1270:) who make up a third of the country having been guaranteed rights that have not yet been fulfilled. There is an observable reaction to this among certain Khas Brahmin and Chhetri groups, seeking to prevent group-based rights from becoming an important factor in the country that earlier had a political system associated with group-based discrimination. Certain outside analysts have suggested that "seeking a balance in approach requires addressing both specific indigenous historical injustices while creating a common citizenship for all marginalised citizens regardless of identity, which remains a particularly challenging issue for Nepal".
1255:
segments of the
Chathariya and Panchthariya Shrestha Newars. Upper-caste Newars remain the most over-represented community in terms of socio-political access. The population of Khas-Chhetris constitutes 17.6% but its participation is mere 14.7%. If these major three communities (upper-caste Khas (Bahun & Chhetri) and upper-caste Newars (Shresthas) or the 'BCN' combine their shares in the Government of Nepal, civil service employment is 89.2% in 1991. Their dominance is reflected in education, administration and economical activities of the nation. Among those 73.8% in higher education belong to the BCN, 22.0% Janajatis and 2.9% Dalit.
1263:
constitute 12.8 percent of the total population of the country have no representation in the higher echelons of power' (Gurung, H. 2006). Similarly, the
Janajati has 32.0% (excluding Newars) of the total population of the country, has representation of 7.1%. In terms of education, 88.0% of Khas Brahmins & Chhetris, and Newars have access to school, 12.0% have never been to school. More than fifty (52.0%) of Hill Dalits, 47.0% of the Tarai Dalits, 48.0% of the Muslims and 30 percent of the Hill Adivasi Janajatis have never been to school.(Census, 2001)
711:. Caste prejudice is far less prevalent in cities nowadays, although nothing has changed in rural regions. As a result of occupational changes, increased education, their own efforts to emulate the upper castes and consolidation of political power, urban Dalits in the Terai have moved up in status. The National Report says, "Over the last 15-20 years, three groups, namely Sudi, Kalwar and Teli have socially upgraded their status from the water unacceptable to the water acceptable community within the Tarai origin Hindu caste groups."
237:(1609-1636) is noted to have introduced some rules and regulations about relations between different groups of people in the Gorkha kingdom too. As the Shah rulers conquered more territories and people, the concept of caste hierarchy more firmly applied as an organizing principle to consolidate diverse people under their authority. In 1854, early in the period of Rana rule, a National Legal Code (Muluki Ain) was proclaimed that laid out detailed codes for inter-caste behavior and specified punishments for their infringement.
4533:
4138:
4543:
258:
2856:
1259:
income of Rs. 15,630, Dalit Rs. 12,114 and Muslim ranks the lowest, Rs.11,014' The democratic transitions also failed to be inclusive management and functioning governance mainly because government was unable to understand and articulate the spirit of all
Nepalese people irrespective of their caste, gender, ethnicity, and religion.
225:
the Malla kingdom. Hence, the present Newar society's foundation firmly stands on this restructuring by Malla as Newar society continues to comprise the 4 varna and 64 different caste groups which were hierarchically allotted in
Jayasthiti Malla's time according to the classical and religious Hindu scriptures like the Manusmriti.
180:(1380-1394). This restructuring was a result of over a millennia of newer Aryan immigrants from the plains since the time of the Lichchavis. Series of Aryan migration to Kathmandu led to increased population and formation of a complex urban and caste-based society. Among them, most notable migration was the advent of later
1251:
Human
Resources and Region" explain more of the variation than "Ethnicity, Caste or Religious belonging" – i.e. people's perception of their own social situation has more to do with geography and objective social class, than with their association with the groups that the state has based its internal social policy on.
1023:
It was an attempt to include the entire Hindu as well as non-Hindu population of Nepal of that time into a single hierarchic civic code from the perspective of the Khas rulers. Terai and Newar
Brahmins and Kshatriyas were officially placed below their Khas equivalents. Similarly, serious limitations
224:
were all-together stripped off their
Brahmin status by these new and arguably more well-read Brahmins, and assimilated them in the Kshatriya/Chathariya. The restructuring also yielded power to newly formed Malla aristocracy of the Chathariya Shrestha who formed the new powerful aristocratic caste of
1273:
According to
Professor Madhusudan Subedi, economic and political advancements have pushed the caste system to break its stagnancy and status quo. New divisions and differences have given rise to new antagonisms and social norms. Working-class persons in urban areas who must make a living by selling
1250:
The caste system conjoints a structural class divide which persists, in which lower castes/ethnicities are generally socio-economically are not equal like those of higher castes/ethnicities. Recent research has also shown that when it comes to Nepali people's impressions of social change, "Poverty,
1237:
The social values preached by the Muluki Ain, however, were providing restrictive, anachronic and out of step with the spirit of times. These values were seen as a potent instrument of Rana political repression. After the Rana regime, caste rules relating to food, drink and intercaste marriage were
1274:
their labour power. Traditional caste barriers have been broken down as a result of such social mobility. In the rural context, the traditional subsistence agriculture system and age-old caste structure have significantly changed, and a relationship based on wage labour on land is being developed.
1254:
Participation of Khas-Brahmins in the civil service is 41.3% in spite of its population size of 12.2%. The population of Newars (all castes) is around 5%, but its occupancy in the civil service is more than one-third (33.2%), although vast majority of this share comes from the minority upper-caste
1258:
They have become major decision makers in the bureaucracy of Nepal has become crystal clear. In terms of earning/income generation, Newars have the highest per capita income of Rs. 38,193. Khas
Brahmins come next with an average income of Rs. 24,399, Adivasi Janajatis ranks third with an average
403:
is exceptional. This group presents a complicated social structure that not only reflects the model of four Hindu varna categories and the unclean castes outside of it, but it is also clearly divided among the upper and lower
Buddhist castes. Currently, Newars are divided into groups of over 25
97:
in the 18th century, Nepal's various non-Hindu ethnic nationalities and tribes, previously called "Matwalis" (alcohol-drinkers) and now termed as "Adivasi/Janajati" (indigenous/nationalities), have been incorporated within the caste hierarchy to varying degrees of success. Despite the forceful
1262:
In this process the left outs were oppressed class (Dalits), women, the poorest of the poor, powerless and the second class citizen and indigenous nationalities (Adivasi Janajatis). In Nepal, high castes dominate 91.2% among the prominent position in politics and bureaucracy. The Dalits who
269:
groups is simple compared to the other two societies, reflecting only three groups in hierarchy, with the distinct absence of the Vaishya and Shudra varnas. Much of the previously animist/tribal Khas population of the western Nepal region acquired the 'Chhetri' status in the 1850s with the
1246:
The caste system is still intact today but the rules are not as rigid as they were in the past. In 1963, a law (New Muluki Ain-1963) was passed making it illegal to discriminate against other castes led all castes to be equally treated by the law. Education is free and open to all castes.
