447:) can also produce glass biologically. The current manufacturing process for optical fibers requires high temperatures and produces a brittle fiber. A low-temperature process for creating and arranging such fibers, inspired by sponges, could offer more control over the optical properties of the fibers. These nano-structures are also potentially useful for the creation of more efficient, low-cost solar cells. Furthermore, its skeletal structure has inspired a new type of structural lattice with a higher strength to weight ratio than other diagonally reinforced square lattices used in engineering applications.
319:, which is why they are commonly known as glass sponges. The spicules are composed of three perpendicular rays, giving them six points. Spicules are microscopic, pin-like structures within the sponge's tissues that provide structural support for the sponge. It is the combination of spicule forms within a sponge's tissues that helps identify the species. In the case of glass sponges, the spicules "weave" together to form a very fine mesh, which gives the sponge's body a rigidity not found in other sponge species and allows glass sponges to survive at great depths in the water column.
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group of
Italian researchers, a three-dimensional model of Venus' Flower Basket was utilized to simulate the flow of water molecules in and out of its lattice. The researchers found that, while reducing the sponge's drag, it also created minute vortices inside the sponge which facilitated the mixing of its sperm and eggs; additionally, making feeding more efficient for the shrimp living inside of its lattice.
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Besides these remarkable structural properties, Falcucci et al. found that their peculiar skeletal motifs deliver important fluid-dynamic effects on both reducing the drag experienced by the sponge and in promoting coherent swirling motions inside the body cavity, arguably to promote selective filter
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Their peculiar skeletal motifs have been found to have important fluid-dynamic effects on both reducing the drag experienced by the sponge and in promoting coherent swirling motions inside the body cavity, arguably to promote selective filter feeding and sexual reproduction. In a study performed by a
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seafloor, where it lives and grows connected to hard substrate for its entire life. It can be found from 100 m to 1000 m (330 ft to 3300 ft) below the ocean's surface, and is most common at depths greater than 500 m. More specifically, they tend to anchor in soft sediments due to the nature
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on the sea floor many of which are extinct now, but thrived in the
Jurassic period. The role they play ecologically can be connected to their feeding on plankton in the deep sea, which produces carbon within their environments. Besides this, they can house many animals that reside on the seafloor,
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In a study done with various glass sponges, Venus' Flower Basket was noted to be difficult to extract any further information because of how inaccessible it serves to be. However, when in contact with alkali, these sponges showed a high resistance, which then led researchers to believe that they
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within the connective tissue, and was described as aggregated clusters within very fine, thread-like appendages. This would contribute to the idea of the species being hermaphroditic. While these sponges are sessile, the sperm can be carried by the current and the ova that a different organism
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as the optical and mechanical properties are in some ways superior to man-made materials. Little is known regarding their reproduction habits, however fluid dynamics of their body structure likely influence reproduction and it is hypothesized that they may be
215:, which forms a unique lattice structure of spicules. The sponges are usually between 10 cm (3.9 in) and 30 cm (12 in) tall, and their bodies act as refuge for their mutualist shrimp partners. This body structure is of great interest in
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with the sponge until they die. The shrimp live and mate in the shelter that the sponge provides, and in return they also clean the inside of the sponge. This may have influenced the adoption of the sponge as a symbol of undying love in
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These sponges skeletons have complex geometric configurations, which have been extensively studied for their stiffness, yield strength, and minimal crack propagation. An aluminum tube (aluminum and glass have similar
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Venus' flower baskets are found in the western
Pacific Ocean nearby the Philippine Islands. Other species of this genus occur throughout oceans around the world, including near Japan and in the Indian Ocean.
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Connecting habitat to morphology, this sponge can often be found inhabiting loose, muddy sediments, causing them to develop a structure that would aid them in staying rooted to the sea floor.
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retained can be fertilized. It is also suggested that this species reproduces sexually, which can be deduced by the occurrence of their "internal recirculation patterns".
