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main themes to his leadership. The first, together with his wife Mary Bruck (nee Conway) was the creation of the first full
Astrophysics degree, and the expansion of first year astronomy teaching to large classes of students from many disciplines. The second theme was automation - both computerised data reduction, and the creation of automated measuring machines, which led to a sequence of machines which scanned and digitised photographic plates - GALAXY, COSMOS, and SuperCOSMOS. The third theme was the development of mountaintop overseas observatories, fulfilling the dreams of Piazzi-Smyth. This work began with the creation of a station at Monte Porzio in Italy, followed by the design of a Northern Hemisphere Observatory in La Palma (which was then implemented by the Royal Greenwich Observatory), the building and operation of the
136:. He was the first Regius Professor whose title was simply "Chair of Astronomy" rather than "Chair of Practical Astronomy". He investigated the spectrum of the solar corona and chromosphere. In 1910 he left to become Director of the Royal Greenwich Observatory and (English) Astronomer Royal - the only astronomer to have held both Astronomer Royal positions. He later became famous for organising eclipse expeditions which helped to proved Einstein's General Relativity Theory, and for instigating the transmission of the "pips" from the Greenwich Observatory to the BBC.
143:. Before coming to Edinburgh Sampson was well known for pioneering work on the colour temperature of stars, and a theory of the motions of the Galilean satellites. After his appointment, his work took a very practical turn, aiming at producing a more accurate time service, improving the optical performance of telescopes, and developing a recording microphotometer and techniques for performing spectrophotometry of stars. He also led the construction of 36inch telescope which still sits in the East Tower of the ROE. Sampson retired in 1937, to be replaced by
209:), and built a series of ground breaking instruments for both ground-based and space-based instruments. University leadership in Astronomy was however largely delegated to Mary Bruck and Peter Brand, under whom the Department of Astronomy merged with the Department of Physics, and was re-named the Institute for Astronomy. Longair resigned in 1990, during a difficult period of political discussion over the structure of British Astronomy, and moved to the
79:, who held the position until his death in 1828. However, he was never provided with an observatory or any instruments, and refused to do any teaching, seeing the position as a sinecure. At that time, the Royal Commission was reviewing Scottish Universities and recommended that the chair should not be filled 'until a suitable observatory... could be established'
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public time service via the Time Ball and the One O'Clock Gun, the exploration of the idea of mountain top astronomy, the investigation of the spectra of the Sun, the Zodiac and the Aurora, and innovative developments in photography. Later in his life he became obsessed with mystical interpretations of the
Pyramids.
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was the most important historical figure for
Edinburgh astronomy, at least in leadership terms. When he arrived in 1957 the observatory had six scientific staff. By the time he retired in 1975, there over a hundred, and the observatory was established as a major international centre. There were three
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in 1938. Greaves kept the national time service going the war, and led extensive work on determining the temperatures of stars, and the physical properties of their atmospheres, using spectrophotometry, as well as studies of the effect of sunspots in terrestrial magnetism. He died suddenly in 1955,
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Following the retirement of Piazzi Smyth, both the future of the Royal
Observatory and the Regius Professorship were once again thrown into uncertainty by a Royal Commission on Scottish Universities, until the generous gift of Lord Lindsay led to the creation of a new Royal Observatory building on
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was appointed as fourth Regius
Professor and third Astronomer Royal. Copeland was well known for spectroscopic observations of planets, comets, and nebulae, and was the first person to observe Helium outside the Sun. He also carried out extensive travel, both to observe transits of Venus, and to
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became Regius
Professor and Astronomer Royal, and held both positions until he retired in 1888. He was the first Regius Professor to actually provide lectures in Astronomy, sixty five years after the founding of the chair. Piazzi Smyth had a long and full career, including the establishment of a
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During the 1960s and 1970s, the ROE underwent considerable expansion, so that technical and scientific contributions are properly seen as due to a whole community. Nonetheless, it is possible to discern clear themes in the leadership of successive astronomers.
