2490:
1883:
1554:
Taverna, Roberto; Turolla, Roberto; Muleri, Fabio; Heyl, Jeremy; Zane, Silvia; Baldini, Luca; Caniulef, Denis González; Bachetti, Matteo; Rankin, John; Caiazzo, Ilaria; Di Lalla, Niccolò; Doroshenko, Victor; Errando, Manel; Gau, Ephraim; Kırmızıbayrak, Demet (2022-05-18). "Polarized x-rays from a
428:
842:
of about 16% was measured and was claimed to be "large enough to support the presence of vacuum birefringence, as predicted by QED". Fan et al. pointed that their results are uncertain due to low accuracy of star model and the direction of the neutron magnetization axis.
763:
1294:
Mignani, R. P.; Testa, V.; González
Caniulef, D.; Taverna, R.; Turolla, R.; Zane, S.; Wu, K. (2016-11-02). "Evidence for vacuum birefringence from the first optical-polarimetry measurement of the isolated neutron star RX J1856.5−3754".
513:
1378:
Fan, Xing; Kamioka, Shusei; Inada, Toshiaki; Yamazaki, Takayuki; Namba, Toshio; et al. (2017). "The OVAL experiment: a new experiment to measure vacuum magnetic birefringence using high repetition pulsed magnets".
80:
553:
564:
1081:
Akhmadaliev, Sh. Zh.; Kezerashvili, G. Ya.; Klimenko, S. G.; Lee, R. N.; Malyshev, V. M.; et al. (2002-07-19). "Experimental
Investigation of High-Energy Photon Splitting in Atomic Fields".
799:
was measured in 2002. Light-by-light scattering can be studied using the strong electromagnetic fields of the hadrons collided at the LHC, and its observation was reported by the
838:). The star is surrounded by a very strong magnetic field (10 G), and birefringence is expected from the vacuum polarization described by the Euler–Heisenberg Lagrangian. A
1020:
Akhmadaliev, Sh. Zh.; Kezerashvili, G. Ya.; Klimenko, S. G.; Malyshev, V. M.; Maslennikov, A. L.; et al. (1998-11-01). "Delbrück scattering at energies of 140–450 MeV".
1658:
1920:
444:
2343:
2153:
2235:
2194:
1973:
1998:
1340:
2102:
2333:
1651:
2225:
1913:
423:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}=-{\mathcal {F}}-{\frac {1}{8\pi ^{2}}}\int _{0}^{\infty }\exp \left(-m^{2}s\right)\left{\frac {ds}{s^{3}}}.}
2081:
1963:
2517:
2493:
2173:
1886:
518:
2512:
2423:
2230:
1993:
1758:
1644:
1150:
d’Enterria, David; da
Silveira, Gustavo G. (22 August 2013). "Observing Light-by-Light Scattering at the Large Hadron Collider".
758:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}={\frac {1}{2}}\left(\mathbf {E} ^{2}-\mathbf {B} ^{2}\right)+{\frac {2\alpha ^{2}}{45m^{4}}}\left.}
2383:
2286:
2266:
1906:
851:
2189:
1948:
1943:
831:
In 2016 a team of astronomers from Italy, Poland, and the U.K. reported observations of the light emitted by a neutron star (
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1988:
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2031:
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74:
to one loop, and is valid for electromagnetic fields that change slowly compared to the inverse electron mass,
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55:
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1953:
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39:
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1958:
1929:
1854:
1574:
1463:
1398:
1355:"Astronomers Report First Observational Evidence for Vacuum Birefringence | Astronomy | Sci-News.com"
1238:
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884:
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1442:"Measurement of ee Momentum and Angular Distributions from Linearly Polarized Photon Collisions"
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1471:
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508:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}={\frac {1}{2}}\left(\mathbf {B} ^{2}-\mathbf {E} ^{2}\right)}
17:
2430:
2168:
2117:
1803:
1788:
1686:
1441:
934:
Heisenberg, W.; Euler, H. (1936). "Folgerungen aus der
Diracschen Theorie des Positrons".
894:
1578:
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990:
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2403:
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1978:
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1067:
879:
847:
846:
In July 2021 the first known observation of vacuum birefringence was reported by the
825:
1266:
1205:
1136:
2413:
2323:
2041:
1983:
1968:
1475:
1250:
1219:
Michael
Schirber (22 Aug 2013). "Synopsis: Spotlight on Photon-Photon Scattering".
1181:
977:
Karplus, Robert; Neuman, Maurice (1951-08-15). "The
Scattering of Light by Light".
1112:
1505:
1410:
866:
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1059:
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1006:
963:
2204:
1586:
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788:
1594:
1530:"Colliding photons were spotted making matter. But are the photons 'real'?"
1483:
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1197:
1128:
998:
1636:
2302:
1898:
1732:
1717:
1095:
1034:
955:
776:
and
Maurice Neuman calculated the full amplitude, which is very small.
