Ethiopian National Defense Force

1545:. During the course of the war, some commanders and pilots from the former army and air force were recalled to duty. These officers helped turn the tide decisively against Eritrea in 2000. Following the war's end, the Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission, a body founded by the UN, established that the Badme region had in fact belonged to Eritrea. Although the two countries are now at peace, Ethiopia rejected the results of the international court's decision, and continued to occupy Badme. Most observers agree that Ethiopia's rejection of international law, coupled with the high numbers of soldiers maintained on the border by each side – a debilitatingly high number, particularly for the Eritrean side – means that the two countries are effectively still in conflict. 1378: 1970:, of 19 September 2003, to support the implementation of the ceasefire agreement and the peace process, protect United Nations staff, facilities and civilians, support humanitarian and human rights activities; as well as assist in national security reform, including national police training and formation of a new, restructured military. In November 2007, nearly 1,800 Ethiopian troops serving with the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) were presented with UN Peacekeeping medals for their "invaluable contribution to the peace process." Up to three Ethiopian battalions used to constitute Sector 4 of the UN Mission, covering the southern part of the country. The mission ended in 2018. 1513:(OLF) and other opposition factions. After the defeat of the military government, the provisional government disbanded the former national army and relied on its own guerrilla fighters. In 1993, however, the Tigrayan-led government announced plans to create a multi-ethnic defense force. This process entailed the creation of a new professional army and officer class and the demobilization of many of the irregulars who had fought against the military government. With the collapse of the Soviet Union Ethiopia again turned to the Western powers for alliance and assistance. However, many Tigrayan officers remained in command positions. This transformation was still underway when war with 855:

this army closely. It is unique in the world. And I can bear witness to the fact that it is not quite so chaotic as it seems at first glance, and that on the contrary, it is profoundly disciplined, though in its own unique way. For every Abyssinian, war is normal business, and military skills and rules of army life in the field enter in the flesh and blood of each of them, just as do the main principles of tactics. On the march, each soldier knows how to arrange necessary comforts for himself and to conserve his strength; but on the other hand, when necessary, he shows such endurance and is capable of action in conditions which are difficult even to imagine.

153: 165: 428: 244: 5562: 1713: 512: 985: 231: 1530: 1093:) as well as troops from Ghana, Morocco and Tunisia. Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie raised some 3,000 Imperial Bodyguard personnel- about 10 percent of the Ethiopian army's entire strength at that time-and made it part of the UN peacekeeping force in the Congo, along with an air force squadron. This volunteer battalion from the Imperial Bodyguard were authorized by the Emperor. The Tekil (or "Tekel") Brigade was stationed in 500: 1999: 217: 1691:, nicknamed 'Butcher of Mogadishu', the ENDF routinely bombed civilian areas and killed thousands of civilians. Reports of atrocities by forces under his command have made him infamous in Somalia. American reporters touring rural Somalia reported that in village after village, locals had described a reign of terror by the Ethiopian army. In late 2011, Ethiopian troops returned to Somalia (coinciding with 5550: 204: 38: 1258:(force), and 20 were created within sixteen months. The "Nabalbal" units entered combat in 1977. When Ethiopian intelligence sources discovered Somali planning to seize the Ogaden, militia brigades were also created; first 30, then a total of 61 brigades totaling 143,350 by 1977–78. It appears that there were five regular line divisions active by the time of the 1977 Ogaden War, and the 488: 452: 464: 440: 476: 1767: 6001: 2056: 838:, due in part to their defeat of Italy in the First Italo-Ethiopian War. However, with Ethiopia surrounded by European colonies, the necessity of ensuring that the Ethiopian army was well-maintained became apparent to the Ethiopian government. The Ethiopian government trained its troops to a very high degree, with 1682:. By November 2008, insurgency had effectively won. The majority of south and central Somalia, along with the capital was now under the control of Islamist factions. Ethiopia had redeployed much of its army out of Somalia by the end of the year. On 16 January 2009, Ethiopian troops withdrew from Mogadishu. 1047:

The Emperor is by constitutional provision Commander-in-Chief, and to him are reserved all rights respecting the size of the forces and their organization and command, together with the power to appoint, promote, transfer and dismiss military officers. He seeks the advice and consent of Parliament in

854:

army to be undisciplined. They think that it is not in any condition to withstand a serious fight with a well-organized European army, claiming that the recent war with Italy doesn't prove anything. I will not begin to guess the future and will say only this. Over the course of four months, I watched

1520:

Although the armed forces have significant battlefield experience, their militia orientation has complicated the transition to a structured, integrated military. Ranks and conventional units were only adopted in 1996. A United States-assisted effort to restructure the armed forces was interrupted by

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as its vice-chairman. The Derg was initially supposed to study various military units' grievances, investigate abuses by senior officers and staff, and root out corruption in the military. In the months following its founding, the power of the Derg steadily increased. In July 1974 the Derg obtained

952:

forces. This made Ethiopia the only country in Africa that has never been colonized. After the Italians had been driven from the country, a British Military Mission to Ethiopia (BMME), under Major General Stephen Butler, was established to reorganize the Ethiopian Army. The Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement

3182:

Since the Bush administration doubted that the Ethiopians would use the new equipment effectively, it decided to participate in the campaign with American Special Forces and agents of the CIA. It was an offer Ethiopia could not refuse: money, arms, and the creation of an American shield to protect

1834:

The professional army of ENDF took significant casualties during the war, forcing the ENDF to rely on citizen soldiers until it was prepared for a counter-offensive, while it retreated from the northern part of Ethiopia. When the ENDF took high casualties and the need for more manpower arouse, the

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began, Ethiopian troops launched major offensives in Mogadishu. Large scale bombardments were carried out on Mogadishu neighborhoods deemed to be insurgent strongholds. ENDF forces were primarily responsible for the large scale bombardment and significant civilian losses that occurred in the city.

1350:

Gebru Tareke listed Ethiopian ground forces in 1990 as comprising four revolutionary armies organized as task forces, eleven corps, twenty-four infantry divisions, and four mountain divisions, reinforced by five mechanized divisions, two airborne divisions, and ninety-five brigades, including four

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on 23 March. However, over the following month's radicals in the Ethiopian military came to believe he was acting on behalf of the hated aristocracy, and when a group of notables petitioned for the release of several government ministers and officials who were under arrest for corruption and other

1110:

Emperor Haile Selassie divided the Ethiopian military into separate commands. The US Army Handbook for Ethiopia notes that each service was provided with training and equipped from different foreign countries "to assure reliability and retention of power." The military consisted of the following:

821:

Secondly, the Ethiopian army was based on a feudal system of organization, and as a result, nearly the entire army was a peasant militia. Russian military experts advising Menelik II suggested trying to achieve full battle collision with Italians, to neutralize the superior firepower of their

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of the ENDF—which had constituted 80% of the officer corps of the ENDF—had defected to the TPLF. This greatly reducing the amount of capable COs and NCOs. This all indicates that the ENDF is coming out of the war enlarged in size, but with significant leadership/officer shortages that raises

2406:

Spencer, Ethiopia at Bay, 2006, 148. Heads of the British Military Mission to Ethiopia were 1941-1943: Major General Stephen Seymour BUTLER, C.B., C.M.G., D.S.O., Reserve of Officers (b. 1880 – d. 1964); April 1943 – 1949: Major General Algernon Edward COTTAM, O.B.E., M.C. (b. 1893 – d.

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against the Somali insurgency. ENDF troops were bogged down and facing a multi front war with no prospect of victory. By Autumn of 2008, the insurgency controlled more than 80% of the territory that had been previously lost in the invasion. As the situation rapidly deteriorated for the

4593:

Bendix, Daniel ; Stanley, Ruth. / Security Sector Reform in Africa. The Promise and the Practice of a New Donor Approach. In: Accord Occasional Paper Series. 2008 ; Vol. 3, No. 2 - includes a note indicating British supported SSDAT/DfID/FCO/MOD defense transformation in

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rocket shelling to bombard densely populated Mogadishu neighborhoods. The ENDF characterized the violence in this period as being part of a 'final push' against the rebels, but the fierce fighting in Mogadishu during the first half of 2007 failed to quell the growing insurgency.

