872:
955:
737:
996:
716:
675:
613:
893:
831:
1017:
75:
778:
2903:
50:
2415:
934:
482:
592:
1092:
theorized that the genus was evolving toward the laying of a one-egg clutch. Experiments with egg substitution have shown that A-eggs can produce viable chicks that were only 7% lighter at time of fledging. Physiologically, the first egg is smaller because it develops while the mother is still at
1072:
Crested penguins breed on
Subantarctic islands in the southern reaches of the world's oceans; the greatest diversity occurring around New Zealand and surrounding islands. Their breeding displays and behaviours are generally more complex than other penguin species. Both male and female parents take
1063:
The crested penguins are all similar in appearance, having sharply delineated black and white plumage with red beaks and prominent yellow crests. Their calls are more complex than those of other species, with several phrases of differing lengths. The royal penguin (mostly) has a white face, while
326:
Six extant species have been classically recognised, with the recent splitting of the rockhopper penguin increasing it to seven. Conversely, the close relationship of the macaroni and royal penguins, and the erect-crested and Snares penguins have led some to propose that the two pairs should be
278:
in recent centuries. All are black and white penguins with yellow crests, red bills and eyes, and are found on
Subantarctic islands in the world's southern oceans. All lay two eggs, but raise only one young per breeding season; the first egg laid is substantially smaller than the second.
1479:
Cole, Theresa L.; Ksepka, Daniel T.; Mitchell, Kieren J.; Tennyson, Alan J. D.; Thomas, Daniel B.; Pan, Hailin; Zhang, Guojie; Rawlence, Nicolas J.; Wood, Jamie R.; Bover, Pere; Bouzat, Juan L.; Cooper, Alan; Fiddamanl, Steven; Hart, Tom; Miller, Gary; Ryan, Peter G.; Shepherd, Lara D.;
472:
bones, and became extinct shortly following human colonisation of the
Chatham Islands. This genetically-distinct species was relatively large, with a thin, slim and low bill. (T.L. Cole et al. (2019) Mol. Biol. Evol.)
1484:; Waters, Jonathan M. (2019). "Mitogenomes uncover extinct penguin taxa and reveal island formation as a key driver of speciation". Molecular Biology and Evolution. doi:10.1093/molbev/msz017.
1088:, where the first egg averages only 60% the size of the second. The reason for this is a mystery remains unknown, although several theories have been proposed. British ornithologist
3047:
3073:
3191:
1802:
1426:
654:
3021:
3060:
1250:
1185:
1175:
1525:
871:
1470:
452:
3135:
1795:
1080:
Crested penguins lay two eggs, but almost always raise only one young successfully. All species exhibit the odd phenomenon of
503:
around 15 million years ago, before splitting into separate species around 8 million years ago in the late
Miocene.
1431:
1084:
in breeding; the first egg (or A-egg) laid is substantially smaller than the second egg (B-egg). This is most extreme in the
516:, has been identified as the closest known relative of the crested penguins. Found in late Miocene deposits dated to about 10
3065:
1135:
1096:
Recently, brooding royal and erect-crested penguins have been reported to tip the smaller eggs out as the second is laid.
1780:
808:
2995:
2982:
1788:
1753:
1748:
404:
375:
316:
198:
186:
393:
384:
3078:
74:
1436:
995:
954:
736:
715:
674:
3153:
1649:
636:
2902:
270:. The exact number of species in the genus varies between four and seven depending on the authority, and a
2922:
1518:
599:
3186:
3109:
3000:
1743:
1149:
1040:
1003:
978:
561:
366:
292:
222:
153:
612:
3127:
2233:
3140:
3088:
2969:
2414:
1706:
1230:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 126.
