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enacted precursor control laws which limit the sale of over-the-counter cold medications which contain ephedrine or pseudoephedrine. This made it somewhat more difficult for underground chemists to produce methamphetamine. In May 1995, the DEA shut down two major suppliers of precursors in the United States, seizing 25 metric tons of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine from
Clifton Pharmaceuticals and 500 cases of pseudoephedrine from X-Pressive Looks, Inc. (XLI). The immediate market impact suggests that they had been providing more than 50 percent of the precursors used nationally to produce methamphetamine. However, the market rapidly rebounded.
1057:, Brett Sherry of the Oregon Clandestine Drug Lab Cleanup Program has been quoted as stating that only 10–20% of drug labs are discovered by police. Statistics reporting the prevalence of meth labs and arrest of meth producers can vary greatly from county to county and state to state. Factors affecting policing and reporting include funding, specialized training, support from local residents, and willingness to make the issue a priority in policing. How information is categorized and tracked may also inflate or minimize the apparent results.
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that gives notification of shipments and provides the government of the importer sufficient time to verify the legitimacy of the transaction and take appropriate action. The effects of this initiative have been dramatic and far-reaching. Operation Purple has exposed a significant vulnerability among traffickers, and has grown to include almost thirty nations. According to the DEA, Operation Purple has been highly effective at interfering with cocaine production. However, illicit chemists always find new methods to evade the DEA's scrutiny.
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importers or chemical companies, by criminal organizations and individual violators, or acquired as a result of coercion and/or theft on the part of drug traffickers. In response to stricter international controls, drug traffickers have increasingly been forced to divert chemicals by mislabeling the containers, forging documents, establishing front companies, using circuitous routing, hijacking shipments, bribing officials, or smuggling products across international borders.
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and fixing one’s cars, trucks, equipment, and house. Toxic chemicals resulting from methamphetamine production may be hoarded or clandestinely dumped, damaging land, water, plant life and wild life, and posing a risk to humans. Waste from methamphetamine labs is frequently dumped on federal, public, and tribal lands. The chemicals involved can explode and clandestine chemistry has been implicated in both house and wild land fires.
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611:. Shortly afterward, physicians began documenting amphetamine's general stimulant properties and subsequently its potential for treating narcolepsy, which prompted SKF in 1938 to begin also manufacturing amphetamine sulfate as tablets. Initially, the frequency of amphetamine use was negligible; however, by 1959 its popularity as a therapeutic agent and also an illicit drug had skyrocketed nationwide, causing the
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523:(AA) from the international market. This heroin precursor continues to account for the largest volume of internationally seized chemicals, according to the International Narcotics Control Board. Since July 1999, there have been several notable seizures of acetic anhydride in Turkey (amounting to nearly seventeen metric tons) and Turkmenistan (totaling seventy-three metric tons).
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still lack the capacity to determine whether the import or export of precursor chemicals is related to legitimate needs or illicit drugs. The problem is complicated by the fact that many chemical shipments are either brokered or transshipped through third countries in an attempt to disguise their purpose or destination.
167:. Smaller labs can be run by individual chemists working clandestinely in order to synthesize smaller amounts of controlled substances or simply out of a hobbyist interest in chemistry, often because of the difficulty in ascertaining the purity of other, illegally synthesized drugs obtained on the black market. The term
331:, the major constituent of several etheric oils like sassafras. Governments have adopted a strategy of chemical control as part of their overall drug control and enforcement plans. Chemical control offers a means of attacking illicit drug production and disrupting the process before the drugs have entered the market.
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In the 1990s, the DEA recognized that legally imported precursors were being diverted to the production of methamphetamine. Changes to federal regulations in 1988 and throughout the 1990s enabled the DEA to more closely track the ephedrine and pseudoephedrine precursors. Many individual States have
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DEA's
Operation Topaz is a coordinated international strategy targeting acetic anhydride. In place since March 2001, a total of thirty-one countries are currently organized participants in the program in addition to regional participants. The DEA reports that as of June 2001, some 125 consignments of
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The
Multilateral Chemical Reporting Initiative encourages governments to exchange information on a voluntary basis in order to monitor international chemical shipments. Over the past decade, key international bodies like the Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the U.N. General Assembly's Special Session
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Historically, chemicals critical to the synthesis or manufacture of illicit drugs are introduced into various venues via legitimate purchases by companies that are registered and licensed to do business as chemical importers or handlers. Once in a country or state, the chemicals are diverted by rogue
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Clean up processes were regulated by the EPA as of 2007. The
Methamphetamine Remediation Research Act of 2007 required EPA to develop guidelines for remediation of former methamphetamine labs. This creates guidelines for States and local agencies to improve "our national understanding of identifying
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reported an increase in incidents following the formation of the
Midland County Methamphetamine Protocol Team in 2015. However, many of the cases reported involved meth users making small amounts of the drug using a crude and dangerous "one-pot method". These small operations were for both personal
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in the Andean Region, identifying rogue firms and suspect individuals; gathering intelligence on diversion methods, trafficking trends, and shipping routes; and taking administrative, civil and/or criminal action as appropriate. Critical to the success of this operation is the communication network
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To facilitate the international flow of information about precursor chemicals, the United States, through its relationship with the Inter-American Drug
Control Abuse Commission (CICAD), continues to evaluate the use of precursor chemicals and assist countries in strengthening controls. Many nations
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Although the prevalence of domestic meth labs continues to be high in western states, they have spread throughout the United States. It has been suggested that "do-it-yourself" meth production in rural areas is reflective of a broader DIY approach that includes activities such as hunting, fishing,
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This is the process in which law enforcement or a Drug
Enforcement Administration contractors removes the obvious dangers from the site. Obvious dangers include containers of chemicals, equipment, and apparatus that could be used to make illegal drugs, drug paraphernalia, and other illegal items.