1727:
832:
792:
43:
1569:
1458:
1393:
1309:
54:
in 1936. By treating the vacuum as a medium, it predicts rates of
1233:
1164:
814:
810:
806:
59:
1506:"Collisions of Light Produce Matter/Antimatter from Pure Energy"
862:
821:
1902:
1640:
548:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {G}}=\mathbf {E} \cdot \mathbf {B} }
570:
524:
450:
379:
340:
318:
305:
251:
238:
99:
86:
820:. No signal has been found and searches continue. OSQAR at
865:
has hinted the possibility of vacuum birefringence on
858:
was also studied although only evidence was reported.
813:
beams crossing magnetic fields to detect effects from
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521:
447:
83:
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2014:
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547:
507:
422:
1297:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
1158:(8). American Physical Society (APS): 080405.
1914:
1652:
8:
1617:"X-ray polarisation probes extreme physics"
1281:"ATLAS observes light scattering off light"
2011:
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107:
98:
97:
85:
84:
82:
809:is searching for vacuum polarization of
27:Effective quantum electrodynamics action
926:
791:was observed in 1953 by Robert Wilson.
1999:Two-dimensional conformal field theory
1332:
558:In the weak field limit, this becomes
7:
1359:Breaking Science News | Sci-News.com
1339:: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (
139:
25:
2494:Template:Quantum mechanics topics
1887:Template:Quantum mechanics topics
1440:STAR Collaboration (2021-07-27).
2489:
2488:
1882:
1881:
1759:Anomalous magnetic dipole moment
732:
724:
690:
675:
610:
595:
541:
533:
490:
475:
1381:The European Physical Journal D
861:In May 2022 the first study of
852:Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider
1510:Brookhaven National Laboratory
1476:10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.052302
1251:10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.080405
1182:10.1103/physrevlett.111.080405
368:
358:
191:
181:
1:
1113:10.1103/physrevlett.89.061802
46:. It was first obtained by
2458:Quantum information science
1682:Euler–Heisenberg Lagrangian
32:Euler–Heisenberg Lagrangian
18:Euler-Heisenberg Lagrangian
2539:
1411:10.1140/epjd/e2017-80290-7
2518:Electromagnetic radiation
2483:
1873:
1697:Path integral formulation
1865:Photon-photon scattering
1052:10.1103/physrevc.58.2844
824:is also studying vacuum
770:photon–photon scattering
2513:Quantum electrodynamics
2154:2D free massless scalar
2047:Quantum electrodynamics
1974:QFT in curved spacetime
1809:Ward–Takahashi identity
1692:Gupta–Bleuler formalism
1668:Quantum electrodynamics
1587:10.1126/science.add0080
1446:Physical Review Letters
1221:Physical Review Letters
1152:Physical Review Letters
1083:Physical Review Letters
62:interaction processes.
56:quantum electrodynamics
2475:Quantum thermodynamics
2399:On shell and off shell
2394:Loop quantum cosmology
2236:N = 4 super Yang–Mills
2195:N = 1 super Yang–Mills
2062:Scalar electrodynamics
2052:Quantum chromodynamics
1954:Conformal field theory
1930:Quantum field theories
999:10.1103/physrev.83.776
936:Zeitschrift für Physik
890:Chiral magnetic effect
840:degree of polarization
759:
549:
509:
437:is the electron mass,
424:
70:It takes into account
40:electromagnetic fields
2448:Quantum hydrodynamics
2443:Quantum hadrodynamics
2067:Scalar chromodynamics
1830:Breit–Wheeler process
1769:Klein–Nishina formula
1319:10.1093/mnras/stw2798
910:Electric polarization
856:Breit–Wheeler process
760:
550:
510:
441:the electron charge,
425:
2419:Quantum fluctuations
2389:Loop quantum gravity
1959:Lattice field theory
795:splitting in strong
565:
519:
445:
81:
2453:Quantum information
2057:Quartic interaction
1845:Delbrück scattering
1799:Vacuum polarization
1723:Faddeev–Popov ghost
1579:2022Sci...378..646T
1468:2021PhRvL.127e2302A
1403:2017EPJD...71..308F
1243:2013PhRvL.111h0405D
1174:2013PhRvL.111h0405D
1105:2002PhRvL..89f1802A
1044:1998PhRvC..58.2844A
991:1951PhRv...83..776K
948:1936ZPhy...98..714H
801:ATLAS Collaboration
785:Delbrück scattering
143:
72:vacuum polarization
52:Hans Heinrich Euler
36:non-linear dynamics
2339:Nambu–Jona-Lasinio
2267:Higher dimensional
2174:Wess–Zumino–Witten
1964:Noncommutative QFT
1840:Compton scattering
956:10.1007/bf01343663
942:(11–12): 714–732.