1052:

The Office of the Chief of Staff of the Imperial Ethiopian Armed Forces directed the Commanders of the Army, Air Force, and Navy, and the three army divisions were directly responsible to the Commander of the Army. The three divisions seemingly included the Third Division in the

1040:(with the Fourth, Ninth, Tenth, and Eleventh Brigades, 6,890 strong) respectively. The three divisions had a total of 16,832 troops. In May 1959, the Emperor established the Imperial Territorial Army as a reserve force that provided military training to civil servants. 1027:

was dispatched to Ethiopia and began its work by reorganizing the army into three divisions. On 25 September 1953, Selassie created the Imperial Ministry of National Defense that unified the Army, Air Force, and Navy. By 1956, the First Division had its headquarters at

876: 1262:

estimated the force size at the time as 53,500. With significant Soviet assistance, after that point the army's size grew rapidly; in 1979 it was estimated at 65,000. The 18th and 19th Mountain Infantry Divisions were then established in 1979-80 originally to seize

1830:

published a graphic video in which Amharic-speaking ENDF soldiers killed a group of 9 people in Humera in August 2021 and then put their bodies on fire. The video also shows torturing of one man by soldiers, then tying him up, preparing to throw him in the river.

1351:

mechanized brigades, three artillery brigades, four tank brigades, twelve special commandos and para commandos brigades – including the Spartakiad, which became operational in 1987 under the preparation and guidance of North Koreans – seven

1852:

questions for the future, as in, can the ENDF control the regional militias that has sprung up and that could pose future threats to Ethiopia. With already signs of tensions arising between the central government and militias, with militias such as

1183:: each unit was expected to send three representatives, who were supposed to be privates, NCOs, and junior officers up to the rank of major. According to Bahru Zewde, "senior officers were deemed too compromised by close association to the regime." 1677:

in mid-2008, Ethiopian troops started experiencing desertions. The ENDF began to draw down its forces deployed in Mogadishu and across towns in Somalia. The occupation had a 'corrosive effect' on the ENDF and the Somalia deployment was viewed as a

1819:, has publicly acknowledged the possibility of war crimes taking place within the Tigray Region. Abiy did not however link these actions to the Ethiopian military, and instead cited such reports were likely "propaganda of exaggeration" by the 1253:

was listing a mechanised division in addition to three infantry divisions. Ayele writes that in November 1975, the "Nabalbal" ("Flame") force was created, subdivided into battalion-sized units of 400. Each battalion-sized unit was known as a

2926:

Memo: Meritorious Unit Commendation for 4th Battalion, 31st Infantry, 2d Brigade, 10th Mountain Division (LI), Fort Drum, NY 13602, from 2nd Brigade, 10th MD(LI), 21 January 2004, downloaded from Internet and accessed mid-September 2007.

920:

Ethiopian military aviation efforts were initiated in 1929 when Tafari Mekonnen hired two French pilots and purchased four French biplanes. By the time of the Italian invasion of 1935, the air force had four pilots and thirteen aircraft.

822:

opponent and potentially nullify their problems with arms, training, and organization, rather than engaging in a campaign of harassment. In the battle that ensued wave upon wave of Menelik's warriors successfully attacked the Italians.

866:

In obedience to the agreement with Russia and the order of Menelik II, First Ethiopian officers began to be trained at the First Russian cadet school in 1901. 30 to 40 Ethiopian officers were trained in Russia from 1901 until 1913.

1794:

against the Northern Command of ENDF. Since the beginning of the conflict, ENDF personnel has been accused of involvement in alleged war crimes against civilians in the Tigray Region. These mere accusations include rape and other

861:

Despite such qualities, because of its impetuousness, it is much more difficult to control this army than a well-drilled European army, and I can only marvel at and admire the skill of its leaders and chiefs, of which there is no

1111:

Imperial Bodyguard (also known as the "First Division", 8,000 men); three army divisions; services which included the Airborne, Engineers, and Signal Corps; the Territorial Army (5,000 men); and the police (28,000 men).

1374:(APCs), but readiness was estimated to be only about 30 percent operational, because of the withdrawal of financial support, lack of maintenance expertise and parts from the Soviet Union, Cuba, and other nations. 1899:. The ENDF relies on voluntary military service of people above 18 years of age. Although there is no compulsory military service, armed forces may conduct call-ups when necessary and compliance is compulsory. 1142:

in the armed forces of Ethiopia earlier that year. Its members were not directly involved in those mutinies, nor was this the first military committee organized to support the administration of Prime Minister

1271:, one of the remaining strongholds of the Eritrean insurgents. By the beginning of 1981 recruitment for the 21st and 22nd Mountain Infantry Divisions was underway; soon afterward, preparations for the large 2962: 3336: 758:

directly organized the first battalion of the regular Ethiopian army in February 1899. Leontiev formed the first regular battalion, the kernel of which became the company of volunteers from the former

727:. Due to Ethiopia's location between the Middle East and Africa, it has long been in the middle of Eastern and Western politics and has been subject to foreign invasion and aggression. In 1579, the 1298:

were established instead, distributed amongst the army headquarters. Intensive efforts were made to enlist additional personnel. Total manpower after the reorganization reached a reported 388,000.

1210:

When the Derg gained control of Ethiopia, they lessened their reliance on the West. Instead, they began to draw their equipment and their sources for organizational and training methods from the

4318: 1278:

In April 1988 the Derg reorganized the army. The restoration of relations with Somalia meant that forces could be transferred from the First Revolutionary Army in the Ogaden, to the Second and

2977:

There have been no official numbers of the Ethiopian troop presence in Somalia. But military sources suggest that the initial Ethiopian offensive in December 2006 used as many as 60,000 troops

1301:

In May 1988 the Derg decided that before it could concentrate on destroying the EPLF, it would have to first eliminate the TPLF. Thus Operation Adwa was devised to seize the main TPLF base at

888: 1835:

government started recruiting soldiers en-masse, with The Prime Minister himself leading by example the recruitment effort as well as the war from the frontlines, this happened during the

1925:

called for the eventual reconstitution of the Ethiopian Navy as part of a wider program of security sector reforms, saying that "we should build our naval force capacity in the future".

1856:, where the government arrested 4,000 militia members due to its "illegal activities". The ENDF has significant challenges coming out of the Northern war, such as coping with potential 2661: 2326: 1138:"Committee"), was officially announced 28 June 1974 by a group of military officers to maintain law and order due to the powerlessness of the civilian government following widespread 1695:) in large numbers for the first time since their 2009 withdrawal. In 2014 the Ethiopian troops that deployed to a buffer zone in some parts of southern Somalia were integrated into 1294:. The very small Fourth Revolutionary Army became responsible for protecting the border with Kenya and those with Somalia and Sudan. In the place of the previous commands, thirteen 1324:

Cuba provided a significant influx of military advisors and troops over this period, with the largest escalation during the Ogaden War with Somalia, supported by a Soviet airlift:

4135: 5672: 1624:

of Ethiopian troops during the invasion. During 2007 military experts estimated 50,000 Ethiopian troops were occupying parts of Somalia. During the war, US Special Forces, CIA

1498: 1974: 858:

You see remarkable expediency in all the actions and skills of this army, and each soldier has an amazingly intelligent attitude toward managing the mission of the battle.

2599: 2108: 55: 1107:. He later became chief of staff of the Armed Forces in July 1974, and then Minister of Defense. He then became chairman of the Derg from September to December 1974. 4166: 932:

of 1935–36, marked for Ethiopia's first time being occupied by a foreign power. Ethiopia's patriots managed to resist and defeat the fascist Italian force after the

4107: 1981: 1967: 1847:

accusations were made during the war on the ENDF, such tactics are usually very costly in human life. In addition, in the lead-up and early on in the war, tigrayan

783:

is the best-known victory of Ethiopian forces over foreign invaders. It maintained Ethiopia's existence as an independent state. Fought on 1 March 1896 against the

3989: 5817: 2289: 1880:, Ethiopian forces were said to comprise about 300,000 troops. In 2012, the IISS estimated that the ground forces had 135,000 personnel and the air force 3,000. 4919: 4036: 2972: 1317:. The TRA's command structure was disrupted when Major General Mulatu Negash, the army commander, was supplanted by the arrival of Mengistu's favorite, Captain 1250: 2895: 1377: 1207:, along with most of their cabinets, most regional governors, many senior military officers, and officials of the Imperial court found themselves imprisoned. 5594: 5047: 1872:

in 2000. In 2002 the Ethiopian Defense Forces had a strength of approximately 250,000-350,000 troops. This was roughly the same number maintained during the

4946: 1918:

independence in 1991 left Ethiopia landlocked again, but the Ethiopian Navy continued to operate from foreign ports until it finally was disbanded in 1996.

