Exilarch - Knowledge (XXG)

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the gate of his house, where services for the community are held on the Sabbaths and feastdays. When it becomes necessary for him to leave his house, he does so only in a carriage of state, accompanied by a large retinue. If the exilarch desires to pay his respects to the king, he first asks permission to do so. As he enters the palace the king's servants hasten to meet him, among whom he liberally distributes gold coin, for which provision has been made beforehand. When led before the king his seat is assigned to him. The king then asks what he desires. He begins with carefully prepared words of praise and blessing, reminds the king of the customs of his fathers, gains the favor of the king with appropriate words, and receives written consent to his demands; thereupon, rejoiced, he takes leave of the king."

1887:, complaining that the exilarch and the scholars of his court sat at the festival in a stolen booth, the material for it having been taken from her. There are many anecdotes of the annoyances and indignities the scholars had to suffer at the hands of the exilarchs' servants, such as the case of Amram the Pious, of Hiyya of Parwa, and of Abba ben Marta. The modification of ritual requirements granted to the exilarchs and their households in certain concrete cases is characteristic of their relation to the religious law. Once when certain preparations which the exilarch was making in his park for alleviating the strictness of the 2031:

being announced by trumpets, and every one sends presents to the exilarch according to his means. The leaders of the community and the wealthy send handsome garments, jewelry, and gold and silver vessels. On Thursday and Friday the exilarch gives great banquets. On the morning of the Sabbath the nobles of the community call for him and accompany him to the synagogue. Here a wooden platform covered entirely with costly cloth has been erected, under which a picked choir of sweet-voiced youths well versed in the liturgy has been placed. This choir responds to the leader in

1895:, "They are wise to do evil, but to do good they have no knowledge". There are frequent references to questions, partly halakhic and exegetical in nature, which the exilarch laid before his scholars. Details are sometimes given of lectures that were delivered "at the entrance to the house of the exilarch" These lectures were probably delivered at the time of the assemblies, which brought many representatives of Babylonian Judaism to the court of the exilarch after the autumnal festivals. 1927:, who with his own hands girded him with the belt which was the sign of the exilarch's office. There are also two allusions dating from an earlier time, one by Hiyya, a Babylonian living in the land of Israel, and the other by Adda ben Ahaba, one of Rav's earlier pupils, from which it seems that the exilarch occupied a foremost position among the high dignitaries of the state when he appeared at the court first of the Arsacids, then of the Sassanids. 2046:

several provinces that contribute to the support of the academies, as well as the individuals who have been of especial service in this direction. Then the Torah is read. When the 'Kohen' and 'Levi' have finished reading, the leader in prayer carries the Torah roll to the exilarch, the whole congregation rising; the exilarch takes the roll in his hands and reads from it while standing. The two heads of the schools also rise, and the

1711:, became exilarch; but he had to contend for nearly two years with Kohen-Zedek before he was finally confirmed in his power (921). In consequence of Saadia's call to the gaonate of Sura and his controversy with David, the latter has become one of the best-known personages of Jewish history. Saadia had David's brother Josiah (Al-Hasan) elected anti-exilarch in 930, but the latter was defeated and banished to 1470:, who died in 427. In the Talmud, however, Huna ben Nathan is mentioned as Ashi's contemporary, and according to Sherira it was he who was Mar Kahana's successor, a statement which is also confirmed by the Talmud. The statement of Seder Olam Zuta ought perhaps to be emended, since Huna was probably not the son of Mar Kahana, but the son of the latter's elder brother Nathan. 38: 2035:, who begins the service with 'Baruk she-amar.' After the morning prayer the exilarch, who until now has been standing in a covered place, appears; the whole congregation rises and remains standing until he has taken his place on the platform, and the two geonim, the one from Sura preceding, have taken seats to his right and left, each making an obeisance. 2230: 321:(diaspora in Hebrew), the Jews living in compact masses in various parts of Babylon, tended gradually to unite and create an organization, and that this tendency, together with the high regard in which the descendants of the house of David living in Babylon were held, brought it about that a member of this house was recognized as "head of the 1735:, a great-grandson of David ben Zakkai, who thereafter filled both offices. But two years later, in 1040, Hezekiah, who was the last exilarch and also the last Gaon, fell a victim to calumny by a peer. He was imprisoned and tortured to death. Two of his sons fled to Spain, where they found refuge with Joseph, the son and successor of 2306: 2126:

Husain has been slain there and the prophecy has thus been fulfilled do I pass leisurely by the place". This last story indicates that the exilarch had by the Arab period become the subject of Muslim legend. That the person of the exilarch was familiar to Muslim circles is also shown by the fact that the Rabbinite Jews were called

1427:, whose chief advisers were Rabbah ben Nahmani (died 323) and Adda. He is mentioned as "'Ukban ben Nehemiah, resh galuta," in the Talmud. This Mar 'Ukban, the third exilarch of that name, was also called "Nathan," as were the first two, and has been made the hero of a legend under the name of "Nathan de-Ẓuẓita". The conquest of 1829:, "the scholars directed him") is the stereotyped phrase used also in connection with the fictitious exilarchs of the century of the Second Temple; in the latter case, however, it occurs without the specific mention of names—a fact in favor of the historicalness of those names that are given for the succeeding centuries. 1954:

The most important function of the exilarch was the appointment of the judge. Both Rav and Samuel said that the judge who did not wish to be held personally responsible in case of an error of judgment, would have to accept his appointment from the house of the exilarch. When Rav went from the land of

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Haninai's posthumous son Bostanai was the first of the exilarchs under Arabic rule. Bostanai was the ancestor of the exilarchs who were in office from the time when the Persian empire was conquered by the Arabs, in 642, down to the 11th century. Through him, the splendor of the office was renewed and

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of Sura recites the targum to the passage read by the exilarch. When the reading of the Torah is completed, a blessing is pronounced upon the exilarch. After the 'Musaf' prayer the exilarch leaves the synagogue, and all, singing, accompany him to his house. After that the exilarch rarely goes beyond

