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314:
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326:
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58:
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elm, grape, hops, maple, oak, pear, raspberry, rose and willow, and even conifers like spruce and hemlock. An early description of the introduction to the United States in the 1890s identified pear and apple trees as most greatly afflicted, but mentioned that once trees were entirely bare of leaves, the larvae would descend to the ground in great numbers and move toward any leafy plant, including vegetable plants. A population explosion on Orford Ness, Suffolk, Uk in 2023-2024 has denuded wild bramble/blackberry bushes.
568:
691:
271:
532:, an invasive species. While not entirely successful for that purpose, one research group concluded that introduction of this fly had a great impact on brown-tail moths while not being as effective on spongy moths, the reason being that the fly larvae need to over-winter inside a host larvae. (Brown-tail moths over-winter as larvae, whereas spongy moths over-winter as eggs.) An older review describes other fly species that were confirmed as brown-tail moth larvae parasites, then released in U.S.:
520:) and titmice. A more recent review, conducted in Spain, identified 17 species of parasites, viral diseases, unspecified predation and other, unknown, causes of death spanning from eggs not hatching, during summer, winter and spring as larvae, finishing with pupae failing to produce winged adults. Generally, mortality increased with population density, although in outbreak regions there was some compensation by females laying 21.6% more eggs (cause not discussed).
76:
44:
595:. The species should be handled using protective gloves at all stages of its life cycle. Shed hairs blow about, and can be brought indoors on clothing and shoes, so rashes can occur without the victim coming in direct contact with the caterpillars. The toxins in the hairs remain potent for up to three years after being shed. Outdoor activities such as mowing a lawn or raking leaves in the fall can cause exposure.
438:, Massachusetts. Cold and wet weather hinders re-expansion of the population outside its current territories, although starting in 2015 there has been a population spike and territory expansion in coastal Maine, from Portland to Bar Harbor. In addition to North America, there have been reports of this species appearing in China, Japan and New Guinea.
243:) are covered in hairs. Two red spots on the back, toward the tail, distinguish these species from other similarly hairy moth larvae. The winged adults have white wings and a hairy white body with a tuft of brown hair at the tip of the abdomen. Females lay one egg cluster, usually on the underside of a leaf of a host plant. The species is
262:-like itchy rash of up to sometimes weeks-long duration due to mechanical and chemical irritation. Direct contact with larvae is not necessary, as the hairs are shed and can become windblown. Toxins in the hairs remain potent for up to three years. Outdoor activities such as mowing a lawn or raking leaves in the fall can cause exposure.
227:. It is native to Europe, neighboring countries in Asia, and the north coast of Africa. Descriptions of outbreaks, i.e., large population increases of several years duration, have been reported as far back as the 1500s. The life cycle of the moth is atypical, in that it spends approximately nine months (August to April) as
348:. The species overwinters communally as larvae within a tough, silken tent constructed around branch-tip leaves and anchored to twigs. In areas where the species is abundant, these tents are a familiar sight, and can be seen on a huge range of plants, especially in late fall and winter when unaffected leaves have fallen.
579:
weeks. The same symptoms have been reported as far back as 1903. The reactions are due to a combination of mechanical and chemical stimuli, the barbed hairs in effect becoming lodged in and physically irritating the skin, and also functioning as microtubules to introduce irritating chemical compounds that have
507:
In the United States, many species of birds prey on the winged adults, including
English house sparrow and blue jay. A review of mortality causes in England and mainland Europe described the brown-tail moth as undergoing periodic population outbreaks, each developing rapidly and lasting for several
446:
Photographs taken from aerial fly-overs are used to identify areas where the trees have been denuded of leaves and where the branch-tip tents are present. The female sex hormone has been synthesized and field-tested in moth traps as a means of monitoring moth populations during the June/July flight
642:
is considered unusual. Non-specific host plant feeding combined with its tendency to reach extreme outbreak densities makes this species a major pest of fruit orchards, ornamental trees and hardwood forests. Partial list of plant species: apple, cherry, beach plum (Cape Cod, Massachusetts), beech,
578:
wrote a paper about the rash caused by the brown-tail moth caterpillar in the
British Isles. It, and other descriptions, confirmed that loose hairs can break off and cause very itchy rashes on contact with skin, as well as breathing difficulties similar to asthma if inhaled. Rashes can persist for
552:
Branch-tip webs can be clipped in winter and very early spring, and either dropped into a bucket of soapy water or burned. Gloves should be worn. Appropriate pesticides should be applied before early May because that is when the larvae start to develop harmful hairs. For organic garden and farm
250:
This species was accidentally introduced to the United States in the 1890s. During the early 20th century it was present from eastern
Connecticut northward into New Brunswick, Canada, but a subsequent severe population collapse reduced the territory to parts of coastal Maine and Cape Cod,
455:
The brown-tail moth produces one generation a year. It has four life stages; egg, larval, pupal, and adult. Eggs are laid in July and hatch in August. The annual cycle is approximately one month as eggs, nine months as larvae, one month as pupae, and one month as
473:
larvae: As a response to shortened periods of daylight, larvae build communal winter nests in the fall, inside of which they overwinter. These involve webbing binding leaves together at tree-top branch tips. Distinct from other communal moth larvae such as
604:), has been reported as causing a similar rash in Australia, in people working at or visiting a community center, attributed to caterpillars feeding on a tree outside the building. In addition to brown-tail and mistletoe browntail, several other
678:
702:
361:
This species can be found throughout Europe, except in the most northern countries, also in the westernmost countries of Asia, such as Turkey, Syria and Israel, and the countries across the northern parts of Africa.