375:, usually a breeding pair, who are typically unable to exit the sponge's lattice due to their size. Consequently, they live in and around these sponges, where the shrimp perform a
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While there is not much known about the ecology of these sponges, more research has been done on its class, Hexactinellid sponges. Hexactinellids in the
Pacific ocean
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but simply parietal gaps. Syconoid type of canal system is present, where ostia communicate with incurrent canals, which communicates with radial canals through
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Falcucci, Giacomo; Amati, Giorgio; Fanelli, Pierluigi; Krastev, Vesselin K.; Polverino, Giovanni; Porfiri, Maurizio; Succi, Sauro (21 July 2021).
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The body structure of these animals is a thin-walled, cylindrical, vase-shaped tube with a large central atrium. The body is composed entirely of
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Falcucci, Giacomo; Amati, Giorgio; Fanelli, Pierluigi; Krastev, Vesselin K.; Polverino, Giovanni; Porfiri, Maurizio; Succi, Sauro (2021-07-22).
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and similar species are natural composites containing valuable biomaterials, they could be important in biomedicine and future biotechnology.
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potentially contain biomaterials like chitin, that could serve as a structural component to this species. This study suggests that as long as
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The glassy fibers that attach the sponge to the ocean floor, 5–20 centimetres (2–8 in) long and thin as human hair, are of interest to
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in architecture describes the architectural inspiration gleaned from the Venus' Flower Basket structure, notably in connection with
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International
Journal of Advanced Research in Civil, Structural, Environmental and Infrastructure Engineering and Developing
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to attract plankton. Its lattice shape also allows it to house animals like shrimp while remaining rooted in the ground.
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203:, usually at depths below 500 m (1,600 ft). Like other sponges, they feed by filtering sea water to capture
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495:"Are glass sponges made of glass? : Ocean Exploration Facts: NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research"
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441:, then forms it into an elaborate skeleton of glass fibers. Other sponges such as the orange puffball sponge (
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977:"High resolution mapping of community structure in three glass sponge reefs (Porifera, Hexactinellida)"
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As said in the introduction, little is known about reproduction. Sperm was found in one sample of
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Fernandes, Matheus C.; Aizenberg, Joanna; Weaver, James C.; Bertoldi, Katia (21 September 2020).
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The skeleton of these sponges also contain silica nanoparticles among other biomaterials.
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McCall, William (August 20, 2003). "Glassy sponge has better fiber optics than man-made"
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844:"Extreme flow simulations reveal skeletal adaptations of deep-sea sponges"
642:"Extreme flow simulations reveal skeletal adaptations of deep-sea sponges"
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932:"Critter of the Week : the venus flower baskets Euplectellidae"
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211:. Similar to other glass sponges, they build their skeletons out of
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differs in having anchorate basalia with six teeth, and diactins.
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1027:"Mechanically robust lattices inspired by deep-sea glass sponges"
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1081:"What Nature Teaches Us About Working Under Pressure - ZBglobal"
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Porifera
Research: Biodiversity, Innovation, and Sustainability
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The body is tubular, curved and basket-like and made up of
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Leys, S. P.; Mackie, G. O.; Reiswig, H. M. (2007-01-01),
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Closeup of intricate lattice of the Venus' flower basket
199:. It is a marine sponge found in the deep waters of the
612:"The Curious Strength of a Sea Sponge's Glass Skeleton"
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including the shrimps mentioned in previous sections.
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1119:: 101–107 – via ISRJournals and Publications.
800:W., R. B.; Bayer, F. M.; Owre, H. B. (April 1968).
249:This sponge's habitat is on the rocky areas of the
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806:Transactions of the American Microscopical Society
359:Red shrimp can be seen encased by the glass sponge
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802:"The Free-Living Lower Invertebrates"
541:"Secrets of the Venus' Flower Basket"
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1358:33C80A52-CAB4-40C6-9029-AA2DC7F32E32
437:from seawater and converts it into
315:in the form of 6-pointed siliceous
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975:Chu, Jwf; Leys, Sp (2010-11-04).