1971:

roll was carried to the exilarch, while every one else had to go to the Torah to read from it. This prerogative is referred to also in the account of the installation of the exilarch in the Arabic period, and this gives color to the assumption that the ceremonies, as recounted in this document, were

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wrote the Talmud from memory. David ben Judah also had to contend with an anti-exilarch, Daniel by name. The fact that the decision in this dispute rested with the calif Al-Ma'mun (825) indicates a decline in the power of the exilarchate. David ben Judah, who carried off the victory, appointed Isaac

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took power (921) his brother Josiah (Al-Hasan) was elected anti-exilarch in 930, but David prevailed. Son of Zakkai. David ben Zakkai was the last exilarch to play an important political role in Jewish history. His son Judah survived him only by seven months. At the time of Judah's death, he left a

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Another Muslim author reports a conversation that took place in the 8th century between a follower of Islam and the exilarch, in which the latter boasted; "Seventy generations have passed between me and King David, yet the Jews still recognize the prerogatives of my royal descent, and regard it as

1843:

were closely related to the house of the exilarchs, as, for example, Rabba ben Abuha, whom Gaon Sherira, claiming Davidian descent, named as his ancestor. Nahman ben Jacob (died 320) also became closely connected with the house of the exilarchs through his marriage with Rabba ben Abuha's daughter,

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after one single generation". The son of a previous exilarch said to yet another Muslim author: "I formerly never rode by Karbala, the place where Husain was martyred, without spurring on my horse, for an old tradition said that on this spot the descendant of a prophet would be killed; only since

2030:

The members of the two academies , led by the two heads as well as by the leaders of the community, assemble in the house of an especially prominent man before the Sabbath on which the installation of the exilarch is to take place. The first homage is paid on Thursday in the synagogue, the event

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Hasdai I was probably Bostanai's grandson. The latter's son Solomon had a deciding voice in the appointments to the gaonate of Sura in the years 733 and 759 . Isaac Iskawi I died very soon after Solomon. In the dispute between David's sons Anan and Hananiah regarding the succession the latter was

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of Sura to do so. After the discourse the leader in prayer recites the kaddish, and when he reaches the words 'during your life and in your days,' he adds the words 'and during the life of our prince, the exilarch.' After the kaddish he blesses the exilarch, the two heads of the schools, and the

1550:

lived in the period succeeding Mar Zutra II, but for almost fifty years after the catastrophe he did not dare to appear in public, and it is not known whether even then (c. 550) he really acted as exilarch. At any rate the chain of succession of those who inherited the office was not broken. The

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A costly canopy has been erected over the seat of the exilarch. Then the leader in prayer steps in front of the platform and, in a low voice audible only to those close by, and accompanied by the 'Amen' of the choir, addresses the exilarch with a benediction, prepared long beforehand. Then the

1825:, the chronicle of the exilarchs that is the most important and in many cases the only source of information concerning their succession, has also preserved chiefly the names of those scholars who had certain official relations with the respective exilarchs. The phrase used in this connection ( 1960:

property. It is a specially noteworthy fact that in certain cases the exilarch judged according to the Persian law; and it was the exilarch 'Ukba b. Nehemiah who communicated to the head of the school of Pumbedita, Rabbah ben Nahmai, three Persian statutes which Samuel recognized as binding.

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is an interesting example of the police jurisdiction exercised by the followers of the exilarch in the time of Samuel. From the same time dates a curious dispute regarding the etiquette of precedence among the scholars greeting the exilarch. The exilarch had certain privileges regarding real

1317:

49:10 which contrasts the Babylonian exilarchs, ruling by force, with Hillel's descendants, teaching in public, evidently intends to cast a negative reflection on the former. However, Judah I had to listen at his own table to the statement of the youthful sons of the aforementioned Hiyya, in

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the dignity of exilarch which had become extinct in Babylon. This was David ben Daniel; he came to Egypt at the age of twenty, in 1081, and was proclaimed exilarch by the learned Jewish authorities of that country, who wished to divert to Egypt the leadership formerly enjoyed by Babylon. A

340:

literature, the chief source for its history during the first period, and which provides our only information regarding the rights and functions of the exilarchate. For the second or Arabic period, there is a very important and trustworthy description of the institution of the exilarchate

140:, King of Persia and the office of the exilarch was diminished for sometime thereafter. The position was restored to prominence in the 7th century, under the rule of the Arab Caliphate, and the office of exilarch continued to be appointed by Arab authorities through the 11th century. 1366:

and the founding of the Sassanid dynasty in CE 226, which is noted as follows in Seder 'Olam Zuta: "In the year 166 after the destruction of the Temple (c. CE 234) the Persian Empire advanced upon the Romans" (on the historical value of this statement. Nathan 'Ukban, also known as

1855:("judges of the gate"), which was applied in the post-Talmudic time to the members of the court of the exilarch, is derived from the phrase just quoted. Two details of Nahman ben Jacob's life cast light on his position at the court of the exilarch: he received the two scholars 1805:

according to Abraham ibn Daud. Several families, as late as the 14th century, traced their descent back to Josiah, the brother of David ben Zakkai who had been banished to Chorasan (see the genealogies in. The descendants of the Karaite exilarchs have been referred to above.