66:. Between 1834 and 1990, the Regius Professor at the University, the Astronomer Royal, and the Director of the Royal Observatory were all the same person. This is no longer true however, as explained under "New Structure" below.
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Astronomy was originally taught in
Edinburgh by the Chairs of Mathematics and of Natural Philosophy. A Chair of Practical Astronomy was established in 1785 by a Royal Warrant signed by George III. The first holder was
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was appointed as both the first
Astronomer Royal for Scotland and the second Regius Professor. He remained in both positions until he died in 1844. Thomas Henderson's main claim to fame is being, along with
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Here "ARn" refers to the holder also being the n'th
Astronomer Royal for Scotland. In al those cases, the date of holding the Astronomer Royal position are the same as for holding the Regius chair.
90:. In 1822 the Institution presented a loyal address to George IV, resulting in the observatory being granted the title of Royal Observatory. After considerable delay and negotiation, in 1834
50:, and are still formally appointed by the current monarch, although they are advertised and recruited by the relevant university following the normal processes for appointing a professorship.
183:, who had been at ROE since the 1960s, and in fact was to a large extent responsible for many of the advances in the Bruck era - automation, systematic sky surveys, and the creation of the
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a centre of astronomical technology and sky survey work. Under
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was appointed to the joint position in 1980, and continued the trends started by Bruck and Reddish of making the
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The Regius Chair of Astronomy in Edinburgh is unusual because of its relationship with the position of the
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in Australia, and finally the building and operation of the infra-red specialised UK Infrared Telescope (
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Copeland died in 1905 and was replaced both as Regius Professor and as Astronomer Royal by
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The next holder of both the Regius Professorship and the Astronomer Royal position was
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and was replaced as both Regius Professor and Astronomer Royal by
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Anderson, Robert D.; Lynch, Michael; Phillipson, Nicholas (2003).
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continue Piazzi Smyth's researches into mountain top astronomy.
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and reduced the data after taking up his position in Edinburgh.
346:. Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Edinburgh.
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The Peripatetic Astronomer: The Life of Charles Piazzi Smyth
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The University of Edinburgh: An illustrated history
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Relationship with the Astronomer Royal for Scotland
124:Blackford Hill (see for extensive detail), and
344:Science at the University of Edinburgh 1583-1993
18:Draft:Regius Professor of Astronomy (Edinburgh)
431:Professorships at the University of Edinburgh
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399:Bruck, H. A.; Bruck, M. T. (1988).
376:The Story of Astronomy in Edinburgh
84:Edinburgh Astronomical Institution
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64:Royal Observatory Edinburgh (ROE)
139:In 1910 Dyson was replaced by
378:. Edinburgh University Press.
318:. Edinburgh University Press.
221:Developments since 1994 here.
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60:Astronomer Royal for Scotland
225:List of holders of the chair
203:Royal Observatory Edinburgh
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374:Bruck, Hermann A. (1983).
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342:Birse, Ronald M. (1994).
36:Regius Chair of Astronomy
403:. Bristol: Adam Hilger.
27:Not to be confused with
44:University of Edinburgh
254:1889-1905 (AR3)
436:Regius Professorships
40:Regius Professorships
246:Charles Piazzi Smyth
211:Cavendish Laboratory
185:UK Schmidt Telescope
170:UK Schmidt Telescope
112:Charles Piazzi Smyth
264:Ralph Allen Sampson
156:Modern developments
119:The new observatory
278:1957 (AR7)
258:Frank Watson Dyson
242:1834-1844 (AR1)
101:parallax of a star
410:978-0-85274-420-8
385:978-0-85224-480-7
353:978-0-9522883-1-2
325:978-0-7486-1646-6
266:1910-1937 (AR5)
260:1905-1910 (AR4)
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62:, and the
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301:References
441:Astronomy
236:1785-1828
110:In 1846
42:at the
193:dowsing
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189:UKIRT
174:UKIRT
405:ISBN
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