Human rights in Ethiopia - Knowledge (XXG)

724:(PDRE), a Marxist–Leninist one-party state that was dominated by the military and former Derg members. The PDRE Constitution outlined basic rights and freedoms, including freedom of speech, press, and assembly; freedom of conscience and religion; and the rights of the accused and arrested. Due to the PDRE's socialist ideology, the PDRE Constitution emphasized socioeconomic and cultural rights, such as the right to free education; the right to healthcare; and the freedom to participate in science, technology, and the arts. However, the same rights established in the PDRE Constitution were violated by Mengistu's military state. 2900: 743:(Ethiopian Red Terror), a violent political repression campaign targeting the EPRP. Under Mengistu's leadership, the Derg did not only rely on state personnel to carry out the Qey Shibir; it also armed militias and civilian supporters and granted "genuine revolutionaries and patriots" impunity, further localizing state violence. The Qey Shibir resulted in 50,000 fatalities. In addition, many victims of the Qey Shibir were subjected to torture, exile, and sexual assault. The Qey Shibir and the 766:. Following the blueprint laid out by the Transitional Period Charter, the 1995 Constitution established an ethnic federal system. Like the Charter, the 1995 Constitution draws from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights while also establishing protections of group rights. Articles 14 through 44 of the 1995 Constitution codify "fundamental rights and freedoms," with Articles 14 through 28 pertaining to "human rights" and articles 29 through 44 establishing "democratic rights." 755:, Article 1 of the Charter guaranteed basic rights and civil liberties, specifically freedom of expression, association, and assembly; freedom of conscience; and the right to "unrestricted" political participation and party organization, "provided the exercise of such right does not infringe upon the rights of others." The Charter also addressed the state of interethnic relations in Ethiopia. Article 17 of the Charter stated that the 1065:

receive more than ten percent of their funding from foreign sources. Given that most local NGO's cannot sustain themselves without some foreign funding, this definition is broad enough to include almost all NGO's in Ethiopia. However, the government of Ethiopia itself receives 50 to 60 percent of its national budget from foreign governments, which according to its own definition would clearly make it a foreign entity as well.

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association and expression." The Charities and Societies Proclamation No. 621/2009 of Ethiopia (Civil Society Law or CSO law) was enacted on 6 January 2009. The 2009 CSO law was part of the many measures behind the government's post-2005 authoritarian turn and sought to and to some degree succeeded in either dominating independent civil society or replacing them with Government Owned Non-Governmental Organizations (GONGOs).

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groups. Detainees were also subjected to spend time immersed in latrine pits of human feces. In the Awash Arba Prison, they were overcrowded, unfed, beaten, and forced to do manual labor. In addition, the detainees spent time outside walking barefoot and sitting in the sun for consecutive days. In Kilinto, the prisoners were forced to give confessions at the threat of physical punishment, while being mistreated.

197: 1408:. Ethiopia has been a socially conservative country. The majority of people are hostile towards LGBT people and persecution is commonplace on the grounds of religious and societal norms. Homosexuality came to light in the country after the failed 2008 appeal to the Council of Ministers, and the LGBT scene began to thrive slightly in major metropolitan locations, such as Addis Ababa. Some notable hotels like 1076:(EWLA) which provided pro bono service to Ethiopian women who could not afford a lawyer. Despite the fact that Article 31 of the Ethiopian Constitution provides that "every person has the right to freedom of association for any cause or purpose", the prohibition of NGO's by the CSO Law has had the effect of severely restricting citizens' right of association, as members of NGO's can not associate freely. 654: 35: 137: 759:(TGE) would work to de-escalate ethnic conflict as it led the country toward a full democracy. Article 2 proclaimed the rights of ethnic groups in Ethiopia, which are officially referred to as nations or nationalities. Among the rights granted to all Ethiopian "nations, nationalities, and peoples" was the right to self-determination, including the right to secede. 2696: 2772: 801:. Amnesty International believes that at least 108 journalists and opposition members were arrested in 2011 primarily because of their legitimate and peaceful criticism of the government. The sheer numbers involved in this wave of arrests represents the most far-reaching crackdown on freedom of expression seen in many years in Ethiopia. 873:. There was political violence: One candidate and several activists were killed. Registration as candidates was reportedly prevented by armed forces. Opposition parties said that their members were harassed, beaten, and detained by the EPRDF in the build-up to the elections. Hundreds of people were allegedly arrested arbitrarily in the 2753: 2715: 805:

in 2011 came in the days immediately after individuals publicly criticized the government, were involved in public calls for reform, applied for permission to hold demonstrations, or attempted to conduct investigative journalism in a region of Ethiopia to which the government severely restricts access.

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This law prohibits "foreign" NGO's from engaging in a very wide range of activities including human rights, women's rights, children's rights, disability rights, citizenship rights, conflict resolution or democratic governance. The definition of "foreign" NGO was broadened to include local NGOs that

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report indicates that the prisoners were malnourished, beaten, and kept in small confines that promoted rampant disease spread. The former head of the prison Shamaahiye Sheikh Farah was arrested in September 2018 for his role in the prison. Shamaahiye's most infamous incident of torture was having a

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In the 2017 HRCO report, the conditions of the Finote Selam Prison in Amhara, the Awash Arba Prison, and Kilinto Prison, were revealed. In the Finote Selam Prison the reports indicated the detainees were beaten and tortured, and the Amahara and Oromo ethnicities were given worse treatment than other

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released a report accusing the Ethiopian government of forcing the relocation of "hundreds of thousands of indigenous people from their lands" in the Gambela Region. According to several reports by the organization, those who refused were the subject of a variety of intimidation techniques including

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According to a paper by the Center for International Human Rights at Northwestern University School of Law, "The CSO law is the product of the Ethiopian government's deep suspicion of civil society" and has been frequently used to silence any organization that advocates for human rights in Ethiopia.

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Between 2005 and 2007, at least 18 journalists who had written articles critical of the government, were arrested on genocide and treason charges. The government used press laws governing libel to intimidate journalists who were critical of its policies. Authorities used concerns over insurgency and

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Amnesty International believes the individuals will not receive a fair trial and will be convicted for exercising their right to freedom of expression. Many of the detainees complained that they experienced torture and were forced to sign confessions or incriminating evidence. Almost all were denied

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In a 2017 HRCO report, detention centers in Ethiopia came under scrutiny. The prisons are overcrowded, for example a prison in Asella has a capacity of 400 people, but holds 3000 detainees. The prisoners were beaten and some killed, like Ayele Beyene in Kilinto who was beaten by guards and then his

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the polls were preceded by months of intimidation of opposition party supporters. According to European election observers, the election fell short of international standards. The government had a five-year strategy to systematically close down space for political dissent and independent criticism.

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From March 2011 to December 2011 at least 108 opposition party members and six journalists were arrested in Ethiopia for alleged involvement with various proscribed terrorist groups. The detainees had been charged with crimes under the Anti-Terrorism Proclamation and the Criminal Code. Many arrests

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Following the State of Emergency declared in 2016, there were reports of thousands of deaths of citizens. After protests in Oromo, Amhara, and the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's region, The Ethiopian Human Rights Council reported that there were 669 deaths on aggregate. According to

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destroyed, is preventing sexual violence survivors from obtaining essential care. The report named “I Always Remember That Day: Access to Services for Gender-Based Violence Survivors in Ethiopia's Tigray Region,” documents the serious health impact, trauma, and stigma experienced by rape survivors

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unlawful use of force has become a recent phenomena in Ethiopia. During the Derg regime, the security sector had a primary role to repress opposition groups and rebel rivals. There have also been sightings of abusing the local population. The violation also existed during the EPRDF era; in the

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The EPRDF took power in 1991 with the promise of a transitional program that would rehabilitate those negatively impacted by the previous regime, promote democracy, and recognize and protect human and minority group rights. The Transitional Period Charter, which was adopted during the post-war

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The trials have become deeply politicized owing to the interest of senior government officials including the Prime Minister who declared in the national parliament that all the defendants are guilty. The Prime Minister has publicly threatened to carry out further arrests. In the first week of

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passed the "Charities and Societies Proclamation (NGO law)", which "criminalizes most human rights work in the country" according to HRW, who added that "the law is a direct rebuke to governments that assist Ethiopia and that had expressed concerns about the law's restrictions on freedom of

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wounds were ignored which eventually led to his death. Once people are placed in the prison system their families have little knowledge of their whereabouts. Detainees in some places cannot receive visitors and there is no database or organization to find the location of prisoners.

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Ethiopia after Meles: Democracy and Human Rights: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Africa, Global Health, Global Human Rights, and International Organizations of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, First Session, 20 June

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The 1982 report covers the year 1981 and the first half of 1982, and the following 1984 report covers the second half of 1982 and the whole of 1983. In the interest of simplicity, these two aberrant "year and a half" reports have been split into three-year-long reports through

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took place. In this, it was claimed that the Ethiopian police massacred almost 200 opposition protesters, who were protesting in response to the May 2005 General Elections. During this, live gunfire from government forces was directed at protesters and bystanders.