1024:
and oversights of this code include the complete exclusion of the large middle-ranking Terai groups. Most notable contradiction is the inclusion of previously non-Hindu tribes "Adivasi Janajati" groups, as well as non-Nepalis including Muslims and Europeans into the hierarchical fold.
1860:
1238:
openly louted but the Muluki Ain had not been abrogated. In 1963, Legal Code was replaced by New 1964 Legal Code. The legal recognition to caste and all the discriminatory laws made on the grounds of caste were ceased.
1710:
Gurung, H. (2005). Social exclusion and Maoist insurgency. Paper presented at National Dialogue Conference on ILO Convention 169 on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples, Kathmandu, 19–20 January 2005.
204:
and Sultan of Delhi. Jayasthiti Malla's restructuring also converted celibate Buddhist monks to householder status and inside the hierarchic fold for the first time to form the caste of
98:
integration by the state into the pan-Hindu social structure, the traditionally non-Hindu groups and tribes do not necessarily adhere to the customs and practices of the caste system.
3214:
695:
Hindu groups is complex, reflecting four varna groups with distinct hierarchical structure within them. These various cultural groups belong to four distinct language groups:
1266:
In recent times, following the overthrow of the Nepali monarchy and move towards a federal republic, ethnicity and caste have taken center stage – the indigenous peoples (
1899:
137:
system of Hinduism. Instead, nature worship, shamanism and ancestor worship was more common in sync with Tibetan spirituality among the Sino-Tibetan groups. Even
1602:
Bennett, L.; Dr, Dahal; Govindasamy, P. (2008). "Caste ethnic and regional identity in Nepal: Further analysis of the 2006 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey".
270:
proclamation by the Rana Prime Minister Jung Bahadur Rana, making Chhetris the most populous caste/tribe of Nepal. The mother tongue of these groups is Kumaoni,
1865:
3942:
3817:
3827:
4085:
1871:
1814:
Subedi, Madhusudan. (2011). Caste System: Theories and Practices in Nepal. Himalayan Journal of Sociology and Anthropology. 4. 10.3126/hjsa.v4i0.4672.
2983:
245:
Although caste or tribe based hierarchy has been a hallmark for all ethnicities of Nepal, only three societies traditionally were part of the four
153:
is apparently not related to any Vedic scriptures and tradition of the Gangetic plains of India, and seems more closer to pre-Buddhist Shamanistic
4447:
3934:
3872:
3914:
3245:
2891:
249:
concept of social division and hierarchy. These societies/ethnicities were: Khas/Parbatiya and Newars in the hills and Madhesis in the plains.
3909:
1583:
4174:
3919:
1892:
1339:
176:(untouchables). The existing caste structure as introduced by the Lichhavis was later fundamentally restructured during the reign of King
1833:
Nancy E. Levine. Caste, State, and Ethnic Boundaries in Nepal. The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 46, No. 1 (Feb., 1987), pp. 71–88
4498:
3952:
4100:
4080:
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2395:
4064:
3947:
3790:
1654:
1549:
1515:
1720:
1471:
4572:
4508:
3812:
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Nepal's Downtrodden: A nation struggles to find the way to relieve 4.5 million Dalits from the stigma of "untouchability". p. 6.
4577:
1885:
1399:
4422:
1856:
1843:
109:" (the ostracism of a specific caste) - in 1963. With Nepal's step towards freedom and equality, Nepal, previously ruled by a
4567:
3802:
274:
and its dialects like Baitadeli and Doteli. In 2001 the CBS recorded only nine groups in the caste-origin Hill Hindu groups.
4467:
1505:
4095:
3867:
3862:
3346:
1425:
133:
The ancient tribes living around the northern territory of modern Nepal seem to have been less influenced by the fourfold
4337:
4090:
3924:
3889:
3840:
3564:
335:
4257:
4503:
4302:
4044:
4034:
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3109:
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1799:
1756:
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4367:
1539:
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4024:
3363:
2884:
1283:
4417:
4382:
4582:
4392:
4307:
4197:
4049:
3989:
1965:
4427:
4402:
4317:
4297:
4247:
4217:
4207:
4513:
4387:
4267:
4189:
4167:
3994:
3984:
3341:
3153:
2482:
4457:
4407:
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4141:
4039:
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1734:
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4397:
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4252:
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structure, have been following Masto tradition since ancient times whereby Masta tutelary deities known as
4357:
4322:
4277:
4272:
3999:
3628:
3370:
1920:
1908:
1674:
MOPE (2002). Nepal Population Report, 2002. Kathmandu: Ministry of Population and Environment, HMG, Nepal.
1288:
197:
1701:
Stiller, L. F. (1993). Nepal: Growth of a Nation. Human Resources Development Research Center, Kathmandu.
4262:
4237:
4054:
4019:
4009:
4004:
3857:
2925:
2877:
2662:
2224:
1615:
1298:
181:
35:
1800:
Deepening Democracy: International Labour Organisation Convention 169 and Nepal's Democratic Transition
1452:
Dhungel, Ramesh (2010). "Understanding Nepali History in the context of Changing Political Situation".