282:
is 36–42 millimetres (1.4–1.7 in). The body is very hairy and white except for the tail which is covered in reddish-brown hairs, much more prominent in the females. Males have larger antennae, used to detect
255:. Starting in 2015 there has been a population spike and territory expansion in coastal Maine. In Europe, there are multiple parasitic and predator species, yet there is still a history of population outbreaks.
690:
654:
366:
and Archie H. Kirkland recount historic mentions of brown-tail moths dating back to 1500s, describing outbreaks in Paris, London and Berlin so severe as to completely strip all trees of leaves.
485:, and still inhabit the winter nests as their resting places, or else make communal web-nests. These small larvae will also detach from trees and fall to the ground, then search for new trees.
1433:
Balit, C. R., Ptolemy, H. C., Geary, M. J., Russell, R. C., Isbister, G. K. (2001). "Outbreak of caterpillar dermatitis caused by airborne hairs of the mistletoe browntail moth (
447:
season. The white-winged adults are nocturnal and strongly attracted to light; a report from 1903 likened their appearance around streetlights as being akin to heavy snowfall.
340:
is very hairy, brown with white markings, and two prominent red spots toward the tail end. The hairs provide protection from predators; the larva incorporates some into the
666:
404:
rash. Within a few years it was seen as a serious, fast-spreading, horticultural and health problem. Through the early parts of the 20th century it was present in much of
201:
1751:
313:
1509:
528:, a parasitic fly, pierces the brown-tail moth larva and deposits its own larva inside. This fly was introduced to North America in 1906 in an attempt to counter
508:
years, followed by a decline to relative obscurity. In a study conducted in
England, egg, larvae and pupae deaths were attributed to several parasites, including
1836:
935:
de Jong, M. C., Hoedemaeker, J., Jongebloed, W. L., Nater, J. P. (1976). "Investigative studies of the dermatitis caused by the larva of the brown-tail moth (
1877:
747:(L.). A report on the life history and habits of the imported brown-tail moth, together with a description of the remedies best suited for destroying it"
812:
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The female lays one cluster of 200 to 400 eggs, typically on the underside of a leaf. The egg cluster is covered with hairs from her anal tuft. The
1764:
434:
collaterally impacted brown-tail moths. By the late 20th century the habitat was reduced to the coast and islands of Maine, and also parts of
1907:
481:
Post-diapausing gregarious larvae: The emerging larvae, approximately one centimeter long, resume feeding in early April synchronized with
1408:
638:
Brown-tail larvae have been reported as feeding on 26 genera of non-resinous trees and shrubs belonging to 13 different families. This
1777:
1686:
1129:"Factors influencing larval survival of the invasive browntail moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in relict North American populations"
1384:
987:
de Jong, M. C., Kawamoto, F., Bleumink, E., Kloosterhuis, A. J., Meijer, G. T. (1982). "A comparative study of the spicule venom of
287:
released by unmated females. Females have a larger body. As winged adults, this species is superficially similar in appearance to
1887:
278:
The upper surface of the wings of this species is pure white. Males may have some brown color on the underside of the forewing.