892:
830:
785:
496:
170:
2759:
2302:
1906:
495:
suggests that the crested penguins split from the ancestors of their closest living relative, the
2521:
2374:
2309:
2203:
2059:
1966:
1857:
1671:
1407:
1268:"Multiple gene evidence for expansion of extant penguins out of Antarctica due to global cooling"
1201:
1115:
941:
916:
854:
760:
698:
512:
320:
69:
2842:
2790:
2613:
2586:
2576:
2507:
2026:
2006:
1956:
3114:
2637:
2530:
2456:
2212:
3181:
3176:
3096:
3052:
3008:
2603:
2544:
2477:
2432:
2288:
2149:
1733:
1681:
1617:
1612:
1511:
1466:
1297:
1246:
1181:
879:
723:
661:
591:
347:
236:
204:
827:
Kerguelen
Islands and subantarctic islands of New Zealand, Cape Horn to the Falkland Islands
3101:
2219:
2169:
1768:
1763:
1676:
1548:
1481:
1399:
1287:
1279:
1207:
A List of the Genera of Birds : with an
Indication of the Typical Species of Each Genus
1121:
A List of the Genera of Birds : with an
Indication of the Typical Species of Each Genus
1085:
1074:
435:
192:
57:
2654:
1153:
1016:
2264:
2129:
1711:
1686:
1591:
1544:
492:
462:
444:
426:
332:
271:
229:
653:
2960:
2873:
2856:
2733:
2491:
2274:
2249:
1738:
1661:
1643:
1622:
1369:
1292:
1267:
356:
243:
210:
3170:
2323:
2189:
2069:
1758:
529:
418:
296:
216:
1225:
1205:
1119:
2832:
2713:
2688:
2644:
2553:
2500:
2341:
2295:
2281:
2139:
2037:
1996:
1586:
777:
341:
312:
162:
3013:
2974:
3034:
2987:
2954:
2887:
2849:
2825:
2811:
2773:
2702:
2665:
2620:
2564:
2466:
2350:
2330:
2316:
2242:
2049:
1986:
1946:
1896:
1576:
2863:
2818:
2742:
2722:
2627:
2395:
2388:
2381:
2179:
2159:
1976:
1851:
1697:
1602:
1221:
1089:
2945:
520:
million years ago, it must have separated from the crested penguins around 12
2804:
2695:
2364:
2089:
1820:
1633:
933:
525:
469:
86:
49:
1301:
1283:
1494:
2939:
2880:
2797:
2766:
2681:
2674:
2593:
2357:
2109:
1936:
1926:
1839:
106:
481:
17:
3148:
3026:
2780:
2749:
2119:
2016:
1872:
1812:
1566:
1534:
1411:
1390:, A- and B-chicks: do females maximise investment in the large B-egg".
500:
275:
263:
136:
126:
39:
1386:
Williams, Tony D (1990). "Growth and survival in the
Macaroni Penguin
2099:
2079:
1916:
1833:
1816:
507:
306:
300:
96:
3039:
2916:
1403:
3122:
1558:
480:
259:
1845:
116:
2920:
2430:
1870:
1784:
1507:
524:
million years ago. Given that the head ornamentation by yellow
1093:
sea swimming and thus has less energy to invest in the egg.
1503:
363:– has been considered a subspecies of the Fiordland penguin
1158:(in French). Paris: Deterville/self. pp. 67, 70.
2869:
2838:
2786:
2755:
2650:
2633:
2609:
2599:
2582:
2572:
2541:
2518:
2488:
2473:
2462:
2452:
2370:
2260:
2230:
2200:
2185:
2175:
2165:
2155:
2145:
2135:
2125:
2115:
2105:
2095:
2085:
2075:
2065:
2055:
2045:
2022:
2012:
2002:
1992:
1982:
1972:
1962:
1952:
1942:
1932:
1922:
1912:
1902:
1892:
951:
sub-Antarctic
Macquarie Island and adjacent islands.
2929:
2732:
2712:
2664:
2563:
2540:
2517:
2487:
2443:
2340:
2259:
2229:
2199:
2036:
1883:
1721:
1695:
1659:
1631:
1600:
1574:
1556:
1266:Baker AJ, Pereira SL, Haddrath OP, Edge KA (2006).
1368:
1155:Analyse d'une Nouvelle Ornithologie Élémentaire
1551:: Spheniscidae · subfamily: Spheniscinae)
1245:. Canberra: CSIRO Publishing. pp. 98–99.
