519:. In particular, Katz and Shapiro (1986) have explored the optimal licensing strategy of a research lab selling to firms who are competitors on the product market. It turns out that (compared to the welfare-maximizing solution) the licensor's incentives to develop innovations may be excessive, while the licensor's incentives to disseminate the innovation are typically too low. Subsequently, the seminal work of Katz and Shapiro (1986) has been extended in several directions. For example, Bhattacharya, Glazer, and Sappington (1992) have taken into account that the firms acquiring licenses must make further investments in order to develop marketable products. Schmitz (2002, 2007) has shown that asymmetric information due to
211:
would also not be able to recover damages for money spent unless they are able to show detrimental reliance on the license. In certain cases, however, licenses can be made irrevocable, and specific performance may be granted. Where a license is made with a set term period and valid consideration is transferred, revocation of the license prior to the terms expiration may raise breach of contract claims that could provide damages against the licensor. Furthermore, once the licensor terminates or revokes the license, notice is statutorily required prior to the commencement of any special proceeding to recover possession of the property (e.g., in NY that requirement is 10 days).
202:
exposure to liability and potential damages. In the event a license is coupled with an interest, the licensor must provide reasonable time for the licensee to remove that interest from the property prior to termination. Additionally, because a license does not confer any possessory interest in the licensee, in the event of a sale of the property, the license is terminated and cannot be enforced against the new owners of that property. Moreover, the death of either the licensee or licensor will terminate the agreement.
51:
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created with or without it. Moreover, whether an agreement is held to be a "license" and not a lease will depend on three essential characteristics of a license: (1) a clause allowing the licensor to revoke "at will"; (2) the retention by the licensor of absolute control over the premises; and (3) the licensor's supplying to the licensee all of the essential services required for the licensee's permitted use of the premises.
1331:
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licensor, without granting any possessory interest in the land. Once a license is agreed upon, the licensee may occupy the land only so far as is necessary to complete the act. Another key distinction between a license and a lease is that leases are generally required to be in writing, where the statute of frauds requires it, while licenses can be made orally.
114:
In particular, a license may be issued by authorities, to allow an activity that would otherwise be forbidden. It may require paying a fee or proving a capability (or both). The requirement may also serve to keep the authorities informed on a type of activity, and to allow them to set conditions and
495:
In the United
Kingdom prisoners serving a determinate sentence (a fixed time in prison) will be released prior to the completion of their full sentence "on licence". The licence is the prisoner's agreement to maintain certain conditions, such as periodic reporting in to a probation officer and only
89:
A license is granted by a party (licensor) to another party (licensee) as an element of an agreement between those parties. In the case of a license issued by a government, the license is obtained by applying for it. In the case of a private party, it is by a specific agreement, usually in writing
210:
If a license is revocable at will by the licensor, courts will be unable to grant specific performance in favor of the licensee. A licensee would be unsuccessful in bringing forcible entry claims or a detainer proceeding because the licensee was never granted any possessory interest. The
Licensee
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A license is generally created by an express or implied agreement. The licensor must agree to the license which can be shown in writing or the licensors acquiescence in its exercise. Furthermore, unlike many other contractual agreements, a license does not require consideration, a license can be
201:
Under a pure licensing agreement, the licensor, under its terms and by common-law, can cancel the agreement at will and without cause, unless it is coupled with an interest or made irrevocable by contract. A license that has been coupled with an interest is not revocable by the licensor without
183:
A license provides one party with the authority to act on another's land, when such action would typically amount to trespass absent that license. A key distinction between licenses and leases is that a license grants the licensee a revocable non-assignable privilege to act upon the land of the
159:
Again, a shorthand definition of a license is "a promise by the licensor not to sue the licensee". That means without a license any use or exploitation of intellectual property by a third party would amount to copying or infringement. Such copying would be improper and could, by using the legal
547:
for more qualified and skilled individuals who may not have the resources to obtain the necessary licences. According to
Friedman, licenses and permits have become so burdensome due to legislation that favors the current establishment of wealthy occupants that they decrease the supply of such
248:
Like other intellectual property, patent owners may grant permission to others to engage in conduct that would otherwise be within the scope of a patent. For example, a patent owner may authorize a licensee to make, use, sell, offer for sale, or import a patented product. Such agreements are
148:
many licenses are valid for a particular length of time. This protects the licensor should the value of the license increase, or market conditions change. It also preserves enforceability by ensuring that no license extends beyond the term of the agreement.
155:
a license may stipulate what territory the rights pertain to. For example, a license with a territory limited to "North
America" (Mexico/United States/Canada) would not permit a licensee any protection from actions for use in Japan.