1897:
400:
by 1897. Initial outbreaks were most evident in pear and apple trees. Doctors reported "poisonings" (skin rash) far worse than
371:
1769:
251:
Massachusetts, by the late 20th century. One theory for the decline appeared to be parasitism by a fly introduced to combat
1823:
1621:
902:
1704:
846:"Providing insights into browntail moth local outbreaks by combining life table data and semi-parametric statistics"
696:
Group of larvae on branch-tip nest. Once larvae reach late instars, colonies break up and larvae feed independently.
1841:
1592:
1176:
Khrimian, A., Lance, D. R., Schwarz, M., Leonhardt, B. A., Mastro, V. C. (2008). "Sex pheromone of browntail moth,
75:
708:
Caterpillar, dorsal view, showing two red dots toward tail end that differentiate it from other hairy caterpillars
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Pre-diapausing larvae: Emerge and feed gregariously starting in August after about three weeks of egg incubation.
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The protective communal silken tent. Created in the fall, the larvae over-winter inside, emerging in spring.
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270:
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1554:
555:
1626:
630:, i.e., itch and rash-producing, are also reported for caterpillars of other moth and butterfly species.
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Emergence: Imagoes (winged, sexually mature adults) appear about one month later; mate, lay eggs and die.
1882:
1782:
600:
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426:
180:
939:
Linn.) II. Histopathology of skin lesions and scanning electron microscopy of their causative setae".
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1603:
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610:
766:"Implicating an introduced generalist parasitoid in the invasive browntail moth's enigmatic demise"
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247:, meaning that it feeds on many different species of trees, including pear, apple, maple and oak.
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which over-winter as eggs, then create webbed nests in branch crotches during spring and summer.
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512:, cytoplasmic and nuclear viruses, and larvae predation by birds, specifically identifying the
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1409:"Got an itchy rash? Browntail moths out in force in Maine, spreading noxious hairs"
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1374:
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Sterling PH, Speight MR (1989). "Comparative mortalities of the brown-tail moth,
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Department of
Agriculture, Conservation & Forestry, Maine Forest Service
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Blair CP (1979). "The browntail moth, its caterpillar and their rash".
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Skin rash caused by the exposure to hairs shed by brown-tail moth larva
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1106:
CABI Invasive
Species Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International
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Egg mass covered with brown hairs from body of the egg-laying female
388:
The brown-tail moth is an invasive species in the United States and
1678:
1303:"Imported insect enemies of the gypsy moth and the brown-tail moth"
1222:"Winter feeding leads to a shifted phenology in the browntail moth
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457:
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269:
236:
232:
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220:
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1552:
1127:
Elkinton, J. S., Preisser, E., Boettner, G., Parry, D. (2008).
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species are identified as causing rashes in humans, including
396:, circa 1890 and becoming widespread there and in neighboring
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Oviposition of hair-covered egg mass containing 200-400 eggs
258:
Hairs from the caterpillars are toxic for humans, causing a
495:
Pupation: Larvae pupate in June after six to eight instars.
492:, colonies break up and larvae start feeding independently.
1271:(L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), in south-east England".
910:
Maine
Department of Agriculture, Conservation and Forestry
782:
10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[2664:iaigpi]2.0.co;2
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Post-diapausing dispersive larvae: Once larvae reach late
274:
Caterpillar, dorsal view, showing two red dots near tail
1379:(Illustrated ed.). Random House UK. p. 273.
813:"Browntail Moth History, Background, Conditions in ME"
741:
Fernald, Charles H. & Kirkland, Archie H. (1903).
420:, Canada, but the 1906 introduction of the parasitic
1220:
Frago E, Guara MJ, Pujade-Villar J, Selfa S (2010).
764:
Elkinton, J. S., Parry, D., Boettner, G. H. (2006).
1561:
844:Frago E, Pujade-Villar J, Guara M, Selfa J (2011).
591:activity. This rash reaction may be referred to as
553:situations there are sprays that use a strain of
231:(caterpillars), leaving about one month each for
1038:Harpswell Heritage Land Trust, Harpswell, Maine
1310:U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC
1034:"Controlling Browntail moths as they lay eggs"
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598:A related species, mistletoe browntail moth (
8:
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1211:
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930:
928:
926:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
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749:. Wright & Potter Printing Co., Boston.
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1182:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
1059:Candan S, Suludere Z, Bayrakdar F (2007).