1796:
1519:
1427:"Why Crested Penguins Always Lay Doomed Eggs"
8:
1465:. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
1371:Ecological Adaptations for breeding in birds
1243:Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds
1177:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
411:– traditionally considered a subspecies of
291:was introduced by the French ornithologist
2917:
2440:
2427:
2196:
1880:
1867:
1803:
1789:
1781:
1526:
1512:
1504:
733:New Zealand, Bounty and Antipodes Islands.
48:
31:
1291:
1210:. London: R. and J.E. Taylor. p. 77.
1180:. London: Christopher Helm. p. 152.
1124:. London: R. and J.E. Taylor. p. 77.
551:
1107:
1013:Subantarctic to the Antarctic Peninsula
802:
493:Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA evidence
295:in 1816; the name is derived from the
266:whose members are collectively called
1224:; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979).
1136:"ITIS Standard Report Page: Eudyptes"
583:IUCN status and estimated population
7:
3154:79071AD9-BE1A-41A4-A0E0-390CE333C8EF
3128:D26CE5A7-FC88-B5A6-E07C-3C2935565911
3089:75b82447-cb95-4745-bdbc-d293941f3ba9
3192:Taxa named by Louis Pierre Vieillot
889:southern Indian and Atlantic Oceans
25:
2901:
2413:
1227:Check-List of Birds of the World
1160:The genus name is misspelled as
1064:other species have black faces.
1015:
994:
953:
932:
891:
870:
829:
776:
735:
714:
673:
652:
611:
590:
398:Eudyptes (chrysocome) chrysocome
73:
1499:species endemic to New Zealand"
1241:Christidis L, Boles WE (2008).
574:Scientific name and subspecies
1:
389:Eudyptes (chrysocome) filholi
1652:(or northern little penguin)
1425:Young, Ed (4 October 2016).
868:Northern rockhopper penguin
774:Southern rockhopper penguin
307:
301:
1754:Northern rockhopper penguin
1749:Southern rockhopper penguin
885:Mathews & Iredale, 1921
405:Northern rockhopper penguin
376:Southern rockhopper penguin
317:southern rockhopper penguin
3208:
1174:Jobling, James A. (2010).
415:as the rockhopper penguin.
394:Western rockhopper penguin
385:Eastern rockhopper penguin
2899:
2439:
2426:
2411:
1879:
1866:
1828:
1547:: Sphenisciformes ·
1541:
1461:Williams, Tony D (1995).
991:
929:
867:
773:
711:
649:
587:
582:
579:
576:
573:
570:
425:– sometimes considered a
183:
178:
168:
161:
70:Scientific classification
68:
56:
47:
34:
1823:and their extinct allies
1646:(or little blue penguin)
1495:TerraNature.org: "Three
1650:White-flippered penguin
1606:(brush-tailed penguins)
544:probably had them too.
1284:10.1098/rspb.2005.3260
1150:Vieillot, Louis Pierre
712:Erect-crested penguin
600:Eudyptes pachyrhynchus
489:
352:Eudyptes pachyrhynchus
315:was designated as the
205:Eudyptes pachyrhynchus
171:Aptenodytes chrysocome
3110:Paleobiology Database
1744:Erect-crested penguin
1388:Eudyptes chrysolophus
1004:Eudyptes chrysolophus
484:
440:Eudyptes chrysolophus
367:Erect-crested penguin
327:regarded as species.
311:meaning "diver". The
293:Louis Pierre Vieillot
193:Eudyptes chrysolophus
63:Eudyptes chrysolophus
1482:Wilmshurst, Janet M.
1367:Lack, David (1968).
431:E. chrysolophus
305:meaning "fine", and
2204:Palaeospheniscinae
1707:Yellow-eyed penguin
1432:National Geographic
1202:Gray, George Robert
1116:Gray, George Robert
1082:egg-size dimorphism
819:(Forster, JR, 1781)
791:(Forster, JR, 1781)
786:Eudyptes chrysocome
567:
497:yellow-eyed penguin
468:is known only from
413:Eudyptes chrysocome
380:Eudyptes chrysocome
187:Eudyptes chrysocome
1858:Austrodyptornithes
1727:(crested penguins)
1672:Magellanic penguin
1439:on October 6, 2016
1375:. London: Methuen.
