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holes. Mitra proposes that in his formulation since a mathematical zero-mass black hole requires infinite proper time to form, continued gravitational collapse becomes eternal, and the observed black hole candidates must instead be eternally collapsing objects (ECOs). For physical realization of this, he argued that in an extremely relativistic regime, continued collapse must be slowed to a near halt by
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372:. Chris Reynolds of the University of Maryland has criticised the MECO interpretation, suggesting instead that the apparent hole in the disc could be filled with very hot, tenuous gas, which would not radiate much and would be hard to see; however, Leiter in turn questions the viability of Reynolds's interpretation.
325:
M = 0. He argued that all proposed black holes are instead quasi-black holes rather than exact black holes and that during the gravitational collapse to a black hole, the entire mass energy and angular momentum of the collapsing objects is radiated away before formation of exact mathematical black
380:
Mitra's hypothesis that black holes cannot form is based in part on the argument that in order for a black hole to form, the collapsing matter must travel faster than the speed of light with respect to a fixed observer. In 2002, Paulo
Crawford and Ismael Tereno cited this as an example of a "wrong
266:
initially proposed by Indian scientist Abhas Mitra in 1998 and later generalized by
American researchers Darryl J. Leiter and Stanley L. Robertson. A proposed observable difference between MECOs and black holes is that a MECO can produce its own intrinsic
305:
In fact, the collapse gets slower and slower, so a singularity could only form in an infinite future. Unlike a black hole, the MECO never fully collapses. Rather, according to the model it slows down and enters an eternal collapse.
396:
of a black hole, it is not possible for such an observer to remain fixed; all observers are drawn toward the black hole. Mitra argues that he has proven that the world-line of an in-falling test particle would tend to be
1054:
Schild, Rudolph E.; Leiter, Darryl J.; Robertson, Stanley L. (2006). "Observations supporting the existence of an intrinsic magnetic moment inside the central compact object within the Quasar Q0957+561".
49:
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Leiter, Darryl J.; Robertson, Stanley L. (2003). "Does the principle of equivalence prevent trapped surfaces from being formed in the general relativistic collapse process?".
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Mitra, Abhas; Robertson, Stanley L. (November 2006). "Sources of stellar energy, Einstein
Eddington timescale of gravitational contraction and eternally collapsing objects".
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287:, with a large amount of matter collapsing inward toward a single point. However, as it becomes smaller and denser, a MECO does not form an
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Mitra, Abhas (2006). "Why gravitational contraction must be accompanied by emission of radiation in both
Newtonian and Einstein gravity".
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Mitra, Abhas (2000). "Non-occurrence of trapped surfaces and black holes in spherical gravitational collapse: An abridged version".
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321:. In this paper, Mitra proposes that so-called black holes are eternally collapsing while Schwarzschild black holes have a
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claimed in 2006 to have found evidence consistent with an intrinsic magnetic field from the black hole candidate in the
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Mitra provides a review of the evolution of black hole alternatives including his model of eternal collapse and MECOs.
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Mitra, Abhas; Singh, K. K. (2013). "The Mass of the
Oppenheimer-Snyder Hole: Only Finite Mass Quasi-Black Holes".
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Crawford, Paulo; Tereno, Ismael (2002). "Generalized observers and velocity measurements in
General Relativity".
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890:"Likely formation of general relativistic radiation pressure supported stars or 'eternally collapsing objects'"
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Mitra, Abhas (1998). "Final state of spherical gravitational collapse and likely sources of Gamma Ray bursts".
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A MECO can carry electric and magnetic properties, has a finite size, can carry angular momentum and rotate.
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As the matter becomes denser and hotter, it glows more brightly. Eventually its interior approaches the
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Mitra's paper claiming non-occurrence of event horizons and exact black holes later appeared in
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754:"Radiation pressure supported stars in Einstein gravity: eternally collapsing objects"
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Mitra, Abhas (2002). "On the final state of spherical gravitational collapse".
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688:"A generic relation between baryonic and radiative energy densities of stars"
271:. An uncharged black hole cannot produce its own magnetic field, though its
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Mitra, Abhas (2009). "Quantum information paradox: Real or fictitious?".
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In the theoretical model a MECO begins to form in much the same way as a
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at the event horizon, independent of the definition of "velocity".
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is sufficient to slow the inward collapse almost to a standstill.