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El Paso
Intelligence Center data from 2012 to 2014 is showing a downward trend in the number of clandestine methamphetamine labs; down from a high of 15,196 in 2010. Drug seizure quantities, on the other hand, are steadily increasing since 2007, according to data from the DEA's System to Retrieve
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Because many legitimate industrial chemicals such as anhydrous ammonia and iodine are also necessary in the processing and synthesis of most illicitly produced drugs, preventing the diversion of these chemicals from legitimate commerce to illicit drug manufacturing is a difficult job. Governments
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In WV, a police agency which reports a meth lab is responsible for the cost its cleanup—which can cost tens of thousands of dollars, as proper disposal of toxic and hazardous materials is very expensive. The high cost of cleanup is a clear disincentive for all agencies, but especially those with
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In June 2015, the
European Commission approved Regulation (EU) 2015/1013 which outlined for the monitoring of drug precursors traded between the Union and third countries. The Regulation also establishes uniform procedures for licensing and registration of operators and users who are listed in a
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is among his most popular books, and is considered required reading for DEA agents. More of his books deal with other aspects of clandestine chemistry, including explosives, and poisons. Fester is, however, considered by many to be a faulty and unreliable source for information in regard to the
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In countries where strict chemical controls have been put in place, illicit drug production has been seriously affected. For example, few of the chemicals needed to process coca leaf into cocaine are manufactured in
Bolivia or Peru. Most are smuggled in from neighbouring countries with advanced
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Precursors and Chemicals Frequently Used in the Illicit Manufacture of Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances: Report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 1997 On the Implementation of Article 12 of the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and
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The methamphetamine situation also changed in the mid-1990s as Mexican organized crime became a major player in its production and distribution, operating "super-labs" which produced a substantial percentage of the drugs being sold. According to the DEA, the seizure of 3.5 metric tons of
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processing, is virtually irreplaceable. According to the DEA, Mexico remains the only heroin source route to heroin laboratories in Afghanistan. Authorities in Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan routinely seize ton-quantity shipments of diverted acetic anhydride.
436:(INCB) has opted to organize an international conference with the goal of devising a specific action plan to counter the traffic in MDMA precursor chemicals. They hope to prevent the diversion of chemicals used in the production of amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS), including
295:) by incising its seed capsule, whereupon a milky fluid (the opium 'latex') bleeds out of the incisions which is then left to dry out and scraped off the bulbs, yielding raw opium. Morphine, one of many alkaloids in opium, is then extracted out of the opium by
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the point at which former methamphetamine laboratories become clean enough to inhabit again." The legislation also required that EPA periodically update the guidelines, as appropriate, to reflect the best available knowledge and research.
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Chemicals critical to the production of cocaine, heroin, and synthetic drugs are produced in many countries throughout the world. Many manufacturers and suppliers exist in Europe, China, India, the United States, and many other countries.
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has reported some of the highest rates of meth-lab arrests in the country, and has pursued an aggressive and highly publicized policy of policing meth labs. This has resulted in as many as 205 cases per year in one county. In contrast,
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chemical industries or diverted from a smaller number of licit handlers. Increased interdiction of chemicals in Peru and Bolivia has contributed to final product cocaine from those countries being of lower, minimally oxidized quality.
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Davis, Glenn C.; Williams, Adrian C.; Markey, Sanford P.; Ebert, Michael H.; Caine, Eric D.; Reichert, Cheryl M.; Kopin, Irwin J. (December 1979). "Chronic parkinsonism secondary to intravenous injection of meperidine analogues".
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often place restrictions on the purchase of large quantities of chemicals that can be used in the production of illicit drugs, usually requiring licenses or permits to ensure that the purchaser has a legitimate need for them.