942:Eudyptes schlegeli
588:Fiordland penguin
552:
490:
423:Eudyptes schlegeli
321:George Robert Gray
217:Eudyptes schlegeli
3164:
3163:
3097:Open Tree of Life
2923:Taxon identifiers
2914:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2897:
2896:
2545:Tytthostonychidae
2433:Procellariiformes
2422:
2421:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2289:Archaeospheniscus
2150:Palaeoapterodytes
1778:
1777:
1734:Fiordland penguin
1682:Galapagos penguin
1665:(banded penguins)
1637:(little penguins)
1618:Chinstrap penguin
1252:978-0-643-06511-6
1187:978-1-4081-2501-4
1053:
1052:
1010:
992:Macaroni penguin
948:
886:
880:Eudyptes moseleyi
792:
730:
724:Eudyptes sclateri
668:
662:Eudyptes robustus
606:
580:Size and ecology
565:
409:Eudyptes moseleyi
371:Eudyptes sclateri
361:Eudyptes robustus
348:Fiordland penguin
251:
250:
237:Eudyptes calauina
223:Eudyptes sclateri
211:Eudyptes robustus
199:Eudyptes moseleyi
157:
16:(Redirected from
3199:
3157:
3156:
3144:
3143:
3131:
3130:
3118:
3117:
3105:
3104:
3092:
3091:
3082:
3081:
3069:
3068:
3056:
3055:
3043:
3042:
3030:
3029:
3017:
3016:
3004:
3003:
2991:
2990:
2978:
2977:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2918:
2905:
2871:
2840:
2788:
2757:
2652:
2635:
2611:
2601:
2584:
2574:
2543:
2520:
2490:
2475:
2464:
2454:
2441:
2428:
2417:
2372:
2262:
2234:Paraptenodytinae
2232:
2220:Palaeospheniscus
2202:
2197:
2187:
2177:
2170:Pseudaptenodytes
2167:
2157:
2147:
2137:
2127:
2117:
2107:
2097:
2087:
2077:
2067:
2057:
2047:
2024:
2014:
2004:
1994:
1984:
1974:
1964:
1954:
1944:
1934:
1924:
1914:
1904:
1894:
1881:
1868:
1805:
1798:
1791:
1782:
1764:Macaroni penguin
1677:Humboldt penguin
1580:(great penguins)
1528:
1521:
1514:
1505:
1476:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1435:. Archived from
1422:
1416:
1415:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1364:
1358:
1351:
1345:
1338:
1332:
1325:
1319:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1295:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1112:
1086:macaroni penguin
1077:eggs and young.
1044:
1019:
1008:
998:
982:
957:
946:
936:
920:
895:
884:
874:
858:
833:
820:
816:E. c. chrysocome
812:
790:
780:
764:
739:
728:
718:
702:
677:
666:
656:
640:
615:
605:G. R. Gray, 1845
604:
594:
568:
566:– Seven species
560:
466:Eudyptes warhami
449:Eudyptes warhami
436:Macaroni penguin
310:
304:
268:crested penguins
230:Eudyptes warhami
152:
78:
77:
58:Macaroni penguin
52:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3152:
3147:
3139:
3134:
3126:
3121:
3113:
3108:
3100:
3095:
3087:
3085:
3077:
3072:
3064:
3059:
3051:
3046:
3038:
3033:
3025:
3020:
3012:
3007:
2999:
2994:
2986:
2981:
2973:
2968:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2925:
2915:
2906:
2893:
2728:
2708:
2660:
2559:
2536:
2513:
2483:
2435:
2418:
2401:
2336:
2265:Palaeeudyptinae
2255:
2225:
2195:
2130:Marambiornopsis
2032:
1875:
1873:Sphenisciformes
1862:
1824:
1809:
1779:
1774:
1769:Chatham penguin
1717:
1712:Waitaha penguin
1691:
1687:African penguin
1655:
1627:
1613:Adélie penguin
1596:
1592:Emperor penguin
1570:
1552:
1537:
1532:
1491:
1473:
1460:
1457:
1452:
1442:
1440:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1404:10.2307/3545145
1385:
1384:
1380:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1352:
1348:
1339:
1335:
1326:
1322:
1313:
1309:
1278:(1582): 11–17.