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464:Eggs are preferentially laid on oak trees.
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42:
31:
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65:Female with tail tuft of red/brown hairs
1273:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
1180:(L.): synthesis and field deployment".
1092:
1090:
719:
650:
309:
1373:Mabey, Richard, Marren, Peter (2010).
299:(native to North America), but female
1518:Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
1332:Clinical and Experimental Dermatology
7:
1718:0fbec316-495a-48a6-90c1-ecbf0ec94866
1451:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2001.tb143760.x
941:Archives of Dermatological Research
1344:10.1111/j.1365-2230.1979.tb01621.x
1285:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1989.tb00137.x
1234:Agricultural and Forest Entomology
460:(winged, sexually mature adults).
25:
1878:Insect pests of temperate forests
1226:on the evergreen strawberry tree
626:(all three native to Australia).
503:Predators, parasites and diseases
1246:10.1111/j.1461-9563.2010.00489.x
1081:10.1111/j.1463-6395.2007.00300.x
870:10.1111/j.1365-2311.2010.01259.x
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689:
677:
665:
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324:
312:
74:
1061:"Surface morphology of eggs of
1:
1536:(Linnaeus, 1758) - Goldafter"
370:described the species in the
1439:Medical Journal of Australia
1005:10.1016/0041-0101(82)90011-3
307:lacks tail tuft coloration.
303:have a yellow tail tuft and
1908:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1146:10.1603/0046-225x-37.6.1429
1924:
1542:Retrieved March 27, 2020.
1486:"72.012 BF2029 Brown-tail
1508:Savela M (July 2, 2019).
1407:Graham G (23 July 2015).
394:Somerville, Massachusetts
186:
179:
71:Scientific classification
69:
64:
55:
50:
41:
34:
1133:Environmental Entomology
476:eastern tent caterpillar
1888:Moths described in 1758
293:(native to Europe) and
1898:Moths of North America
1604:Euproctis-chrysorrhoea
1593:Euproctis chrysorrhoea
1563:Euproctis chrysorrhoea
1534:Euproctis chrysorrhoea
1512:Euproctis chrysorrhoea
1488:Euproctis chrysorrhoea
1269:Euproctis chrysorrhoea
1224:Euproctis chrysorrhoea
1178:Euproctis chrysorrhoea
1100:Euproctis chrysorrhoea
1063:Euproctis chrysorrhoea
937:Euproctis chrysorrhoea
745:Euproctis chrysorrhoea
743:"The brown-tail moth,
572:
556:Bacillus thuringiensis
275:
217:Euproctis chrysorrhoea
190:Euproctis chrysorrhoea
36:Euproctis chrysorrhoea
18:Euproctis chrysorrhoea
1413:Portland Press Herald
850:Ecological Entomology
570:
534:Apanteles lacteicolor
525:Compsilura concinnata
427:Compsilura concinnata
416:, and northward into
273:
1713:Fauna Europaea (new)
611:Euproctis baliolalis
392:, having arrived in
172:E. chrysorrhoea
862:2011EcoEn..36..188F
1445:(11–12): 641–643.
1435:Euproctis edwardsi
1102:(brown-tail moth)"
953:10.1007/bf00558526
617:Euproctis limbalis
601:Euproctis edwardsi
573:
538:Metrous versicolor
364:Charles H. Fernald
276:
239:and eggs. Larvae (
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1850:Open Tree of Life
1555:Taxon identifiers
1514:(Linnaeus, 1758)"
1490:(Linnaeus, 1758)"
1194:10.1021/jf073161w
1065:(Linnaeus, 1758)"
776:(10): 2664–2672.
290:Euproctis similis
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1478:External links
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1259:
1240:(4): 381–388.
1207:
1168:
1119:
1086:
1075:(2): 133–136.
1069:Acta Zoologica
1051:
1018:
999:(2): 477–485.
974:
947:(2): 177–191.
922:
883:
856:(2): 188–199.
