374:. The Schaffer collaterals make excitatory synapses onto these dendrites, and so when they are activated, there is a current sink in stratum radiatum: the field EPSP. The voltage deflection recorded during a field EPSP is negative-going, while an intracellularly recorded EPSP is positive-going. This difference is due to the relative flow of ions (primarily the sodium ion) into the cell, which, in the case of the field EPSP is away from the electrode, while for an intracellular EPSPs it is towards the electrode. After a field EPSP, the extracellular electrode may record another change in electrical potential named the
366:, neurons are arranged in such a way that they all receive synaptic inputs in the same area. Because these neurons are in the same orientation, the extracellular signals from synaptic excitation don't cancel out, but rather add up to give a signal that can easily be recorded with a field electrode. This extracellular signal recorded from a population of neurons is the field potential. In studies of hippocampal
245:, which (along with glutamate) is one of the primary transmitters in the central nervous system of invertebrates. At the same time, GABA is the most common neurotransmitter associated with IPSPs in the brain. However, classifying neurotransmitters as such is technically incorrect, as there are several other synaptic factors that help determine a neurotransmitter's excitatory or inhibitory effects.
301:
118:
39:
31:
101:
EPSPs, like IPSPs, are graded (i.e. they have an additive effect). When multiple EPSPs occur on a single patch of postsynaptic membrane, their combined effect is the sum of the individual EPSPs. Larger EPSPs result in greater membrane depolarization and thus increase the likelihood that the
286:
refers to the methods used to deduce, for a particular synapse, how many quanta of transmitter are released and what the average effect of each quantum is on the target cell, measured in terms of amount of ions flowing (charge) or change in the membrane potential.
378:
which corresponds to the population of cells firing action potentials (spiking). In other regions than CA1 of the hippocampus, the field EPSP may be far more complex and harder to interpret as the source and sinks are far less defined. In regions such as the
370:(LTP), figures are often given showing the field EPSP (fEPSP) in stratum radiatum of CA1 in response to Schaffer collateral stimulation. This is the signal seen by an extracellular electrode placed in the layer of apical dendrites of CA1
361:
EPSPs are usually recorded using intracellular electrodes. The extracellular signal from a single neuron is extremely small and thus next to impossible to record in the human brain. However, in some areas of the brain, such as the
620:
Bliss, T. V., & Lomo, T. (1973). Long-lasting potentiation of synaptic transmission in the dentate area of the anaesthetized rabbit following stimulation of the perforant path. The
Journal of physiology, 232(2), 331–356.
257:
from the presynaptic cell is probabilistic. In fact, even without stimulation of the presynaptic cell, a single vesicle will occasionally be released into the synapse, generating miniature EPSPs (mEPSPs).
519:
Samoilova, MV; Frolova, EV; Potapjeva, NN; Fedorova, IM; Gmiro, VE; Magazanik, LG (September 1997). "Channel blocking drugs as tools to study glutamate receptors in insect muscles and molluscan neurons".
90:
of the cell. EPSPs can also result from a decrease in outgoing positive charges, while IPSPs are sometimes caused by an increase in positive charge outflow. The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an
433:
Takagi, Hiroshi. “Roles of Ion
Channels in EPSP Integration at Neuronal Dendrites.” Neuroscience Research, vol. 37, no. 3, 2000, pp. 167–171., doi:10.1016/s0168-0102(00)00120-6.
661:
322:
139:
484:
Keshishian, H; Broadie K; Chiba A; Bate M (1996). "The
Drosophila Neuromuscular Junction: A Model System for Studying Synaptic Development and Function".
654:
647:
824:
634:
348:
165:
79:
702:
773:
195:
326:
143:
414:
920:
183:
915:
311:
128:
75:
278:
can then be defined as the synaptic response to the release of neurotransmitter from a single vesicle, while
778:
330:
315:
147:
132:
862:
814:
758:
733:
577:
555:
367:
263:
234:
230:
214:
59:
697:
271:
867:
842:
190:
capable of passing positively charged ions either into or out of the cell (such receptors are called
857:
763:
238:
191:
17:
804:
537:
409:
67:
194:). At excitatory synapses, the ion channel typically allows sodium into the cell, generating an
34:
This single EPSP does not sufficiently depolarize the membrane to generate an action potential.
847:
794:
501:
466:
371:
809:
768:
750:
529:
493:
456:
375:
254:
179:
103:
63:
910:
853:
586:
572:
Functionally, mEPSPs and miniature end-plate potentials (mEPPs) are identical. The name
497:
885:
671:
178:
EPSPs in living cells are caused chemically. When an active presynaptic cell releases
904:
388:
242:
226:
541:
639:
600:
581:
259:
47:
445:"Glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the brain: review of physiology and pathology"
690:
363:
300:
218:
198:. This depolarizing current causes an increase in membrane potential, the EPSP.