1265:
1264:
1260:
1253:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1188:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1099:
1070:
1061:
1055:
1048:
1042:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1026:
1014:
1007:
986:
980:
971:
970:
965:
964:
952:
945:
924:
918:
909:
908:
903:
902:
890:
883:
862:
856:
847:
846:
841:
840:
828:
824:
823:
818:
807:
801:
800:
794:
793:
789:
768:
762:
753:
752:
747:
746:
734:
727:
706:
700:
691:
690:
685:
684:
672:
665:
650:Snares penguin
644:
638:
629:
628:
623:
622:
610:
603:
550:
510:penguin genus,
479:
463:Chatham Islands
445:Chatham penguin
333:Sphenisciformes
285:
274:species became
272:Chatham Islands
240:
233:
226:
220:
214:
208:
202:
196:
190:
174:
151:
127:Sphenisciformes
72:
61:
43:
36:
35:Crested penguin
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3205:
3203:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3169:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3145:
3132:
3119:
3106:
3093:
3083:
3070:
3057:
3044:
3031:
3018:
3005:
2992:
2979:
2966:
2951:
2935:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2884:
2877:
2874:Pterodromoides
2867:
2860:
2857:Pseudobulweria
2853:
2846:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2815:
2808:
2801:
2794:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2763:
2753:
2746:
2738:
2736:
2734:Procellariidae
2730:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2718:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2699:
2692:
2685:
2678:
2670:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2648:
2641:
2631:
2624:
2617:
2607:
2597:
2590:
2580:
2569:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2549:
2547:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2526:
2524:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2504:
2496:
2494:
2492:Diomedeoididae
2485:
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2275:Anthropodyptes
2270:
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2256:
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2250:Paraptenodytes
2246:
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1489:External links
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1355:(The Penguins)
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1009:(Brandt, 1837)
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981: LC
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958:
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930:Royal penguin
927:
926:
919: EN
914:
896:
887:
876:
865:
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857: VU
852:
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822:
821:
813:
799:Two subspecies
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782:
771:
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763: EN
758:
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729:(Buller, 1888)
720:
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701: VU
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27:Genus of birds
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2209:
2207:
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2190:Tereingaornis
2184:
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2070:Duntroonornis
2064:
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2054:
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1759:Royal penguin
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1472:0-19-854667-X
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1398:(3): 349–54.