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use was concentrated among young white males in California and nearby states. Since then its use has spread both demographically and geographically. Methamphetamine has been a favorite among various populations including
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certified company. This is the process of removing the residue and waste from the site after the gross chemical removal is done. A property that has been remediated should present minimal to no health risk to
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Katselou, Maria; Papoutsis, Ioannis; Nikolaou, Panagiota; Spiliopoulou, Chara; Athanaselis, Sotiris (May 2014). "A 'Krokodil' emerges from the murky waters of addiction. Abuse trends of an old drug".
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are even used in place of solvents. Manufacturers are attempting to streamline a production process that virtually eliminates oxidation to produce cocaine base. Some laboratories are not using
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This process does not cleanup or remove chemical spills, stains or residue that could be harmful to inhabitants. A property that has had only a gross chemical removal is not fit for habitation.
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in Texas in 1994 revealed that Mexican trafficking groups were producing methamphetamine on an unprecedented scale. More recent reports indicate an ongoing presence of Mexican trafficking.
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during the maceration state; consequently, less cocaine alkaloid is extracted from the leaf, producing less cocaine hydrochloride, the powdered cocaine marketed for overseas consumption.
756:) which is another result of crude acetylation. The lack of proper reflux during acetylation fails to remove much of the moisture retained in the acetylating agent, glacial acetic acid.
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acetic anhydride had been tracked totaling 618,902,223 kilograms. As of July 2001, there has been approximately 20 shipments of AA totaling 185,000 kilograms either stopped or seized.
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Despite this long history of law enforcement actions, restrictions of chemicals, and even covert military actions, many illicit drugs are still widely available all over the world.
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An impure tablet sold as MDMA seized by law enforcement in the United States. The tablet was determined to contain no MDMA; instead, it contained a mixture of
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Holland, Julie A.; Nelson, Lewis; Ravikumar, P. R.; Elwood, William N. (June 1998). "Embalming Fluid-Soaked Marijuana: New High or New Guise for PCP?".
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640:", the National Institute on Drug Abuse tracks its incidence of use in children as young as twelve, and the prevalence of users increases with age.
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is generally used in any situation involving the production of illicit compounds, regardless of whether the facilities being used qualify as a true
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extracted from plant sources which are the precursors for further synthesis. In the case of heroin, a mixture of alkaloids is extracted from the
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substances and contaminants as a result of being "cooked" and used without any significant effort to remove the byproducts and leftovers from
279:. Some drugs, like cocaine and morphine, are extracted from plant sources and refined with the aid of chemicals. Semi-synthetic drugs such as
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421:(UNGASS) have addressed the issue of chemical diversion in conjunction with U.S. efforts. These organizations raised specific concerns about
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searched for alternative methods for producing methamphetamine. The two predominant methods which appeared both involve the reduction of
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The lack of acetic anhydride has caused clandestine chemists in some countries to substitute it for lower quality precursors such as
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224:. This opened a door for brewers to supply their own town with alcohol. Just like modern-day drug labs, distilleries were placed in
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The cleaning of interior structures and, if applicable, the surrounding land, surface waters and groundwater by an EPA approved or
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that is sticky like tar or hard like coal. Its dark color is the result of crude processing methods that leave behind impurities.
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In the 1980s and early 1990s, most methamphetamine production in the United States occurred in small independent laboratories.
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311:) are normally made from commercially available chemicals, though both can also be made from naturally occurring precursors.
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became controlled substances in the United States. Prior to this, amphetamine sulfate first became widely available as an
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in many countries. With the Title 21 United States Code (USC) Controlled Substances Act (CSA) of October 27, 1970
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As a result, Bolivian lab operators are now using inferior substitutes such as cement instead of lime and
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1144:(MPP), a metabolite of MPTP, causes rapid onset of irreversible symptoms similar to Parkinson's disease.
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manufacture. Marijuana cigarettes dipped in embalming fluid, sometimes also laced with PCP are known as
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reports and/or prosecutes very few cases. It's possible that these low numbers are because of cost.
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1673:"Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs Board of Pharmacy Pharmacy – Controlled Substances"
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New 'shake-and-bake' method for making crystal meth gets around drug laws but is no less dangerous
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analogues and circumvent drug laws was first noticed in the late 1960s, as types of drugs became
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Inquiry Into the Supply and Use of Methamphetamines, Particularly Ice, in Victoria: Final Report
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driven international chemical control initiative designed to reduce the illicit manufacture of
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Prepared substances (as opposed to those that occur naturally in a consumable form, such as
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2055:. Melbourne, Victoria: Law Reform, Drugs and Crime Prevention Committee. p. 71.
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is a writer who commonly writes about different aspects of clandestine chemistry.
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are easiest to produce due to the ease with which the precursors can be acquired.
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History and culture of substituted amphetamines § Impurities and adulterants
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Ancient forms of clandestine chemistry included the manufacturing of explosives.
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Parliament of Victoria Law Reform, Drugs and Crime Prevention Committee (2014).