94:
or other contract). The simplest definition is "A license is a promise not to sue", because a license usually either permits the licensed party to engage in an illegal activity, and subject to prosecution, without the license (e.g.
911:
472:
A license to driving certain vehicles has been applied to many countries around the world. Being allowed to drive a certain vehicle requires a specific driving license, the type of license depending on the type of vehicle.
419:, Finland, and in some other European university systems, a 'licentiate' is a postgraduate degree between the master's degree and the doctorate. The licentiate is a popular choice in those countries where a full
223:(EULA) entered into upon the installation of that software on a computer. Typically, a license is associated with a unique code, that when approved grants the end user access to the software in question.
333:", but the licenses gives McDonald's a right to impose strict quality standards to their franchisees as they can take back the right to the trademark if they do not meet McDonald's standards.
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is typically needed in order to teach at a university. The term is also used for a person who holds a licentiate. In
English, the degree has never been called a license. In France, the
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and come primarily in two forms: lump sum or running royalty. A lump sum royalty involves an upfront, one-time payment, while a running royalty typically involves periodic payments (
302:. With such a license, the licensee may use the trademark without fear of a claim of trademark infringement by the licensor. The assignment of a license often depends on specific
876:
219:
Mass distributed software is used by individuals on personal computers under license from the developer of that software. Such license is typically included in a more extensive
269:
the licensee is simply one of several entities who has rights under the patent). Finally, any rights given under the agreement may be limited to a particular "field of use" (
984:
527:
may lead the research lab to sell more licenses than it would do under complete information. Antelo and
Sampayo (2017) have studied the optimal number of licenses in a
971:
306:. The most common terms are, that a license is only applicable for a particular geographic region, just for a certain period of time or merely for a stage in the
552:) view competing guilds and other voluntary communes as being more beneficial for disseminating the skills and education required to perform a specified career.
172:
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living at an approved address, in exchange for their early release. If they break the conditions of the licence, they can be "recalled" (returned to prison).
499:
Offenders serving determinate sentences are released automatically at a set point in their sentence, whereas prisoners serving indeterminate sentences (e.g.
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that traditionally conferred the license to teach at a university or to practice a particular profession. The term survived despite the fact that nowadays a
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the licensee is the only person or entity that is allowed to sell, make, use, offer to sell, or import the patented invention) or non-exclusive (
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Often, patent owners will require a licensee to pay money in exchange for granting a patent license. Such payments are referred to as
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a licensee may be able to practice an invention in the field of consumer electronics, but not in the field of industrial electronics).
127:
1069:
708:
310:. Moreover, there are different types of fees within the trademark and brand licensing. The first form demands a fee independent of
130:
brought by the licensor. A license under intellectual property commonly has several components beyond the grant itself, including a
877:"Features of Concluding Licensing Agreements in the Field of IT Technologies in Kazakhstan - Intellectual Property - Kazakhstan"
240:
with different kinds of licensing models, which allow software vendors to profit from their product offerings in flexible ways.
107:), or it permits the licensed party to do something that would violate the rights of the licensing party (e.g. make copies of a
336:
When a licensor grants permission to a licensee to not only distribute, but manufacture a patented product, it is known as
86:) is an official permission or permit to do, use, or own something (as well as the document of that permission or permit).
1321:
1366:
163:
Intellectual property licensing plays a major role in business, academia and broadcasting. Business practices such as
257:. These agreements can last for a specific period of time (such as five years) or for the entire life of the patent (
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entirely depend on the licensing of intellectual property. Land licensing (proprietary licensing) and IP licensing.
230:
220:
672:
667:
364:). With such license, a licensee need not fear a claim of copyright infringement brought by the copyright owner.
539:
The provision of licenses and the agencies that mandate them are often criticised by
American libertarians like
226:
Under a typical end-user license agreement, the user may install the software on a limited number of computers.
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that denotes freedom of expression, the ability to make the subject appear more engaging or attractive, by
42:
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occupations, which raises prices for the average consumer. Libertarians and the anti-authoritarian left (
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119:
50:
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83:
1232:
Schmitz, Patrick W. (2007). "Exclusive versus non-exclusive licensing strategies and moral hazard".
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111:), which, without the license, the licensed party could be sued, civilly, criminally, or both.
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Antelo, Manel; Sampayo, Antonio (2017). "On the Number of
Licenses with Signalling".
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318:, the second type of license fee is dependent on the productivity of the licensee.
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quarterly or annual) based on the number of patented products sold or imported.