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Monthly
Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters
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Monthly
Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters
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and widespread view", and explain that in order for a
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and explaining the responses to the fringe theories.
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758:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
385:to be valid, the observer must be moving along a
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1030:"Mysterious quasar casts doubt on black holes"
2192:
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888:Mitra, Abhas; Glendenning, Norman K. (2010).
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617:
615:
8:
949:The Rise and Fall of the Black Hole Paradigm
173:"Magnetospheric eternally collapsing object"
951:. Pan Macmillan Publishing India Pvt. Ltd.
442:
440:
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2424:
2199:
2185:
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1785:Magnetospheric eternally collapsing object
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256:magnetospheric eternally collapsing object
1167:International Journal of Modern Physics D
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242:Learn how and when to remove this message
224:Learn how and when to remove this message
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
1023:
1021:
436:
160:Please improve this article by adding
7:
2161:
1113:General Relativity and Gravitation
25:
45:This article has multiple issues.
27:Alternative model for black holes
3688:
3678:
3677:
2160:
2151:
2150:
1449:Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit
1320:
925:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2010.00833.x
789:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10332.x
723:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2006.00141.x
138:
75:
34:
1566:Innermost stable circular orbit
53:or discuss these issues on the
1992:Timeline of black hole physics
576:Foundations of Physics Letters
523:Foundations of Physics Letters
474:Foundations of Physics Letters
262:) is an alternative model for
1:
3590:Timeline of stellar astronomy
1760:Nonsingular black hole models
298:. At this point the internal
162:secondary or tertiary sources
974:Pramana - Journal of Physics
860:10.1016/j.newast.2006.08.001
319:Pramana - Journal of Physics
102:or discuss the issue on the
3250:Hertzsprung–Russell diagram
1982:Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer
1947:Hypercompact stellar system
1937:Gamma-ray burst progenitors
376:Reception of the MECO model
18:Eternally collapsing object
3747:
3164:Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism
1668:Black hole complementarity
1635:Bousso's holographic bound
1620:Quasi-periodic oscillation
1318:
1312:Malament–Hogarth spacetime
658:10.1103/PhysRevD.74.024010
3673:
2427:
2214:
2146:
1539:Gravitational singularity
1241:
1187:10.1142/S0218271813500545
1004:10.1007/s12043-009-0113-9
3543:With multiple exoplanets
2123:PSO J030947.49+271757.31
2048:SDSS J150243.09+111557.3
1581:Blandford–Znajek process
2329:Asymptotic giant branch
1379:Active galactic nucleus
1144:10.1023/A:1021131401034
598:10.1023/A:1024170711427
553:10.1023/A:1023968113757
497:10.1023/A:1007810414531
363:Center for Astrophysics
3665:Tidal disruption event
3154:Circumstellar envelope
2388:Luminous blue variable
2007:Tidal disruption event
1977:Supermassive dark star
1895:Black holes in fiction
1880:Outline of black holes
1513:Supermassive dark star
1432:Gravitational collapse
346:Observational evidence
149:relies excessively on
94:to the mainstream view
3190:Effective temperature
1885:Black Hole Initiative
1698:Holographic principle
1028:Shiga, David (2006).
947:Mitra, Abhas (2021).
752:Mitra, Abhas (2006).
686:Mitra, Abhas (2006).