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Making a former meth lab site safer for habitation requires two basic efforts:
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Hazmat team attending a meth lab cleanup in Vancouver, British Columbia in 2007
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that contains a mixture of drugs not found in heroin made with pure chemicals.
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1360:. Washington, D.C.: White House, Office of National Drug Control Policy. 2000.
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1777:"Report on Programs and Initiatives 6. REDUCING THE SUPPLY OF ILLEGAL DRUGS"
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prohibited the sale, manufacture, or transportation of alcoholic beverages
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1966:"Meth busts double, from 28 to 64, in one year in Great Lakes Bay Region"
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560:"Meth lab" redirects here. For portable meth production equipment, see
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1710:"A Comprehensive Guide to the Clandestine Chemistry of 'Breaking Bad'"
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1054:
876:
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1951:"No record of meth-contaminated Shady Cove home in state database"
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Report 2015 International Narcotics Control Board (2 March 2016).
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Information from Drug Evidence (STRIDE) (see table to the right).
849:
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1424:(2nd ed.). Boca Raton: CRC/Taylor & Francis. p. 4.
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and recycled solvents like ether. Some non-solvent fuels such as
242:. Today, American-made corn whiskey can be labeled or sold under
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is typically far from pure and often contains large amounts of
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along with companion coca alkaloids and varying quantities of
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29:
2067:"Voluntary Guidelines for Methamphetamine Laboratory Cleanup"
1527:"The War on Drugs: Methamphetamine, Public Health, and Crime"
883:
and other toxic substances that are present after synthesis.
856:. Injecting any such mixture can cause serious damage to the
1864:"Characterization and Profiling of Methamphetamine Seizures"
1136:
MPTP may be accidentally produced during the manufacture of
519:
Similarly, heroin-producing countries depend on supplies of
1926:"DEA Domestic Drug Seizures (see 'Methamphetamine' column)"
526:
Acetic anhydride, the most commonly used chemical agent in
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to reclassify amphetamine from OTC to prescription-only.
197:
Another old form of clandestine chemistry is the illegal
1783:. Office of National Drug Control Policy. Archived from
1579:
Policing Methamphetamine: Narcopolitics in Rural America
1320:
United Nations Office On Drugs and Crime Vienna (2014).
209:. This is frequently done to avoid taxation on spirits.
380:
1781:
The National Drug Control Strategy: 2001 Annual Report
1358:
The National Drug Control Strategy: 2000 Annual Report
1285:
Board, INCB - International Narcotics Control (1998).
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254:, depending on the details of the production process.
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Moonshine by country § By contaminated moonshine
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The practice of clandestine chemistry to synthesize
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1581:. New York: New York University Press. p. 50.
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1807:"National Methamphetamine Threat Assessment 2008"
234:generally referred to "corn whiskey", that is, a
1525:Dobkin, Carlos; Nicosia, Nancy (February 2009).
603:nasal decongestant inhaler in 1933, marketed by
1744:The National Alliance for Model State Drug Laws
744:Black tar as a type holds a variable admixture
663:to methamphetamine. At the time, neither was a
1329:. New York: United Nations. pp. xiv, 68.
371:deal primarily with US and do not represent a
352:Enforcement of controls on precursor chemicals
319:, one of the naturally occurring alkaloids in
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2250:
2204:"Drugs slang: What police must learn: E to H"
2071:United States Environmental Protection Agency
1478:Kleiman, Mark A.R.; Hawdon, James E. (2011).
647:, one precursor of methamphetamine, became a
369:The examples and perspective in this section
163:intending to produce for distribution on the
155:laboratories. Larger labs are usually run by
8:
1371:
1369:
1367:
448:European database tracking drug precursors.
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1403:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
299:and turned into heroin by reacting it with
151:carried out in secret, and particularly in
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1991:"Methamphetamine Lab Incidents, 2004-2014"
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1457:United States Food and Drug Administration
1292:. New York: United Nations. pp. 8–9.
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1278:
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718:For contaminated moonshine varieties, see
649:Schedule II controlled immediate precursor
387:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
1900:"Methamphetamine Lab Incidents 2004-2012"
1882:
1822:
1820:
1550:
1484:. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, Inc.
403:Learn how and when to remove this message
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
3365:List of medicine contamination incidents
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1175:Clandestine chemistry is not limited to
1124:National Crime Scene Cleanup Association
136:Items found at a meth production lab in
3244:Combined substance use and adulteration
1604:
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1600:
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937:Methamphetamine Lab Seizures in the US
538:and results in the formation of impure
193:by Finnish painter Joseph Alanen (1916)
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1202:clandestine manufacture of chemicals.
1199:Secrets of Methamphetamine Manufacture
514:
434:International Narcotics Control Board
7:
3399:List of reagent testing color charts
3172:
1862:Hiroyuki Inoue; et al. (2008).