4115:
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3499:
3304:
3279:
3259:
3163:
2561:
2506:
2501:
2496:
1939:
500:
73:
The caste system defines social classes by a number of hierarchical endogamous groups often termed
4542:
3656:
3638:
3633:
3621:
3455:
3274:
3254:
3224:
3006:
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2642:
2619:
2096:
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1912:
1603:
1430:
1293:
1103:
743:
492:
394:
213:
169:
78:
1861:
Material from this site has been borrowed for this article with the permission of Dr. Vepachedu
1363:
3661:
3579:
3316:
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3207:
3036:
2624:
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1985:
1931:
1735:"History of Dalit movements in Nepal: Much has been achieved, but discrimination still exists"
1650:
1579:
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1421:
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1834:
1340:"Nepal: Deadly caste-based attacks spur outcry over social discrimination | DW | 16.06.2020"
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189:
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165:
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134:
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17:
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1975:
1628:
739:
704:
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201:
1479:
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2315:
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2240:
2236:
2188:
2165:
2141:
2108:
2103:
2001:
1164:
1160:
904:
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405:
230:
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110:
106:
86:
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2675:
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2200:
2195:
2091:
2074:
2069:
2039:
2017:
1954:
1949:
1607:
1156:
1152:
1124:
1008:
and codified social practices for several centuries in Nepal. The law also comprised
789:
386:
118:
1389:
3681:
3608:
3387:
3377:
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2903:
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2183:
2127:
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1214:
1172:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1069:
436:
349:
217:
1827:
257:
172:
period (400-750 CE) with mentions of the presence of Brahmans (Vedic priests) and
4546:
3845:
3676:
3666:
3616:
3598:
3509:
3470:
3264:
3175:
3158:
2792:
2359:
2231:
2178:
2024:
1757:
Class, Caste or Location? How Do Different People Assess Social Change In Nepal?
1472:"Gautamavajra Vajrācārya, "Recently Discovered Inscriptions of Licchavi Nepal",
1227:
Terai occupational castes – Dhobi, Halkhor, Chamar, Dushad, Dom, Musahars, etc.
1099:
1048:
1016:
482:
376:
266:
205:
150:
138:
82:
3691:
3031:
2379:
2158:
2012:
1970:
1844:
Nepal: Towards a Democratic Republic: Caste, Ethnicity and Inequality in Nepal
1210:"Pani Na Chalne Chhoichhito Haalnu Parne" (Water-unacceptable and untouchable)
1180:"Pani Na Chalne Chhoichhito Haalnu Naparne" (Water-unacceptable but touchable)
1136:
997:
891:
579:
122:
105:
legally abolished and criminalized any caste-based discrimination, including "
1507:
Nationalism and Ethnicity in a Hindu Kingdom: The Politics and Culture of ...
1325:
The Caste Hierarchy and the State of Nepal: A Study of the Muluki Ain of 1854
3737:
3732:
3699:
3671:
3559:
3554:
3490:
3465:
3412:
3326:
3041:
2973:
2838:
2812:
2782:
2536:
2463:
2375:
2367:
2351:
2330:
2271:
2064:
1073:
1042:
1005:
758:
625:
555:
469:
452:
447:
313:
185:
164:
The earliest detailed record of the caste system in Nepal has been found in
59:
1027:
Hierarchies of Major Caste/Ethnic Groups in Nepal according to Muluki Ain:
1004:
after his European tour and enacted in 1854. It was rooted in traditional
404:
occupational caste categories who share a common language (mother-tongue)
3746:
3718:
3704:
3571:
3537:
3495:
3480:
3440:
3185:
2670:
2651:
2303:
2288:
1394:
1107:
831:
773:
524:
513:
496:
234:
173:
1230:
Newar lowest occupational castes – Dom, Podhya, Chyamaha/Chandala, etc.
4152:
3742:
3727:
3723:
3485:
3435:
3427:
3417:
3321:
3309:
3168:
3064:
3058:
2772:
2762:
2740:
2719:
2679:
2655:
2418:
2408:
2403:
2320:
1944:
1201:
1197:
1083:
1060:
1056:
955:
871:
784:
734:
708:
656:, Darshandhari (descendants of Kanphata Yogi sect, tailors, musicians)
464:
431:
323:
319:
297:
121:. On 28 May 2008, it was declared a republic, ending the period of the
63:
55:
3714:
3527:
3460:
3400:
3395:
3202:
2797:
2666:
2308:
2205:
2170:
2153:
2148:
2111:
1996:
1168:
1120:
965:
945:
941:
931:
851:
811:
763:
545:
535:
400:
209:
114:
90:
67:
1838:
1692:
Dalits and Labour in Nepal: Discrimination and Forced Labour. p. 40.
220:
Brahmins over other priests like Maithil Brahmins. Karmacharyas and
141:/Parbatiyas who are today overwhelmingly consolidated into the four
3522:
3450:
3001:
2823:
2807:
2787:
2767:
2696:
2685:
2438:
2371:
2355:
2298:
2135:
1959:
1504:
Gellner, D.; Pfaff-Czarnecka, J.; Whelpton, J. (6 December 2012).
1222:
1192:
1111:
1079:
1065:
1052:
975:
881:
861:
841:
821:
801:
725:
663:
422:
358:
302:
288:
256:
221:
193:
158:
102:
43:
39:
149:
are invoked and worshipped. This form of Masto worship among the
147:
bange-masta, bahiramasta, thado-masta, bahra-masta, athahra-masta
3532:
3074:
2443:
1098:
Newar - Hindu Panchthariya Srēsthas and Buddhists Gubhaju/Baré (
914:
4156:
3776:
3133:
2873:
2869:
1881:
1647:
Many Tongues, One People: The Making of Tharu Identity in Nepal
707:. In 2001 the CBS recorded 43 caste-origin Hindu groups in the
1866:
Interview with Ian Martin: Caste-Based Discrimination in Nepal
1367:
196:, among others, with conquest of Karnat kingdom in 1324 CE by
154:
1721:"How discriminatory was the first Muluki Ain against Dalits?"
77:. This custom was traditionally only prevalent in the three
1020:(the customary law of different castes and communities).
900:
Service-castes (previously Unclean or Untouchable) :
634:
Service-castes (previously Unclean or Untouchable) :
527:, Shilpakar, etc. (metal and wood workers, merchants)
1575:
The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History
1095:"Namasinya Matwali" (Non-enslavable Alcohol Drinkers)
680:
Dyala, Podé, Chyāmaha/Chamāhār (sweepers, fishermen)
4486:
4446:
4188:
4073:
3965:
3933:
3900:
3826:
3789:
3690:
3647:
3607:
3589:
3508:
3426:
3386:
3295:
3288:
3243:
3146:
2992:
2946:
2752:
2733:
2712:
2640:
2633:
2607:
2544:
2477:
2394:
2339:
2279:
2223:
2214:
2055:
1984:
1930:
1919:
265:The social structure of caste-origin Hill Hindu or
50:model, consisting of four broad social classes or
1474:Kathmandu Kailash - Journal of Himalayan Studies.