187:
117:
282:
is the number of effective vesicles released in response to a nerve impulse.
207:
461:
444:
799:
210:
470:
395:
and others may also be released and further complicate the interpretation.
38:
30:
505:
384:
380:
685:
533:
404:
267:
728:
712:
266:(often called miniature end-plate potentials) in 1951, revealing the
707:
221:. Its ubiquity at excitatory synapses has led to it being called
42:
The summation of these three EPSPs generates an action potential.
392:
643:
294:
111:
71:
206:
The neurotransmitter most often associated with EPSPs is the
186:
on the postsynaptic cell. Many of these receptors contain an
27:
Process causing temporary increase in postsynaptic potential
62:
that makes the postsynaptic neuron more likely to fire an
229:, glutamate is the main excitatory transmitter at the
102:
postsynaptic cell reaches the threshold for firing an
213:, and is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the
878:
835:
787:
749:
742:
721:
678:
601:"2001-2002 M.R. Bauer Foundation Colloquium Series"
576:is used since Katz's studies were performed on the
74:into the postsynaptic cell, is a result of opening
66:. This temporary depolarization of postsynaptic
556:"The neuronal genome of Caenorhabditis elegans"
82:(IPSPs), which usually result from the flow of
635:Quantal transmission at neuromuscular synapses
655:
8:
329:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
262:pioneered the study of these mEPSPs at the
146:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
70:, caused by the flow of positively charged
746:
662:
648:
640:
584:component of which is commonly called the
460:
349:Learn how and when to remove this message
166:Learn how and when to remove this message
37:
29:
426:
241:) are mediated by the neurotransmitter
182:into the synapse, some of them bind to
225:excitatory neurotransmitter. In some
7:
327:adding citations to reliable sources
249:Miniature EPSPs and quantal analysis
144:adding citations to reliable sources
86:ions into the cell or positive ions
498:10.1146/annurev.ne.19.030196.002553
621:doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1973.sp010273
80:inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
25:
18:Excitatory postsynaptic potentials
52:excitatory postsynaptic potential
703:Lateralization of brain function
299:
116:
774:Somatosensory evoked potentials
196:excitatory postsynaptic current
92:excitatory postsynaptic current
1:
383:, neurotransmitters such as
78:. These are the opposite of
415:Summation (neurophysiology)
937:
769:Auditory evoked potential
522:Invertebrate Neuroscience
255:neurotransmitter vesicles
76:ligand-gated ion channels
449:The Journal of Nutrition
443:Meldrum, BS (Apr 2000).
779:Visual evoked potential
455:(4S Suppl): 1007S–15S.
863:Long-term potentiation
815:Postsynaptic potential
759:Bereitschaftspotential
578:neuromuscular junction
462:10.1093/jn/130.4.1007s
368:long-term potentiation
264:neuromuscular junction
235:neuromuscular junction
231:neuromuscular junction
215:central nervous system
60:postsynaptic potential
43:
35:
698:Intracranial pressure
272:synaptic transmission
237:of vertebrates, EPP (
41:
33:
868:Long-term depression
843:Axoplasmic transport
323:improve this section
239:end-plate potentials
202:Excitatory molecules
192:ionotropic receptors
140:improve this section
858:Synaptic plasticity
850:/Nerve regeneration
574:end-plate potential
486:Annu. Rev. Neurosci
805:Membrane potential
670:Physiology of the
603:. Bio.brandeis.edu
534:10.1007/BF02480366
410:Nonspiking neurons
68:membrane potential
44:
36:
921:Graded potentials
898:
897:
894:
893:
848:Neuroregeneration
795:Neurotransmission
372:pyramidal neurons
359:
358:
351:
180:neurotransmitters
176:
175:
168:
16:(Redirected from
928:
810:Action potential
788:Other short term
751:Evoked potential
747:
664:
657:
650:
641:
622:
618:
612:
611:
609:
608:
597:
591:
570:
564:
563:
560:www.wormbook.org
552:
546:
545:
528:(2–3): 117–126.