1568:, training the 12th, 13th and 14th Division Reconnaissance Companies, which from July 2003 were being formed into a new Ethiopian anti-terrorism battalion. 612: 602: 5737: 4080: 3120: 2948: 2087: 1502: 1242: 1089:- from July 1960. By 20 July 1960, 3,500 troops for ONUC had arrived in the Congo. The 3,500 consisted of 460 troops from Ethiopia (later to grow into the 3888: 3675: 3016: 910: 1553: 2434: 4322: 818:

system of organization and adverse circumstances. A special role was played by the Russian military advisers and the volunteers of Leontiev's mission.

5677: 5269: 4753: 1977:(UNAMID) in western Sudan. The Security Council authorized a force of about 26,000 uniformed personnel. The Darfur mission was shut down in 2020–21. 5492: 4271: 5892: 5429: 5133: 3045: 4929: 3786: 2539: 4410: 1664:

in Mogadishu proved to be especially difficult for the ENDF and caused heavy losses, which had reached unsustainable levels by the end of 2007.

1159:

The Derg, which originally consisted of soldiers at the capital, broadened its membership by including representatives from the 40 units of the

5847: 1565: 1070:

was one of the noted patriotic resistance leaders of Shoa (central Ethiopia) that rose to preeminence in the post-liberation period. He became

102: 4202: 5832: 5150: 4657: 4610: 4488: 3714: 3440: 3319: 3167: 3000: 2331:Научная Конференция, Симпозиум, Конгресс на Проекте SWorld – Апробация, Сборник научных трудов и Монография – Россия, Украина, Казахстан, СНГ 1086: 1013: 562: 302: 74: 4862: 2334: 1104: 587: 572: 5842: 4889: 4581:

Baissa, Lemmu (1989). "United States Military Assistance to Ethiopia, 1953-1974: A Reappraisal of a Difficult Patron-Client Relationship".

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Initial reports on the deployment of troops appear to be S/4389 (18 July 1960), S/4417 (c. 23 July 1960), S/4475 (August 1960), and S/4482.

1199:, which included the power to arrest not only military officers but government officials at every level. Soon both former Prime Ministers 933: 880: 622: 5827: 4245: 2130: 2167: 5900: 5762: 3862: 3345: 3139: 2023: 1820: 1787: 1617: 81: 4127: 3645: 2600:

http://ethioembassyuganda.org/democratic-republic-of-congo-unveils-its-keenness-to-strengthen-its-wide-ranging-relations-with-ethiopia/

5857: 5617: 5518: 4766: 3359: 2262: 1152: 1024: 712: 415: 2447: 5692: 4963: 4561: 2421: 1963: 1747: 762:

shooters, which he chose and invited from Western Africa, with the training of the Russian and French officers. The first Ethiopian

324: 309: 121: 4934: 1732:

Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.

88: 5872: 5642: 5587: 4899: 4650:

Haile Selassie I: My Life and Ethiopia's Progress: The Autobiography of Emperor Haile Selassie I, King of Kings and Lord of Lords

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groups. They honed both conventional and guerrilla tactics during campaigns in Eritrea, and by repelling an invasion launched by

1200: 692: 2308: 2202: 1489:

Ethiopian soldiers have also committed many atrocities in the region of Tigray. They have used food and rape as weapons of war.

1043:

In 1960 the U.S. Army Area Handbook for Ethiopia described the very personalized command arrangements then used by the Emperor:

751:. Clapham wrote in the 1980s that the "Abyssinians from a 'superiority complex' which may be traced to Gundet, Gura and Adwa". 5792: 5727: 5140: 5014: 4506: 3738: 2104: 4941: 2286: 5932: 5702: 5289: 5145: 5121: 3663:

In Somalia, nicknamed as the butcher of Mogadishu, General Gebre and his TPLF soldiers killed tens of thousands of civilians.

2011: 1903: 696: 297: 70: 59: 3975: 1359: 152: 6032: 5399: 5380: 5254: 5160: 5099: 5009: 4994: 4746: 4158: 4041: 2900: 1895:

that produce and overhaul different weapons systems. Most of these were built under the Derg regime which planned a large

1119: 1115: 791:, it was the decisive battle of the First Italo–Ethiopian War. Assisted by all of the major nobles of Ethiopia, including 164: 5540: 4505:

Lipsky, George A.; Barnett, Clifford R.; Blanchard, Wendell; Hirsch, Abraham M.; Maday, Bela C.; Teleki, Suzanne (1964).

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regime that fell to the rebel forces in 1991. However, that number was later reduced, and in January 2007, during the

1180: 1176: 1075: 4924: 4046: 1721: 592: 3470: 5777: 5335: 5128: 5064: 5019: 4999: 4872: 4652:. Vol. II. Translated by Ezekiel Gebions; et al. Chicago: Research Associates School Times Publications. 3479: 1892: 1629: 929: 736: 644: 547: 287: 221: 3758: 1061:) was responsible to the Army Commander, in reality, its commander received his orders directly from the Emperor. 48: 5732: 5652: 5637: 5350: 5279: 5241: 5104: 5054: 5004: 4867: 4457: 3621: 3110: 2938: 2071: 1577: 1371: 542: 4688: 3560: 3496: 2905: 1537:

The former allies EPRDF and PFDJ (former EPLF) led their countries Ethiopia and Eritrea, respectively, into the

5387: 5340: 5330: 5299: 5034: 4958: 4817: 4739: 4384: 4084: 1517:

broke out in 1998, a development that saw the ranks of the armed forces swell along with defense expenditures.

1441:. The 30th and 31st Infantry Divisions were the last formed, circa November–December 1989. There were also the 1352: 1017: 792: 4642:

Post-conflict Security, Peace and Development: Perspectives from Africa, Latin America, Europe and New Zealand

1310: 1279: 95: 4344: 2416:

Kliment, Charles K.; Francev, Vladimír (1997). Czechoslovak Armored Fighting Vehicles. Atglen, PA: Schiffer.

2327:"The activities of the officer the Kuban Cossack army N.S. Leontjev in the Italian-Ethiopic war in 1895–1896" 1442: 914: 5956: 5905: 5882: 5822: 5752: 5697: 5667: 5392: 5274: 5264: 5236: 5188: 5165: 4879: 4854: 1884: 1779: 1599: 1446: 700: 670: 209: 6005: 4839: 4188: 5797: 5782: 5767: 5632: 5370: 5111: 2010:

is celebrated annually as the holiday of the ENDF on October 26. The day celebrates the establishment of

2007: 1993: 1848: 1800: 1712: 1538: 1510: 395: 2148: 5910: 5877: 5867: 5862: 5852: 5807: 5747: 5712: 5687: 5682: 5647: 5404: 5345: 5304: 5155: 5116: 5059: 4973: 4275: 1796: 1187: 945: 839: 800: 317: 4022: 3798: 2536: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5948: 5944: 5812: 5742: 5622: 5482: 5467: 5419: 5284: 5175: 5087: 5024: 4894: 4782: 4481:

Ethiopian-Eritrean Wars: Volume 2: Eritrean War of Independence, 1988-1991 & Badme War, 1998-2001

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However, these efforts were not sufficient nor instituted in enough time to stop the rising tide of

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The Ethiopian army had been able to execute the strategic plan of Menelik's headquarters, despite a

5968: 5964: 5920: 5837: 5772: 5757: 5717: 5511: 5444: 5355: 5294: 5224: 5193: 5042: 4986: 4909: 4884: 4807: 4774: 3709:. The Henry L. Stimson lectures. New Haven ; London: Yale University Press. pp. 458–461. 2827: 2033: 1888: 1827: 1674: 1641: 1386: 1318: 1259: 1246: 1164: 1090: 997: 954: 831: 724: 704: 682: 577: 236: 4615:

Jeffrey Isima, Report on the current position with regard to the security sector in Ethiopia, 2003

3338:

Counterinsurgency in Somalia: Lessons Learned from the African Union Mission in Somalia, 2007-2013

1036:, with the Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Eighth, and Twelfth Brigades (4,500 strong); and Third Division 5802: 5722: 5662: 5627: 5365: 5259: 4797: 3446: 3286: 3231: 3203: 2451: 1650: 1621: 1272: 1223: 1148: 894: 282: 1313:'s 603rd and 604th Corps were to play the main role, while the 605th Corps secured the rear, in 1074:

a general and minister of defense of the Imperial Ethiopian Armed Forces until his death in the

1000:, for which Haile Selassie was an outspoken proponent, Ethiopia sent a contingent under General 17: 4249: 1564:. Part of the training at Camp Hurso has included U.S. Army elements, including 4th Battalion, 984: 5527: 5487: 5477: 5472: 5457: 5434: 5069: 4824: 4653: 4606: 4557: 4533: 4484: 3997: 3896: 3720: 3710: 3436: 3315: 3173: 3163: 3162:. The Henry L. Stimson lectures. New Haven ; London: Yale University Press. p. 459. 3087: 2996: 2417: 1844: 1669: 1637: 1605: 1438: 1100: 4712: 2014:

for the first time in Ethiopian history, on 26 October 1907. It is celebrated for four days.