572:Manandhar/Sāyami/Teli (oil-pressers and brewers)
27:Nepalese traditional social stratification system
1578:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 199–200.
1830:. South Asian Human Rights Documentation Center
1149:"Masinya Matwali" (Enslavable Alcohol Drinkers)
4168:
2885:
1893:
1426:"Birenda, 55, Ruler of Nepal's Hindu Kingdom"
1087:(referred in the code as Indian/Desi Brahmin)
645:Khadgi, Naye, Kasai (butchers and musicians)
8:
3569:
46:system broadly borrows the classical Hindu
4175:
4161:
4153:
3795:
3786:
3773:
3292:
3143:
3130:
2943:
2892:
2878:
2870:
2637:
2220:
1927:
1900:
1886:
1878:
603:Pahari/Nagarkoti (farmers from outskirts)
691:The social structure of the caste-origin
1476:Volume 1, Number 2, 1973. (pp. 117-134)"
1029:
713:
410:
276:
192:and others like the Khadgis (butchers),
1670:
1668:
1666:
1310:
1089:(no mention of Terai Kshatriya groups)
344:Service-castes (previously Untouchable)
2692:, Tharu, Danuwar and Dhimal) (Lowland)
1624:
1613:
212:. It also solidified the supremacy of
2350:Over 25 distinct castes, major being
1640:
1638:
1597:
1595:
7:
1499:
1497:
1364:"Nepal king stripped of most powers"
1318:
1316:
1314:
1872:Nepal: UN Welcomes New Law on Caste
1402:from the original on 7 January 2017
1014:(avoidance and removal of sin) and
673:Kulu, Dom/Dusādh (leather-workers)
253:Caste-origin Hill Hindu groups/Khas
168:from the 5th century CE during the
3135:
1857:The complete reference to Brahmins
25:
1572:Peter Jackson (16 October 2003).
1544:. Lancer Publishers. p. 29.
1390:"Nepal votes to abolish monarchy"
968:, Harijan, Ram (Leather-workers)
687:Caste-origin Madhesh Hindu groups
589:Nau/Napit (barbers/nail-cutters)
548:/Prajapati (potters and farmers)
485:/Shakya (priests and goldsmiths)
4541:
4532:
4531:
4137:
4136:
2854:
596:Balami (farmers from outskrits)
1846:. Economic and Political Weekly
1755:Aasland, Aadne and Marit Haug:
1114:, Manandhar, and other smaller
1000:Muluki Ain was commissioned by
638:Bha/Karanjit (funeral priests)
4499:British Indian Ocean Territory
3778:
1737:. Online Khabar. 1 August 2020
1045:" (Wearers of the Holy Thread)
117:nation which has now become a
1:
34:is the traditional system of
1649:. Cornell University Press.
1327:. Universitatsverlag Wagner.
907:(Alcohol brewers/merchants)
666:, Rajak, Sangat (washermen)
472:Srēstha, other Srēstha etc.
18:Ethnicity and caste in Nepal
1803:The NIBR International Blog
1760:The NIBR International Blog
1213:Khas occupational castes –
1187:occupational castes – Bha,
4599:
2984:Weberian (three-component)
1284:Gender inequality in Nepal
610:Kau/Nakarmi (iron-smiths)
503:) (traders and craftsmen)
392:
4527:
4132:
3798:
3785:
3772:
3142:
3129:
2942:
2913:
2851:
2261:(standard Nepali dialect)
1645:Guneratne, Arjun (2002).
261:Members of Khas community
4248:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
4106:Pre-industrial East Asia
1538:Singh, R. S. N. (2010).
1510:Routledge. p. 243.
1036:Caste and Ethnic Groups
797:Other pure castes :
617:Dali/Putuwar (carriers)
241:Traditional caste system
4573:Caste system by country
4509:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3154:Administrative detainee
924:Hajam/Thakur (Barbers)
437:Kanyakubja Rajopadhyaya
4578:Ethnic groups in Nepal
3570:
1909:Ethnic groups in Nepal
1623:Cite journal requires
1323:Hofer, Andras (1979).
1289:Ethnic groups in Nepal
1242:The caste system today
478:Twice-born Buddhists:
262:
198:Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq
4568:Caste system in Nepal
4111:Pre-industrial Europe
2661:Hill people (Eastern
2370:, Khadgi, Manandhar,
2364:Rajopadhyaya Brahmins
1541:The Unmaking of Nepal
1299:Caste system in India
1118:occupational castes.
414:Newārs (Nepal Mandal)
393:Further information:
260:
216:descendants like the
200:, the founder of the
93:. However, since the
36:social stratification
32:Nepalese caste system
4423:United Arab Emirates
4183:Caste system in Asia
3968: or countries
3779:By country or region
3017:Class discrimination
2592:Jangad/Dhangad/Uraun
1828:Caste discrimination
1482:on 27 September 2008
95:unification of Nepal
4450:limited recognition
3500:Vanniar (Chieftain)
2537:Kushbadiya (Guhari)
2464:Kushbadiya (Guhari)
1771:Dr. Gurung, H. 2006
1171:, Hayu, Kumal, and
565:Tandukar (farmers)
509:Other pure castes:
4081:18th-century Spain
3935:Standard of living
3639:Upper middle class
3634:Lower middle class
3225:Political prisoner
3007:Chattering classes
2979:Spoon class theory
2097:Lama clan (Tamang)
1431:The New York Times
1422:Crossette, Barbara
1294:Newar caste system
1074:Chatharīya Srēstha
744:Kanyakubja Brahmin
516:/Jyapus (farmers)
395:Newar caste system
338:and Kanphata Yogi
263:
214:Kanyakubja Brahmin
101:The Government of
4555:
4554:
4492:other territories
4150:
4149:
4128:
4127:
4124:
4123:
3961:
3960:
3768:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3662:Lumpenproletariat
3164:illegal immigrant
3125:
3124:
3037:Classless society
2867:
2866:
2847:
2846:
2724:Madheshi Janajati
2650:Mountain people (
2587:Khadiya/Bankariya
2564:
2518:Khadiya/Bankariya
2485:
2454:
2453:
2120:
2119:
1924:(Trans-Himalayan)
1798:Jones, Peris S.:
1723:. 21 August 2015.
1585:978-0-521-54329-3
1338:Welle, Deutsche.