459:feeding and sexual reproduction.
433:researchers. The sponge extracts
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521:Keable, Stephen (4 April 2022).
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956:Schoepf, Verena; Ross, Claire.
753:Schulze, Franz Eilhard (1880).
368:The sponges are often found to
304:and to the outside through the
49:Group of Venus' flower baskets
981:Marine Ecology Progress Series
300:which, in turn, open into the
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717:10.1016/s0065-2881(06)52001-2
1106:"Biomimicry in Architecture"
708:The Biology of Glass Sponges
610:Renken, Elena (2021-01-11).
414:Anthropomorphic applications
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870:10.1038/s41586-021-03658-1
668:10.1038/s41586-021-03658-1
401:Ecosystem Role/Other Facts
1386:Sponges described in 1841
1043:10.1038/s41563-020-0798-1
771:10.1017/S0080456800026181
586:Ehrlich, Hermann (2007).
564:"Euplectella aspergillum"
283:at a depth of 2572 meters
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55:Scientific classification
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1104:Rao, Rajshekhar (2014).
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364:Mutualistic relationship
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1202:Euplectella_aspergillum
1188:Euplectella aspergillum
1158:Euplectella aspergillum
962:Schmidt Ocean Institute
958:"A deep-sea love story"
912:Schmidt Ocean Institute
908:"A deep-sea love story"
562:Soares, Beau McKenzie.
424:Euplectella aspergillum
281:Euplectella aspergillum
234:Euplectella aspergillum
186:Euplectella aspergillum
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523:"Deepsea Glass Sponge"
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994:10.3354/meps08794
854:(7868): 537–541.
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1327:SeaLifeBase
1182:Wikispecies
209:marine snow
133:Euplectella
1375:Categories
1090:2022-04-11
987:: 97–113.
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917:2022-04-11
861:2305.10901
812:(2): 273.
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659:2305.10901
621:2022-04-11
504:2022-04-11
482:References
464:biomimicry
394:form reefs
302:spongocoel
298:prosopyles
261:Morphology
1067:221824575
1051:1476-4660
1003:0171-8630
894:236176161
878:0028-0836
779:0080-4568
692:236176161
676:1476-4687
140:Species:
78:Kingdom:
72:Eukaryota
1267:10975841
1173:Q1523518
1167:Wikidata
1140:YouTube.
1059:32958878
886:34290424
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735:17298890
684:34290424
317:spicules
205:plankton
197:Porifera
118:Family:
92:Porifera
88:Phylum:
82:Animalia
68:Domain:
1353:ZooBank
1254:5180237
1241:1033413
826:3224459
388:Ecology
306:osculum
251:benthic
241:Habitat
192:in the
188:) is a
128:Genus:
108:Order:
98:Class:
1345:171897
1319:164229
1306:171897
1293:936045
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848:Nature
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646:Nature
476:London
439:silica
313:silica
213:silica
194:phylum
173:, 1841
1340:WoRMS
1332:50970
1280:47466
1262:IRMNG
1228:6HCWP
1109:(PDF)
1063:S2CID
890:S2CID
856:arXiv
822:JSTOR
783:S2CID
688:S2CID
654:arXiv
544:(PDF)
382:Japan
370:house
294:ostia
1301:OBIS
1288:NCBI
1275:ITIS
1249:GBIF
1055:PMID
1047:ISSN
999:ISSN
936:NIWA
882:PMID
874:ISSN
775:ISSN
731:PMID
721:ISBN
680:PMID
672:ISSN
207:and
180:The
171:Owen
1236:EoL
1223:CoL
1210:AFD
1197:ADW
1039:doi
989:doi
985:417
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767:doi
713:doi
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650:595
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