913:

military academy or by Belgian military advisers. He also created his own military school at

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had also grown to about 200,000 members. The mechanized forces of the army comprised 1,200

5609: 5554: 4849: 4297: 3153: 2543: 2455: 2312: 2293: 2088:"National Army Day Honors heroes and renews the commitment of ENDF to peace and stability" 1929: 1808: 1633: 1529: 1306: 1268: 925: 909:

who had traditionally attended the Ethiopian Emperor. Its elite was trained at the French

804: 385: 193: 3632:

Ethiopian troops invaded Somalia in December 2006 to crush the Islamic Courts Union (ICU)

2206: 1770:

A destroyed ENDF armored vehicle lays in one of the main streets of Hawzen on 6 June 2021

1023:

On May 22, 1953, a U.S.-Ethiopian Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement was signed. A U.S.

976:. They were used until the 1980s when they participated in the fighting against Somalia. 1048:

declaring war. Traditionally, he assumes personal command of the forces in time of war.'

1032:(First, Second, Third Brigades, 5,300 strong); the Second Division was headquartered at 5461: 5246: 5208: 3050: 2038: 1998: 1948: 1911: 1853: 1264: 1196: 1168: 1160: 1082: 941: 875: 780: 744: 728: 708: 607: 332: 249: 3706:

Crusade and jihad: the thousand-year war between the Muslim world and the global north

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Crusade and jihad: the thousand-year war between the Muslim world and the global north

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Solomon Addis Getahun, Ethiopia in the New Millennium: Issues of Democratic Governance

1020:. 3,518 Ethiopian troops served in the war, of which 121 were killed and 536 wounded. 6026: 5566: 5452: 4829: 4498: 3680: 3534: 3427:, Intra-State and Inter-State Conflicts and Security, Pluto Press, pp. 156–177, 3021: 2967: 2856: 2305: 2060: 1952: 1783: 1775: 1679: 1661: 1172: 1130:

The Coordinating Committee of the Armed Forces, Police, and Territorial Army, or the

1058: 1001: 899: 763: 639: 627: 4459:

With the Armies of Menelik II: Journal of an expedition from Ethiopia to Lake Rudolf

2557: 4513:(2nd ed.). Washington DC.: American University, for U.S. Govt. Printing Office 3626: 1625: 1211: 1191: 1067: 937: 905: 796: 552: 505: 352: 259: 3924: 3836: 3810: 3309: 2990: 2586: 2558:"Questions Relating to the Situation in the Republic of the Congo (LEOPOLDVILLE)" 1815:, and other areas where the conflict is ongoing. The prime minister of Ethiopia, 964:

tankettes from Czechoslovakia in the late 1940s. They were based on the Romanian

5924: 3529: 3421:"The Production of Somali Conflict and the Role of Internal and External Actors" 3392: 3247: 1956: 1840: 1688: 1613: 1471: 1029: 973: 835: 748: 264: 37: 3889:"How a new 'Great War of Africa' is raging under the cover of a media blackout" 3863:"Ethiopian PM Abiy Ahmed joins army on frontline in Tigray conflict - state TV" 3450: 3420: 2873: 723:

The Ethiopian army's origins and military traditions date back to the earliest

5414: 4951: 4914: 2172: 1922: 1816: 1761: 1654: 1645: 1561: 1433:

To these armies were assigned the operational forces of the army, comprising:

1329: 1302: 1235: 1009: 989: 879:

Ethiopian troops transporting supplies by camel through vegetation during the

808: 617: 582: 557: 290: 4223: 4001: 3900: 3724: 3177: 893:

Under the regency of Tafari Mekonnen, the army was modernized. He created an

3676:"Ethiopia issues arrest warrant for Colonel who led deadly Somalia invasion" 3565: 3501: 3432: 3364: 3017:"Ethiopia issues arrest warrant for Colonel who led deadly Somalia invasion" 1936: 1474: 1465: 1462: 1456: 1412: 1227: 1094: 834:, Ethiopia remained the only nation that had not been colonized by European 3837:"Ethiopia Tigray crisis: From monk to soldier - how war has split a church" 3704: 3183:

the regime. It began its unprovoked and ultimately unsuccessful invasion...

3157: 6010: 4345:"More Ethiopian troops arrive in Darfur bolstering peacekeeping operation" 3950: 1973:

Many thousands of Ethiopian peacekeepers were also involved in the hybrid

4762: 4203:"Ethiopia Navy to be based in Djibouti, command HQ in Bahir Dar (Report)" 3597: 3539: 3397: 2131:"Russia delivered Pantsir-S1 air defense missile-gun systems to Ethiopia" 2065: 1557: 1480: 1241:

The Ethiopian army grew considerably under the Derg (1974–1987), and the

969: 965: 688: 268: 216: 4577:

Adejumobi and Binega, Budgeting for the Military Sector in Africa, Ch. 3

1980:

Ethiopia also provides the entire force for the UN's Abyei mission, the

1766: 1282:, the Third (TRA) being responsible for the provinces of Assab, Tigray, 5940: 5572: 4787: 4532:. Area Handbook (4th ed.). Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. 4112: 3990:"More than 4,000 arrested in Amhara as Ethiopia cracks down on militia" 1915: 1907: 1868:

The size of the ENDF has fluctuated significantly since the end of the

1640:, directly intervened in support of the ENDF. In early 2007, after the 1514: 1483: 1419: 1363: 1231: 1215: 759: 732: 329: 4463: 3646:"TPLF loyalists should understand that selective justice is injustice" 2105:"Ethiopian Parliament approves 1.8 billion dollar budget for Military" 1962:

Two major previous Ethiopian missions were in Liberia and Darfur. The

4696: 4527: 3763: 2241: 1583: 1426: 1405: 1358:

Forces underarms were estimated at 230,000 in early 1991. Mengistu's

1291: 1287: 1245:

under Mengistu (1987–1991), especially during the latter regime. The

1139: 1057:, seen as a hardship post. While technically the Imperial Bodyguard ( 1054: 1033: 957:

at Nairobi and made it responsible to the Ethiopian Minister of War.

815: 493: 457: 445: 4731: 4633:, GfN-SSR/University of Birmingham, 2007. Section on DDR Commission. 4214: 4212: 4128:"Ethiopia, France Sign Military, Navy Deal, Turn 'New Page' in Ties" 3925:"Ethiopia crisis: Arrest warrants for officers amid Tigray fighting" 1935:

The Ethiopian Navy is based in Djibouti, and its headquarters is in

4624:

Violent Non-State Actors in Africa: Terrorists, Rebels and Warlords

2825:

Creation noted by "Ethiopia: Mengestu Survives By His Fingertips",

1858:

loss of leadership due to casualties, logistics or equipment losses

5936: 3811:"Ethiopia's Tigray conflict: How the TPLF has outflanked the army" 3360:"Prospects 2008: Worsening crises wrack Horn of Africa - Ethiopia" 2963:"Ethiopian army pays tribute to its soldiers that died in Somalia" 2809: 2807: 2028: 1997: 1765: 1542: 1528: 1398: 1376: 1314: 1295: 1283: 1037: 983: 961: 874: 481: 433: 3046:"Somali Prime Minister Conciliatory After Talks About His Future" 2059:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

4904: 4603:

Security Sector Horizon Scanning 2016 - to support Agile Warrior

4537: 4108:"Landlocked Ethiopia plans new navy as part of military reforms" 1873: 1791: 1506: 1453: 1382: 1367: 1219: 1131: 788: 469: 5576: 4735: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2189:

The Rising Tide of Cultural Pluralism: The Nation-State at Bay?

1928:

In March 2019, Abiy Ahmed signed defense accords with France's

1249:

estimated forces underarms in 1974 at 41,000. By July 1975 the

6016: 3743: 2660:

See Gebru Tareke, The Ethiopia-Somalia War of 1977 Revisited,

1706: 1114:

Among reported U.S. equipment deliveries to Ethiopia were 120

31: 1608:

and jets were involved in the military offensive against the

4648:

Haile Selassie I (1999). Harold Marcus; et al. (eds.).