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responded with a big press release stating that they performed an investigation during August and September of that year, which "found no trace of serious human rights violation let alone war crimes or crimes against humanity" during their response to the

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prime ministership that started in April 2018, thousands of political prisoners were released in May 2018. The rate of imprisonment of journalists during Abiy's first year of power dropped for the first time since 2004. In April 2019, the media remained

2620: 2582: 2525: 700:, as well as six Codes that remain fundamental to Ethiopia's laws today. However, both the 1931 Constitution and the 1955 Constitution systematized the power of the Emperor, leaving out what rights and freedoms his subjects should possess. 2810: 3950: 1457:, 193 people were killed by police forces initiated by government crackdown. In Article 52 of the Constitution, the Federal Police was obligated to administer state police force and maintain public order and peace within the state. 1094:) and requiring inspection of any imported voice communications equipment. Additionally, it prohibits "bypasses the telecom infrastructure established by the telecom service provider", which restricts Internet access to only the 1061:

This law is more draconian than a similar Russian law and is most similar to a draft of a Zimbabwean NGO bill that was never signed into law. Research indicates that Ethiopia's CSO law is among the most restrictive in the world.

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In October 2016, many Ethiopians protested against the government after they prohibited use of social media, and banned several television channels. As a result, hundreds of people were killed and hundreds more imprisoned.

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In December 2009, Martin Schibbye and Johan Persson were convicted for "rendering support to terrorism" and entering the country illegally "to commit an act that is a threat to the well-being of the people of Ethiopia."

5709:"United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11c. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. New York, 25 May 2000" 1360:. An additional 2.1 million hectares of land is available through the federal government's land bank for agricultural investment. In Gambella, 42 percent of the land is marketed for investors. A similar 2012 report by 907:

Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of

5859:"United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11d. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a communications procedure . New York, 19 December 2011. New York, 10 December 2008" 1171:, "ritually impure". The latter are believed to exert an evil influence upon others; disabled infants have traditionally been murdered without a proper burial. The Karo officially banned the practice in July 2012. 951:

In 2012, Reeyot Alemu Gobebo, a journalist for Feteh, was convicted on three counts under the terrorism law and initially sentenced to 14 years in prison. This sentence was reduced to 5 years on appeal. Status: In

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established a military dictatorship that subjected its political opponents to "arbitrary arrests and detentions, torture, enforced disappearances and extra-judicial execution." Five years later, Mengistu began the

2504: 3623: 5619:"United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 13. International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families. New York, 18 December 1990" 5679:"United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11b. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict. New York, 25 May 2000" 4072:, Yalemzewd Bekele Mulat, Cherice Hopkins, and Liane Ngin Noble, Sandra Babcock and Nicolas Martinez (eds.), Center for International Human Rights, Northwestern University School of Law, November 2009. 4094: 925:

stated in 2007 that citizens had little access to media other than the state-owned networks, and most private newspapers struggled to remain open and suffered periodic harassment from the government.

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plays a frontal role in opposition; some of its members formed anti-gay organizations. For example, Dereje Negash, one prominent activist, founded "Zim Anlem" in 2014, which is a traditionalism and

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According to the 2005 Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey, more than 74% of women between the ages of 15 and 49 have undergone some form of genital mutilation and cutting with more than 97% in the

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led to Ethiopia having the largest number of people to flee their homes in the world in 2018. About 1.4 million refugees fled their homes in Ethiopia in 2018. The largest number were from the

5649:"United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 8b. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. New York, 6 October 1999" 2913: 1122: 1011:

counted 33 detentions of journalists. Most were released on bail, some without charges. The longest detention prior to bail among those listed was that of Kenyan freelance journalist

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became Prime Minister and promised multiple reforms in terms of human rights. In 2018, his government freed thousands of political prisoners, lifted the state of emergency, ended the

5768: 5678: 5858: 5829:"United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 3a. Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. New York, 10 December 2008" 5708: 5529:"United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 9. Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. New York, 10 December 1984" 5828: 5799:"United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 16. International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance. New York, 20 December 2006" 5798: 5648: 1431:, 97 percent of Ethiopians believe homosexuality is a way of life that society should not accept. This was the second-highest rate of non-acceptance in the 45 countries surveyed. 5738: 5618: 5588: 5558: 5438: 5408: 3765: 933:

terrorism to use torture, imprisonment, and other repressive methods to silence critics following the election, particularly people sympathetic to the registered opposition party

5528: 5498: 5468: 5378: 5348: 5318: 5288: 2791: 747:, an event partly created and exacerbated by the government's military policies, increased popular support for the EPRDF, which successfully overthrew Mengistu's regime in 1991. 5469:"United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 7. International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid. New York, 30 November 1973" 1319:, where about 800,000 mostly ethnic Gedeos fled the district of West Guji in Oromia, a higher number and over a shorter period of time, than occurred at the height of Myanmar's 6259: 6029: 2563: 732: 4305: 5769:"United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 15a. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. New York, 13 December 2006" 4750: 1323:

the year before. The government pressures the refugees to return to their homes even though they fear for their lives, often by denying refugees access to humanitarian aid.

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Ethiopia's Anti-Terrorism Proclamation was introduced in 2009. The broad provisions of the Anti-Terrorism Proclamation allow the authorities to criminalize the exercise of

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of Ethiopia. Jail Ogaden was operated under the former leader of the Somali Region, Abdi Mohamoud Omar, with many of the imprisoned there without charges against them. A

1348:. Its richly fertile soil has attracted foreign and domestic investors who have leased large tracts of land at favorable prices. From 2008 through January 2011, Ethiopia 4806: 944:

In 2011, Hellman-Hammett Award winner Woubshet Taye Abebe was arrested. He was charged under the anti-terrorism law. Before his arrest, he was the deputy editor of the

5499:"United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 8. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. New York, 18 December 1979" 4487: 4553: 4124: 712:'s planned transition to a civil government, forming a Commission for the Establishment of the Worker's Party in 1979 and declaring a socialist republic, led by the 4784: 2975: 1520:

On 30 June 2020, Amnesty International called upon the Ethiopian authorities to thoroughly and impartially investigate the 29 June killing of popular Oromo singer

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called the new accusations "dubious", and the One Free Press Coalition highlighted him in its May 2020 list of "10 Most Urgent" list of journalists under attack.

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The number of adults (all were 18 to 64 years of age) surveyed in Ethiopia was 710, yielding a margin of error of 4 percent with a 95 percent confidence level.

6669: 6014: 5891: 5289:"United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 1. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. Paris, 9 December 1948" 4102: 956: 6568: 5349:"United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 3. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. New York, 16 December 1966" 4664: 845:(UDJ) party, and the Ethiopian National Democratic party, were arrested on 14 September and on 9 September 2011. They were accused of involvement with the 721: 163: 147: 3200: 2994:

Note that the "Year" signifies the "Year covered". Therefore, the information for the year marked 2008 is from the report published in 2009, and so on.

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Harff, Barbara; Gurr, Ted Robert (1988). "Toward Empirical Theory of Genocides and Politicides: Identification and Measurement of Cases Since 1945".

7114: 1450: 1095: 503: 5739:"United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 15. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. New York, 13 December 2006" 7051: 6755: 490: 486: 272: 6551: 5379:"United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 4. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, 16 December 1966" 5028: 5150: 4943: 3421: 7175: 5951: 1497: 470: 3941:"Analysis: Less than three years after declaring "new era", Ethiopia is back in the list of countries jailing journalists. We traced 33 cases" 1513:, a "former ruling party insider", led the investigation, an appointment which "opens questions about the independence of the investigation." 6772: 4927: 2677: 898: 752: 417: 6484: 1254:. Between January and September 2019, at least 10,000 people were detained under suspicion, where most were "subjected to brutal beatings". 6511: 4461: 727:

Mengistu's authoritarian military regime faced organized opposition for all of its fourteen years of rule. Opposition groups including the

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Police brutality reappeared during Abiy Ahmed tenure. On 26 August 2019, a video of a handcuffed man beaten by two officers went viral on

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Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty

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In 1994, the EPRDF adopted the Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, which came into effect following the

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Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography

739:. The Derg used violence, commonly enacted through military campaigns, to suppress dissidents. In 1976, the Derg instigated the 78: 6762: 6636: 1454: 842: 778: 763: 399: 394: 307: 6563: 5177: 5001: 928:

Government censorship, harassment and arrest of bloggers and journalists severely restricts freedom of the press in Ethiopia:

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other NGOs and Oromo region officials, there were hundreds of deaths due to militia groups in the eastern side of Ethiopia.