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826:
817:
814:
810:
806:
805:E. c. filholi
803:
788:
787:
783:
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772:
769:
766:
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586:
569:
563:
558:
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543:
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531:
530:plesiomorphic
527:
523:
519:
515:
514:
509:
504:
502:
499:, in the mid-
498:
494:
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483:
476:
474:
471:
467:
464:
454:
450:
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443:
441:
437:
434:
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428:
424:
420:
419:Royal penguin
417:
414:
410:
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403:
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392:
390:
386:
383:
382:
381:
377:
374:
372:
368:
365:
362:
358:
355:
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349:
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343:
338:
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328:
324:
322:
318:
314:
309:
303:
298:
297:Ancient Greek
294:
290:
282:
280:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
256:
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245:
239:
238:
232:
231:
225:
224:
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207:
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195:
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182:
177:
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155:
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138:
135:
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128:
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112:
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108:
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101:
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82:
81:
76:
71:
67:
64:
59:
55:
51:
46:
41:
33:
30:
19:
3187:Spheniscidae
2930:
2886:
2879:
2872:
2862:
2855:
2848:
2841:
2833:Pelecanoides
2831:
2824:
2817:
2810:
2803:
2796:
2789:
2779:
2772:
2765:
2760:Argyrodyptes
2758:
2748:
2741:
2721:
2714:Hydrobatidae
2701:
2694:
2689:Nesofregetta
2687:
2680:
2673:
2653:
2645:Thalassarche
2643:
2636:
2626:
2619:
2612:
2602:
2592:
2585:
2575:
2554:Tytthostonyx
2552:
2529:
2506:
2501:Diomedeoides
2499:
2476:
2465:
2455:
2444:
2394:
2387:
2380:
2373:
2363:
2356:
2349:
2342:Spheniscinae
2329:
2322:
2315:
2308:
2303:Marambiornis
2301:
2296:Delphinornis
2294:
2287:
2282:Anthropornis
2280:
2273:
2248:
2241:
2218:
2211:
2188:
2178:
2168:
2158:
2148:
2140:Marplesornis
2138:
2128:
2118:
2108:
2098:
2088:
2078:
2068:
2058:
2048:
2038:Spheniscidae
2025:
2015:
2005:
1997:Sequiwaimanu
1995:
1985:
1975:
1965:
1955:
1945:
1935:
1925:
1915:
1907:Aprosdokitos
1905:
1895:
1884:
1850:Infraclass:
1723:
1722:
1696:
1660:
1632:
1601:
1587:King penguin
1575:
1565:
1557:
1496:
1463:The Penguins
1462:
1441:. Retrieved
1437:the original
1430:
1420:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1381:
1370:
1362:
1354:
1349:
1341:
1336:
1328:
1323:
1315:
1310:
1275:
1271:
1261:
1242:
1236:
1226:
1216:
1206:
1196:
1176:
1169:
1161:
1154:
1144:
1130:
1120:
1110:
1098:
1095:
1081:
1079:
1071:
1062:
1054:
1047:
1041:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1002:
993:
985:
979:
972:
966:
960:
947:Finsch, 1876
940:
931:
923:
917:
910:
904:
898:
878:
869:
861:
855:
848:
842:
836:
815:
804:
784:
775:
767:
761:
754:
748:
742:
722:
713:
705:
699:
692:
686:
680:
671:New Zealand.
667:Oliver, 1953
660:
651:
643:
637:
630:
624:
618:
609:New Zealand.
598:
589:
571:Common name
555:
554:
541:
537:
533:
521:
517:
511:
505:
491:
485:
465:
460:
448:
439:
430:
422:
412:
408:
397:
388:
379:
370:
360:
351:
342:Spheniscidae
339:
330:
329:
325:
313:type species
288:
286:
267:
254:
253:
252:
241:
234:
227:
221:
215:
209:
203:
197:
191:
185:
184:
169:
163:Type species
147:
146:
137:Spheniscidae
62:
29:
3035:iNaturalist
2955:Wikispecies
2888:Thalassoica
2850:Procellaria
2812:Macronectes
2774:Calonectris
2703:Pelagodroma
2666:Oceanitidae
2621:Phoebastria
2565:Diomedeidae
2522:Marinavidae
2467:Lonchodytes
2375:Madrynornis
2351:Aptenodytes
2331:Platydyptes
2317:Pachydyptes
2310:Mesetaornis
2243:Arthrodytes
2050:Crossvallia
1987:Petradyptes
1967:Orthopteryx
1947:Muriwaimanu
1897:Arthrodytes
1821:albatrosses
1577:Aptenodytes
1222:Mayr, Ernst
1164:on page 67.