3227:"So Much to Fear: War Crimes and the Devastation of Somalia" 3134:

Hollar, Jullie (March–April 2008). "Rediscovering Somalia".

2512: 2500: 1883:

As of 2012, the ENDF consists of two separate branches: the

1823:, currently opposing federal forces in the northern region. 1774:

On 8 November 2020, ENDF troops backed by militias from the

1604:

Approximately 50,000 to 60,000 ENDF troops backed by tanks,

1222:. During this period, Ethiopian forces were often locked in 4526:

Ofcansky, Thomas P.; Berry, LaVerle Bennette, eds. (1993).

3078:"Somali Capital Empties as Residents Flee Renewed Violence" 1668:

observed at the that the Ethiopian military aimed to win a

889:

Ethiopian order of battle in the Second Italo-Ethiopian War

2231:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Crabites, Pierre. 1932:, including on support in establishing a naval component. 1560:. Ethiopia allowed the US to station military advisors at 3308:

Vrey, Francois; Mandrup, Thomas, eds. (28 October 2017).

2354: 2352: 1552:

in 2001, the Ethiopian army began to train with the U.S.

1541:

of 1998. The war was fought over the disputed region of

3787:

Ethiopia's leader says atrocities reported in Tigray war

1582:

Government forces have been engaged in a battle against

928:. Ethiopia was invaded and occupied by Italy during the 2662:

The International Journal of African Historical Studies

2229:

Transformation and Continuity in Revolutionary Ethiopia

972:

on 9 May 1950 after which they were carried by rail to

687:'FDRE Defense Force') is the military force of 4159:"France, Ethiopia sign defence accords to create navy" 3419:

Samatar, Abdi Ismail (2013), Bereketeab, Redie (ed.),

1653:

reported that the Ethiopian army extensively utilized

5538: 3739:"Ethiopia Invades Somalia In Fight Against Al-Shabab" 1902:

Modern day Ethiopia, being a landlocked country, has

1355:

battalions, and ten brigades of paramilitary forces.

675: 4668:

The Ethiopian Revolution: War in the Horn of Africa,

4483:. Africa@War No. 30. Warwick: Helion & Company. 4446:

The Ethiopian Army: from Victory to Collapse 1977-91

3248:"SOMALIA: Resistance to TFG deepens and diversifies" 5919: 5891: 5608: 5443: 5317: 5223: 5174: 5086: 5033: 4985: 4972: 4773: 4552:Shinn, David Hamilton; Ofcansky, Thomas P. (2004). 3111:"WikiLeaked Cable Confirms U.S.' Secret Somalia Op" 2939:"WikiLeaked Cable Confirms U.S.' Secret Somalia Op" 2787:

The Ethiopian Revolution: War in the Horn of Africa

638: 528: 523: 421: 411: 404: 394: 384: 379: 369: 361: 351: 343: 338: 323: 308: 296: 281: 274: 258: 192: 184: 174: 136: 62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4037:"Ethiopian army eager to learn from U.S. soldiers" 3759:"Ethiopian Forces formally integrated into AMISOM" 3246: 1533:Soldier of Ethiopian National Defense Force, 2006. 1497:In 1991 Mengistu's government was overcome by the 1016:, and fought in several engagements including the 953:of 1944 removed the BMME from the jurisdiction of 5893:States and regions with limited or no recognition 4605:Director Strategy, British Army, Andover, c2016, 4319:"Ethiopian troops awarded UN peacekeeping medals" 3799:Le atrocità commesse dai soldati amhara in Tigray 2840: 2813: 2761: 2749: 2448:"U.S. Forces/Allies in the Korean War: Factsheet" 2151:[Defense Industry Exports: August 2021]. 1499:Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front 1156:crimes, three days later the Derg was announced. 811:struck a powerful blow against the Italian army. 743:was also able to defeat the Egyptians in 1876 at 4462:. Translated by Seltzer, Richard. Archived from 4411:"RDF Joins Ethiopia For Defense Day Celebration" 2831:(London: Miramoor Publications, 3 November 1989) 754:Following the order of the emperor of Ethiopia, 4674:Further sources on defense in Ethiopia include 4497:Library of Congress Federal Research Division, 2855:Library of Congress Federal Research Division, 2168:"Is Ethiopia Flying Iranian-Made Armed Drones?" 1982:United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei 1968:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1509 1126:Seizure of power by the Derg 1974 and aftermath 4385:"Ethiopia celebrated 7th National Defense Day" 3335:Williams, Paul D.; E. Bruton, Bronwyn (2014). 1975:United Nations–African Union Mission in Darfur 157:Emblem of the Ethiopian National Defense Force 5588: 4747: 4676:SSR in Ethiopia, A Prerequisite for Democracy 3225:Albin-Lackey, Christopher (8 December 2008). 2851: 2849: 2798: 2773: 2680: 2621: 2619: 2610: 2524: 2476: 2382: 2370: 2191:. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 139. 1251:International Institute for Strategic Studies 142: 8: 4272:"Ethiopian peacekeeping missions in Burundi" 3561:"Horn of Africa's challenges grow - Somalia" 3497:"Horn of Africa's challenges grow - Somalia" 1418:Fourth Revolutionary Army (headquartered at 1404:Second Revolutionary Army (headquartered at 731:'s attempt to expand from a coastal base at 169:Flag of the Ethiopian National Defense Force 4189:"Ethiopia's navy will be based in Djibouti" 4066: 4064: 2896:"U.S. trainers prepare Ethiopians to fight" 1984:. An Ethiopian officer commands the force. 1955:peacekeeping missions. These have included 1425:Fifth Revolutionary Army (headquartered at 1411:Third Revolutionary Army (headquartered at 1397:First Revolutionary Army (headquartered at 5595: 5581: 5573: 5323: 5229: 5092: 4982: 4978: 4754: 4740: 4732: 4448:. Evanston: Northwestern University Press. 2789:(New Haven: Yale University, 2009), p. 120 2587:"The Congo Crisis | The Ethiopian Soldier" 2358: 1554:Combined Joint Task Force - Horn of Africa 163: 151: 4479:Fontanellaz, Adrien; Cooper, Tom (2018). 1906:. Ethiopia reacquired a coastline on the 1748:Learn how and when to remove this message 122:Learn how and when to remove this message 4622:in Caroline Varin, Dauda Abubakar (eds) 3472:Somalia: To Move Beyond the Failed State 2242:"Count Leontiev is spy or adventurer..." 2149:"Savunma Sanayii İhracatı: Ağustos 2021" 1959:, on the Burundi border, and in Rwanda. 1893:several defense industrial organizations 1503:People's Front for Democracy and Justice 1243:People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 1103:commanded the Third Division during the 5545: 4134:. Addis Ababa: Reuters. 13 March 2019. 2079: 1799:, as well as extrajudicial killings in 1521:mobilization for the war with Eritrea. 1449:, which began training in January 1987. 613:Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present) 603:2007–2008 Ethiopian crackdown in Ogaden 538: 3491: 3489: 2992:Dirty Wars: The World Is a Battlefield 2099: 2097: 133: 4499:Country Profile: Ethiopia, April 2005 3919: 3917: 2857:Country Profile: Ethiopia, April 2005 2737: 2725: 2713: 2701: 2664:, Vol. 33, No. 3 (2000), pp. 635-667. 2488: 2394: 2111:from the original on 5 September 2022 1087:United Nations Operation in the Congo 563:United Nations Operation in the Congo 7: 4511:U.S. Army Area Handbook for Ethiopia 4157:Forrester, Charles (13 March 2019). 3528:Middleton, Roger (2 December 2008). 3140:Fairness & Accuracy in Reporting 3076:Heinlein, Peter (13 November 2007). 1393:The army commands consisted of the: 1081:Ethiopia contributed troops for the 623:2022 al-Shabaab invasion of Ethiopia 60:adding citations to reliable sources 3593:"Thousands cheer Ethiopia pull-out" 3346:Joint Special Operations University 3123:from the original on 29 March 2015. 3044:Heinlein, Peter (19 October 2007). 2951:from the original on 29 March 2015. 2625:Cited in Marina and David Ottaway, 2267:Словари и энциклопедии на Академике 2166:Zwijnenburg, Wim (17 August 2021). 2024:African military systems after 1900 416:Defense Industry Sector of Ethiopia 4417:. 15 February 2019. Archived from 4220:"Ethiopian peacekeeping in Africa" 4169:from the original on 13 March 2019 4138:from the original on 13 March 2019 4070:IISS Military Balance 2012, 434-5. 3622:"Ethiopia ends Somalia occupation" 3393:"Ethiopia in Somalia: One year on" 3391:Plaut, Martin (28 December 2007). 2971:. 23 November 2007. Archived from 2904:. 30 December 2006. Archived from 2629:(New York: Africana, 1978), p. 45. 1422:, 1988: 611th, 612th, 614th Corps) 1415:, 1988: 603rd, 604th, 605th Corps) 1195:key concessions from the Emperor, 1153:Armed Forces Coordinated Committee 1085:operation in the Congo – the 1025:Military Assistance Advisory Group 1012:. It was attached to the American 71:"Ethiopian National Defense Force" 25: 4554:Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia 4507:"Section IV: Military Background" 4246:"Ethiopian peacekeeping missions" 3785:Associated Press, 23 March 2021. 3314:. AFRICAN SUN MeDIA. p. 56. 2989:Scahill, Jeremy (23 April 2013). 2642:(New York: Africana, 1978), p. 52 2203:"Emperor Yohannes IV (1872-1889)" 1964:United Nations Mission in Liberia 1618:Tigrayan Peoples Liberation Front 996:In keeping with the principle of 826:Preserving Ethiopian independence 6004: This article incorporates 5999: 5901:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 5673:Democratic Republic of the Congo 5560: 5548: 4670:Yale Library of Military History 4045:. 7 January 2007. Archived from 2054: 1821:Tigray People's Liberation Front 1711: 1588:Ogaden National Liberation Front 1201:Tsehafi Taezaz Aklilu Habte-Wold 1105:1964 Ethiopian–Somali Border War 766:was organized at the same time. 693:Civilian control of the military 654:Ethiopian National Defense Force 588:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War 573:1964 Ethiopian–Somali Border War 510: 498: 486: 474: 462: 450: 438: 426: 242: 229: 215: 202: 137:Ethiopian National Defense Force 36: 18:Ethiopian National Defence Force 4640:in Atieno and Robinson (eds.), 2155:(in Turkish). 2 September 2021. 1947:Ethiopia has served in various 1788:coordinated 'preemptive strike' 47:needs additional citations for 3976:"Ethiopia's Security Dilemmas" 3951:"Ethiopia's Security Dilemmas" 3109:Axe, David (2 December 2010). 2995:. PublicAffairs. p. 208. 2937:Axe, David (2 December 2010). 2640:Ethiopia: Empire in Revolution 2627:Ethiopia: Empire in Revolution 2263:"Nikolay Stepanovich Leontiev" 1612:during December 2006. Colonel 1401:, 1988: 601st and 602nd Corps) 180:116 years, 10 months 1: 4106:Maasho, Aaron (3 June 2016). 3797:Panorama, 30 September 2021: 3620:Rice, Xan (26 January 2009). 3279:"World Report 2008 - Somalia" 3196:"World Report 2008 - Somalia" 2841:Fontanellaz & Cooper 2018 2814:Fontanellaz & Cooper 2018 2762:Fontanellaz & Cooper 2018 2750:Fontanellaz & Cooper 2018 2435:Ethiopian Korean War Veterans 2325:Сергей Васильевич Куприенко. 1921:In June 2018, Prime Minister 1782:regions were deployed to the 1687:Under the command of Colonel 1632:units, supported by American 677:Ye'īfēdērī mekelakeya šerawīt 325:Deputy Chief of General Staff 4620:Rebel Movements in Ethiopia, 3644:Osman, Jamal (27 May 2021). 3530:"Ethiopia's Somalia dilemma" 3253:Oxford Analytica Daily Brief 2287:RUSSIAN MISSION TO ABYSSINIA 1826:The Italian weekly magazine 1616:, a senior ENDF officer and 1186:The committee elected Major 1122:armored personnel carriers. 930:Italian invasion of Ethiopia 741:Army of the Ethiopian Empire 568:Eritrean War of Independence 5738:Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) 4920:Federal Democratic Republic 4631:No Ownership, No Commitment 3651:Fana Broadcasting Corporate 2227:Clapham, Christopher 1987. 