1235:
1234:
1002:Jung Bahadur Rana
992:Muluki Ain (1854)
989:
988:
834:/Koeri (Farmers)
684:
683:
408:or speak Nepali.
382:
381:
291:/Khas-Arya :
81:societies of the
16:(Redirected from
4590:
4583:Society of Nepal
4545:
4535:
4534:
4504:Christmas Island
4190:Sovereign states
4177:
4170:
4163:
4154:
4140:
4139:
3967:
3868:Mexican-American
3796:
3787:
3774:
3575:
3518:Business magnate
3408:Knowledge worker
3293:
3181:dual or multiple
3144:
3131:
3085:Social exclusion
3080:Social cleansing
2994:
2944:
2933:Economic classes
2894:
2887:
2880:
2871:
2861:Nepal portal
2859:
2858:
2857:
2638:
2585:Dudh and Dhelki
2559:
2480:
2221:
2047:Limbu (Yakthung)
1971:Central Tibetans
1940:Darchula Bhotiya
1928:
1902:
1895:
1888:
1879:
1815:
1812:
1806:
1796:
1790:
1787:
1781:
1778:
1772:
1769:
1763:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1702:
1699:
1693:
1690:
1684:
1681:
1675:
1672:
1661:
1660:
1642:
1633:
1632:
1626:
1621:
1619:
1611:
1599:
1590:
1589:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1501:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1478:. Archived from
1468:
1462:
1461:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1320:
1268:Adivasi Janajati
1191:, Khadgi/Kasaĩ,
1030:
948:(Basket-makers)
814:(Confectioners)
748:Bhumihar Brahmin
714:
538:(confectioners)
411:
336:Dashnami Sanyasi
331:Renouncer :
303:Kanyakubja Bahun
277:
190:Maithil Brahmins
178:Jayasthiti Malla
166:Kathmandu Valley
48:Chaturvarnashram
21:
4598:
4597:
4593:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4588:
4587:
4558:
4557:
4556:
4551:
4523:
4491:
4482:
4463:Northern Cyprus
4449:
4442:
4184:
4181:
4151:
4146:
4120:
4069:
3957:
3929:
3896:
3880:Underprivileged
3822:
3781:
3780:
3756:
3686:
3643:
3603:
3585:
3504:
3422:
3382:
3284:
3239:
3138:
3137:
3121:
3100:Social position
3090:Social mobility
2988:
2938:
2909:
2908:
2898:
2868:
2863:
2855:
2853:
2843:
2748:
2729:
2708:
2695:Western Nepal (
2629:
2603:
2558:
2545:Other peoples (
2540:
2483:distinct origin
2479:
2473:
2450:
2396:Indian Madheshi
2390:
2335:
2294:Maithil Brahmin
2275:
2210:
2116:
2051:
1980:
1966:Central Tibetic
1923:
1915:
1913:language family
1906:
1853:
1839:10.2307/2056667
1824:
1822:Further reading
1819:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1797:
1793:
1789:G.Neupane, 2000
1788:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1754:
1750:
1740:
1738:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1664:
1657:
1644:
1643:
1636:
1622:
1612:
1601:
1600:
1593:
1586:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1503:
1502:
1495:
1485:
1483:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1436:
1434:
1424:(3 June 2001).
1420:
1419:
1415:
1405:
1403:
1398:. 28 May 2008.
1388:
1387:
1383:
1373:
1371:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1348:
1346:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1322:
1321:
1312:
1307:
1280:
1244:
994:
917:(Oil-pressers)
740:Maithil Brahmin
717:Madhesi Hindus
689:
397:
391:
255:
243:
202:Tughlaq dynasty
184:and Chathariya/
131:
42:. The Nepalese
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4596:
4594:
4586:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4560:
4559:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4549:
4539:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4495:
4493:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4454:
4452:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4194:
4192:
4186:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4179:
4172:
4165:
4157:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4101:Ottoman Empire
4098:
4093:
4088:
4086:Ancient Greece
4083:
4077:
4075:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4067:
4062:
4060:United Kingdom
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3971:
3969:
3963:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3955:
3953:Home-ownership
3950:
3945:
3939:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3906:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3893:
3892:
3887:
3877:
3876:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3855:
3854:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3832:
3830:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3808:American Dream
3805:
3799:
3793:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3770:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3754:
3749:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3721:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3696:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3653:
3651:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3613:
3611:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3595:
3593:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3583:
3576:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3551:
3550:
3545:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3514:
3512:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3432:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3392:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3380:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3344:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3313:
3312:
3301:
3299:
3290:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3251:
3249:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3220:Migrant worker
3217:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3156:
3150:
3148:
3140:
3139:
3136:By demographic
3134:
3127:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3116:Status Anxiety
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3070:Ranked society
3067:
3062:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3012:Class conflict
3009:
3004:
2998:
2996:
2995: topics
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2969:Mudsill theory
2966:
2961:
2956:
2950:
2948:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2929:
2922:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2889:
2882:
2874:
2865:
2864:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2759:
2757:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2700:
2693:
2683:
2678:(East, mostly
2673:
2659:
2647:
2645:
2635:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2589:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2567:
2565:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2534:
2525:
2520:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2488:
2486:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2434:other Madheshi
2431:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2421:
2416:
2406:
2404:Indian Maithil
2400:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2354:, Chathariya,
2345:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2285:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2252:
2243:
2229:
2227:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2133:
2130:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2106:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2067:
2061:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2007:
2006:
2005:
1999:
1990:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1936:
1934:
1925:
1917:
1916:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1897:
1890:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1852:
1851:External links
1849:
1848:
1847:
1841:
1831:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1807:
1791:
1782:
1773:
1764:
1748:
1726:
1712:
1703:
1694:
1685:
1676:
1662:
1655:
1634:
1625:|journal=
1591:
1584:
1564:
1550:
1530:
1516:
1493:
1463:
1444:
1413:
1381:
1355:
1330:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1279:
1276:
1243:
1240:
1233:
1232:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1204:and Europeans
1181:
1177:
1176:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1046:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1033:Caste Division
993:
990:
987:
986:
983:
980:
979:
973:
970:
969:
963:
960:
959:
953:
950:
949:
939:
936:
935:
929:
926:
925:
922:
919:
918:
912:
909:
908:
902:
896:
895:
889:
886:
885:
879:
876:
875:
869:
866:
865:
859:
856:
855:
849:
846:
845:
844:(Iron-smiths)
839:
836:
835:
829:
826:
825:
819:
816:
815:
809:
806:
805:
799:
793:
792:
780:
777:
776:
770:
767:
766:
754:
751:
750:
730:
721:
720:
718:
688:
685:
682:
681:
678:
675:
674:
671:
668:
667:
661:
658:
657:
650:
647:
646:
643:
640:
639:
636:
630:
629:
622:
619:
618:
615:
612:
611:
608:
605:
604:
601:
598:
597:
594:
591:
590:
587:
584:
583:
577:
574:
573:
570:
567:
566:
563:
560:
559:
558:(cloth-dyers)
553:
550:
549:
543:
540:
539:
532:
529:
528:
521:
518:
517:
511:
505:
504:
490:
487:
486:
480:
474:
473:
460:
457:
456:
443:
440:
439:
427:
418:
417:
415:
390:
383:
380:
379:
374:
371:
370:
365:
362:
361:
356:
353:
352:
347:
340:
339:
333:
327:
326:
309:
306:
305:
293:
284:
283:
281:
280:Parbatiya/Khas
254:
251:
242:
239:
233:principality,
130:
127:
111:Hindu monarchy
107:untouchability
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4595:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4538:
4530:
4529:
4526:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4489:
4485:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4473:South Ossetia
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4453:
4451:
4445:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4191:
4187:
4178:
4173:
4171:
4166:
4164:
4159:
4158:
4155:
4143:
4135:
4134:
4131:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4072:
4066:
4065:United States
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3966:Other regions
3964:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3932:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3899:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3878:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3856:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3825:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3791:United States
3788:
3784:
3775:
3771:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3689:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3606:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3507:
3501:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3425:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3379:
3376:
3372:
3369:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3352:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3291:
3287:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3242:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3230:Socioeconomic
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3201:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3174:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3132:
3128:
3118:
3117:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3105:Social stigma
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3095:Social orphan
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3054:
3053:Nouveau riche
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3027:Class traitor
3025:
3023:
3022:Class society
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2991:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2959:Gilbert model
2957:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2895:
2890:
2888:
2883:
2881:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2862:
2850:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2751:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2704:
2703:Nepali Muslim
2701:
2698:
2694:
2691:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2639:
2636:
2632:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2502:Western Majhi
2500:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2476:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2386:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2316:Eastern Majhi
2314:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2201:Lepcha (Rong)
2199:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1903:
1898:
1896:
1891:
1889:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1795:
1792:
1786:
1783:
1780:NLSS II, 2004
1777:
1774:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1736:
1730:
1727:
1722:
1716:
1713:
1707:
1704:
1698:
1695:
1689:
1686:
1680:
1677:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1656:9780801487286
1652:
1648:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1617:
1609:
1605:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1568:
1565:
1553:
1551:9781935501282
1547:
1543:
1542:
1534:
1531:
1519:
1517:9781136649561
1513:
1509:
1508:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1481:
1477:
1475:
1467:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1445:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1417:
1414:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1385:
1382:
1370:. 18 May 2006
1369:
1365:
1359:
1356:
1345:
1341:
1334:
1331:
1326:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1304:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1241:
1239:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1110:and others),
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1012:
1007:
1003:
999:
991:
984:
982:
981:
977:
974:
972:
971:
967:
964:
962:
961:
957:
954:
952:
951:
947:
943:
940:
938:
937:
933:
930:
928:
927:
923:
921:
920:
916:
913:
911:
910:
906:
903:
901:
898:
897:
893:
890:
888:
887:
883:
880:
878:
877:
873:
870:
868:
867:
863:
860:
858:
857:
853:
850:
848:
847:
843:
840:
838:
837:
833:
830:
828:
827:
824:(Goldsmiths)
823:
820:
818:
817:
813:
810:
808:
807:
803:
800:
798:
795:
794:
791:
788:
786:
781:
779:
778:
775:
771:
769:
768:
765:
762:
760:
755:
753:
752:
749:
745:
741:
738:
736:
731:
729:
727:
723:
722:
719:
716:
715:
712:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
686:
679:
677:
676:
672:
670:
669:
665:
662:
660:
659:
655:
651:
649:
648:
644:
642:
641:
637:
635:
632:
631:
627:
623:
621:
620:
616:
614:
613:
609:
607:
606:
602:
600:
599:
595:
593:
592:
588:
586:
585:
581:
578:
576:
575:
571:
569:
568:
564:
562:
561:
557:
554:
552:
551:
547:
544:
542:
541:
537:
533:
531:
530:
526:
522:
520:
519:
515:
512:
510:
507:
506:
502:
498:
494:
491:
489:
488:
484:
481:
479:
476:
475:
471:
468:
466:
461:
459:
458:
454:
451:
449:
444:
442:
441:
438:
435:
433:
428:
426:
424:
420:
419:
416:
413:
412:
409:
407:
402:
396:
389:groups/Newārs
388:
387:Nepal Mandala
385:Caste-origin
384:
378:
375:
373:
372:
369:
366:
364:
363:
360:
357:
355:
354:
351:
348:
345:
342:
341:
337:
334:
332:
329:
328:
325:
321:
317:
315:
310:
308:
307:
304:
301:
299:
294:
292:
290:
286:
285:
282:
279:
278:
275:
273:
268:
259:
252:
250:
248:
240:
238:
236:
232:
228:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
162:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
128:
126:
124:
123:Hindu kingdom
120:
119:secular state
116:
112:
108:
104:
99:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
71:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4488:Dependencies
4418:Turkmenistan
4383:Saudi Arabia
4352:
4116:Soviet Union
4091:Ancient Rome
4029:
3948:Homelessness
3873:Upper Middle
3745: /
3726: /
3717: /
3682:Working poor
3578:
3565:Robber baron
3388:Intellectual
3378:Royal family
3342:Ancient Rome
3196:second-class
3114:
3057:
3056: /
3051:
3047:High society
2954:Elite theory
2931:
2924:
2917:
2904:Social class
2822:Unspecified
2778:Rajopadhyaya
2754:
2387:Newar Muslim
2132:Newar Muslim
2031:Eastern Rai
2009:Central Rai
1993:Western Rai
1921:Sino-Tibetan
1874:. Nepal Awaz
1868:(23-10-2006)
1810:
1805:, 11.06.2011
1802:
1794:
1785:
1776:
1767:
1762:, 27.05.2011
1759:
1751:
1739:. Retrieved
1729:
1715:
1706:
1697:
1688:
1679:
1646:
1616:cite journal
1574:
1567:
1555:. Retrieved
1540:
1533:
1521:. Retrieved
1506:
1484:. Retrieved
1480:the original
1473:
1466:
1457:
1454:CNAS Journal
1453:
1447:
1435:. Retrieved
1429:
1416:
1404:. Retrieved
1393:
1384:
1372:. Retrieved
1358:
1347:. Retrieved
1343:
1333:
1324:
1272:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1236:
1229:
1226:
1196:
1184:
1183:Newar lower
1167:, Gharti or
1119:
1115:
1086:
1078:
1064:
1026:
1022:
1015:
1009:
995:
978:(Washermen)
958:(Labourers)
899:
884:(Fisherman)
874:(Fishermen)
796:
782:
756:
732:
724:
690:
633:
580:Malakar/Mali
508:
477:
470:Pāñchtharīya
462:
445:
429:
421:
399:The case of
398:
343:
330:
311:
295:
287:
264:
244:
229:king of the
218:Rajopadhyaya
163:
157:practice of
146:
132:
100:
74:
72:
47:
31:
29:
4547:Asia portal
4448:States with
4368:Philippines
4308:South Korea
4303:North Korea
4198:Afghanistan
4035:New Zealand
3752:Untouchable
3677:Proletariat
3667:Pea-pickers
3617:Bourgeoisie
3305:Aristocracy
3191:naturalized
3186:native-born
2808:Damai/Dholi
2793:Vajracharya
2745:Simantakrit
2634:Other basis
2562:Indus-Ganga
2532:Oraon Sadri
2360:Vajracharya
2175:Raji–Raute
1557:19 February
1523:19 February
1100:Vajracharya
1011:Prāyaścitta
996:The Nepali
894:(Florists)
582:(florists)
483:Vajracharya
406:Nepal Bhasa
206:Vajracharya
4562:Categories
4428:Uzbekistan
4403:Tajikistan
4318:Kyrgyzstan
4298:Kazakhstan
4218:Bangladesh
4208:Azerbaijan
4025:Luxembourg
3915:Inequality
3580:Superclass
3371:Hereditary
3347:Post-Roman
3338:Patrician
3208:adolescent
3032:Classicide
2608:Immigrants
2478:Indo-Aryan
2216:Indo-Aryan
2013:Khambu Rai
1486:20 October
1460:: 174–175.
1349:2021-02-28
1305:References
1102:/Shākya),
998:civil code
934:(Brewers)
864:(Farmers)
854:(Potters)
804:(Farmers)
726:Twice-born
699:, Bajika,
453:Chatharīya
423:Twice-born
289:Twice-born
188:and their
79:Indo Aryan
4514:Hong Kong
4468:Palestine
4393:Sri Lanka
4388:Singapore
4268:Indonesia
4050:Sri Lanka
3943:Education
3910:Household
3803:Affluence
3738:Rat tribe
3700:Ant tribe
3672:Precariat
3657:Lazzaroni
3599:Bohemians
3560:Overclass
3555:Old money
3491:Spartiate
3466:Kshatriya
3456:Hashashin
3413:Professor
3354:Political
3327:Oligarchy
3317:Hanseaten
3235:Stateless
3215:Convicted
3147:By status
3110:Subaltern
3042:Euthenics
2974:New class
2839:Gandarbha
2813:Rajdhoves
2783:Shresthas
2699:dominant)
2643:geography
2523:Rajbanshi
2376:Ranjitkar
2368:Chitrakar
2352:Shresthas
2272:Kashmiris
2159:Kham/Pang
2065:Chhantyal
1964:Nepalese
1608:156124648
1043:Tagadhari
1006:Hindu Law
772:Rajbhat,
759:Kshatriya
626:Ranjitkar
556:Ranjitkar
514:Maharjans
497:Tuladhars
448:Kshatriya
314:Kshatriya
186:Kshatriya
60:Kshatriya
4537:Category
4458:Abkhazia
4408:Thailand
4363:Pakistan
4343:Mongolia
4338:Maldives
4333:Malaysia
4233:Cambodia
4142:Category
4074:Historic
3995:Colombia
3985:Cambodia
3920:Personal
3818:Mobility
3747:Freedman
3733:Plebeian
3719:Prisoner
3705:Commoner
3591:Creative
3572:Seigneur
3538:Nobility
3496:Vanniyar
3481:Pendekar
3441:Cossacks
3075:Snobbery
2947:Theories
2720:Janajati
2690:Madheshi
2671:Buddhist
2652:Buddhist
2620:Filipino
2414:Bhojpuri
2374:, Pode,
2304:Kayastha
2281:Madheshi
2267:Kumaunis
2259:speakers
2255:Gorkhali
2250:speakers
2241:speakers
2124:Newaric
2057:Tamangic
2035:Lohorung
1437:18 April
1406:18 April
1400:Archived
1395:BBC News
1374:18 April
1278:See also
1225:, Badi.
1195:, Kulu.