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the proud Yaltha; and he owed to this connection perhaps his office of chief judge of the Babylonian Jews. Huna, the head of the school of Sura, recognized Nahman ben Jacob's superior knowledge of the Law by saying that Nahman was very close to the "gate of the exilarch" (

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of 1906; the origin of the Karaites is not uncontroversial. His descendants were regarded by the Karaites as the true exilarchs. The following list of Karaite exilarchs, father being succeeded always by son, is given in the genealogy of one of these "Karaite princes":

1915:'s edition, the feast was given by the chief of the synagogue. Another story told in the land of Israel relates that an exilarch had music in his house morning and evening, and that Mar 'Ukba, who subsequently became exilarch, sent him as a warning this verse from 1942:-collector for the Jewish population, there is the curious statement, preserved only in the Jerusalem Talmud, that once, in the time of Huna, the head of the school of Sura, the exilarch was commanded to furnish as much grain as would fill a room of 40 square 1174:. This list attempts to bridge the seven hundred-year gap between Jehoiachin and the first exilarch mentioned in written sources, Nahum. It grants some specific hallmarks chronologically connecting personalities with the history of the Second Temple, such as 1309:, who was the first incumbent of that office explicitly mentioned as such in Talmudic literature, was brought to Judea during the time of Judah I, Hiyya drew upon himself Judah's deep resentment by announcing the fact to him with the words "Huna is here". A 1574:

Not much is known regarding Bostanai's successors down to the time of Saadia except their names; even the name of Bostanai's son is not known. The list of the exilarchs down to the end of the 9th century is given as follows in an old document: "Bostanai,

375:"at the head of them all is Daniel the son of Hisdai, who is styled 'Our Lord the Head of the Captivity of all Israel.' ... he has been invested with authority over all the congregations of Israel at the hands of the Emir al Muminim, the Lord of Islam." 1955:

Israel to Nehardea he was appointed overseer of the market by the exilarch. The exilarch had jurisdiction in criminal cases also. Aha b. Jacob, a contemporary of Rav, was commissioned by the exilarch to take charge of a murder case. The story found in

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during the Islamic conquests, he was given the daughter of the former Sassanid Emperor as a slave. Muslim authorities regarded the office of exilarch with profound respect as they viewed its incumbent as a direct descendant of the ancient prophet

113:, and the charitable re-distribution and financial assistance to needy members of the exile community. The position of exilarch was hereditary, held in continuity by a family that traced its patrilineal descent from antiquity stemming from king 2025:

The following is a translation of a portion of an account of the exilarchy in the Arabic period, written by Nathan ha-Babli in the early 10th century, and included in Abraham Zacuto's "Yuhasin" and in Neubauer's "Mediaeval Jewish Chronicles,":

1254:, the religious and political authority residing in the land of Judea, a man named 'Ahijah' is mentioned as the temporal head of the Babylonian Jews, possibly, one of the first historic exilarchs. Another rabbinical source substitutes the name 1667:

Judah Zakkai, who is called "Zakkai ben Ahunai" by Sherira, had as rival candidate Natronai ben Habibai, who, however, was defeated and sent West in banishment; this Natronai was a great scholar, and, according to tradition, while in

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In regard to Nathan ha-Babli's additional account as to the income and the functions of the exilarch (which refers, however, only to the time of the narrator), it may be noted that he received taxes, amounting altogether to 700 gold

1922:

The exilarch Nehemiah is said to have dressed entirely in silk. The Talmud says almost nothing in regard to the personal relations of the exilarchs to the royal court. One passage relates merely that Huna ben Nathan appeared before

1301:'s descendant. He discussed the subject with the Babylonian scholar Hiyya, a prominent member of his school, saying that he would pay due honor to the exilarch should the latter come, but that he would not renounce the office of 1423:, in Nehemiah's time, the 245th year after the destruction of the Temple (313 CE), there took place a great religious persecution by the Persians, of which, however, no details are known. Nehemiah was succeeded by his son 2341:גרוסמן, אברהם; Grossman, A. (1985). "From Father to Son: The Inheritance of the Spiritual Leadership of the Jewish Communities in the Early Middle Ages / ירושת אבות בהנהגה הרוחנית של קהילות ישראל בימי הביניים המוקדמים". 1718:

Judah left a son (whose name is not mentioned) twelve years of age, whom Saadia took into his house and educated. His generous treatment of the grandson of his former adversary was continued until Saadia's death in 942.

2507:

Illustrations of biblical literature, exhibiting the history and fate of the sacred writings, from the earliest period to the present century; including biographical notices of translators and other eminent biblical

1290:. However, the conspiracy against the reigning Nasi failed. Rabbi Nathan was subsequently among the confidants of the Hillelite patriarchal house, and the teacher of Simon ben Gamaliel's son, Judah I (also known as 2837:כהן, אבינועם; Cohen, Avinoam (2011). "More on the Question of the Amora Mar Zutra as Exilarch — A Study of Geonic Chronicles / עוד לשאלת כהונת האמורא מר זוטרא כראש גולה: עיון ברשימות היוחסין שמתקופת הגאונים". 1972:

based in part on usages taken over from the Persian time. The account of the installation of the exilarch is supplemented by further details in regard to the exilarchate which are of great historical value;

1838:

designated as the scholars "guiding" the several exilarchs, is, in the case of those passages in which the text is beyond dispute, supported by internal chronological evidence also. Some of the Babylonian

128:. The office first appears during the 2nd century and continues to the middle of the 6th century, under different Persian dynasties (the Parthians and Sassanids). In the late 5th and early 6th centuries, 1771:, and Hasdai's son, the Exilarch Daniel. Pethahiah of Regensburg also refers to the latter, but under the name of "Daniel ben Solomon"; hence it must be assumed that Hasdai was also called "Solomon". 1505:, being executed, according to Sherira, in 470; Huna VI was not installed in office until some time later, the exilarchate being vacant during the persecutions under Peroz; he died in 508 . The 1124:

in Babylonia. This chronicle, which was written about the year 800, presents a legendary origin to the early history of the house of the Babylonian exilarch. The captive king's advancement at

1819:

In accordance with the character of Talmudic tradition, it is the relation of the exilarchs to the heads and members of the schools that is especially referred to in Talmudic literature. The

1140:

as the origin of the office, and the basis for the exilarch's authority. A list of generations of the descendants of the king is given in the text which closely parallels that names found in

1903:

The luxurious banquets at the court of the exilarch were well known. An old anecdote was repeated in the land of Israel concerning a splendid feast which the exilarch once gave to the tanna