632:, truckers, laborers, soldiers, and
58:adding citations to reliable sources
3196:
1995:DEA Drug Enforcement Administration
1609:Cansler, Clay; Pine, Jason (2015).
704:used dangerously by some winemakers
695:that are known to be contaminated.
3287:List of polysubstance combinations
1964:Waterman, Cole (August 14, 2016).
1155:has been found as a by-product of
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25:
1811:National Drug Intelligence Center
613:Federal Bureau of Narcotics (FBN)
3340:Counterfeit illegal drug selling
3195:
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3171:
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2138:"Surprising Clue to Parkinson's"
2021:"Meth lab seizures down in 2012"
1740:"States That Schedule Ephedrine"
1647:National Institute on Drug Abuse
360:
339:Suppliers of precursor chemicals
34:
27:Illegal preparation of chemicals
1289:Psychotropic Substances of 1988
875:Causes of this damage are from
793:with various other substances.
45:needs additional citations for
2182:10.1080/02791072.1998.10399693
2136:Wallis, Claudia (2001-06-24).
1:
2524:Interface and colloid science
2278:Glossary of chemical formulae
2170:Journal of Psychoactive Drugs
1611:"Making sense of making meth"
1179:; it is also associated with
2107:10.1016/0165-1781(79)90006-4
1080:use and for sale to others.
816:) is a crude extract of the
432:Beginning in July 2001, the
2801:Bioorganometallic chemistry
2288:List of inorganic compounds
1481:Encyclopedia of Drug Policy
1453:"Controlled Substances Act"
1142:1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium
465:Operation Purple is a U.S.
383:, discuss the issue on the
3452:
3272:Combined drug intoxication
2727:Dynamic covalent chemistry
2698:Enantioselective synthesis
2678:Physical organic chemistry
2631:Organolanthanide chemistry
1577:Garriott, William (2011).
890:
820:which contains 40% to 91%
782:) is a mixture of regular
748:derivatives—predominantly
717:
559:
553:
512:
458:
3155:
2316:Electroanalytical methods
2273:
1871:Journal of Health Science
1841:10.1016/j.lfs.2014.03.008
1418:Karch, Steven B. (2006).
777:
327:). MDMA can be made from
3304:Polysubstance dependence
3071:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
2987:Supramolecular chemistry
2626:Organometallic chemistry
1531:American Economic Review
138:Fitchburg, Massachusetts
3360:Counterfeit medications
3009:Combinatorial chemistry
2920:Food physical chemistry
2883:Environmental chemistry
2767:Bioorthogonal chemistry
2693:Retrosynthetic analysis
2514:Chemical thermodynamics
2497:Spectroelectrochemistry
2440:Computational chemistry
1223:William Leonard Pickard
1119:Clandestine remediation
901:A common adulterant is
623:As of the early 1990s,
515:§ Black tar heroin
303:. Other drugs (such as
283:are made starting from
258:Psychoactive substances
238:-like liquor made from
69:"Clandestine chemistry"
3250:Combined substance use
3081:of element discoveries
2927:Agricultural chemistry
2915:Carbohydrate chemistry
2806:Bioinorganic chemistry
2671:Alkane stereochemistry
2616:Coordination chemistry
2445:Mathematical chemistry
2311:Instrumental chemistry
1323:World Drug Report 2014
1233:Casey William Hardison
1112:Gross chemical removal
1101:
651:in 1979. Underground
601:over-the-counter (OTC)
584:
425:and acetic anhydride.
423:potassium permanganate
315:can also be made from
194:
141:
3345:Clandestine chemistry
3076:Timeline of chemistry
2973:Post-mortem chemistry
2958:Clandestine chemistry
2888:Atmospheric chemistry
2811:Biophysical chemistry
2643:Solid-state chemistry
2593:Equilibrium chemistry
2502:Photoelectrochemistry
1253:DEA list of chemicals
1248:Cold water extraction
1238:Uncle Fester (author)
1099:
607:under the brand name
593:controlled substances
570:
189:
145:Clandestine chemistry
135:
3066:History of chemistry
3021:Chemical engineering
2796:Bioorganic chemistry
2546:Structural chemistry
2283:List of biomolecules
2221:Clandestine labs FAQ
2150:on February 11, 2007
1543:10.1257/aer.99.1.324
909:HCl, ephedrine HCl,
760:Contaminated cocaine
754:6-monoacetylmorphine
589:controlled substance
461:§ Cocaine paste
381:improve this section
297:acid-base extraction
273:psilocybin mushrooms
220:, the United States
54:improve this article
3089:The central science
3043:Ceramic engineering
2968:Forensic toxicology
2941:Chemistry education
2839:Radiation chemistry
2821:Interdisciplinarity
2774:Medicinal chemistry
2712:Fullerene chemistry
2588:Microwave chemistry
2457:Molecular mechanics
2452:Molecular modelling
2095:Psychiatry Research
1953:. 21 December 2018.