1123:clans -
1108:Tuladhar
985:Khatawe
832:Kushwaha
774:Kayastha
701:Bhojpuri
697:Maithili
628:(dyers)
525:Tamrakar
455:Srēstha
425:Hindus:
235:Ram Shah
231:Chaubisi
174:Chandala
170:Licchavi
113:, was a
4433:Vietnam
4348:Myanmar
4328:Lebanon
4258:Georgia
4213:Bahrain
4203:Armenia
4045:Romania
4040:Nigeria
3925:Poverty
3828:Classes
3813:History
3724:Peasant
3710:Outcast
3649:Working
3629:Burgher
3486:Samurai
3476:Ocēlōtl
3436:Chhetri
3428:Warrior
3418:Scholar
3332:Russian
3322:Magnate
3310:Aristoi
3289:By type
3176:Citizen
3169:refugee
3065:Poverty
3059:Parvenu
2993:Related
2964:Marxian
2926:Stratum
2773:Thakuri
2763:Kshetri
2741:Adivasi
2705:(South)
2680:Mundhum
2663:Paharis
2656:Animism
2625:Russian
2571:Kusunda
2419:Bajjika
2289:Maithil
2246:Palpali
2166:Chepang
2136:Thangmi
2104:Thakali
2080:Manange
2025:Bantawa
2002:Sunuwar
1986:Kiranti
1945:Bhotiya
1932:Tibetic
1202:Muslims
1198:Mlechha
1165:Chepang
1161:Thakali
1084:Brahmin
1070:Brahmin
1061:Chhetri
1057:Thakuri
1053:Brahmin
956:Musahar
785:Vaishya
735:Brahmin
728: :
709:Madhesh
693:Madhesi
624:Chhipā/
465:Vaishya
432:Brahmin
346: :
324:Thakuri
320:Chhetri
298:Brahmin
129:History
87:Madhesi
64:Vaishya
56:Brahmin
4478:Taiwan
4413:Turkey
4378:Russia
4313:Kuwait
4293:Jordan
4283:Israel
4243:Cyprus
4228:Brunei
4223:Bhutan
4000:France
3980:Belize
3975:Africa
3902:Income
3858:Middle
3851:Gentry
3715:Outlaw
3622:Petite
3609:Middle
3543:Landed
3528:Gentry
3461:Knight
3401:Priest
3396:Clergy
3359:Family
3297:Ruling
3246:collar
3203:Clique
2919:Status
2837:Gaine/
2828:Kalwar
2798:Pulami
2713:By law
2676:Kirati
2667:Newars
2615:Korean
2491:Danuar
2429:Awadhi
2409:Bihari
2382:, etc.
2341:Newars
2309:Dhanuk
2225:Pahari
2206:Dhimal
2171:Bhujel
2092:Tamang
2070:Gurung
2040:Yakkha
2018:Kulung
1997:Bahing
1976:Kachee
1955:Hyolmo
1950:Sherpa
1741:20 May
1653:
1606:
1582:
1548:
1514:
1344:DW.COM
1189:Kapāli
1185:impure
1169:Bhujel
1157:Sherpa
1153:Tamang
1125:Gurung
1121:Gurkha
966:Chamar
946:Dusadh
942:Paswan
905:Kalwar
872:Māllāh
852:Kumhar
812:Halwai
790:Baniya
764:Rajput
705:Awadhi
703:, and
654:Kapali
652:Jogi,
546:Kumhāh
536:Halwai
534:Hindu
523:Hindu
272:Nepali
227:Gorkha
222:Joshis
210:Shakya
151:Khasas
91:Newars
89:, and
4519:Macau
4438:Yemen
4398:Syria
4373:Qatar
4353:Nepal
4288:Japan
4263:India
4253:Egypt
4238:China
4096:Aztec
4055:Tibet
4030:Nepal
4020:Italy
4010:India
4005:Haiti
3990:China
3890:Under
3885:Lower
3863:Black
3846:Donor
3841:Black
3836:Upper
3743:Slave
3692:Under
3548:Petty
3523:Elite
3510:Upper
3451:Harii
3446:Cuāuh
3280:White
3260:Green
3159:Alien
3002:Caste
2831:Dhobi
2824:Dalit
2818:Sarki
2788:Jyapu
2768:Bahun
2755:caste
2697:Hindu
2686:Terai
2597:Kisan
2581:Satar
2576:Munda
2528:Kisan
2516:Hill
2512:Tharu
2507:Darai
2481:of a
2469:Miyan
2459:Kumal
2372:Dhobi
2356:Jyapu
2326:Malla
2321:Bajji
2299:Yadav
2237:Jumli
2189:Rawat
2184:Raute
2149:Magar
2142:Baram
2128:Newar
2112:Magar
2109:Kaike
2085:Ghale
2004:Koich
1960:Jirel
1604:S2CID
1223:Damai
1219:Sarki
1193:Dhobi
1173:Tharu
1141:Limbu
1133:Kirat
1129:Magar
1112:Jyapu
1080:Terai
1066:Newar
1017:Ācāra
976:Dhobi
882:Kewat
862:Kurmi
842:Lohar
822:Sunar
802:Yadav
664:Dhobi
501:Bania
401:Newār
368:Sarki
359:Damai
247:Varna
194:Dobhi
182:Malla
159:Tibet
143:Varna
135:Varna
115:Hindu
103:Nepal
68:Sudra
52:varna
44:caste
40:Nepal
4358:Oman
4323:Laos
4278:Iraq
4273:Iran
4015:Iran
3728:Serf
3533:Lord
3471:Nair
3364:List
3275:Pink
3265:Grey
3255:Blue
3244:By "
2834:Mali
2803:Kami
2734:Misc
2665:and
2497:Bote
2423:etc.
2380:Mali
2331:Anga
2232:Khas
2196:Dura
2179:Raji
2154:Dhut
2138:Kham
2075:Tamu
1743:2022
1651:ISBN
1629:help
1580:ISBN
1559:2017
1546:ISBN
1525:2017
1512:ISBN
1488:2006
1439:2020
1408:2020
1376:2020
1215:Kami
1139:and
1116:pure
1104:Urāy
1072:and
1049:Khas
932:Sudi
915:Teli
892:Mali
493:Urāy
377:Badi
350:Kami
267:Khas
208:and
139:Khas
83:Khas
75:jaat
30:The
4490:and
3270:New
2753:By
2641:By
2560:of
2530:of
2493:Rai
1911:by
1835:doi
1368:CNN
1137:Rai
155:Bon
38:of
4564::
2669:,
2553:,
2549:,
2378:,
2366:,
2362:,
2358:,
1859::
1665:^
1637:^
1620::
1618:}}
1614:{{
1594:^
1496:^
1458:37
1456:.
1428:.
1392:.
1366:.
1342:.
1313:^
1221:,
1217:,
1200::
1175:.
1163:,
1159:,
1155:,
1143:)
1131:,
1127:,
1082:–
1076:;
1068:–
1063:;
1059:,
1055:,
1051:–
944:,
787:):
761:):
746:,
742:,
737:):
467:):
450:):
434:):
322:,
318::
300:):
161:.
125:.
85:,
70:.
66:,
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2893:e
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2879:v
2688:(
2682:)
2658:)
2654:/
2557:)
2555:i
2551:D
2547:M
2444:U
2439:H
2257:-
2248:-
2239:-
1901:e
1894:t
1887:v
1837::
1745:.
1659:.
1631:)
1627:(
1610:.
1588:.
1561:.
1527:.
1490:.
1441:.
1410:.
1378:.
1352:.
1135:(
1106:(
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