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accounts for 69% of the nation's marriages, with around 80% in the largest region, Oromia, and as high as 92 percent in the

1105:'s Freedom on the Net 2013 report, Ethiopia ranked 56th out of 60 countries on Internet freedom and 47th out of 53 in 2012. 1068:

Over the years Ethiopian organizations that have found themselves to be targets of harassment using the CSO Law include the

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and instead pointed to the positive trajectory of the country's economy as evidence of the development program's benefits.

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reported that the blocking of Tigray aid by the Ethiopian government, along with health facilities in Ethiopia's northern

1019: 717: 713: 697: 693: 692:'s reign, laws began to be systematically codified, allowing for the enactment of Ethiopia's first two constitutions: the 578: 463: 224: 85: 4192: 4160: 3722: 3032: 7283: 7226: 6940: 6825: 6820: 6434: 6285: 6199: 6189: 5994: 4637: 4367: 2965: 2341: 1602: 1533: 1440: 1428: 1202: 565: 3206:(Report prepared for the United States Agency for International Development project on Elections in War-Torn Societies) 1015:, who was detained for 49 days, accused of "inciting ethnic violence and plotting to kill senior Ethiopian officials". 283: 7046: 7031: 6997: 6332: 6328: 6204: 6094: 6024: 4884: 3888: 3554: 6546: 4850: 829:, and governments to: Conduct systematic monitoring of the ongoing terrorism trials and the trials of members of the 774: 67: 7206: 6957: 6750: 6686: 6641: 6621: 6494: 6264: 6149: 6134: 6119: 6074: 6009: 5944: 1546:

In 2018, under the new leadership of Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed, the Ethiopian Government closed Jail Ogaden in the

1040: 268: 6324: 155: 45: 6972: 6901: 6863: 6726: 6676: 6626: 6489: 6139: 3972: 918: 884:) consolidated political control with 99.6 percent victory in the May 2010 parliamentary elections. According to 445: 229: 6184: 5206:""We are Like the Dead" | Torture and other Human Rights Abuses in Jail Ogaden, Somali Regional State, Ethiopia" 1294: 1226:, concentrated in the Oromia Region, broke out starting on 23 October 2019, sparked by activist and media owner 7247: 6962: 6952: 6921: 6656: 6580: 6439: 6361: 6239: 6214: 6059: 6039: 6004: 5989: 2754:

Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict

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International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families

7221: 7014: 6896: 6886: 6858: 6810: 6787: 6501: 6476: 6224: 6194: 6179: 6164: 6154: 6144: 6109: 6104: 6054: 5999: 5974: 3582: 2934: 1401: 1392: 934: 609:'s human rights report for 2022, there exists "significant human rights issues" in Ethiopia. In addition to 516: 508: 288: 6461: 6289: 5078: 4309: 3225:

Teshome B., Wondwosen (2009). "Ethiopian Opposition Political Parties and Rebel Fronts: Past and Present".

1022:. Following court orders to release him, police added additional charges, including terrorism charges. The 6992: 6733: 6234: 6229: 6169: 6124: 6084: 5979: 5960: 1247: 1243: 633: 614: 261: 4421:

The Karo of the lower Omo Valley: subsistence, social organisation and relations with neighbouring groups

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Abbink, Joe (July 1995). "Breaking and Making the State: The Dynamics of Ethnic Democracy in Ethiopia".

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communities in southern Ethiopia, adults and children with physical abnormalities are considered to be

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On 27 March 2020, Ethiopian police arrested journalist Yayesew Shimelis following his report about the

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conference in 1991, officially established a transitional government. Drawing from the United Nations'

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Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity

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were arrested under terrorism charges related to their reporting and use of online encryption tools.

7133: 7066: 6977: 6916: 6846: 6815: 6664: 6608: 6531: 6506: 6429: 6396: 5914: 4695:"Unheard Voices: The Human Rights Impact of Land Investments on Indigenous Communities in Gambella" 3508: 2735:

Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women

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were reportedly threatened with the withdrawal of state assistance if they did not vote for the

4082:"Development Aid to Ethiopia: Overlooking Violence, Marginalization, and Political Repression " 3577: 7149: 7109: 7099: 7094: 7079: 7056: 6691: 6446: 4923: 4612: 4140: 3795: 3474: 3266: 3178:"Making Legal Sense of Human Rights: The Judicial Role in Protecting Human Rights in Ethiopia" 3115: 1493: 1372: 1191: 902: 3700: 1117:

According to surveys in 2003 by the National Committee on Traditional Practices in Ethiopia,

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Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a Communications Procedure

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and other opposition leaders were also imprisoned and tortured from July 2014 to late 2015.

17: 6471: 5093:, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, US State Department (accessed 8 July 2009) 4777:"Ethiopians talk of violent intimidation as their land is earmarked for foreign investors" 4393: 3726: 3707: 3671: 3656: 3644: 3627: 3608: 2333: 1594: 1002: 971: 293: 5896: 3684: 3349:"Human Rights Violations in Federal Ethiopia: When Ethnic Identity is a Political Stigma" 3177: 1090:

In 2012, Ethiopia passed a law that criminalizes providing Internet voice communication (

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Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

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International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance

7262: 7074: 6451: 5909: 5256: 4228: 4199: 3844: 3494: 3104:"Ideology, Government and Development - The People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia" 2928: 2905: 1568: 1547: 1397: 1380: 1365: 1251: 1148: 1135: 1102: 1091: 985: 960: 922: 874: 826: 4715: 4125:"Proclamation No. 761/2012 Telecom Fraud Offence Proclamation (English translation)" 2621:

International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid

1368:

program in Gambela, with plans to carry out similar resettlements in other regions.

4558: 3973:"Ethiopian police hold journalist Yayesew Shimelis pending terrorism investigation" 3540: 2583:

First Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

1971: 1678: 1445: 1413: 1341: 1308: 1304: 1164: 830: 298: 4070:"Sounding the Horn: Ethiopia's Civil Society Law Threatens Human Rights Defenders" 1246:. The report stated that in 2019, at least 25 people, suspected of supporting the 196: 4419: 4250: 4054: 3544: 2526:

International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination

4975: 3915:"Ethiopia: Abiy's First Year as Prime Minister, Review of Freedom of Expression" 1357: 1345: 964: 866: 34: 4944:"'I fought the law and the law won': Community Policing in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia" 7036: 6573: 6536: 4167: 3621:

Ethiopia: Swedish journalists must be released immediately and unconditionally

3402: 2960: 2895: 2811:

Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

997: 770: 666: 632:

Reports of human rights violations within the country have been levied at the

622: 278: 4616: 3478: 3364: 3270: 3119: 669:

and other aspects of the 2020 and post-2020 human rights situation is needed.

4891: 3719: 1477: 7160: 4582:"Ethiopia's neglected crisis: No easy way home for doubly displaced Gedeos" 921:

Ethiopia was 139 out of 178 in its latest worldwide index in January 2012.

5231: 5029:"Viral video of Addis Ababa police brutality: Ethiopians call for justice" 4743:"Indian land grabs in Ethiopia show dark side of south-south co-operation" 4437:"Is the tide turning against the killing of 'cursed' infants in Ethiopia?" 3470: 2640:

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women

7195: 6384: 5929: 3999:"One Free Press Coalition Spotlights Journalists Under Attack - May 2020" 3549: 846: 5081:, Ethiopian Ministry of Foreign Affairs website (accessed 17 March 2009) 4807:"Here are the 10 countries where homosexuality may be punished by death" 3486: 3454: 3372: 3348: 3278: 3254: 3127: 3103: 3085: 3070:"Right to Access to Justice in Ethiopia: An Illusory Fundamental Right?" 3069: 781:

among which half the ministers were women, and appointed a woman judge,

6409: 3313: 1481: 1461: 1353: 1312: 5178:"Ethiopia's Somali region closes notorious 'Jail Ogaden' | Africanews" 4554:"Shadow falls over Ethiopia reforms as warnings of crisis go unheeded" 4394:"Battling an ancient tradition: Female genital mutilation in Ethiopia" 1563:

The following chart shows Ethiopia's ratings from 1972 to 2011 in the

636:, and by various militant groups and regional militias; including the 5923: 5079:"Human Rights Watch: Flawed Methodology, Unsubstantiated Allegations" 4397: 4338: 3645:

Dismantling Dissent: Intensified crackdown on free speech in Ethiopia

1489: 814: 6353: 4532:"Ethiopia tops global list of highest internal displacement in 2018" 3305: 2505:

Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide

833:

political opposition arrested during 2011 and make findings public.

720:(PDRE Constitution) formally dissolved the Derg and inaugurated the 4488:"Ethiopia PM Abiy says death toll from recent protests rises to 86" 3792:"Essential Background: Overview of human rights issues in Ethiopia" 3609:

Freedom of Expression and Access to Information in Africa: Ethiopia

3743: 3145:"The Constitution of the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia" 2949: 1555:

month of hunger, where none of the prisoners were allowed to eat.