516:
510:
509:
481:
475:
474:
464:
440:
434:
431:
376:population spike
354:
347:
343:
340:
334:
303:
295:
284:Quantal analysis
171:
164:
160:
157:
151:
120:
112:
104:action potential
64:action potential
21:
936:
935:
931:
930:
929:
927:
926:
925:
916:Neurophysiology
901:
900:
899:
890:
874:
854:Neuroplasticity
831:
783:
738:
717:
674:
668:
631:
626:
625:
619:
615:
606:
604:
599:
598:
594:
587:motor end-plate
571:
567:
554:
553:
549:
518:
517:
513:
483:
482:
478:
442:
441:
437:
432:
428:
423:
401:
355:
344:
338:
335:
320:
304:
293:
280:quantal content
253:The release of
251:
204:
172:
161:
155:
152:
137:
121:
109:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
934:
932:
924:
923:
918:
913:
903:
902:
896:
895:
892:
891:
889:
888:
886:Myelinogenesis
882:
880:
876:
875:
873:
872:
871:
870:
865:
851:
845:
839:
837:
833:
832:
830:
829:
828:
827:
822:
812:
807:
802:
797:
791:
789:
785:
784:
782:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
755:
753:
744:
740:
739:
737:
736:
731:
725:
723:
719:
718:
716:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
694:
693:
682:
680:
676:
675:
672:nervous system
669:
667:
666:
659:
652:
644:
638:
637:
630:
629:External links
627:
624:
623:
613:
592:
565:
547:
511:
476:
435:
425:
424:
422:
419:
418:
417:
412:
407:
400:
397:
357:
356:
307:
305:
298:
292:
289:
250:
247:
203:
200:
174:
173:
124:
122:
115:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
933:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
908:
906:
887:
884:
883:
881:
877:
869:
866:
864:
861:
860:
859:
855:
852:
849:
846:
844:
841:
840:
838:
834:
826:
823:
821:
818:
817:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
792:
790:
786:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
756:
754:
752:
748:
745:
741:
735:
732:
730:
727:
726:
724:
722:Primarily PNS
720:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
692:
689:
688:
687:
684:
683:
681:
679:Primarily CNS
677:
673:
665:
660:
658:
653:
651:
646:
645:
642:
636:
633:
632:
628:
617:
614:
602:
596:
593:
589:
588:
583:
579:
575:
569:
566:
561:
557:
551:
548:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
515:
512:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
480:
477:
472:
468:
463:
458:
454:
450:
446:
439:
436:
430:
427:
420:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
402:
398:
396:
394:
390:
389:acetylcholine
386:
382:
377:
373:
369:
365:
353:
350:
342:
339:February 2015
332:
328:
324:
318:
317:
313:
308:This section
306:
302:
297:
296:
290:
288:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
256:
248:
246:
244:
243:acetylcholine
240:
236:
232:
228:
227:invertebrates
224:
220:
216:
212:
209:
201:
199:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
170:
167:
159:
156:February 2015
149:
145:
141:
135:
134:
130:
125:This section
123:
119:
114:
113:
110:
107:
105:
99:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
40:
32:
19:
819:
616:
605:. Retrieved
595:
585:
582:muscle fiber
573:
568:
559:
550:
525:
521:
514:
489:
485:
479:
452:
448:
438:
429:
360:
345:
336:
321:Please help
309:
283:
279:
276:Quantal size
275:
260:Bernard Katz
252:
222:
205:
177:
162:
153:
138:Please help
126:
108:
100:
95:
91:
87:
83:
55:
51:
48:neuroscience
45:
691:Wakefulness
492:: 545–575.
364:hippocampus
291:Field EPSPs
219:vertebrates
188:ion channel
905:Categories
825:Inhibitory
820:Excitatory
607:2014-01-22
421:References
270:nature of
208:amino acid
836:Long term
800:Chronaxie
734:Sensation
310:does not
233:. In the
211:glutamate
184:receptors
127:does not
542:35749805
471:10736372
399:See also
385:dopamine
381:striatum
84:negative
686:Arousal
506:8833454
405:Glycine
331:removed
316:sources
268:quantal
148:removed
133:sources
58:) is a
911:Memory
729:Reflex
713:Memory
580:, the
540:
504:
469:
879:Other
708:Sleep
538:S2CID
50:, an
764:P300
743:Both
502:PMID
467:PMID
393:GABA
314:any
312:cite
217:of
131:any
129:cite
96:EPSC
72:ions
56:EPSP
530:doi
494:doi
457:doi
453:130
325:by
223:the
142:by
98:).
88:out
46:In
907::
558:.
536:.
524:.
500:.
490:19
488:.
465:.
451:.
447:.
391:,
387:,
274:.
106:.
856:/
663:e
656:t
649:v
610:.
590:.
562:.
544:.
532::
526:3
508:.
496::
473:.
459::
352:)
346:(
341:)
337:(
333:.
319:.
169:)
163:(
158:)
154:(
150:.
136:.
94:(
54:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