283:), literally meaning the 'leader of the captives'. This Greek term has continued to be applied to the office, notwithstanding changes to the position over time, which were largely titular. 2149:", which was used once in Babylon in pronouncing the blessing upon the leaders there, including the "reshe galwata" (the exilarchs), is still recited in most synagogues. The Jews of the 1462:

is then mentioned as successor, being the fourth exilarch of that name; he died in 441, according to a trustworthy source, the "Seder Tannaim wa-Amoraim." Hence he was a contemporary of

315:. Nothing is known about the office before the 2nd century, when it is first referenced in the Talmud, including any details about its origins. It can merely be said in general that the 2013:

of the rabbinical academies and exilarchs saw the slow diminishment of centralized power. Rabbinical decentralization favored the Geonim, but remained an office of reverence to which

2401: 2130:, that is, those belonging to the exilarch, in contradistinction to the Karaites. In the first quarter of the 11th century, not long before the extinction of the exilarchate, 1218:. All of these names are also found in I Chron. 3., albeit in a confabulated order. This list cannot be historical given the limited number of generations presented. The name 1354:, his son. Given the chronological similarities, the identification of the exilarch Anan with the Huna of the Talmud account is very likely. At the time of Anan's successor 4472: 1859:

and Rabba b. Huna, who had come to pay their respects to the exilarch; and when the exilarch was building a new house he asked Nahman to take charge of the placing of the

4522: 1794:

Abiathar from the land of Israel, gives an authentic account of this episode of the Egyptian Exilarchate, which ended with the downfall of David ben Daniel in 1094.

1454:

in the time of Abaye and Raba is due to a clerical error , and is therefore omitted from lists. Abba was succeeded first by his son Nathan and then by another son,

1715:. David ben Zakkai was the last exilarch to play an important part in history. He died a few years before Saadia; his son Judah died seven months afterward. 325:." The dignity became hereditary in this house, and was finally recognized by the state, and hence became an established political institution, first of the 3783:בר, משה; Beer, M. (1969). "ON THE RELIGIOUS — PUBLIC FUNCTIONS OF THE BABYLONIAN EXILARCH / על תפקידים בעלי אופי דתי-צבורי של ראשי הגולה בבבל בימי התלמוד". 1490:), whose chief adviser was Rabina, the editor of the Babylonian Talmud (died 499). Then followed two exilarchs by the same name: another son of Mar Zutra, 3582:; Hullin 59a, Rav; Avodah Zarah 72b, Rabba ben Huna; Eruvin 11b, Nahman versus Sheshet; Eruvin 39b, similarly; Mo'ed Katan 12a, Hanan; Pesahim 40b, Pappai 2138:

has no power whatever over the Jews or over other persons; he has merely a title, to which is attached neither authority nor prerogatives of any kind".

2505: 1527:'s communistic attempts had plunged Persia, to obtain by force of arms for a short time a sort of political independence for the Jews of Babylon. King 1411:) are several times mentioned in the Talmud as sons of Rav's daughter (hence Huna II was Rav's son-in-law) and members of the house of the exilarchs. 311:

in 587. The history of the Babylonian exilarchate falls into two separate identifiable periods, before and after the beginning of the Arabic rule in

4042: 4022: 541: 499: 84:

in 1258, with intermittent gaps due to ongoing political developments. The exilarch was regarded by the Jewish community as the royal heir of the

3918:

Revolutionary article by professor M. Gintzler of Yeshivat Chevron: "שלשלת ראשי גולת בבל מחורבן בית ראשון ועד המאה ה־14" in Mekhilta IV Sep 2022

2377: 1759:

The title of exilarch is found occasionally even after the Babylonian exilarchate had ceased. Abraham ibn Ezra speaks of the "Davidic house" at

3194:ליוור, יעקב; Liver, Jacob (1957). "The Problem of the Davidic Family after the Biblical Period / לבעית היוחסין של בית דויד אחרי תקופת המקרא". 1178:, who is being mentioned as having lived at the time of the Temple's destruction. The following are enumerated as his predecessors in office: 3160: 3092: 2584: 604:, also called Anan or Anani, son of Shaphat. He is the first exilarch explicitly mentioned as such in Talmudic literature; a contemporary of 2600: 1297:

Rabbi Meïr's attempt, however, seems to have led Judah I to fear that the Babylonian exilarch might come to Judea to claim the office from

2674: 1731:

died in 1038, nearly a century after Saadia's death, the members of his academy could not find a more worthy successor than the exilarch

1282:

of the post-Hadrianic epoch. His supposed Davidic genealogical origins suggested to Rabbi Meïr the plan of making the Babylonian scholar

3922: 3909: 1278:

resided following the Jewish expulsion from Jerusalem. By virtue of his rabbinical scholarship, he was soon classed among the foremost

4492: 3954: 1745:

mentions that Hezekiah was liberated from prison, and became head of the academy, and is mentioned as such by a contemporary in 1046.

352:); this description is also important for the first period, because many of the details may be regarded as having persisted from it. 3823: 2875: 2814: 2291: 1797:

Descendants of the house of exilarchs were living in various places long after the office became extinct. A descendant of Hezekiah,

1399:

is referred to in the Talmud. He was succeeded by his brother (not his son, as stated in Seder 'Olam Zuta); his leading adviser was

1371:, was the contemporary of Rav and Samuel, who also occupied a prominent position among the scholars of Babylon' and, according to 367:. The use of seals was not limited to internal matters; their authority was recognized by Muslims as well. Based on the account of 2479: 1704:. He was deposed again soon afterwards, and fled to Kairwan, where he was treated with great honor by the Jewish community there. 4497: 3136:"The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia ...: An Authoritative and Popular Presentation of Jews and Judaism Since the Earliest Times" 2005:. The subsequent fragmentation of the authority of the Abbasids resulted in the waning of the authority of the exilarch beyond 110: 2569:

Historical Consciousness, Haskalah, and Nationalism among the Karaites of Eastern Europe: Karaite Texts and Studies, Volume 10