1464:, with many shared outrage against the government administration. 1349: 1168: 881: 870: 5232:"UNPO: Ogaden: Former 'Jail Ogaden' Prison Commissioner Arrested" 5151:"Ethiopia: Popular musician's killing must be fully investigated" 5053: 4095:"New Ethiopian law criminalises Skype, installs Internet filters" 6526: 5054:"Ethiopia: Army Commits Executions, Torture, and Rape in Ogaden" 4332:"UNICEF supports fight to end marriage by abduction in Ethiopia" 1485: 1476:(HRW) in June 2008, the Ethiopian army has committed widespread 709: 7164: 6357: 5933: 4055:

The Role of Civil Society in Africa's Quest for Democratization

4161:"Proclamation No. 761/2012 Telecom Fraud Offence Proclamation" 3657:

Amnesty International report on growing repression in Ethiopia

3545:"Ethiopia's Abiy Ahmed: The leader promising to heal a nation" 2545:

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

963:

was arrested under terrorism charges for his reporting on the

647: 130: 28: 5002:"Ethiopian Police service recognition event at Meskel Square" 4919:

International Security and the United States: An Encyclopedia

4605:"Thousands 'forcibly relocated' in Ethiopia, says HRW report" 4277:"Ethiopia is in a state of emergency. Here's what's going on" 3867:"Contextual Translation of the Charges of the Zone9 Bloggers" 3509:"Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia" 2956:

List of detained journalists and activists in Ethiopia (2023)

1404:

Article 629, same-sex activity is punished up to 15 years to

731:(EPRP), a rival Marxist–Leninist group, and the Tigray-based 3227:

International Journal of Business, Human and Social Sciences

718:

Constitution of the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

1005:

out of fear of punishment. From May 2019 to December 2020,

4506:"New report alleges killings, mass detentions in Ethiopia" 1376:

physical and sexual abuse, which sometimes led to deaths.

665:. The reason given is: A brief overview/cross-link on the 4885:""Pew Global Attitudes Project", (pages 35, 81, and 117)" 4251:"Seven things banned under Ethiopia's state of emergency" 3201:"Elections and Democratization in Post-Mengistu Ethiopia" 3685:"Amnesty International's 2011 Annual Report on Ethiopia" 3535: 3533: 2931:, a notorious prison where numerous journalists are held 809:

access to lawyers and family at the start of detention.

3259:

The International Journal of African Historical Studies

2914:

Ethiopian Judicial Authority v Swedish journalists 2011

2483: 2321: 1582: 1379:

The Ethiopian government has denied the accusations of

880:

The Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (

861:

citizens were pressured to leave opposition parties in

841:

Two journalists and four opposition politicians of the

698:

Revised Constitution of the Empire of Ethiopia of 1955

4638:"Ethiopia: Forced Relocations Bring Hunger, Hardship" 4044:, Human Rights Watch website (accessed 20 March 2009) 3329:

Evil Days: Thirty Years of War and Famine in Ethiopia

2792:

Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

1139:

since the beginning of the armed conflict in Tigray.

4916:

DeRouen, Karl R.; Bellamy, Paul (30 December 2007).

4302:"Youth in Crisis: Coming of age in the 21st century" 2564:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

1416:

became hotbeds of accusations for alleged lobbying.

1364:

also describes the Ethiopian government's 2010–2011

1123:

Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region

813:

December 135 people were reported to be arrested in

7240: 7065: 6939: 6845: 6796: 6708: 6655: 6607: 6594: 6395: 6273: 6248: 5967: 4435:Matthew D. LaPlante, Special to (5 November 2011). 4368:"Ethiopia: Blocking Tigray Aid Harms Rape Survivor" 4306:

Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs

3889:"Ethiopia: Drop Case Against Bloggers, Journalists" 1307:, the largest ethnic group in the country, and the 625:and unjustified arrests of journalists, the use of 59:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3353:International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 4166:. Abyssinia Law. 4 September 2012. Archived from 733:Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front 1327:The violence against the Anuak people in Gambela 617:", other human right issues in Ethiopia include 3817: 3815: 3813: 1340:has a population of 307,000, mainly indigenous 1285:Other violence in Gedeo and neighboring Woredas 3188:: 288–330 – via African Journals Online. 984:All of the above individuals were held at the 7176: 6369: 5945: 4025:"Ethiopia: Free Speech at Risk Amid Covid-19" 3740:"Ethiopia articles Reporters Without Borders" 3331:. New York: Human Rights Watch. pp. 4–5. 586: 8: 3845:"Eskinder Nega, Ethiopia. Status: In Prison" 2311:Report from Freedom of the World since 2017 1509:'s annual report on human rights notes that 1311:and, in the east, between the Oromo and the 1250:, were killed by the forces in parts of the 957:PEN/Barbara Goldsmith Freedom to Write Award 5261:"Country ratings and status, FIW 1973-2012" 4851:"Ethiopia groups to stage anti-gay protest" 7183: 7169: 7161: 6945: 6851: 6714: 6604: 6600: 6376: 6362: 6354: 5952: 5938: 5930: 4042:"Ethiopia: New Law Ratchets up Repression" 3640: 3638: 3636: 2976:Famine in northern Ethiopia (2020–present) 2474: 2309: 1573: 1571:. A rating of 1 is "free"; 7, "not free". 593: 579: 182: 4949:. 26 June 2022. p. 7. Archived from 3823:"Ethiopia: Terrorism Law Decimates Media" 3422:"Transitional Period Charter of Ethiopia" 119:Learn how and when to remove this message 4976:"Law on police use of force in Ethiopia" 4464:. nationalgeographic.com. Archived from 722:People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 150:: vague phrasing that often accompanies 3576:Anberbir, Yohannes (24 November 2018). 3391:Journal of Contemporary African Studies 3021: 1274:Violence against the Amaro Koore people 1258:Ethnic conflict in the Southern regions 185: 4770: 4768: 4138: 3630:Amnesty International 21 December 2011 3416: 3414: 3412: 3384: 3382: 3342: 3340: 3338: 1400:are illegal in Ethiopia. According to 729:Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party 5200: 5198: 5115: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5091:"2008 Human Rights Reports: Ethiopia" 4741:Mittal, Anuradha (25 February 2013). 4584:. The New Humanitarian. 28 March 2019 4065: 4063: 3953:from the original on 19 December 2020 3768:. Freedom House. 2007. Archived from 3590:from the original on 19 December 2020 3448: 3446: 3068:Vibhute, K. I. (January–March 2012). 3063: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3053: 2678:Convention on the Rights of the Child 1303:Ethnic violence in the south between 1003:reluctant to criticize the government 899:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 817:. Amnesty International calls on the 753:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 703:After overthrowing Selassie in 1974, 7: 3794:. Human Rights Watch. Archived from 3248: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3199:Harbeson, John W. (September 1996). 3171: 3169: 3139: 3137: 3097: 3095: 3027: 3025: 57:adding citations to reliable sources 3557:from the original on 3 January 2019 3074:Journal of the Indian Law Institute 2470:international human rights treaties 1280:Ethnic violence against Amaro Koore 1074:Ethiopian Women Lawyers Association 787:National Election Board of Ethiopia 757:Transitional Government of Ethiopia 4787:from the original on 14 April 2015 4753:from the original on 14 March 2017 4675:from the original on 14 March 2017 4308:. 23 February 2007. Archived from 4084:, Oakland Institute, 17 July 2013. 3720:Ethiopia Reporters Without Borders 1472:According to a report released by 25: 4824:Baker, Katie (12 December 2013). 3455:""Ethnic Federalism" in Ethiopia" 3037:United States Department of State 2971:Sexual violence in the Tigray War 1356:of land, an area the size of the 1181:Ethnic discrimination in Ethiopia 1052:On 6 January 2009, the Ethiopian 849:group, a banned political party. 333:House of Peoples' Representatives 6260:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 6030:Democratic Republic of the Congo 5906:Freedom in the World 2012 Report 4663:Horne, Felix (16 January 2012). 3825:. Human Rights Watch. 3 May 2013 2898: 1024:Committee to Protect Journalists 652: 638:Tigray People's Liberation Front 195: 135: 33: 4826:"'A Graveyard for Homosexuals'" 4231:. 24 September 2012. p. 26 3294:International Studies Quarterly 2924:Internet in Ethiopia#Censorship 1567:reports, published annually by 1234:released a report accusing the 843:Unity for Democracy and Justice 44:needs additional citations for 4980:The Law on Police Use of Force 4922:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 4775:Smith, David (14 April 2015). 4603:Tran, Mark (17 January 2012). 4101:. 12 June 2012. Archived from 3672:Amnesty action letter Ethiopia 1197:Violence against Amhara people 1070:Ethiopian Human Rights Council 634:federal government of Ethiopia 1: 5027:AfricaNews (27 August 2019). 3869:. Trial Tracker. 19 July 2014 2919:Human trafficking in Ethiopia 1208:Violence against Oromo people 4202:. 3 October 2013. p. 25 2966:War crimes in the Tigray War 2865: 2846: 2827: 2808: 2789: 2770: 2751: 2732: 2713: 2694: 2675: 2656: 2637: 2618: 2599: 2580: 2561: 2542: 2523: 2502: 2439: 2422: 2405: 2388: 2369: 2350: 2286: 2269: 2252: 2235: 2218: 2201: 2184: 2167: 2150: 2131: 2114: 2097: 2080: 2063: 2046: 2027: 2010: 1993: 1976: 1957: 1940: 1923: 1906: 1889: 1872: 1855: 1838: 1821: 1804: 1787: 1770: 1753: 1736: 1717: 1700: 1683: 1664: 1647: 1630: 1611: 1534:Category:Prisons in Ethiopia 1441:Police brutality in Ethiopia 1429:Pew Global Attitudes Project 1203:Persecution of Amhara people 1186:Violence against Afar people 6542:Federal Democratic Republic 3327:De Waal, Alexander (1991). 1498:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 1236:security forces of Ethiopia 970:In 2014 six members of the 793:Anti-Terrorism Proclamation 705:Major Mengistu Haile Marium 471:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 18:Ethnic violence in Ethiopia 7300: 2440: 2423: 2406: 2389: 2370: 2351: 2287: 2270: 2253: 2236: 2219: 2202: 2185: 2168: 2151: 2132: 2115: 2098: 2081: 2064: 2047: 2028: 2011: 1994: 1977: 1958: 1941: 1924: 1907: 1890: 1873: 1856: 1839: 1822: 1805: 1788: 1771: 1754: 1737: 1718: 1701: 1684: 1665: 1648: 1631: 1612: 1531: 1438: 1390: 1330: 1288: 1277: 1266: 1224:series of violent protests 1211: 1200: 1189: 1178: 1083: 972:Zone 9 blogging collective 550:Inquiry Board (Tigray War) 162:Such statements should be 68:"Human rights in Ethiopia" 7202: 7127: 6948: 6854: 6717: 6603: 4418:Petros, Gezahegn (2000). 4222:"Freedom on the Net 2012" 4193:"Freedom on the Net 2013" 4145:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3459:Northeast African Studies 3403:10.1080/02589009508729570 3347:Tronvoll, Kjetil (2008). 3176:Regassa, Tsegaye (2009). 3108:Northeast African Studies 1421:Ethiopian Orthodox Church 1352:out at least 3.6 million 1143:Female genital mutilation 1080:Electronic communications 1041:Ethiopian Police Massacre 919:Reporters Without Borders 714:Workers Party of Ethiopia 661:This section needs to be 545:Reconciliation Commission 7269:Human rights in Ethiopia 6564:War in Somalia (2006–09) 6015:Central African Republic 5125:U.S. Department of State 4665:"Waiting Here for Death" 4057:140 (Springer Pub. 2015) 3365:10.1163/138548708X272528 1496:campaign. The Ethiopian 1427:. According to the 2007 1269:Ethnic violence in Konso 1128:On 9 November 2021, the 992:2018–present: Abiy Ahmed 716:, in 1984. In 1987, the 607:U.S. Department of State 434:Administrative divisions 7274:Human rights by country 5961:Human rights in Africa 3725:4 December 2011 at the 3583:The Reporter (Ethiopia) 3453:Cohen, John M. (1995). 2935:LGBT rights in Ethiopia 2478:International treaties 1393:LGBT rights in Ethiopia 935:Oromo National Congress 540:Human Rights Commission 289:Debretsion Gebremichael 6892:Industrial development 6806:National Defense Force 6547:Eritrean–Ethiopian War 5888:Censorship in Ethiopia 5006:Borkena Ethiopian News 3253:Wiebel, Jacob (2015). 3102:Brüne, Stefan (1990). 