1421:Drug Abuse Handbook
938:
921:, and a mixture of
907:dimethylamphetamine
844:Illicitly produced
263:Precursor chemicals
3426:Illegal drug trade
3132:Chemical substance
2994:Chemical synthesis
2963:Forensic chemistry
2844:Actinide chemistry
2786:Clinical chemistry
2467:Molecular geometry
2462:Molecular dynamics
2417:Elemental analysis
2370:Separation process
2027:. November 5, 2015
1884:10.1248/jhs.54.615
1787:on 19 October 2019
1750:on 23 October 2017
1720:on August 13, 2013
1689:on 10 January 2017
1653:on 14 January 2019
1213:The Hive (website)
1102:
1072:limited budgets.
936:
911:sodium thiosulfate
585:
483:sodium bicarbonate
293:Papaver somniferum
195:
142:
3408:
3407:
3282:Polysubstance use
3257:Active metabolite
3211:
3210:
3147:Quantum mechanics
3112:Chemical compound
3095:Chemical reaction
3033:Materials science
2951:General chemistry
2946:Amateur chemistry
2874:Photogeochemistry
2859:Stellar chemistry
2829:Nuclear chemistry
2750:Molecular biology
2717:Polymer chemistry
2688:Organic synthesis
2683:Organic reactions
2648:Ceramic chemistry
2638:Cluster chemistry
2568:Chemical kinetics
2556:Molecular physics
2435:Quantum chemistry
2348:Mass spectrometry
2001:on 7 January 2017
1336:978-92-1-148277-5
1299:978-92-1-148105-1
1051:
1050:
700:Diethylene glycol
413:
412:
405:
252:Tennessee whiskey
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
3443:
3277:Drug interaction
3267:Combination drug
3238:
3231:
3224:
3215:
3199:
3198:
3187:
3175:
3174:
3163:
3162:
3107:Chemical element
2762:Chemical biology
2621:Magnetochemistry
2598:Mechanochemistry
2551:Chemical physics
2492:Electrochemistry
2397:Characterization
2259:
2252:
2245:
2236:
2208:
2207:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2146:. Archived from
2133:
2127:
2126:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2006:
1997:. Archived from
1987:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1928:. Archived from
1921:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1902:. Archived from
1895:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1868:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1824:
1815:
1814:
1813:. December 2007.
1803:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1773:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1746:. Archived from
1736:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1716:. Archived from
1708:Wallach, Jason.
1705:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1688:
1682:. Archived from
1677:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1649:. Archived from
1639:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1606:
1593:
1592:
1574:
1565:
1564:
1554:
1522:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1402:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1385:. United Nations
1384:
1373:
1362:
1361:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1328:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1282:
1243:Rolling meth lab
1189:acetone peroxide
939:
919:sodium glutamate
903:dimethyl sulfone
893:Rolling meth lab
822:cocaine freebase
781:
731:Black tar heroin
726:Black tar heroin
693:Alcoholic drinks
688:Alcoholic drinks
665:watched chemical
630:motorcycle gangs
562:Rolling meth lab
540:black tar heroin
521:acetic anhydride
408:
401:
397:
394:
388:
364:
363:
356:
301:acetic anhydride
228:areas. The term
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
3451:
3450:
3446:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3431:Science and law
3411:
3410:
3409:
3404:
3395:Reagent testing
3376:
3318:
3245:
3242:
3212:
3207:
3151:
3054:
3048:Polymer science
3004:Click chemistry
2999:Green chemistry
2893:Ocean chemistry
2869:Biogeochemistry
2815:
2731:
2703:Total synthesis
2666:Stereochemistry
2652:
2602:
2519:Surface science
2509:Thermochemistry
2478:
2421:
2392:Crystallography
2297:
2269:
2263:
2217:
2212:
2211:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2153:
2151:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2076:
2074:
2073:. 14 March 2013
2065:
2064:
2060:
2052:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2030:
2028:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2004:
2002:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1974:
1972:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1935:
1933:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1909:
1907:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1866:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1826:
1825:
1818:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1790:
1788:
1775:
1774:
1763:
1753:
1751:
1738:
1737:
1733:
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1721:
1707:
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1702:
1692:
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1641:
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1607:
1596:
1589:
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1506:
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1494:
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1477:
1476:
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1460:
1451:
1450:
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1434:
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1417:
1416:
1412:
1395:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1375:
1374:
1365:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1326:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1284:
1283:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1208:
1173:
1153:Embalming fluid
1150:
1134:
1094:
927:sodium benzoate
915:sodium chloride
899:
891:Main articles:
889:
887:Methamphetamine
842:
799:
767:
762:
728:
723:
716:
690:
685:
677:pseudoephedrine
661:pseudoephedrine
625:methamphetamine
621:
619:Methamphetamine
577:methamphetamine
565:
558:
556:Methamphetamine
552:
517:
511:
463:
457:
442:methamphetamine
418:
409:
398:
392:
389:
378:
365:
361:
354:
341:
313:Methamphetamine
305:methamphetamine
265:
260:
181:
169:clandestine lab
161:organized crime
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3449:
3447:
3439:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3413:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3392:
3386:
3384:
3382:Harm reduction
3378:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3362:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3336:Illegal drugs
3334:
3328:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3233:
3226:
3218:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3193:
3181:
3169:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3092:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3073:
3068:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2960:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2932:Soil chemistry
2924:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2910:Food chemistry
2907:
2905:Carbochemistry
2902:
2900:Clay chemistry
2897:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2861:
2855:Astrochemistry
2851:Cosmochemistry
2848:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2834:Radiochemistry
2825:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2791:Neurochemistry
2788:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2741:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2722:Petrochemistry
2719:
2714:
2709:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2662:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2623:
2618:
2612:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2583:Spin chemistry
2580:
2578:Photochemistry
2575:
2570:
2565:
2563:Femtochemistry
2560:
2559:
2558:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2488:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2437:
2431:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2375:Chromatography
2372:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2318:
2313:
2307:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2293:Periodic table
2290:
2285:
2280:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2254:
2247:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2216:
2215:External links
2213:
2210:
2209:
2195:
2176:(2): 215–219.