4512: 1407:" is also mentioned in the Talmud; he is the same person as "Rabbanu Nehemiah," and he and his brother "Rabbeinu 'Ukban" ( 1234:(135). This is the period in which are found the first allusions in rabbinical literature to the office of the exilarch. 147:

who issued a decree permitting a group of ten men from any religious community to organize separately, which allowed the

4105: 1543:, under the title of "Resh Pirka" ('Aρχιφεκίτησ), several generations of his descendants succeeding him in this office. 1424: 1270:

eventually passed. At about this same time, Rabbi Nathan, a member of the house of exilarch, came to Galilee, where the

1117: 646: 308: 304: 2416: 4502: 4288: 2542: 1708: 876: 57: 3150: 3082: 1388: 3135: 1996:

son of Haninai, and the continuation of his governance over the Jewish community. For his political services to the

1539:." The latter did not attain to the office of exilarch, but went to the land of Israel, where he became head of the 4487: 3679: 2865: 2804: 1641: 1392: 2639:

Neusner, Jacob (1963). "Some Aspects of the Economic and Political Life of Babylonian Jewry, Ca. 160-220 C. E.".

1871:

The scholars who formed part of the retinue of the exilarch were called "scholars of the house of the exilarch" (

1661: 1653: 1075: 4258: 4253: 1604: 1600: 1576: 840: 834: 4517: 4431: 4233: 3109: 3043: 2899: 1649: 1588: 1069: 810: 4333: 4238: 1657: 1592: 945: 816: 4507: 4323: 3947: 3450: 3028: 2923:

Franklin, Arnold (2005). "Cultivating Roots: The Promotion of Exilarchal Ties to David in the Middle Ages".

2324: 1741: 1633: 1510: 1045: 1036:, son of David ben Judah (ca 715 – ca 795 or 811?), considered to be a major founder of the Karaite movement 933: 777:, son of Haninai – first of the exilarchs under Arab rule, middle of the 7th century starting around 640 CE. 716: 81: 4303: 4170: 4125: 1547: 909: 735: 670: 4416: 4375: 4370: 4353: 4318: 4223: 4150: 4140: 3600:

To Huna, Gittin 7a; Yebamoth 61a; Sanhedrin 44a; to Rabba ben Huna, Shabbat 115b; to Hamnuna, Shabbat 119a

1674: 1645: 1608: 1487: 1479: 1391:, whose chief advisers were Judah ben Ezekiel (died 299) and Shesheth, was called, like his grandfather, " 1063: 1051: 997: 991: 973: 927: 798: 700: 688: 4365: 4348: 4328: 4278: 4268: 4100: 4037: 4027: 2268: 1883:, shows that they wore certain badges on their garments to indicate their position. Once a woman came to 1678: 1540: 1455: 1439: 1404: 1215: 1207: 985: 963: 939: 864: 852: 640: 532: 509: 4477: 4338: 4313: 4180: 4165: 4130: 1637: 1629: 1625: 1556: 1495: 1459: 1230:, with whom the historic portion of the list begins, and who may be roughly assigned to the time of the 1057: 1039: 951: 921: 747: 725: 676: 583: 4175: 4155: 4120: 1552: 1491: 741: 729: 706: 664: 88:

and held a place of prominence as both a rabbinical authority and as a noble within the Persian court.

4380: 4293: 4248: 1596: 1003: 897: 828: 4436: 4421: 4359: 4115: 4095: 2273: 2171: 1486:(Mar) at the election for director of the school of Sura. Mar Zutra was succeeded by his son Kahana ( 1443: 1129: 979: 658: 634: 300: 159:

to compete with the exilarch for power and influence, later contributing to the wider schism between

1380: 4482: 4441: 4283: 4208: 3630: 2788: 2749: 2436:

Saperstein, Marc (1 March 2013). "Positions of Jewish Leadership: Sources of Authority and Power".

2421: 1821: 1580: 1506: 1435:

is mentioned in the chronicle as a historical event occurring during the time of Nathan Ukban III.

1432: 1420: 1335: 1275: 1247: 1171: 1151: 1141: 1081: 870: 780: 473: 431: 2081:

author of the 9th century, Al-Jahiz, who has been referred to above, makes special mention of the

1408: 4467: 4446: 4228: 4075: 4070: 3792: 3405: 3203: 3010: 2975: 2948: 2940: 2846: 2783: 2725: 2656: 2625: 2604: 2516: 2453: 2350: 1997: 1930:

An Arabic writer of the 9th century records the fact that the exilarch presented a gift of 4,000

1876: 1802: 1782:

A long time previously a descendant of the ancient house of exilarchs had attempted to revive in

1764: 1584: 1568: 1347: 1339: 1287: 1087: 967: 804: 595: 589: 368: 4385: 4273: 4243: 4218: 1615:

victor; Anan then proclaimed himself anti-exilarch, was imprisoned, and founded the etc. of the

1446:, whose chief advisers were Raba (died 352) and Rabina. During Abba's time King Sapor conquered 1175: 1009: 858: 822: 792: 503: 493: 483: 463: 453: 421: 411: 4343: 2678: 1693: 1090:, son of Hasdai ben Hezekiah. During his tenure many Karaite communities were destroyed by the 957: 728:, son of Kahana II - not installed for some time because of persecution. Possibly identical to 3940: 3819: 3818:

Lucien Gubbay, "Sunlight and Shadow: The Jewish Experience of Islam", 2000, Other Press, LLC,

3156: 3088: 2968:

Sidra: A Journal for the Study of Rabbinic Literature / סידרא: כתב-עת לחקר ספרות התורה שבעל-פה

2871: 2839:

Sidra: A Journal for the Study of Rabbinic Literature / סידרא: כתב-עת לחקר ספרות התורה שבעל-פה

2810: 2580: 2461: 2395: 1904: 1783: 1700:, but was reinstated in 918 on account of some Arabic verses with which he greeted the caliph 1502: 1396: 1306: 1231: 1159: 891: 77: 4213: 4145: 3067: 2258: 786: 694: 4065: 3906: 3002: 2932: 2717: 2648: 2572: 2445: 2319: 2154: 1884: 1712: 1298: 1263: 1227: 755: 575: 562: 545: 536: 522: 513: 390: 292: 238: 202: 164: 31: 4135: 2567:

Akhiezer, Golda; Polliack, Meira; Wechsler, Michael G.; David, Greenberg (1 January 2018).