2468:Ethiopia's stances on 2464:International treaties 1954:Mengistu Haile Mariam 1937:Mengistu Haile Mariam 1920:Mengistu Haile Mariam 1903:Mengistu Haile Mariam 1886:Mengistu Haile Mariam 1869:Mengistu Haile Mariam 1852:Mengistu Haile Mariam 1835:Mengistu Haile Mariam 1818:Mengistu Haile Mariam 1801:Mengistu Haile Mariam 1784:Mengistu Haile Mariam 1767:Mengistu Haile Mariam 1750:Mengistu Haile Mariam 1244:extrajudicial killings 1112: 1030:Freedom of association 775:Eritrean–Ethiopian War 690:Emperor Haile Selassie 615:enforced disappearance 611:extrajudicial killings 487:Diplomatic missions of 7212:Ethnic discrimination 6586:Territorial evolution 6481:Italo-Ethiopian wars 6175:São Tomé and Príncipe 6035:Republic of the Congo 5901:Amnesty International 5155:Amnesty International 4720:The Oakland Institute 4702:The Oakland Institute 3766:"Map of Freedom 2007" 3706:14 April 2015 at the 3660:Amnesty International 3578:"Chairwoman steps up" 3471:10.1353/nas.1995.0016 1732:Mengistu Haile Mariam 1507:U.S. State Department 1455:2005 general election 1248:Oromo Liberation Army 1232:Amnesty International 1159:Among certain Omotic 1119:marriage by abduction 903:freedom of expression 859:Amnesty International 799:freedom of expression 785:, as the head of the 764:1995 general election 351:Federal Supreme Court 7279:Politics of Ethiopia 7115:World Heritage Sites 7052:Water and sanitation 6477:Menelik's Expansions 5355:on 17 September 2012 3949:. 16 December 2020. 3626:7 March 2012 at the 2952:, feminist pop group 2940:Politics of Ethiopia 2300:Girma Wolde-Giorgis 2283:Girma Wolde-Giorgis 2266:Girma Wolde-Giorgis 2249:Girma Wolde-Giorgis 2232:Girma Wolde-Giorgis 2215:Girma Wolde-Giorgis 2198:Girma Wolde-Giorgis 2181:Girma Wolde-Giorgis 2164:Girma Wolde-Giorgis 1565:Freedom in the World 1559:Historical situation 1503:Abole oil field raid 1425:anti-gender movement 1295:Oromo–Somali clashes 1086:Internet in Ethiopia 893:Freedom of the press 694:Constitution of 1931 308:Council of Ministers 188:Politics of Ethiopia 164:clarified or removed 53:improve this article 7284:Society of Ethiopia 6250:States with limited 5715:on 13 December 2013 5565:on 11 February 2014 5445:on 16 November 2018 5385:on 1 September 2010 5325:on 11 February 2011 4897:on 14 February 2010 4811:The Washington Post 4716:"Country: Ethiopia" 4173:on 27 February 2017 4105:on 19 November 2016 4053:Abadir M. Ibrahim, 3798:on 24 December 2007 3772:on 9 September 2013 3154:. 12 September 1987 2316:Historical ratings 2312: 2146:Girma Wolde-Giorgis 1577:Historical ratings 1317:Gedeo–Oromo clashes 1291:Gedeo–Oromo clashes 948:. Status: In prison 737:Ethiopian Civil War 328:House of Federation 6912:Telecommunications 6826:Army of the Empire 6507:Italian occupation 6462:Ethiopian–Adal War 6420:Kingdom of Wolaita 5919:Human Rights Watch 5897:2012 Annual Report 5775:on 13 January 2016 5595:on 20 October 2012 5535:on 8 November 2010 5295:on 20 October 2012 5210:Human Rights Watch 5058:Human Rights Watch 4669:Human Rights Watch 4642:Human Rights Watch 4372:Human Rights Watch 4312:on 5 December 2010 4029:Human Rights Watch 3919:Human Rights Watch 3893:Human Rights Watch 3698:Human Rights Watch 3611:AI 27 October 2011 3543:(3 January 2019). 3516:Constitute Project 3375:– via JSTOR. 3088:– via JSTOR. 2310: 1552:Human Rights Watch 1474:Human Rights Watch 1362:Human Rights Watch 1131:Human Rights Watch 901:Article 19 of the 886:Human Rights Watch 863:May 2010 elections 613:and instances of " 7256: 7255: 7217:Human trafficking 7158: 7157: 7123: 7122: 7022:Human trafficking 6935: 6934: 6841: 6840: 6783:Foreign relations 6773:Political parties 6704: 6703: 6700: 6699: 6557:2018 peace summit 6447:Solomonic dynasty 6351: 6350: 6277:other territories 6050:Equatorial Guinea 5915:World Report 2012 5865:on 25 August 2012 5745:on 19 August 2012 5625:on 25 August 2012 5505:on 23 August 2012 4956:on 3 October 2022 4929:978-0-313-08486-7 4855:www.aljazeera.com 4644:. 16 January 2012 4374:. 9 November 2021 4348:on 17 August 2011 4257:. 17 October 2016 3746:on 3 January 2012 3701:World Report 2011 3674:19 September 2011 3518:. 8 December 1994 2889: 2888: 2885: 2884: 2461: 2460: 2457: 2456: 2453:Sahle-Work Zewde 2436:Sahle-Work Zewde 2419:Sahle-Work Zewde 2402:Sahle-Work Zewde 2308: 2307: 2304: 2303: 1661:Haile Selassie I 1644:Haile Selassie I 1528:Detention centers 1494:counterinsurgency 1373:Oakland Institute 1263:Violence in Konso 1192:Galikoma massacre 1155:Disability rights 1020:COVID-19 pandemic 837:Political freedom 777:, selected a new 686: 685: 605:According to the 603: 602: 504:Visa requirements 464:Foreign relations 418:Political parties 370:Recent elections 181: 180: 129: 128: 121: 103: 16:(Redirected from 7291: 7227:Police brutality 7185: 7178: 7171: 7162: 7143: 7136: 6946: 6872: 6852: 6821:Military history 6715: 6605: 6601: 6522:1974 coup d'état 6467:Gondarine period 6457:Kingdom of Kaffa 6425:Ethiopian Empire 6415:Kingdom of Aksum 6378: 6371: 6364: 6355: 6338: 6337:(United Kingdom) 6333:Tristan da Cunha 6329:Ascension Island 6321: 6308: 6299: 6275:Dependencies and 5968:Sovereign states 5954: 5947: 5940: 5931: 5875: 5874: 5872: 5870: 5861:. 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Archived from 3736: 3730: 3717: 3711: 3695: 3689: 3688: 3681: 3675: 3669: 3663: 3662:15 December 2011 3654: 3648: 3647:16 December 2011 3642: 3631: 3618: 3612: 3606: 3600: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3573: 3567: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3537: 3528: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3513: 3505: 3499: 3498: 3450: 3441: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3426: 3418: 3407: 3406: 3386: 3377: 3376: 3344: 3333: 3332: 3324: 3318: 3317: 3289: 3283: 3282: 3250: 3235: 3234: 3222: 3216: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3205: 3196: 3190: 3189: 3182:Mizan Law Review 3173: 3164: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3149: 3141: 3132: 3131: 3114:(2/3): 189–199. 3099: 3090: 3089: 3065: 3048: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3029: 3009: 3002:As of 1 January. 3001: 2993: 2945:Woineshet Zebene 2908: 2903: 2902: 2901: 2484: 2475: 2472:are as follows: 2384:Sahle-Work Zewde 2329:Political Rights 2322: 2313: 1626:Haile Selassie I 1590:Political Rights 1583: 1574: 1522:Hachalu Hundessa 1333:Gambela massacre 1299:Metekel conflict 913:1991–2018: EPRDF 783:Birtukan Mideksa 745:1983-1985 famine 681: 678: 672: 656: 655: 648: 619:arbitrary arrest 595: 588: 581: 477:Gedu Andargachew 247:Sahle-Work Zewde 199: 183: 176: 173: 167: 139: 138: 131: 124: 117: 113: 110: 104: 102: 61: 37: 29: 21: 7299: 7298: 7294: 7293: 7292: 7290: 7289: 7288: 7259: 7258: 7257: 7252: 7236: 7198: 7189: 7159: 7154: 7146: 7139: 7132: 7119: 7061: 7047:Public holidays 7032:Law enforcement 6931: 6870: 6837: 6792: 6696: 6651: 6590: 6552:Border conflict 6472:Zemene Mesafint 6410:Kingdom of Dʿmt 6391: 6382: 6352: 6347: 6346: 6336: 6319: 6306: 6297: 6278: 6276: 6269: 6253: 6251: 6244: 5963: 5958: 5884: 5879: 5878: 5868: 5866: 5853: 5852: 5848: 5838: 5836: 5835:on 18 July 2012 5823: 5822: 5818: 5808: 5806: 5805:on 17 July 2019 5793: 5792: 5788: 5778: 5776: 5763: 5762: 5758: 5748: 5746: 5733: 5732: 5728: 5718: 5716: 5703: 5702: 5698: 5688: 5686: 5673: 5672: 5668: 5658: 5656: 5643: 5642: 5638: 5628: 5626: 5613: 5612: 5608: 5598: 5596: 5583: 5582: 5578: 5568: 5566: 5553: 5552: 5548: 5538: 5536: 5523: 5522: 5518: 5508: 5506: 5493: 5492: 5488: 5478: 5476: 5475:on 18 July 2012 5463: 5462: 5458: 5448: 5446: 5433: 5432: 5428: 5418: 5416: 5403: 5402: 5398: 5388: 5386: 5373: 5372: 5368: 5358: 5356: 5343: 5342: 5338: 5328: 5326: 5313: 5312: 5308: 5298: 5296: 5283: 5282: 5278: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5255: 5254: 5250: 5240: 5238: 5230: 5229: 5225: 5215: 5213: 5204: 5203: 5196: 5186: 5184: 5175: 5174: 5170: 5160: 5158: 5149: 5148: 5144: 5134: 5132: 5119: 5118: 5097: 5089: 5085: 5077: 5073: 5063: 5061: 5052: 5051: 5047: 5037: 5035: 5026: 5025: 5021: 5011: 5009: 5000: 4999: 4995: 4985: 4983: 4982:. 13 April 2021 4974: 4973: 4969: 4959: 4957: 4953: 4946: 4942: 4941: 4937: 4930: 4915: 4914: 4910: 4900: 4898: 4894: 4887: 4883: 4882: 4878: 4873: 4869: 4859: 4857: 4849: 4848: 4844: 4834: 4832: 4823: 4822: 4818: 4813:. 16 June 2016. 4805: 4804: 4800: 4790: 4788: 4774: 4773: 4766: 4756: 4754: 4740: 4739: 4735: 4725: 4723: 4714: 4713: 4709: 4697: 4693: 4692: 4688: 4678: 4676: 4662: 4661: 4657: 4647: 4645: 4636: 4635: 4631: 4621: 4619: 4602: 4601: 4597: 4587: 4585: 4580: 4579: 4575: 4565: 4563: 4562:. 