1966:(UNMIL) was established by 1897:military industrial complex 1076:1960 Ethiopian coup attempt 903:, in 1917 from the earlier 747:, led by Ethiopian Emperor 695:is carried out through the 676: 6049: 4713:"Ethiopia: World Factbook" 3480:International Crisis Group 2638:Marina and David Ottaway, 2187:Rothchild, Donald (1994). 1991: 1759: 1597: 1575: 1556:(CJTF-HOA) established in 1408:, 1988: 606th-610th Corps) 1372:armored personnel carriers 1341:1989: All forces withdrawn 1280:Third Revolutionary Armies 1226:campaigns against various 1190:as its chairman and Major 988:Ethiopian soldiers in the 934:1941 East African Campaign 886: 737:Ottoman conquest of Habesh 645:Military ranks of Ethiopia 548:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 222:Ethiopian Republican Guard 27:Military force of Ethiopia 5505: 5326: 5232: 5095: 4981: 4638:Defence Reform since 1990 4583:Northeast African Studies 4529:Ethiopia: a country study 3703:Polk, William R. (2018). 2799:Ofcansky & Berry 1993 2774:Ofcansky & Berry 1993 2681:Ofcansky & Berry 1993 2651:Bahru Zewde, 2000, p. 234 2611:Shinn & Ofcansky 2004 2525:Shinn & Ofcansky 2004 2477:Shinn & Ofcansky 2004 2383:Ofcansky & Berry 1993 2371:Ofcansky & Berry 1993 2072:Federal Research Division 2067:Ethiopia: A Country Study 1988:The National Defense Day 1578:Ethiopian-Somali conflict 665: 162: 150: 143: 141: 5658:Central African Republic 4942:War in Somalia (2006–09) 4454:Bulatovich, Alexander K. 4444:Ayele, Fantahun (2014). 1910:in 1950 and created the 1644:of Mogadishu and Somali 1525:The Ethiopia-Eritrea war 1447:103rd Commando Divisions 1385:tanks at the end of the 1311:Third Revolutionary Army 1018:Battle of Pork Chop Hill 793:Tekle Haymanot of Gojjam 4349:UN News Service Section 4025:. Nations Encyclopedia. 4023:"Ethiopia Armed Forces" 3433:10.2307/j.ctt183p650.14 2556:United Nations (1960). 2292:25 October 2012 at the 1837:TDF–OLA joint offensive 1780:Eritrean Defence Forces 1720:Some of this section's 1600:Somalia War (2006-2009) 1443:102nd Airborne Division 1346:1990-91 Order of Battle 968:variant and arrived in 960:Ethiopia bought twenty 713:Defense Industry Sector 598:Somalia War (2006–2009) 210:Ethiopian Ground Forces 6006:public domain material 5270:Industrial development 5184:National Defense Force 4925:Eritrean–Ethiopian War 4389:Borkena Ethiopian News 2692:IISS 75-76, p. 42 2003: 1994:Defense Day (Ethiopia) 1771: 1586:insurgents led by the 1539:Eritrean-Ethiopian War 1534: 1511:Oromo Liberation Front 1390: 1218:countries, especially 1050: 1008:, to take part in the 993: 884: 871:Under Haile Selassie I 864: 593:Eritrean–Ethiopian War 543:Gugsa Wale's rebellion 310:Chief of General Staff 5818:São Tomé and Príncipe 5678:Republic of the Congo 4964:Territorial evolution 4859:Italo-Ethiopian wars 4501:, accessed July 2012. 3311:African Standby Force 2975:on 26 November 2007. 2546:, accessed July 2012. 2001: 1797:gender based violence 1769: 1760:Further information: 1620:(TPLF) official, was 1598:Further information: 1576:Further information: 1532: 1380: 1188:Mengistu Haile Mariam 1045: 1014:7th Infantry Division 987: 887:Further information: 881:East African Campaign 878: 848: 840:Imperial Russian Army 801:Ras Mengesha Yohannes 699:, which oversees the 315:Field Marshal General 6033:Military of Ethiopia 5603:Militaries of Africa 5493:World Heritage Sites 5430:Water and sanitation 4855:Menelik's Expansions 4699:on 21 September 2020 4081:"The World Factbook" 4049:on 28 September 2007 2859:, accessed July 2012 2433:As described at the 2008:National Defense Day 1870:Ethiopia-Eritrea war 1610:Islamic Courts Union 1550:September 11 attacks 1205:Endelkachew Makonnen 1151:had established the 1145:Endelkachew Makonnen 844:Alexander Bulatovich 518:United Arab Emirates 390:$ 1.8 billion (2023) 56:improve this article 5949:Plazas de soberanía 4597:Prof Laura Cleary, 4556:. Scarecrow Press. 3482:. 23 December 2008. 3090:on 14 November 2007 2828:Africa Confidential 2306:Who Was Count Abai? 2209:on 13 November 2018 2153:SavunmaSanayiST.com 2107:. 28 January 2022. 2034:Ethiopian Air Force 2012:Ministry of Defense 1889:Ethiopian Air Force 1675:military occupation 1642:military occupation 1638:helicopter gunships 1606:helicopter gunships 1387:Ethiopian Civil War 1328:1977–1978: 17,000 ( 1260:Library of Congress 1247:Library of Congress 998:collective security 955:East Africa Command 850:"Many consider the 832:Scramble for Africa 725:history of Ethiopia 697:Ministry of Defense 578:Ethiopian Civil War 298:Minister of Defense 237:Ethiopian Air Force 6012:The World Factbook 5290:Telecommunications 5204:Army of the Empire 4885:Italian occupation 4840:Ethiopian–Adal War 4798:Kingdom of Wolaita 4719:. 14 December 2021 4689:"Official website" 4391:. 14 February 2019 4351:. 17 December 2008 4298:"UNMIL in Liberia" 4226:on 28 October 2014 4205:. 3 December 2019. 4191:. 3 December 2019. 3931:. 19 November 2020 3895:. 3 October 2022. 3869:. 26 November 2021 3817:. 18 November 2021 3747:. 11 January 2012. 3425:The Horn of Africa 3372:. 27 December 2007 3348:. pp. 11, 94. 3287:Human Rights Watch 3232:Human Rights Watch 3204:Human Rights Watch 2876:on 30 January 2011 2870:"Recent Additions" 2843:, pp. 18, 68. 2542:2016-03-05 at the 2513:Lipsky et al. 1964 2501:Lipsky et al. 1964 2452:United States Army 2337:on 28 October 2014 2311:2011-07-16 at the 2137:. 27 January 2020. 2090:. 24 October 2023. 2004: 1845:Human wave attacks 1772: 1651:Human Rights Watch 1622:commander-in-chief 1535: 1439:infantry divisions 1391: 1275:were stepping up. 1273:Operation Red Star 1224:counter-insurgency 1175:(Imperial Guard), 1149:Alem Zewde Tessema 994: 895:Imperial Bodyguard 885: 739:was defeated. The 412:Domestic suppliers 283:Commander-in-chief 5996: 5995: 5989: 5973: 5961: 5953: 5693:Equatorial Guinea 5536: 5535: 5501: 5500: 5400:Human trafficking 5313: 5312: 5219: 5218: 5161:Foreign relations 5151:Political parties 5082: 5081: 5078: 5077: 4935:2018 peace summit 4825:Solomonic dynasty 4659:978-0-948390-40-1 4644:, Springer, 2018. 4626:, Springer, 2017. 4611:978-1-907413-35-3 4490:978-1-912390-30-4 4042:Stars and Stripes 3955:www.rusi.orghttps 3767:. 22 January 2014 3716:978-0-300-22290-6 3601:. 16 January 2009 3573:. 5 November 2008 3509:. 5 November 2008 3442:978-0-7453-3311-3 3321:978-1-928357-57-5 3289:. 31 January 2008 3206:. 31 January 2008 3169:978-0-300-22290-6 3002:978-1-56858-727-1 2901:Stars and Stripes 2801:, pp. 278–9. 2776:, pp. 297–8. 2740:, pp. 32–33. 2716:, pp. 29–30. 2515:, pp. 608–9. 1864:Size and strength 1849:military officers 1839:which threatened 1786:in response to a 1758: 1757: 1750: 1370:tanks, and 1,100 1234:in the 1977–1978 1101:Aman Mikael Andom 940:with the help of 917:in January 1935. 787:near the town of 686: 674: 650: 649: 422:Foreign suppliers 371:Reserve personnel 344:Military age 132: 131: 124: 106: 16:(Redirected from 6040: 6020: 6003: 6002: 5988:(United Kingdom) 5987: 5985:Tristan da Cunha 5981:Ascension Island 5971: 5959: 5951: 5610:Sovereign states 5597: 5590: 5583: 5574: 5565: 5564: 5563: 5553: 5552: 5551: 5544: 5521: 5514: 5324: 5250: 5230: 5199:Military history 5093: 4983: 4979: 4900:1974 coup d'état 4845:Gondarine period 4835:Kingdom of Kaffa 4803:Ethiopian Empire 4793:Kingdom of Aksum 4756: 4749: 4742: 4733: 4728: 4726: 4724: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4695:. Archived from 4663: 4636:Colin Robinson, 4618:Mesfin, Berouk, 4590: 4567: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4522: 4520: 4518: 4494: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4466:on 14 April 2014 4449: 4431: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4407: 4401: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4381: 4375: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4341: 4335: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4321:. Archived from 4315: 4309: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4294: 4288: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4274:. Archived from 4268: 4262: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4248:. Archived from 4242: 4236: 4235: 4233: 4231: 4222:. Archived from 4216: 4207: 4206: 4199: 4193: 4192: 4185: 4179: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4154: 4148: 4147: 4145: 4143: 4132:Voice of America 4124: 4118: 4117: 4103: 4097: 4096: 4094: 4092: 4087:on 22 March 2016 4083:. Archived from 4077: 4071: 4068: 4059: 4058: 4056: 4054: 4033: 4027: 4026: 4019: 4013: 4012: 4010: 4008: 3986: 3980: 3979: 3972: 3966: 3965: 3963: 3961: 3947: 3941: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3921: 3912: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3885: 3879: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3859: 3853: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3843:. 