3660:Planet-hosting stars
3538:With resolved images
3509:Historical brightest
3439:Photometric-standard
3365:Solar radio emission
3159:Eddington luminosity
2939:Triple-alpha process
2877:Thorne–Żytkow object
2252:Young stellar object
1688:Final parsec problem
1647:Schwarzschild radius
1058:Astronomical Journal
392:. At or inside the
3484:Highest temperature
3255:Color–color diagram
3120:Protoplanetary disk
2924:Proton–proton chain
2602:Chemically peculiar
1987:Superluminal motion
1962:Population III star
1932:Gravitational waves
1890:Black hole starship
1673:Information paradox
1179:2013IJMPD..2250054M
1136:2002GReGr..34.2075C
1081:2006AJ....132..420S
996:2009Prama..73..615M
916:2010MNRAS.404L..50M
842:2006NewA...12..146M
780:2006MNRAS.369..492M
714:2006MNRAS.367L..66M
650:2006PhRvD..74b4010M
545:2002FoPhL..15..439M
3731:Hypothetical stars
3489:Lowest temperature
3240:Photometric system
3210:Absolute magnitude
3144:Circumstellar dust
2757:Stellar black hole
2393:Stellar population
2279:Herbig–Haro object
1821:Optical black hole
1734:Reissner–Nordström
1693:Firewall (physics)
1598:Gravitational lens
383:frame of reference
328:radiation pressure
323:gravitational mass
300:radiation pressure
92:appropriate weight
3703:
3702:
3606:Substellar object
3585:Planetary nebulae
3004:Luminous red nova
2914:Deuterium burning
2900:
2899:
2383:Instability strip
2363:Wolf-Rayet nebula
2317:Horizontal branch
2262:Pre-main-sequence
2174:
2173:
1967:Supermassive star
1957:Naked singularity
1952:Membrane paradigm
1678:Cosmic censorship
1652:Spaghettification
1640:Immirzi parameter
1593:Hawking radiation
1534:Astrophysical jet
1503:Supermassive star
1493:Binary black hole
1427:Stellar evolution
1369:Intermediate-mass
628:Physical Review D
279:Theoretical model
252:
251:
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132:
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90:, without giving
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16:(Redirected from
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3695:Stars portal
3693:
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3681:
3680:
3337:Planetary system
3260:Strömgren sphere
3132:Asteroseismology
2853:Black hole star
2425:
2351:Planetary nebula
2312:Red-giant branch
2201:
2194:
2187:
2178:
2164:
2163:
2154:
2153:
1826:Sonic black hole
1775:Dark-energy star
1630:Bekenstein bound
1615:M–sigma relation
1544:Ring singularity
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1221:
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1205:
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1072:astro-ph/0505518
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833:astro-ph/0608178
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488:astro-ph/9910408
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454:astro-ph/9803014
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416:Firewall paradox
411:Apparent horizon
313:Eternal collapse
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3563:Milky Way novae
3499:Smallest volume
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3424:Radial velocity
3347:
3341:
3293:Common envelope
3269:
3168:
3137:Helioseismology
3108:Bipolar outflow
3049:Microturbulence
3044:Convection zone
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2919:Lithium burning
2906:Nucleosynthesis
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2242:Molecular cloud
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2118:ULAS J1342+0928
2078:SDSS J0849+1114
2063:Phoenix Cluster
2016:
1868:
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1809:
1748:
1707:
1703:No-hair theorem
1656:
1610:Bondi accretion
1576:Penrose process
1522:
1488:Gamma-ray burst
1415:
1325:
1316:
1302:Direct collapse
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1120:(12): 2075–88.
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426:No-hair theorem
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332:Eddington limit
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296:Eddington limit
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155:primary sources
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100:help improve it
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88:fringe theories
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39:
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23:
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3721:Fringe physics
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3494:Largest volume
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3349:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3312:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3279:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3205:Magnetic field
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3115:Accretion disk
3112:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3091:Alfvén surface
3088:
3086:Stellar corona
3083:
3078:
3073:
3063:
3061:Radiation zone
3058:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3041:
3035:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2910:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2859:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2799:
2794:
2788:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2759:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2730:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2708:
2703:
2697:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2683:Blue straggler
2680:
2679:
2678:
2668:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2599:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2538:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2441:Main sequence
2439:
2434:
2428:
2422:
2420:Classification
2416:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2356:Protoplanetary
2348:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2314:
2309:
2303:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2233:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2196:
2189:
2181:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2158:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2138:Swift J1644+57
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2088:MS 0735.6+7421
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2053:Sagittarius A*
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1840:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1632:
1627:
1625:Thermodynamics
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1595:
1590:
1588:Accretion disk
1585:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1536:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1451:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1434:
1429:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1371:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1344:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1262:BTZ black hole
1258:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1248:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1223:
1216:
1208:
1201:
1200:
1173:(9): 1350054.
1157:
1102:
1089:10.1086/504898
1046:
1017:
980:(3): 615–622.
964:
958:978-9389104141
957:
939:
900:(1): L50–L54.
873:
826:(2): 146–160.
803:
764:(1): 492–496.
737:
698:(1): L66–L68.
671:
611:
566:
529:(5): 439–471.