14 March 2019 4552: 4551: 4547: 4537: 4535: 4530: 4529: 4525: 4515: 4513: 4504: 4503: 4499: 4486: 4485: 4481: 4471: 4469: 4460: 4459: 4455: 4445: 4443: 4434: 4433: 4429: 4417: 4416: 4412: 4402: 4400: 4392: 4391: 4387: 4377: 4375: 4366: 4365: 4361: 4351: 4349: 4345: 4334: 4330: 4329: 4325: 4315: 4313: 4300: 4299: 4295: 4285: 4283: 4275: 4274: 4270: 4260: 4258: 4249: 4248: 4244: 4234: 4232: 4224: 4220: 4219: 4215: 4205: 4203: 4195: 4191: 4190: 4186: 4176: 4174: 4170: 4163: 4159: 4158: 4154: 4137: 4130: 4128: 4123: 4122: 4118: 4108: 4106: 4093: 4092: 4088: 4080: 4076: 4068: 4061: 4052: 4048: 4040: 4036: 4023: 4022: 4018: 4008: 4006: 3997: 3996: 3992: 3982: 3980: 3971: 3970: 3966: 3956: 3954: 3939: 3938: 3934: 3924: 3922: 3913: 3912: 3908: 3898: 3896: 3887: 3886: 3882: 3872: 3870: 3865: 3864: 3860: 3850: 3848: 3843: 3842: 3838: 3828: 3826: 3821: 3820: 3811: 3801: 3799: 3790: 3789: 3785: 3775: 3773: 3764: 3763: 3759: 3749: 3747: 3738: 3737: 3733: 3727:Wayback Machine 3718: 3714: 3708:Wayback Machine 3696: 3692: 3683: 3682: 3678: 3670: 3666: 3655: 3651: 3643: 3634: 3628:Wayback Machine 3619: 3615: 3607: 3603: 3593: 3591: 3575: 3574: 3570: 3560: 3558: 3539: 3538: 3531: 3521: 3519: 3511: 3507: 3506: 3502: 3452: 3451: 3444: 3434: 3432: 3424: 3420: 3419: 3410: 3388: 3387: 3380: 3346: 3345: 3336: 3326: 3325: 3321: 3306:10.2307/2600447 3291: 3290: 3286: 3252: 3251: 3238: 3224: 3223: 3219: 3209: 3207: 3203: 3198: 3197: 3193: 3175: 3174: 3167: 3157: 3155: 3147: 3143: 3142: 3135: 3101: 3100: 3093: 3067: 3066: 3051: 3041: 3039: 3031: 3030: 3023: 3018: 3006: 2998: 2990: 2986: 2904: 2899: 2897: 2894: 2872:United Nations 2853:United Nations 2834:United Nations 2815:United Nations 2796:United Nations 2777:United Nations 2758:United Nations 2739:United Nations 2720:United Nations 2701:United Nations 2682:United Nations 2663:United Nations 2644:United Nations 2625:United Nations 2606:United Nations 2587:United Nations 2568:United Nations 2549:United Nations 2530:United Nations 2466: 2334:Civil Liberties 2128:Negasso Gidada 2111:Negasso Gidada 2094:Negasso Gidada 2077:Negasso Gidada 2060:Negasso Gidada 1595:Civil Liberties 1561: 1536: 1530: 1492:, as part of a 1470: 1443: 1437: 1435:Law enforcement 1398:Homosexual acts 1395: 1389: 1335: 1329: 1321:Rohingya crisis 1301: 1287: 1282: 1276: 1271: 1265: 1260: 1240:mass detentions 1220: 1212:Main articles: 1210: 1205: 1199: 1194: 1188: 1183: 1177: 1175:Ethnic violence 1157: 1145: 1115: 1088: 1082: 1050: 1037: 1032: 994: 941:Status:Pardoned 915: 895: 855: 839: 795: 769:In April 2018, 682: 676: 673: 670: 657: 653: 646: 599: 570: 566:Other countries 557: 556: 530: 522: 521: 513: 495: 483: 466: 456: 455: 436: 426: 425: 422: 404: 393:Parliamentary: 387: 366: 356: 355: 346: 338: 337: 323: 313: 312: 294:Demeke Mekonnen 264: 254: 253: 220: 219: 190: 177: 171: 168: 161: 140: 136: 125: 114: 108: 105: 62: 60: 50: 38: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7297: 7295: 7287: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7261: 7260: 7254: 7253: 7251: 7250: 7244: 7242: 7238: 7237: 7235: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7207:Child marriage 7203: 7200: 7199: 7190: 7188: 7187: 7180: 7173: 7165: 7156: 7155: 7153: 7152: 7145: 7144: 7137: 7129: 7128: 7125: 7124: 7121: 7120: 7118: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7077: 7071: 7069: 7063: 7062: 7060: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7018: 7017: 7007: 7006: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6958:Child marriage 6955: 6949: 6943: 6937: 6936: 6933: 6932: 6930: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6866: 6861: 6855: 6849: 6843: 6842: 6839: 6838: 6836: 6835: 6834: 6833: 6828: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6802: 6800: 6794: 6793: 6791: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6759: 6758: 6751:Prime Minister 6748: 6747: 6746: 6736: 6731: 6730: 6729: 6718: 6712: 6706: 6705: 6702: 6701: 6698: 6697: 6695: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6673: 6672: 6661: 6659: 6657:Administrative 6653: 6652: 6650: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6613: 6611: 6598: 6592: 6591: 6589: 6588: 6583: 6581:Historiography 6578: 6577: 6576: 6569:Civil conflict 6566: 6561: 6560: 6559: 6554: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6498: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6443: 6442: 6437: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6401: 6399: 6393: 6392: 6383: 6381: 6380: 6373: 6366: 6358: 6349: 6348: 6345: 6344: 6342:Western Sahara 6339: 6322: 6309: 6300: 6286:Canary Islands 6282: 6281: 6279: 6274: 6271: 6270: 6268: 6267: 6262: 6256: 6254: 6249: 6246: 6245: 6243: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5971: 5969: 5965: 5964: 5959: 5957: 5956: 5949: 5942: 5934: 5928: 5927: 5921: 5912: 5903: 5894: 5883: 5882:External links 5880: 5877: 5876: 5855:United Nations 5846: 5825:United Nations 5816: 5795:United Nations 5786: 5765:United Nations 5756: 5735:United Nations 5726: 5705:United Nations 5696: 5675:United Nations 5666: 5655:on 20 May 2011 5645:United Nations 5636: 5615:United Nations 5606: 5585:United Nations 5576: 5555:United Nations 5546: 5525:United Nations 5516: 5495:United Nations 5486: 5465:United Nations 5456: 5435:United Nations 5426: 5405:United Nations 5396: 5375:United Nations 5366: 5345:United Nations 5336: 5315:United Nations 5306: 5285:United Nations 5276: 5248: 5223: 5194: 5168: 5157:. 30 June 2020 5142: 5095: 5083: 5071: 5060:. 12 June 2008 5045: 5019: 4993: 4967: 4935: 4928: 4908: 4876: 4867: 4842: 4816: 4798: 4764: 4733: 4707: 4686: 4655: 4629: 4595: 4573: 4545: 4523: 4497: 4479: 4468:on 9 June 2013 4453: 4427: 4410: 4385: 4359: 4323: 4293: 4268: 4242: 4213: 4184: 4152: 4116: 4086: 4074: 4059: 4046: 4034: 4016: 3990: 3964: 3946:Addis Standard 3932: 3921:. 3 April 2019 3906: 3895:. 19 July 2014 3880: 3858: 3836: 3809: 3783: 3757: 3731: 3712: 3690: 3676: 3664: 3649: 3632: 3613: 3601: 3568: 3529: 3500: 3465:(2): 157–188. 3442: 3431:. 22 July 1991 3429:Negarit Gazeta 3408: 3397:(2): 149–163. 3378: 3334: 3319: 3300:(3): 359–371. 3284: 3236: 3217: 3191: 3165: 3152:Negarit Gazeta 3133: 3091: 3049: 3020: 3019: 3017: 3014: 3013: 3012: 3011:interpolation. 3003: 2995: 2985: 2982: 2981: 2980: 2979: 2978: 2973: 2968: 2958: 2953: 2947: 2942: 2937: 2932: 2926: 2921: 2916: 2910: 2909: 2893: 2890: 2887: 2886: 2883: 2882: 2879: 2876: 2873: 2870: 2864: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2854: 2851: 2845: 2844: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2832: 2826: 2825: 2822: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2807: 2806: 2803: 2800: 2797: 2794: 2788: 2787: 2784: 2781: 2778: 2775: 2769: 2768: 2765: 2762: 2759: 2756: 2750: 2749: 2746: 2743: 2740: 2737: 2731: 2730: 2727: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2712: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2693: 2692: 2689: 2686: 2683: 2680: 2674: 2673: 2670: 2667: 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600: 598: 597: 590: 583: 575: 572: 571: 569: 568: 562: 559: 558: 555: 554: 553: 552: 547: 542: 531: 529:Related topics 528: 527: 524: 523: 520: 519: 512: 511: 506: 501: 494: 493: 482: 481: 480: 479: 467: 462: 461: 458: 457: 454: 453: 448: 443: 437: 432: 431: 428: 427: 424: 423: 421: 420: 415: 409: 407: 406: 405: 403: 402: 397: 390: 388: 386: 385: 380: 376:Presidential: 373: 367: 362: 361: 358: 357: 354: 353: 347: 344: 343: 340: 339: 336: 335: 330: 324: 319: 318: 315: 314: 311: 310: 305: 304: 303: 302: 301: 296: 291: 281: 269:Prime Minister 265: 260: 259: 256: 255: 252: 251: 250: 249: 234: 233: 232: 221: 218: 217: 214: 210: 209: 208: 205: 204: 201: 200: 192: 191: 186: 179: 178: 143: 141: 134: 127: 126: 109:September 2023 41: 39: 32: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7296: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7266: 7264: 7249: 7246: 7245: 7243: 7239: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7204: 7201: 7197: 7193: 7186: 7181: 7179: 7174: 7172: 7167: 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6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6090:Guinea-Bissau 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5972: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5955: 5950: 5948: 5943: 5941: 5936: 5935: 5932: 5926: 5922: 5920: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5910:Freedom House 5907: 5904: 5902: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5889: 5886: 5885: 5881: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5850: 5847: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5820: 5817: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5790: 5787: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5760: 5757: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5730: 5727: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5700: 5697: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5670: 5667: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5640: 5637: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5610: 5607: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5580: 5577: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5550: 5547: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5520: 5517: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5490: 5487: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5460: 5457: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5430: 5427: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5400: 5397: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5370: 5367: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5340: 5337: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5310: 5307: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5280: 5277: 5262: 5258: 5257:Freedom House 5252: 5249: 5237: 5233: 5227: 5224: 5212:. 4 July 2018 5211: 5207: 5201: 5199: 5195: 5183: 5179: 5172: 5169: 5156: 5152: 5146: 5143: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5110: 5108: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5087: 5084: 5080: 5075: 5072: 5059: 5055: 5049: 5046: 5034: 5030: 5023: 5020: 5008:. 5 June 2022 5007: 5003: 4997: 4994: 4981: 4977: 4971: 4968: 4952: 4945: 4939: 4936: 4931: 4925: 4921: 4920: 4912: 4909: 4893: 4886: 4880: 4877: 4871: 4868: 4856: 4852: 4846: 4843: 4831: 4827: 4820: 4817: 4812: 4808: 4802: 4799: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4771: 4769: 4765: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4737: 4734: 4721: 4717: 4711: 4708: 4703: 4696: 4690: 4687: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4659: 4656: 4643: 4639: 4633: 4630: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4599: 4596: 4583: 4577: 4574: 4561: 4560: 4555: 4549: 4546: 4533: 4527: 4524: 4512:. 