1767:

in 1170 mentions the Exilarch Hasdai, among whose pupils was the subsequent pseudo-Messiah

682: 105:, and was thus responsible for community-specific organizational tasks such as running the 4411: 4110: 3926: 3913: 3503: 2528: 2181: 2094: 2090: 1772: 1736: 1616: 1363: 1359: 1314: 1223: 1109: 1026: 1022: 652: 187: 160: 125: 92: 73: 69: 1523:, who came into office at the age of fifteen, took advantage of the confusion into which 1482:, whose chief adviser was Ahai of Diphti, the same who was defeated in 455 by Ashi's son 2465: 109:, collecting taxes from Jewish communities, supervising and providing financing for the 4426: 4401: 3396:בר, משה; Beer, M. (1963). "The Exilarchs in Talmudic Times / ראשות הגולה בימי התלמוד". 2483: 2315: 2118: 1798: 1166:

list of the descendants of David was added to the book at the end of the period of the

1033: 439: 435: 326: 46: 3785:

Proceedings of the World Congress of Jewish Studies / דברי הקונגרס העולמי למדעי היהדות

1546:

After Mar Zutra's death the exilarchate of Babylon remained unoccupied for some time.

1442:), whose chief advisers were Abaye (died 338) and Raba; then followed Mar Ukban's son 295:

alleges that the office of exilarch was established following the deportation of King

143:

The exilarch's authority came under considerable challenge in 825 during the reign of

4461: 4406: 4308: 4185: 3579: 2952: 2310: 1732: 1536: 1395:", and it is he, the second exilarch of this name, whose curious correspondence with 1379:), whose chief advisers were Rav (died 247) and Samuel (died 254), and in whose time 1167: 1125: 915: 886: 881: 761: 625: 526: 363:, they were extremely powerful as the highest authority for the Jewish people in the 2744: 1967:

prerogative of the exilarch was mentioned in the land of Israel as a curiosity: The

1025:

exilarchs beginning in the 8th century, after the end of the tenure of the exilarch

4160: 2146: 2106: 2102: 1754: 1520: 1372: 1291: 1006:, defended Moses ben Maimon's work against the slander of Solomon ben Samuel Petit. 129: 85: 3651:

Shabbat 20b, according to the correct reading; see Rabbinowicz, "Dikdukei Soferim"

2708:

Goode, Alexander D. (1940). "The Exilarchate in the Eastern Caliphate, 637-1258".

1779:

a descendant of the house of David, whom he calls "David, the head of the Exile."

1689: 144: 3896: 2367:

Max A Margolis and Alexander Marx, A History of the Jewish People (1927), p. 235.

4263: 3901: 1924: 1786: 1768: 1701: 1467: 1155: 846: 592:, brother of Nahum, who had jurisdictional issues with the Sanhedrin's authority 180: 152: 61: 2153:

ritual have not preserved this anachronism, nor was it retained in most of the

1170:, a view which was shared by the author of the list of Babylonian exilarchs in 1133: 201:), literally meaning 'head of the exile'. The position was similarly called in 4080: 3992: 2936: 2176: 2142: 2141:

To this day, the exilarchs are still mentioned in the Sabbath services of the

2105:

may pronounce, for they are deprived of the right of inflicting punishment by

2098: 1908: 1892: 1856: 1669: 1351: 1183: 1113: 751: 738:– did not dare to appear in public for 30 years. Also referred to as Huna VII. 655:, son of Nehemiah, also known as Huna bar Nathan. Known to the Sassanid court. 601: 427: 268: 102: 97: 2449: 1535:(c. 502). A son was born to him on the day of his death, who was also named " 1375:, was also exilarch. As 'Ukban's successor is mentioned in the list his son ( 258: 254: 4298: 4032: 4007: 3997: 3982: 2245: 2166: 2150: 2070: 1989: 1964: 1697: 1564: 1323: 1310: 1271: 1267: 1251: 1211: 1191: 1187: 1179: 1163: 903: 764:, son of David, son of Hezekiah, son of Huna, who left Babylonia altogether. 518: 469: 449: 407: 364: 312: 217: 211: 156: 121: 1891:

law were interrupted by Raba and his pupils, he exclaimed, in the words of

37: 2576: 1681:

must be inserted. Both are designated as exilarchs in a geonic responsum.

291:

Although there is no mention about the office before the 2nd century, the

4203: 4090: 4085: 4012: 4002: 3977: 2186: 2131: 2122: 2110: 2066: 2062: 1993: 1939: 1912: 1880: 1728: 1559:, who were exilarchs in the second half of the 6th, have been preserved. 1528: 1514: 1463: 1384: 1376: 1368: 1355: 1195: 1121: 774: 720: 621: 611: 479: 459: 401: 330: 296: 137: 106: 42: 17: 3796: 3409: 3207: 2979: 2850: 2457: 2354: 2309: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the 1322:

can not appear until the exilarchate at Babylon and the patriarchate at

1084:, son of Hezekiah ben Solomon, sometimes in the 11th and 12th centuries. 355:

In Baghdad the privilege of using seals was limited to the exilarch and

4017: 3987: 3014: 2944: 2729: 2660: 2209: 1860: 1834: 1760: 1483: 1447: 1428: 1319: 1279: 1243: 1203: 1199: 1091: 710: 649:, sometimes confused Nathan de-Ẓuẓita, reigning in 337, son of Nehemiah 605: 489: 417: 120:

The first historical documents referring to it date from the time when

2041:

exilarch delivers a sermon on the text of the week or commissions the

393:, most are likely legendary figures and have parallels in the text of 4060: 2205: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2032: 2014: 2010: 2006: 1935: 1931: 1888: 1532: 1524: 1400: 1054:, son of Josiah ben Saul, holding office during the early 9th century 569: 549: 360: 356: 337: 272: 223: 183: 148: 133: 3919: 3110:"THE POLITICAL ROLE OF SOLOMON, THE EXILARCH, C.715-759 CE (PART 1)" 3006: 2721: 2652: 206: 132:

briefly formed a politically independent state where he ruled from

2239: 2097:

is the only ecclesiastical power the exilarch of the Jews and the

2002: 1968: 1916: 1776: 1343: 1219: 572:, not mentioned in the Seder Olam Zutta, referred to in the Talmud 317: 114: 2966:

Mescheloff, David (2014). "תקצירים באנגלית / ENGLISH SUMMARIES".