510:
460:
435:
433:
430:
429:
428:
423:
418:
413:
406:
403:
377:
374:
352:Rudolph Schild
347:
344:
339:
338:Magnetic field
336:
314:
311:
280:
277:
273:accretion disk
269:magnetic field
250:
249:
232:
231:
146:
144:
137:
130:
129:
83:
81:
74:
69:
43:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3743:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3684:
3676:
3675:
3672:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3655:Intergalactic
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3635:Galactic year
3633:
3629:
3626:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3597:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3532:
3529:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3514:Most luminous
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3472:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3429:Proper motion
3427:
3425:
3422:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3392:Constellation
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3360:Solar eclipse
3358:
3357:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3346:Earth-centric
3344:
3338:
3335:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3272:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3113:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3028:
3022:
3019:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2944:Alpha process
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2775:
2772:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2716:Helium planet
2714:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2706:Parker's star
2704:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2637:Lambda Boötis
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2480:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2403:Superluminous
2401:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2307:Main sequence
2305:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2284:Hayashi track
2282:
2280:
2277:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2209:
2202:
2197:
2195:
2190:
2188:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2167:
2159:
2157:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2113:Markarian 501
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2038:XTE J1118+480
2036:
2034:
2033:XTE J1650-500
2031:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1720:
1719:Schwarzschild
1717:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1561:Photon sphere
1559:
1557:
1556:Event horizon
1554:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1482:
1481:Related links
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1459:Related links
1457:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1442:Related links
1440:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1267:Schwarzschild
1265:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1229:
1224:
1222:
1217:
1215:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1161:
1158:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1127:gr-qc/0111073
1123:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1106:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1065:(1): 420–32.
1064:
1060:
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3558:White dwarfs
3548:Brown dwarfs
3531:Most distant
3479:Most massive
3457:Proper names
3417:Photographic
3370:Solar System
3348:observations
3275:Star systems
3098:Stellar wind
3081:Chromosphere
3054:Oscillations
2934:Helium flash
2784:Hypothetical
2762:X-ray binary
2701:Compact star
2536:Bright giant
2289:Henyey track
2267:Herbig Ae/Be
2068:PKS 1302-102
1942:Gravity well
1910:Compact star
1864:Microquasars
1849:Most massive
1784:
1753:Alternatives
1518:X-ray binary
1437:Neutron star
1374:Supermassive
1351:Hawking star
1292:Supermassive
1170:
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1037:. Retrieved
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47:Please help
44:
3716:Black holes
3611:Brown dwarf
3387:Circumpolar
3265:Kraft break
3245:Color index
3220:Metallicity
3180:Designation
3149:Cosmic dust
3071:Photosphere
2837:Dark-energy
2812:Electroweak
2797:Black dwarf
2728:Radio-quiet
2711:White dwarf
2597:White dwarf
2247:Bok globule
2058:Centaurus A
2012:Planet Nine
1915:Exotic star
1844:Black holes
1790:Planck star
1739:Kerr–Newman
1454:White dwarf
1404:Radio-Quiet
1362:Microquasar
1235:Black holes
421:Planck star
360:Smithsonian
350:Astronomer
264:black holes
3726:Star types
3710:Categories
3573:Candidates
3568:Supernovae
3553:Red dwarfs
3412:Extinction
3200:Kinematics
3195:Luminosity
3173:Properties
3066:Atmosphere
2964:Si burning
2954:Ne burning
2892:White hole
2865:Quasi-star
2792:Blue dwarf
2647:Technetium
2563:Hypergiant
2541:Supergiant
2108:Q0906+6930
2098:Hercules A
2028:Cygnus X-1
1997:White hole
1972:Quasi-star
1925:Preon star
1920:Quark star
1905:Big Bounce
1765:Black star
1723:Derivation
1571:Ergosphere
1527:Properties
1508:Quasi-star
1498:Quark star
1409:Radio-Loud
1297:Primordial
1287:Kugelblitz
1039:2 December
582:(2): 143.
481:(6): 543.