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for creating an anticompetitive environment for occupations, which creates a
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A licensor may grant permission to a licensee to distribute products under a
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until the patent expires). Patent license agreements may also be exclusive (
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Patent licensing has been studied in formal economic models in the field of
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349:
299:
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771:, Edward A. Pisacreta and Kenneth A. Adler. Law Journal Press, 1999-2008.
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A licensor may grant a permission to a licensee to copy and distribute
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system, be stopped if the intellectual property owner wanted to do so.
63:
1144:
Bhattacharya, Sudipto; Glazer, Jacob; Sappington, David E. M (1992).
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482:
123:
1114:
1185:"On Monopolistic Licensing Strategies under Asymmetric Information"
1146:"Licensing and the sharing of knowledge in research joint ventures"
1037:"Licence conditions, licences and licence and supervision notices"
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91:
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is, however, not related to the aforementioned license. It is a
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provisions, and other limitations deemed vital to the licensor.
838:"Commercial Property: Landlords May Entirely Eliminate Leasing"
229:
The enforceability of end-user license agreements is sometimes
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invention) to a licensee, sparing the licensee from a claim of
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laws to authorize a use (such as copying software or using a
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767:
Intellectual
Property Licensing: Forms and Analysis, by
1042:. National Offender Management Service. 23 March 2015.
842:
Adam Leitman Bailey PC - New York Real Estate Attorneys
817:
Adam Leitman Bailey PC - New York Real Estate Attorneys
447:
813:"Using a License Agreement Instead of a Lease - ALBPC"
1319:
744:"licence Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary"
791:. Satyam Law International, New Delhi, India, 2011.
1060:Gianquitto, Lisa; Rule, Philip (February 1, 2012).
388:National examples of the licentiate are listed at
30:"Licence" redirects here. For the historian, see
942:. Craig E. Dauchy (Fifth ed.). Boston, MA.
807:
805:
412:is the first degree awarded in Universities.
8:
939:The entrepreneur's guide to law and strategy
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892:
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41:For Knowledge (XXG)'s licensing policy, see
970:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
423:would take five or more years to achieve.
1097:Katz, Michael L.; Shapiro, Carl (1986).
1025:. National Prisoners' Families Helpline.
1326:
735:
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899:Kasdan, Michael (September 10, 2019).
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325:licenses their trademark such as the "
236:As of 2020, there are various ways to
1221:from the original on October 9, 2022.
118:A licensor may grant a license under
105:broadcast radio or television station
7:
1099:"How to License Intangible Property"
917:from the original on October 9, 2022
1049:from the original on March 2, 2018.
58:to people who are allowed to drive
1103:The Quarterly Journal of Economics
1084:"An outline of the parole process"
1072:from the original on July 7, 2019.
25:
1062:"Licences and Licence conditions"
901:"Patent Licenses: Key Provisions"
34:. For the album by Aya Ueto, see
1329:
434:
344:Artwork and character licensing
503:) can only be released by the
1:
1246:10.1016/j.econlet.2007.03.021
936:Bagley, Constance E. (2018).
559:
288:Trademark and brand licensing
1183:Schmitz, Patrick W. (2002).
1162:10.1016/0022-0531(92)90068-S
483:Parole § United Kingdom
987:Accessed September 16, 2012
352:works such as "art" (e.g.,
249:typically referred to as a
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1192:Journal of Economic Theory
1150:Journal of Economic Theory
998:"Definition of LICENTIATE"
985:Oxford Living Dictionaries
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465:
291:
221:end-user license agreement
215:Mass licensing of software
43:Knowledge (XXG):Copyrights
40:
29:
1086:. gov.uk. March 20, 2019.
748:dictionary.cambridge.org
360:) and characters (e.g.,
251:patent license agreement
1002:www.merriam-webster.com
517:industrial organization
173:character merchandising
1204:10.1006/jeth.2001.2863
704:Occupational licensing
606:Smartphone patent wars
601:Non-assertion covenant
179:Real property licenses
67:
1277:The Manchester School
628:Amateur radio license
564:Intellectual property
378:part of the subject.
120:intellectual property
101:driving an automobile
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1023:"Release on licence"
84:Commonwealth English
1367:Strategic alliances
591:Licensed production
390:licentiate (degree)
338:licensed production
255:covenant not to sue
169:technology transfer
1289:10.1111/manc.12157
714:Television licence
576:Compulsory license
550:anarcho-communists
491:Release on licence
446:. You can help by
171:, publication and
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54:Governments issue
1234:Economics Letters
949:978-1-285-42849-9
797:978-81-902883-4-7
777:978-1-58852-086-9
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683:Licensing context
638:Broadcast license
616:Statutory license
521:adverse selection
501:life imprisonment
487:Temporary licence
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304:contractual terms
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56:driver's licenses
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