1059:Description
542:Madrynornis
513:Madrynornis
486:Madrynornis
3171:Categories
2864:Pterodroma
2843:Primodroma
2819:Pachyptila
2791:Eopuffinus
2743:Aphrodroma
2723:Hydrobates
2628:Phoebetria
2614:Notoleptos
2587:Diomedavus
2577:Aldiomedes
2508:Rupelornis
2396:Spheniscus
2389:Pygoscelis
2382:Megadyptes
2180:Tasidyptes
2160:Perudyptes
2027:Wimanornis
2007:Tonniornis
1977:Pakudyptes
1957:Nucleornis
1852:Neognathae
1811:Genera of
1698:Megadyptes
1662:Spheniscus
1603:Pygoscelis
1455:Cited text
1443:10 October
1103:References
1090:David Lack
1075:incubating
809:Hutton, FW
538:Megadyptes
526:filoplumes
287:The genus
42:to present
2826:Pagodroma
2805:Halobaena
2696:Oceanites
2638:Plotornis
2531:Marinavis
2457:Kievornis
2365:Eudyptula
2213:Eretiscus
2090:Icadyptes
1832:Kingdom:
1771:(extinct)
1714:(extinct)
1634:Eudyptula
1353:Williams
1340:Williams
1327:Williams
1314:Williams
540:lineage,
477:Evolution
470:subfossil
323:in 1840.
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
3182:Penguins
3177:Eudyptes
2988:Eudyptes
2975:Eudyptes
2961:Eudyptes
2940:Wikidata
2931:Eudyptes
2881:Puffinus
2798:Fulmarus
2767:Bulweria
2682:Garrodia
2675:Fregetta
2604:Murunkus
2594:Diomedea
2478:Makahala
2358:Eudyptes
2110:Inkayacu
1937:Kupoupou
1927:Kumimanu
1840:Chordata
1838:Phylum:
1834:Animalia
1813:penguins
1724:Eudyptes
1535:Penguins
1497:Eudyptes
1302:16519228
1204:(1840).
1162:Endyptes
1152:(1816).
1118:(1840).
1068:Breeding
562:Vieillot
556:Eudyptes
534:Eudyptes
532:for the
289:Eudyptes
283:Taxonomy
264:penguins
255:Eudyptes
179:Species
154:Vieillot
148:Eudyptes
133:Family:
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
18:Eudyptes
3149:ZooBank
3053:1280490
3027:2481633
2946:Q591480
2781:Daption
2750:Ardenna
2120:Kairuku
2017:Waimanu
1856:Clade:
1844:Class:
1817:petrels
1567:Species
1412:3545145
1293:1560011
1073:shifts
1029:Habitat
967:Habitat
905:Habitat
843:Habitat
749:Habitat
687:Habitat
625:Habitat
501:Miocene
453:extinct
340:Family
276:extinct
143:Genus:
123:Order:
113:Class:
40:Miocene
3141:206769
3102:494364
3086:NZOR:
3066:174451
2100:Inguza
2080:Korora
1917:Kaiika
1819:, and
1549:family
1469:
1410:
1300:
1290:
1249:
1184:
811:, 1879
577:Range
564:, 1816
553:Genus
528:seems
522:
518:
508:fossil
488:fossil
331:Order
308:dyptes
299:words
156:, 1816
3136:WoRMS
3123:Plazi
3115:39720
3048:IRMNG
3001:52298
2655:Tydea
1559:Genus
1545:order
1408:JSTOR
1392:Oikos
1357:p. 38
1344:p. 76
1331:p. 52
1318:p. 69
427:morph
260:genus
258:is a
3079:9235
3074:NCBI
3061:ITIS
3040:3822
3022:GBIF
3014:4FJV
2996:BOLD
2060:Dege
1846:Aves
1467:ISBN
1445:2016
1298:PMID
1247:ISBN
1182:ISBN
1035:Diet
1023:Size
973:Diet
961:Size
911:Diet
899:Size
849:Diet
837:Size
755:Diet
743:Size
693:Diet
681:Size
631:Diet
619:Size
461:The
117:Aves
3009:CoL
2983:AFD
2970:ADW
1400:doi
1288:PMC
1280:doi
1276:273
429:of
319:by
262:of
3173::
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1429:.
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1396:59
1394:.
1296:.
1286:.
1274:.
1270:.
1037::
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757::
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695::
689::
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627::
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559:–
506:A
447:,
438:,
421:,
407:,
396:,
387:,
378:,
369:,
359:,
350:,
302:eu
2870:†
2839:†
2787:†
2756:†
2651:†
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242:†
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60:,
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