2160:
2128:
2101:(3): 249–254.
2084:
2058:
2038:
2012:
1982:
1956:
1942:
1916:
1890:
1877:(6): 615–622.
1854:
1816:
1798:
1761:
1731:
1700:
1664:
1634:
1594:
1587:
1566:
1537:(1): 324–349.
1504:
1491:978-1412976954
1490:
1470:
1459:. 11 June 2009
1444:
1430:
1410:
1363:
1349:
1335:
1312:
1298:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1218:Owsley Stanley
1215:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1172:
1169:
1149:
1146:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1093:
1090:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1004:
1001:
998:
994:
993:
990:
987:
983:
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979:
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965:
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949:
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943:
888:
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841:
838:
798:
795:
766:
763:
761:
758:
727:
724:
715:
712:
711:
710:
689:
686:
684:
681:
636:. Known as a "
620:
617:
551:
548:
510:
507:
456:
453:
440:(ecstasy) and
417:
414:
411:
410:
375:of the subject
373:worldwide view
368:
366:
359:
353:
350:
340:
337:
325:Ephedra sinica
264:
261:
259:
256:
180:
177:
128:
127:
110:September 2014
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3448:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3400:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3390:Drug checking
3388:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3373:
3370:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3321:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3239:
3234:
3232:
3227:
3225:
3220:
3219:
3216:
3204:
3203:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3137:Chemical bond
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3031:
3027:
3026:Stoichiometry
3024:
3023:
3022:
3019:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2982:Nanochemistry
2980:
2979:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2849:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2707:Semisynthesis
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2541:Sonochemistry
2539:
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797:Cocaine paste
796:
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791:hydrochloride
788:
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770:Black cocaine
765:Black cocaine
764:
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683:Contamination
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645:Phenylacetone
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71: –
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65:Find sources:
59:
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49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
3436:Adulteration
3344:
3324:Adulteration
3294:Polypharmacy
3200:
3188:
3176:
3164:
3014:Biosynthesis
2957:
2864:Geochemistry
2779:Pharmacology
2755:Cell biology
2745:Biochemistry
2573:Spectroscopy
2472:VSEPR theory
2321:Spectroscopy
2265:Branches of
2198:
2173:
2169:
2163:
2152:. Retrieved
2148:the original
2141:
2131:
2098:
2094:
2087:
2075:. Retrieved
2070:
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2048:
2041:
2029:. Retrieved
2024:
2015:
2003:. Retrieved
1999:the original
1994:
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1973:. Retrieved
1969:
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1945:
1934:. Retrieved
1930:the original
1919:
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1904:the original
1893:
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1870:
1857:
1835:(2): 81–87.