29 May 2020 4511: 4507: 4501: 4498: 4493: 4489: 4483: 4480: 4467: 4463: 4462:"Lale Labuko" 4457: 4454: 4442: 4438: 4431: 4428: 4423: 4422: 4414: 4411: 4399: 4395: 4389: 4386: 4373: 4369: 4363: 4360: 4344: 4340: 4333: 4327: 4324: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4297: 4294: 4282: 4278: 4272: 4269: 4256: 4252: 4246: 4243: 4230: 4229:Freedom House 4223: 4217: 4214: 4201: 4200:Freedom House 4194: 4188: 4185: 4169: 4162: 4156: 4153: 4148: 4142: 4126: 4120: 4117: 4104: 4100: 4099:Africa Review 4096: 4090: 4087: 4083: 4078: 4075: 4071: 4066: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4050: 4047: 4043: 4038: 4035: 4031:. 6 May 2020. 4030: 4026: 4020: 4017: 4004: 4000: 3994: 3991: 3978: 3974: 3968: 3965: 3952: 3948: 3947: 3942: 3936: 3933: 3920: 3916: 3910: 3907: 3894: 3890: 3884: 3881: 3868: 3862: 3859: 3847:. PEN America 3846: 3840: 3837: 3824: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3810: 3797: 3793: 3787: 3784: 3771: 3767: 3761: 3758: 3745: 3741: 3735: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3721: 3716: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3702: 3699: 3694: 3691: 3686: 3680: 3677: 3673: 3668: 3665: 3661: 3658: 3653: 3650: 3646: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3622: 3617: 3614: 3610: 3605: 3602: 3589: 3585: 3584: 3579: 3572: 3569: 3556: 3552: 3551: 3546: 3542: 3541:Keane, Fergal 3536: 3534: 3530: 3517: 3510: 3504: 3501: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3449: 3447: 3443: 3430: 3423: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3409: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3385: 3383: 3379: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3335: 3330: 3323: 3320: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3288: 3285: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3237: 3232: 3228: 3221: 3218: 3202: 3195: 3192: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3172: 3170: 3166: 3153: 3146: 3140: 3138: 3134: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3098: 3096: 3092: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3050: 3038: 3034: 3028: 3026: 3022: 3015: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2987: 2983: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2967: 2964: 2963: 2962: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2930: 2929:Kaliti Prison 2927: 2925: 2922: 2920: 2917: 2915: 2912: 2911: 2907: 2906:Africa portal 2896: 2891: 2880: 2877: 2874: 2871: 2869: 2866: 2861: 2858: 2855: 2852: 2850: 2847: 2842: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2831: 2828: 2823: 2820: 2817: 2814: 2812: 2809: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2785: 2782: 2779: 2776: 2774: 2771: 2766: 2763: 2760: 2757: 2755: 2752: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2738: 2736: 2733: 2728: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2717: 2714: 2709: 2706: 2703: 2700: 2698: 2695: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2671: 2668: 2665: 2662: 2660: 2657: 2652: 2649: 2646: 2643: 2641: 2638: 2633: 2630: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2603: 2600: 2595: 2592: 2589: 2586: 2584: 2581: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2567: 2565: 2562: 2557: 2554: 2551: 2548: 2546: 2543: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2527: 2524: 2519: 2516: 2513: 2511: 2508: 2506: 2503: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2490:Organization 2489: 2486: 2485: 2482: 2481: 2477: 2476: 2473: 2471: 2463: 2452: 2449: 2446: 2443: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2409: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2373: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2347: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2335: 2332: 2330: 2327: 2324: 2323: 2320: 2319: 2315: 2314: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2265: 2262: 2259: 2256: 2248: 2245: 2242: 2239: 2231: 2228: 2225: 2222: 2214: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2197: 2194: 2191: 2188: 2180: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2154: 2147: 2144: 2141: 2138: 2135: 2127: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2110: 2107: 2104: 2101: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2067: 2059: 2056: 2053: 2050: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2024:Meles Zenawi 2023: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2007:Meles Zenawi 2006: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1990:Meles Zenawi 1989: 1986: 1983: 1980: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1964: 1961: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1876: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1859: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1842: 1834: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1783: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1714:Tafari Benti 1713: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1697:Tafari Benti 1696: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1608: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1584: 1581: 1580: 1576: 1575: 1572: 1570: 1569:Freedom House 1566: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1549: 1548:Somali Region 1544: 1540: 1535: 1527: 1525: 1523: 1518: 1514: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1467: 1465: 1463: 1458: 1456: 1452: 1447: 1442: 1434: 1432: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1417: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1402:Criminal Code 1399: 1394: 1386: 1384: 1382: 1381:land grabbing 1377: 1374: 1371:In 2013, the 1369: 1367: 1366:villagization 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1334: 1326: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1284: 1281: 1273: 1270: 1262: 1257: 1255: 1253: 1252:Oromia Region 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1222:A nationwide 1219: 1215: 1207: 1204: 1196: 1193: 1185: 1182: 1174: 1172: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1154: 1152: 1150: 1149:Somali Region 1142: 1140: 1137: 1136:Tigray region 1133: 1132: 1126: 1124: 1120: 1110: 1106: 1104: 1103:Freedom House 1101:According to 1099: 1097: 1093: 1087: 1079: 1077: 1075: 1072:(EHRCO), the 1071: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1055: 1048:Civil society 1047: 1045: 1042: 1039:In 2005, the 1034: 1029: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1016: 1014: 1010: 1009: 1004: 999: 991: 989: 987: 986:Kaliti Prison 979: 976: 973: 969: 966: 962: 961:Eskinder Nega 958: 954: 950: 947: 946:Awramba Times 943: 939: 936: 931: 930: 929: 926: 924: 923:Freedom House 920: 917:According to 912: 910: 909: 904: 900: 892: 890: 887: 883: 878: 876: 875:Oromia region 872: 868: 864: 860: 857:According to 852: 850: 848: 844: 836: 834: 832: 828: 827:African Union 824: 820: 816: 810: 806: 802: 800: 792: 790: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 767: 765: 760: 758: 754: 748: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 725: 723: 719: 715: 711: 706: 701: 699: 695: 691: 680: 668: 664: 659: 650: 649: 643: 641: 639: 635: 630: 629:, and more. 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 596: 591: 589: 584: 582: 577: 576: 574: 573: 567: 564: 563: 561: 560: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 537: 536: 533: 532: 526: 525: 518: 515: 514: 510: 507: 505: 502: 500: 497: 496: 492: 488: 485: 484: 478: 474: 473: 472: 469: 468: 465: 460: 459: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 438: 435: 430: 429: 419: 416: 414: 411: 410: 408: 401: 398: 396: 392: 391: 389: 384: 381: 379: 375: 374: 372: 371: 369: 368: 365: 360: 359: 352: 349: 348: 342: 341: 334: 331: 329: 326: 325: 322: 317: 316: 309: 306: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 286: 285: 282: 280: 277: 276: 274: 270: 267: 266: 263: 258: 257: 248: 245: 244: 242: 238: 235: 231: 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6574:Tigray War 6537:Ogaden War 6517:Revolution 6307:(Portugal) 6265:Somaliland 6185:Seychelles 6150:Mozambique 6135:Mauritania 6120:Madagascar 6075:The Gambia 6010:Cape Verde 5241:2 December 5216:2 December 5187:2 December 5182:Africanews 5135:3 December 5121:"Ethiopia" 5033:Africanews 4901:3 December 4860:2 December 4835:2 December 4472:5 December 4378:9 November 3750:10 January 3522:6 November 3435:30 October 3210:8 December 3158:30 October 3033:"Ethiopia" 3016:References 2961:Tigray War 1532:See also: 1478:executions 1289:See also: 1190:See also: 1054:parliament 1035:Protesters 998:Abiy Ahmed 959:recipient 908:frontiers. 771:Abiy Ahmed 741:Qey Shibir 667:Tigray War 623:censorship 475:Minister: 279:Abiy Ahmed 216:Presidency 79:newspapers 7027:Languages 6968:Education 6927:Transport 6877:Companies 6816:Air Force 6778:Elections 6739:President 6670:Governors 6632:Volcanoes 6617:Mountains 6596:Geography 6532:Civil War 6140:Mauritius 5869:29 August 5839:29 August 5809:29 August 5779:29 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