885:Circular dichroism
755:
545:
505:
420:
129:
2523:Werner Heisenberg
2500:
2499:
2362:
2361:
1896:
1895:
1855:Møller scattering
1825:Bhabha scattering
1794:Uehling potential
1743:Virtual particles
1563:(6620): 646–650.
1022:Physical Review C
905:Uehling potential
660:
586:
466:
415:
356:
336:
328:
261:
127:
48:Werner Heisenberg
16:(Redirected from
2530:
2492:
2491:
2409:Quantum dynamics
2082:Yang–Mills–Higgs
2037:Non-linear sigma
2027:Euler–Heisenberg
2012:
1923:
1916:
1909:
1900:
1885:
1884:
1860:Schwinger effect
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1098:
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1072:
1071:
1037:
1028:(5): 2844–2850.
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1011:
1010:
974:
968:
967:
931:
900:Schwinger effect
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30:In physics, the
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2431:Quantum gravity
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2317:Particle theory
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2240:
2214:
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2142:
2096:Low dimensional
2091:
2032:Ginzburg–Landau
2003:
1994:Topological QFT
1932:
1927:
1897:
1892:
1891:
1869:
1813:
1804:Vertex function
1789:Schwinger limit
1764:Furry's theorem
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1687:Feynman diagram
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979:Physical Review
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895:Schwinger limit
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848:STAR experiment
836:RX J1856.5−3754
797:magnetic fields
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2374:Casimir effect
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2349:Standard Model
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2200:Seiberg–Witten
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2183:Supersymmetric
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1835:Bremsstrahlung
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1497:
1432:
1370:
1346:
1303:(1): 492–500.
1286:
1272:
1211:
1142:
1096:hep-ex/0111084
1073:
1035:hep-ex/9806037
1012:
985:(4): 776–784.
969:
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920:
918:
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781:
778:
774:Robert Karplus
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2470:Quantum logic
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2404:Quantum chaos
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2379:Cosmic string
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2252:Pure 4D N = 1
2250:
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1979:String theory
1977:
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1972:
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1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1949:Axiomatic QFT
1947:
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1944:Algebraic QFT
1942:
1941:
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1924:
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2414:Quantum foam
2354:Stueckelberg
2308:Chern–Simons
2245:Supergravity
2026:
1984:Supergravity
1969:Gauge theory
1878:
1681:
1625:. Retrieved
1623:. 2022-06-30
1621:CERN Courier
1620:
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1536:. 2021-08-09
1534:Science News
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2296:Topological
2210:Wess–Zumino
2123:Sine-Gordon
2113:Gross–Neveu
2022:Born–Infeld
1989:Thermal QFT
1784:Self-energy
1774:Landau pole
1738:Positronium
1713:Dual photon
1555:magnetar".
1387:(11): 308.
915:Kerr effect
818:dark matter
780:Experiments
2507:Categories
2077:Yang–Mills
1850:Lamb shift
1779:QED vacuum
1627:2022-08-15
1570:2205.08898
1540:2021-09-02
1515:2021-10-10
1459:1910.12400
1394:1705.00495
1364:2021-10-10
1310:1610.08323
922:References
867:4U 0142+61
789:gamma rays
2486:See also:
2205:Super QCD
2159:Liouville
2147:Conformal
2118:Schwinger
1879:See also:
1818:Processes
1706:Particles
1675:Formalism
1603:248863030
1492:236906272
1427:119476135
1419:1434-6060
1327:0035-8711
1234:1305.7142
1190:0031-9007
1165:1305.7142
1121:0031-9007
1068:118059928
1060:0556-2813
1007:0031-899X
964:1434-6001
803:in 2019.
729:⋅
686:−
636:α
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538:⋅
486:−
385:−
346:−
280:
274:
213:
207:
156:−
148:
140:∞
131:∫
118:π
105:−
95:−
2282:Type IIB
2277:Type IIA
2262:4D N = 8
2257:4D N = 1
2226:6D (2,0)
2190:4D N = 1
2169:Polyakov
2128:Thirring
1937:Theories
1752:Concepts
1733:Positron
1718:Electron
1595:36356124
1484:34397228
1267:43797550
1259:24010419
1206:43797550
1198:24010419
1137:18759344
1129:12190576
873:See also
772:in QED;
2384:History
2367:Related
2164:Minimal
2015:Regular
1575:Bibcode
1557:Science
1464:Bibcode
1399:Bibcode
1239:Bibcode
1170:Bibcode
1101:Bibcode
1040:Bibcode
987:Bibcode
944:Bibcode
850:at the
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2008:Models
1728:Photon
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515:, and
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2463:links
2436:links
2424:links
2344:NMSSM
2329:Fermi
2072:Soler
2042:Proca
1599:S2CID
1565:arXiv
1488:S2CID
1454:arXiv
1423:S2CID
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1305:arXiv
1263:S2CID
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