:Punjab Constabulary
1073:Azad Kashmir Police
1037:Sardar Ibrahim Khan
1024:Sardar Ibrahim Khan
940:Maharaja Hari Singh
855:that favored their
553:
179:third-party sources
1948:. 19 January 2024.
1698:. 26 October 2023.
1696:The Times of India
1531:District Lahore -
1527:"District Profile"
1333:self-determination
1286:political autonomy
1263:On August 5, 2019
1240:
1217:Hizb-ul-Mujahideen
1187:, born in 1934 in
1162:, born in 1938 in
1157:
1028:
936:India and Pakistan
895:
825:Treaty of Amritsar
743:Indo-Aryan peoples
516:self-determination
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1429:Kashmiri Diaspora
1404:Hizbul Mujahideen
1369:political parties
1365:Jammu and Kashmir
1290:cultural identity
1236:Jammu and Kashmir
1045:Pallandri tehsils
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956:Jammu and Kashmir
930:The partition of
891:Jammu and Kashmir
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760:Kashmiri identity
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380:mistakes to avoid
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1274:Indian laws
1269:Article 35A
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809:Muslim rule
785:nationalism
620:3,330,000 (
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486:Twinkle1990
452:KylieTastic
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371:independent
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205:WikiProject
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1638:2020-12-20
1477:References
1341:plebiscite
1257:journalism
908:resistance
849:Dogra rule
845:injustices
829:Dogra rule
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