432:References
285:black hole
184:newspapers
151:references
50:improve it
3504:Brightest
3402:Magnitude
3382:Pole star
3303:Symbiotic
3298:Eclipsing
3230:Starlight
3031:Structure
3021:Supernova
3014:Micronova
3009:Recurrent
2994:Symbiotic
2979:p-process
2974:r-process
2969:s-process
2959:O burning
2949:C burning
2929:CNO cycle
2872:Gravastar
2408:Hypernova
2398:Supernova
2373:Dredge-up
2346:Blue loop
2339:super-AGB
2322:Red clump
2299:Evolution
2257:Protostar
2237:Accretion
2229:Formation
2133:AT2018hyz
1780:Gravastar
1770:Dark star
1603:Microlens
1476:Hypernova
1471:Micronova
1466:Supernova
1420:Formation
1195:118493061
1097:119355221
1012:119117345
987:0911.3518
934:119164101
907:1003.3518
846:CiteSeerX
666:119364634
606:123650253
561:119363978
399:lightlike
390:worldline
370:Q0957+561
214:July 2021
112:July 2021
104:talk page
56:talk page
3683:Category
3578:Remnants
3474:Extremes
3434:Parallax
3407:Apparent
3397:Asterism
3375:Sunlight
3325:Globular
3310:Multiple
3235:Variable
3225:Rotation
3185:Dynamics
3076:Starspot
2750:Magnetar
2693:Remnants
2509:Subgiant
2482:Subdwarf
2334:post-AGB
2156:Category
2043:A0620-00
2002:Wormhole
1900:Big Bang
1800:Fuzzball
1683:ER = EPR
1549:Theorems
1347:Electron
1342:Extremal
1272:Rotating
868:15066591
798:16271230
505:13945362
405:See also
387:timelike
3650:Gravity
3599:Related
3519:Nearest
3467:Chinese
3315:Cluster
3288:Contact
3125:Proplyd
2999:Remnant
2887:Blitzar
2861:Hawking
2817:Strange
2767:Burster
2723:Neutron
2676:Extreme
2627:He-weak
2272:T Tauri
2166:Commons
2128:P172+18
2083:TON 618
2021:Notable
1873:Related
1859:Quasars
1854:Nearest
1814:Analogs
1744:Hayward
1712:Metrics
1357:Stellar
1282:Virtual
1277:Charged
1246:Outline
1175:Bibcode
1152:2556392
1132:Bibcode
1077:Bibcode
992:Bibcode
912:Bibcode
838:Bibcode
776:Bibcode
732:8776989
710:Bibcode
646:Bibcode
541:Bibcode
356:Harvard
354:of the
330:at the
198:scholar
98:Please
3640:Galaxy
3628:Planet
3616:Desert
3524:bright
3462:Arabic
3283:Binary
3103:Bubble
2827:Planck
2802:Exotic
2738:Binary
2733:Pulsar
2671:Helium
2632:Barium
2575:Carbon
2568:Yellow
2556:Yellow
2529:Yellow
2368:PG1159
2103:3C 273
2093:NeVe 1
2073:OJ 287
1795:Q star
1661:Issues
1394:Blazar
1384:Quasar
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3645:Guest
3449:Lists
3330:Super
2984:Fusor
2857:Black
2842:Quark
2822:Preon
2807:Boson
2743:X-ray
2659:Shell
2612:Ap/Bp
2514:Giant
2432:Early
2378:OH/IR
2208:Stars
1836:Lists
1337:Micro
1307:Rogue
1255:Types
1191:S2CID
1148:S2CID
1122:arXiv
1093:S2CID
1067:arXiv
1008:S2CID
982:arXiv
930:S2CID
902:arXiv
864:S2CID
828:arXiv
794:S2CID
766:arXiv
728:S2CID
700:arXiv
662:S2CID
636:arXiv
602:S2CID
584:arXiv
557:S2CID
531:arXiv
501:S2CID
483:arXiv
449:arXiv
275:can.
205:JSTOR
191:books
3320:Open
3215:Mass
3039:Core
2989:Nova
2882:Iron
2832:Dark
2642:Lead
2622:HgMn
2617:CEMP
2546:Blue
2519:Blue
2437:Late
2219:List
1805:Geon
1729:Kerr
1330:Size
1041:2014
953:ISBN
260:MECO
254:The
177:news
3621:Sub
3355:Sun
2774:SGR
2551:Red
2524:Red
1399:OVV
1389:LQG
1183:doi
1140:doi
1085:doi
1063:132
1000:doi
920:doi
898:404
856:doi
784:doi
762:369
718:doi
696:367
654:doi
594:doi
549:doi
493:doi
153:to
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2654:Be
2607:Am
2590:CH
2585:CN
2504:OB
2499:WR
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