833:
795:
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223:of the family
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14:
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1903:Moths of Asia
1901:
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563:Health issues
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514:common cuckoo
511:
510:microsporidia
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415:
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407:
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372:tenth edition
369:
368:Carl Linnaeus
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181:Binomial name
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134:Superfamily:
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54:
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33:
30:
19:
1883:Lymantriinae
1562:
1539:
1533:
1521:. Retrieved
1517:
1511:
1497:. Retrieved
1493:
1487:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1428:
1416:. Retrieved
1412:
1402:
1390:. Retrieved
1375:
1368:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1313:. Retrieved
1309:
1293:
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1272:
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1262:
1237:
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1227:
1223:
1185:
1181:
1177:
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1136:
1132:
1122:
1110:. Retrieved
1105:
1099:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1054:
1042:. Retrieved
1037:
996:
992:
988:
944:
940:
936:
913:. Retrieved
909:
853:
849:
824:. Retrieved
819:
773:
769:
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637:
621:
615:
609:
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576:Cicely Blair
574:
554:
551:
541:
537:
533:
523:
522:
517:
506:
454:
445:
432:spongy moths
425:
387:
375:
360:
352:Distribution
335:
304:
300:
294:
288:
277:
257:
253:spongy moths
249:
241:caterpillars
216:
212:
210:
189:
187:
171:
170:
158:
35:
29:
1811:NatureServe
1739:iNaturalist
1587:Wikispecies
1544:(in German)
634:Host plants
530:spongy moth
430:to counter
410:Connecticut
406:New England
266:Description
245:polyphagous
128:Lepidoptera
1872:Categories
1803:EuproChrys
1484:Kimber I.
1299:Burgess AF
714:References
471:Diapausing
451:Life cycle
402:poison ivy
374:(1758) of
301:E. similis
285:pheromones
260:poison ivy
138:Noctuoidea
108:Arthropoda
51:Upperside
1523:March 27,
1499:March 27,
1392:7 January
1279:: 69–78.
989:Euproctis
640:polyphagy
606:Euproctis
589:hemolytic
581:hydrolase
483:bud break
442:Detection
398:Cambridge
166:Species:
159:Euproctis
94:Kingdom:
88:Eukaryota
1816:2.862605
1800:MaBENA:
1778:LepIndex
1757:11065818
1635:BugGuide
1611:BioLib:
1601:BAMONA:
1572:Wikidata
1467:26910462
1459:11837874
1360:31576760
1301:(1929).
1254:85141544
1202:18333615
1163:11928538
1155:19161686
969:22982885
878:83507161
790:17089674
585:esterase
436:Cape Cod
422:tachinid
384:Invasive
305:H. cunea
280:Wingspan
225:Erebidae
198:Linnaeus
148:Erebidae
144:Family:
104:Phylum:
98:Animalia
84:Domain:
1731:1821856
1532:"10405
1494:UKMoths
1315:23 July
1112:23 July
1044:10 July
1013:7043788
993:Toxicon
961:1275552
915:24 July
858:Bibcode
826:25 July
770:Ecology
647:Gallery
548:Control
490:instars
458:imagoes
346:pupates
219:) is a
154:Genus:
124:Order:
118:Insecta
114:Class:
1855:785818
1842:987934
1770:709250
1744:337520
1705:447130
1692:309140
1679:EUPRCH
1666:504189
1627:197310
1578:Q45902
1465:
1457:
1418:26 May
1383:
1358:
1352:498574
1350:
1252:
1200:
1161:
1153:
1108:. 2018
1011:
967:
959:
876:
788:
559:(Bt).
390:Canada
357:Native
342:cocoon
319:Female
237:imagos
229:larvae
1790:LoB:
1783:50726
1752:IRMNG
1687:EUNIS
1653:3CXMK
1640:42417
1614:54731
1463:S2CID
1356:S2CID
1306:(PDF)
1250:S2CID
1159:S2CID
965:S2CID
906:(PDF)
874:S2CID
816:(PDF)
414:Maine
338:larva
233:pupae
1837:NCBI
1793:6413
1765:ITIS
1726:GBIF
1674:EPPO
1622:BOLD
1525:2020
1501:2020
1455:PMID
1437:)".
1420:2016
1394:2016
1381:ISBN
1348:PMID
1317:2018
1198:PMID
1151:PMID
1114:2018
1046:2018
1009:PMID
957:PMID
917:2018
828:2018
786:PMID
620:and
587:and
540:and
424:fly
331:Male
221:moth
211:The
202:1758
1824:NBN
1661:EoL
1648:CoL
1447:doi
1443:175
1340:doi
1281:doi
1277:101
1242:doi
1190:doi
1141:doi
1077:doi
1001:doi
949:doi
945:255
866:doi
778:doi
412:to
1874::
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1839::
1826::
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196:(
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