1832:
1828:
1810:
1801:
1789:. Retrieved
1785:the original
1780:
1752:. Retrieved
1748:the original
1743:
1734:
1722:. Retrieved
1718:the original
1713:
1703:
1691:. Retrieved
1684:the original
1680:Michigan.gov
1679:
1667:
1655:. Retrieved
1651:the original
1646:
1643:"Club Drugs"
1637:
1625:. Retrieved
1620:
1614:
1578:
1534:
1530:
1495:. Retrieved
1480:
1473:
1461:. Retrieved
1456:
1447:
1435:. Retrieved
1420:
1413:
1387:. Retrieved
1378:
1357:
1352:
1340:. Retrieved
1322:
1315:
1303:. Retrieved
1287:
1259:Breaking Bad
1257:
1198:
1195:Uncle Fester
1193:
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1135:
1107:
1103:
1082:
1074:
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1052:
931:
900:
874:
846:desomorphine
843:
826:benzoic acid
813:
809:
805:
800:
778:
768:
753:
743:
729:
691:
673:
669:
642:
622:
597:amphetamines
586:
550:Amphetamines
544:
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370:
346:
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203:distillation
196:
190:
182:
168:
165:black market
153:illegal drug
144:
143:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
3202:WikiProject
2427:Theoretical
2412:Calorimetry
1714:Motherboard
1379:Report 2015
789:or cocaine
708:sweet wines
536:acetic acid
499:diesel fuel
485:instead of
289:opium poppy
3415:Categories
3356:Medicines
3332:Drug fraud
3038:Metallurgy
2737:Biological
2303:Analytical
2154:2010-05-13
2031:10 January
2005:10 January
1975:10 January
1936:2020-11-22
1910:2014-01-19
1791:10 January
1724:August 11,
1623:(4): 36–39
1463:4 November
1267:References
1181:explosives
1171:Explosives
1165:fry sticks
1127:occupants.
881:phosphorus
802:Coca paste
779:coca negra
609:Benzedrine
554:See also:
513:See also:
459:See also:
275:) require
191:Moonshiner
173:laboratory
80:newspapers
3421:Chemistry
3100:Catalysis
2608:Inorganic
2402:Titration
2267:chemistry
2077:9 January
1754:9 January
1693:9 January
1657:9 January
1497:9 January
1437:9 January
1399:cite book
1389:9 January
1342:9 January
1305:9 January
1075:In 2016,
854:synthesis
818:coca leaf
735:free base
714:Moonshine
657:ephedrine
638:club drug
385:talk page
317:ephedrine
285:alkaloids
244:that name
231:moonshine
149:chemistry
3372:Impurity
3299:Polypill
3166:Category
3122:Molecule
3059:See also
2484:Physical
2123:44304872
1849:24650492
1627:23 March
1561:20543969
1206:See also
1077:Michigan
1061:Missouri
945:Seizures
923:caffeine
840:Krokodil
834:kerosene
830:methanol
746:morphine
737:form of
653:chemists
581:caffeine
495:kerosene
491:gasoline
379:You may
277:reagents
269:cannabis
246:, or as
18:Drug lab
3314:Synergy
3309:Prodrug
3178:Commons
3142:Alchemy
2658:Organic
2190:9692385
1552:2883188
1092:Cleanup
870:muscles
784:cocaine
774:Spanish
487:ammonia
471:cocaine
455:Cocaine
416:General
329:safrole
321:ephedra
248:Bourbon
236:whiskey
207:alcohol
199:brewing
179:History
140:in 2009
94:scholar
3350:Lacing
3262:Codrug
3190:Portal
2336:UV-Vis
2225:Erowid
2188:
2121:
2115:298352
2113:
1847:
1585:
1559:
1549:
1488:
1428:
1333:
1296:
1055:Oregon
1047:3,898
1044:11,210
1036:2,481
1033:13,390
1025:2,187
1022:15,196
1014:2,012
1011:12,851
1003:1,519
992:1,112
981:1,804
970:2,162
967:17,619
959:1,659
956:23,829
877:iodine
832:, and
810:basuco
739:heroin
634:ravers
579:, and
528:heroin
509:Heroin
281:heroin
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2363:MALDI
2331:Raman
2119:S2CID
2053:(PDF)
1924:DEA.
1898:DEA.
1867:(PDF)
1687:(PDF)
1676:(PDF)
1383:(PDF)
1327:(PDF)
1177:drugs
1085:DEA's
1000:8,810
989:6,858
978:9,177
925:with
850:toxic
750:6-MAM
733:is a
226:rural
212:From
157:gangs
101:JSTOR
87:books
3117:Atom
2385:HPLC
2186:PMID
2143:Time
2111:PMID
2079:2017
2033:2017
2007:2017
1977:2017
1845:PMID
1793:2017
1756:2017
1726:2013
1695:2017
1659:2017
1629:2018
1583:ISBN
1557:PMID
1499:2017
1486:ISBN
1465:2013
1439:2017
1426:ISBN
1405:link
1391:2017
1344:2017
1331:ISBN
1307:2017
1294:ISBN
1187:and
1138:MPPP
1132:MPPP
1083:The
1041:2012
1030:2011
1019:2010
1008:2009
997:2008
986:2007
975:2006
964:2005
953:2004
942:Year
895:and
868:and
866:bone
858:skin
806:paco
787:base
497:and
438:MDMA
309:MDMA
307:and
271:and
240:corn
218:1933
214:1919
201:and
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3127:Ion
2358:ICP
2341:NMR
2223:at
2178:doi
2103:doi
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1837:doi
1833:102
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1539:doi
1163:or
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1148:PCP
1053:In
948:kg
814:oxi
706:in
659:or
605:SKF
573:BZP
467:DEA
250:or
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