3 October 2021 3833: 3827: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3807: 3801: 3795: 3789: 3783: 3777: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3755: 3749: 3748: 3735: 3729: 3728: 3700: 3694: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3672: 3666: 3665: 3660: 3658: 3641: 3635: 3634: 3617: 3611: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3589: 3583: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3571:Oxford Analytica 3557: 3551: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3525: 3519: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3507:Oxford Analytica 3493: 3484: 3483: 3477: 3467: 3461: 3460: 3459: 3457: 3416: 3410: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3388: 3382: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3370:Oxford Analytica 3356: 3350: 3349: 3343: 3332: 3326: 3325: 3305: 3299: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3275: 3269: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3257:Oxford Analytica 3250: 3243: 3237: 3236: 3222: 3216: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3192: 3186: 3185: 3154:Polk, William R. 3150: 3144: 3143: 3131: 3125: 3124: 3116:Wired (magazine) 3106: 3100: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3086:. Archived from 3083:Voice of America 3073: 3067: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3056:Voice of America 3041: 3035: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3013: 3007: 3006: 2986: 2980: 2979: 2959: 2953: 2952: 2944:Wired (magazine) 2934: 2928: 2924: 2918: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2892: 2886: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2872:. Archived from 2866: 2860: 2853: 2844: 2838: 2832: 2823: 2817: 2811: 2802: 2796: 2790: 2783: 2777: 2771: 2765: 2759: 2753: 2747: 2741: 2735: 2729: 2723: 2717: 2711: 2705: 2699: 2693: 2690: 2684: 2678: 2665: 2658: 2652: 2649: 2643: 2636: 2630: 2623: 2614: 2608: 2602: 2597: 2591: 2590: 2583: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2562: 2553: 2547: 2534: 2528: 2522: 2516: 2510: 2504: 2498: 2492: 2486: 2480: 2474: 2468: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2454:. Archived from 2444: 2438: 2431: 2425: 2414: 2408: 2404: 2398: 2392: 2386: 2380: 2374: 2368: 2362: 2356: 2347: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2333:. Archived from 2322: 2316: 2303: 2297: 2284: 2278: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2259: 2253: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2238: 2232: 2225: 2219: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2205:. Archived from 2199: 2193: 2192: 2184: 2178: 2177: 2163: 2157: 2156: 2145: 2139: 2138: 2127: 2121: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2101: 2092: 2091: 2084: 2075: 2058: 2057: 2002:Defence Day 2019 1753: 1746: 1742: 1739: 1733: 1715: 1707: 1703:The Northern War 1693:Kenya's invasion 1670:war of attrition 1666:Oxford Analytica 1360:People's Militia 1177:Territorial Army 1006:Kagnew Battalion 785:Kingdom of Italy 770:Ethiopian Empire 756:Nikolay Leontiev 681: 679: 669: 667: 666:የኢፌዲሪ መከላከያ ሠራዊት 524:Related articles 516: 514: 513: 504: 502: 501: 492: 490: 489: 480: 478: 477: 468: 466: 465: 456: 454: 453: 444: 442: 441: 432: 430: 429: 362:Active personnel 248: 246: 245: 235: 233: 232: 220: 219: 208: 206: 205: 194:Service branches 167: 155: 146: 145: 144:የኢፌዲሪ መከላከያ ሠራዊት 134: 127: 120: 116: 113: 107: 105: 64: 40: 32: 21: 6048: 6047: 6043: 6042: 6041: 6039: 6038: 6037: 6023: 6022: 6009: 6000: 5997: 5992: 5915: 5887: 5604: 5601: 5571: 5561: 5559: 5549: 5547: 5539: 5537: 5532: 5524: 5517: 5510: 5497: 5439: 5425:Public holidays 5410:Law enforcement 5309: 5248: 5215: 5170: 5074: 5029: 4968: 4930:Border conflict 4850:Zemene Mesafint 4788:Kingdom of Dʿmt 4769: 4760: 4722: 4720: 4711: 4702: 4700: 4687: 4684: 4660: 4647: 4629:Laurie Nathan, 4580: 4574: 4572:Further reading 4564: 4551: 4542: 4540: 4525: 4516: 4514: 4504: 4491: 4478: 4469: 4467: 4452: 4443: 4440: 4435: 4434: 4424: 4422: 4421:on 25 June 2021 4409: 4408: 4404: 4394: 4392: 4383: 4382: 4378: 4368: 4366: 4362: 4354: 4352: 4343: 4342: 4338: 4328: 4326: 4325:on 29 June 2009 4317: 4316: 4312: 4302: 4300: 4296: 4295: 4291: 4281: 4279: 4278:on 28 June 2009 4270: 4269: 4265: 4255: 4253: 4252:on 28 June 2009 4244: 4243: 4239: 4229: 4227: 4218: 4217: 4210: 4201: 4200: 4196: 4187: 4186: 4182: 4172: 4170: 4156: 4155: 4151: 4141: 4139: 4126: 4125: 4121: 4105: 4104: 4100: 4090: 4088: 4079: 4078: 4074: 4069: 4062: 4052: 4050: 4035: 4034: 4030: 4021: 4020: 4016: 4006: 4004: 3996:. 30 May 2022. 3988: 3987: 3983: 3974: 3973: 3969: 3959: 3957: 3949: 3948: 3944: 3934: 3932: 3923: 3922: 3915: 3905: 3903: 3887: 3886: 3882: 3872: 3870: 3867:The Independent 3861: 3860: 3856: 3846: 3844: 3835: 3834: 3830: 3820: 3818: 3809: 3808: 3804: 3796: 3792: 3784: 3780: 3770: 3768: 3757: 3756: 3752: 3737: 3736: 3732: 3717: 3702: 3701: 3697: 3687: 3685: 3674: 3673: 3669: 3656: 3654: 3643: 3642: 3638: 3619: 3618: 3614: 3604: 3602: 3591: 3590: 3586: 3576: 3574: 3559: 3558: 3554: 3544: 3542: 3527: 3526: 3522: 3512: 3510: 3495: 3494: 3487: 3475: 3469: 3468: 3464: 3455: 3453: 3451:j.ctt183p650.14 3443: 3418: 3417: 3413: 3403: 3401: 3390: 3389: 3385: 3375: 3373: 3358: 3357: 3353: 3341: 3334: 3333: 3329: 3322: 3307: 3306: 3302: 3292: 3290: 3277: 3276: 3272: 3262: 3260: 3259:. 26 April 2007 3245: 3244: 3240: 3224: 3223: 3219: 3209: 3207: 3194: 3193: 3189: 3170: 3152: 3151: 3147: 3133: 3132: 3128: 3108: 3107: 3103: 3093: 3091: 3075: 3074: 3070: 3060: 3058: 3043: 3042: 3038: 3028: 3026: 3015: 3014: 3010: 3003: 2988: 2987: 2983: 2961: 2960: 2956: 2936: 2935: 2931: 2925: 2921: 2911: 2909: 2894: 2893: 2889: 2879: 2877: 2868: 2867: 2863: 2854: 2847: 2839: 2835: 2824: 2820: 2812: 2805: 2797: 2793: 2784: 2780: 2772: 2768: 2760: 2756: 2748: 2744: 2736: 2732: 2724: 2720: 2712: 2708: 2700: 2696: 2691: 2687: 2679: 2668: 2659: 2655: 2650: 2646: 2637: 2633: 2624: 2617: 2609: 2605: 2598: 2594: 2585: 2584: 2580: 2569: 2567: 2560: 2555: 2554: 2550: 2544:Wayback Machine 2535: 2531: 2523: 2519: 2511: 2507: 2499: 2495: 2487: 2483: 2475: 2471: 2461: 2459: 2458:on 16 July 2007 2446: 2445: 2441: 2432: 2428: 2415: 2411: 2405: 2401: 2393: 2389: 2381: 2377: 2369: 2365: 2359:Bulatovich 1993 2357: 2350: 2340: 2338: 2324: 2323: 2319: 2313:Wayback Machine 2304: 2300: 2294:Wayback Machine 2285: 2281: 2271: 2269: 2261: 2260: 2256: 2246: 2244: 2240: 2239: 2235: 2226: 2222: 2212: 2210: 2201: 2200: 2196: 2186: 2185: 2181: 2165: 2164: 2160: 2147: 2146: 2142: 2129: 2128: 2124: 2114: 2112: 2103: 2102: 2095: 2086: 2085: 2081: 2064: 2055: 2052: 2047: 2020: 1996: 1990: 1945: 1930:Emmanuel Macron 1891:. Ethiopia has 1866: 1764: 1754: 1743: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1716: 1705: 1602: 1596: 1580: 1574: 1527: 1495: 1348: 1307:Gondar Province 1269:Sahel Mountains 1128: 1004:, known as the 982: 926:Italian fascism 891: 873: 836:colonial powers 828: 805:Mikael of Wollo 777: 772: 721: 711:as well as the 634: 537: 536: 511: 509: 508: 499: 497: 496: 487: 485: 484: 475: 473: 472: 463: 461: 460: 451: 449: 448: 439: 437: 436: 427: 425: 254: 243: 241: 230: 228: 214: 203: 201: 179: 178:26 October 1907 170: 158: 128: 117: 111: 108: 65: 63: 53: 41: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6046: 6044: 6036: 6035: 6025: 6024: 5994: 5993: 5991: 5990: 5974: 5962: 5954: 5945:Alboran Island 5933:Canary Islands 5929: 5927: 5917: 5916: 5914: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5897: 5895: 5889: 5888: 5886: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 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1402: 1347: 1344: 1343: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1197:Haile Selassie 1161:Ethiopian Army 1127: 1124: 1083:United Nations 981: 978: 872: 869: 846:writing thus: 827: 824: 781:Battle of Adwa 776: 775:Battle of Adwa 773: 771: 768: 729:Ottoman Empire 720: 717: 648: 647: 642: 636: 635: 633: 632: 631: 630: 625: 620: 615: 610: 608:OLA insurgency 605: 600: 595: 590: 585: 580: 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 550: 545: 534: 533: 532: 530: 526: 525: 521: 520: 423: 419: 418: 413: 409: 408: 402: 401: 400:0.3(2023 est.) 398: 396:Percent of GDP 392: 391: 388: 382: 381: 377: 376: 373: 367: 366: 365:362,000 (2024) 363: 359: 358: 355: 349: 348: 345: 341: 340: 336: 335: 333:Abebaw Tadesse 327: 321: 320: 312: 306: 305: 303:Aisha Mohammed 300: 294: 293: 288:Prime Minister 285: 279: 278: 272: 271: 262: 256: 255: 253: 252: 250:Ethiopian Navy 239: 226: 225: 224: 198: 196: 190: 189: 186: 182: 181: 176: 172: 171: 168: 160: 159: 156: 148: 147: 139: 138: 130: 129: 44: 42: 35: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6045: 6034: 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