1567:

was a place of worship as late as the 12th century, according to

3809:

Metnon, A.F. The Book of Destiny. King David Press, 1996, p. 393

3031:. Philadelphia, The Jewish Publication Society of America. 1891. 2251: 1985: 629: 65: 3936: 3310:

see Bacher, "Aggadoth of the Babylonian Amoraim" pp. 34–36

2223: 1943: 880:

twelve-year-old son, whose name is unknown. A later exilarch,

1763:(before 1140), calling its members the "heads of the Exile." 404:

or Jehoiachin, one of the last of the Davidic kings of Judah.

278: 3932: 2867:

A Prince Without a Kingdom: The Exilarch in the Sasanian Era

2806:

A Prince Without a Kingdom: The Exilarch in the Sasanian Era

1692:

is mentioned as exilarch immediately following the death of

1266:

mentioned in the list. The political danger threatening the

1072:, son of David ben Boaz, late 10th and early 11th centuries. 3612:; see Hullin 84b; Betzah 23a; Shabbat 126a; Mo'ed Katan 24a 1531:, however, punished him by crucifying him on the bridge of 307:

and augmented after the further deportations following the

3621:

On Sabbath Lech Lecha, as Sherira says; compare Eruvin 59a

3045:

A History of the Jews in Babylonia v. Later Sasanian Times

2901:

A history of the Jews in Babylonia v. later Sasanian times

2117:

their duty to protect me; but you have slain the grandson

1262:. It is likely that this 'Nehunyon' is identical with the 894:

in 1038, but was imprisoned and tortured to death in 1040.

2134:

made the following remark in regard to the dignity: "The

1664:. Anan's brother Hananiah is not mentioned in this list. 1078:, son of Solomon ben David, sometime in the 11th century. 2085:, the wind-instrument which was used when the exilarch ( 2009:. Additionally, the struggle for leadership between the 1242:

In the account referring to the attempt of a teacher of

2641:

Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research

2264: 1938:. Regarding the functions of the exilarch as the chief 873:, deposed, reinstated 918, deposed again shortly after. 2993:

Worman, E. J. (January 1908). "The Exilarch Bustani".

1318:

reference to the same tannaitic exposition, that "the

1120:, wherein he established his residence at the city of 1919:: "Rejoice not, O Israel, for joy, as other people." 1513:

the legend that is elsewhere told in connection with

136:

for about seven years. He was eventually defeated by

2378:"The Real Messiah A Jewish Response to Missionaries" 1696:; he was deposed at the instigation of Kohen-Zedek, 1501:

Huna V fell a victim to the persecutions under King

1222:

is also found at the end of the Davidic list in the

262: 248: 232: 190: 4394: 4194: 4051: 3970: 1250:, to render the Babylonian Jews independent of the 95:, the exilarch was the political equivalent of the 1810:Character of the exilarchate before Arab expansion 271:). The contemporary Greek term that was used was 3897:Iranian Encyclopedia on Exilarchs under Arab rule 1673:ben Hiyya as Gaon at Pumbedita in 833. Preceding 1060:, son of Jehoshaphat ben Josiah, mid-9th century. 438:) and is mentioned as a governor of the Persian 247:. The Jewish people in exile were referred to as 2675:"Huna I, 5th Exilarch | the House of David" 2601:"Ahijah, 1st Exilarch | the House of David" 2400:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 2208:: Rosh HaGola (ראש הגולה, 'head of the exile'); 1563:its political position made secure. His tomb in 525:and lived at the time of the destruction of the 3422:Neubauer, "Mediaeval Jewish Chronicles," i. 196 2870:. Mohr Siebeck, Tubingen, German. p. 295. 2809:. Mohr Siebeck, Tubingen, German. p. 295. 430:, son of Pedaiah, who was a son of Jehoiachin ( 3463:Abraham ibn Ezra, commentary to Zechariah 12:7 3184:(compare the list with the variants given in ) 1980:Character of the exilarchate in the Arabic era 1723:Diminished power of the Babylonian exilarchate 960:, son of David V, also called Solomon at times 3948: 3152:Medieval Jewish Civilization: An Encyclopedia 1246:from the land of Israel, Hananiah, nephew of 389:The following are exilarchs mentioned in the 242: 27:Leader of the Jewish community in Mesopotamia 8: 3440:Harkavy, "Responsen der Geonim," p. 389 3332:, "Aggadoth of the Palestinian Amoraim" i. 9 3070:. The Jewish Quarterly Review. January 1908. 2383:. Archived from the original on May 29, 2008 1305:in his favor. When the body of the exilarch 1066:, son of Boaz ben Jehoshaphat, 10th century. 561:Probably historical exilarchs listed in the 344: 227: 196: 2212:: (ריש גלותא, Reysh Galuta or Resh Galvata) 1790:contemporary document, the Megillah of the 1116:, the king of Judah who was carried off to 750:580 to 590–591; put to death in 590–591 by 744:(or Hofnai), second half of the 6th century 624:, son of Nathan Ukban I, died in 297, also 3955: 3941: 3933: 2480:"سازمان فرهنگ و ارتباطات اسلامي - يهوديان" 1438:He was succeeded by his brother Huna Mar ( 348: 336:Such was the exilarchate as it appears in 4473:Jews and Judaism in the Abbasid Caliphate 3048:. printed in the Netherlands. p. 127 2904:. printed in the Netherlands. p. 126 2763:Recension A. Neubauer, "M. J. C." ii. 71. 2292:Learn how and when to remove this message 1128:'s court—with which the narrative of the 819:(or Judah Babawai), son of Isaac Iskawi I 614:, living in 226, sometimes confused with 3669:Shevuot 6b; Jerusalem Talmud Shevuot 32d 3328:Gittin 7a; see Bacher, l.c. p. 72; 2745:"HUNA (called also Huna the Babylonian)" 1450:. The designation of a certain Isaac as 557:Rabbinical exilarchs under the Sassanids 521:, the son of Shemaiah, according to the 36: 4523:Titles of national or ethnic leadership 2626:"Ahijah - the 1901 Jewish Encyclopedia" 2333: 2198: 1992:confirmed the authority of exilarch on 1677:'s name in the list that of his father 1238:First allusions in the Jerusalem Talmud 661:, also known as Abemar, son of Huna III 3431:Pinsker, "Likkute Kadmoniyyot," ii. 53 2524: 2514: 2393: 446:, Zerubbabel was the son of Shealtiel. 3134:Landman, Isaac; Cohen, Simon (1940). 1832:The authenticity of the names of the 1801:, Gaon of Andalucia, died in 1154 in 1350:is listed next, who was succeeded by 1042:, son of Anan ben David, 8th century. 359:. Serving under the authority of the 7: 3907:Early Babylonian Exilarchate- GOTHOD 2263:, as they are easily broken. Please 1899:Etiquette of the Resh Galuta's court 1136:)—was regarded by the author of the 769:Rabbinical exilarchs under Arab rule 578:, probably the same person known as 535:, son of Shecaniah according to the 207: 2543:"Medieval Jewish seals from Europe" 2065:a year, chiefly from the provinces 1509:connects with the birth of his son 1286:(prince) in place of the Hillelite 1112:states that the first exilarch was 544:, son of Hezekiah according to the 309:destruction of the kingdom of Judah 243: 228: 197: 3484:Lazarus 1890, pp. 180 et seq. 1848:), where many cases were decided. 1478:Huna was succeeded by his brother 1474:Persecutions under Peroz and Kobad 1342:, both of whom are called sons of 1338:Nahum was followed by his brother 709:, son of Mar Zutra I; executed by 565:or noted by Talmudic authorities: 512:, son of Obadiah according to the 305:first fall of Jerusalem in 597 BCE 30:For the album by Conjure One, see 25: 3920:https://www.academia.edu/89141205 2318:; et al., eds. (1901–1906). 1118:captivity in Babylonia in 597 BCE 3902:Jewish Virtual Library- Exilarch 3683:- hereafter R. E. J. - viii. 122 2547:Wayne State University Libraries 2328:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. 2304: 2228: 679:, son of Mar Kahana I, died 441. 3746:Bava Kamma 102b; Bava Batra 36a 2415:Joseph Jacobs, Schulim Ochser. 1494:, and a grandson of Mar Zutra, 758:, according to Karaite sources. 643:reigning in 313, son of Huna II 582:, roughly from the time of the 111:Talmudic academies in Babylonia 3929:Hebrew University of Jerusalem 3454:, hereafter "J. Q. R.", xv. 80 3229:Jerusalem Talmud Sanhedrin 19a 2782:Isidore Singer, M. Seligsohn. 2743:Isidore Singer, M. Seligsohn. 970:makes note of in his journeys. 41:An exhibit depicting Exilarch 1: 3642:Jerusalem Talmud Megillah 74b 3319:who quotes Talmud Shabbat 55a 3149:Roth, Norman (8 April 2014). 2277:), or an abbreviated title. 2259:Knowledge (XXG)'s style guide 807:son of Ḥasdai I, died in 759. 719:– crucified 520 or 502 CE by 151:of the Talmudic academies of 3660:Jerusalem Talmud Berakhot 5a 2145:ritual. The Aramaic prayer " 2017:authorities showed respect. 1879:, the head of the school of 1873:"rabbanan di-be resh galuta" 1815:Relations with the Academies 1387:. Huna's son and successor, 1000:, son of David VI or Azariah 287:Development and organization 273: 218: 212: 103:Christian Church of the East 3359:Shabbat 56b; Bava Batra 55a 2995:The Jewish Quarterly Review 2710:The Jewish Quarterly Review 2093:any one. The punishment of 1911:. though in the more exact 1362:, occurred the fall of the 1346:in the text. Johanan's son 1021:The following is a list of 263: 249: 233: 191: 4539: 3350:Hullin 92a; Bava Batra 51b 3175:Kirchheim 1874, p. 16 1752: 1154:dating from the school of 279: 82:Mongol invasion of Baghdad 29: 4493:Jewish Babylonian history 3610:"pitha di-be resh galuta" 3081:Golb (19 December 2013). 2937:10.1017/S0364009405000048 1974:see the following section 1907:at Nisibis on the eve of 966:, son of Hasdai IV, whom 732:. Died in the plague 508. 237:. It was translated into 3238:Lazarus 1890, p. 65 2864:Geoffrey Herman (2012). 2803:Geoffrey Herman (2012). 2450:10.3167/ej.2013.46.01.07 2007:the former Abbasid realm 1934:on the Persian feast of 1232:destruction of Jerusalem 68:) during the era of the 4498:Jewish leadership roles 3680:Revue des Études Juives 3451:Jewish Quarterly Review 3108:David H Kelley (2006). 2325:The Jewish Encyclopedia 2267:by replacing them with 2021:Installation ceremonies 1984:Upon their conquest of 1742:Jewish Quarterly Review 1503:Peroz (Firuz) of Persia 1330:Succession of exilarchs 1226:, which is followed by 1162:to the effect that the 849:, son of Judah Zakkai I 843:, son of Judah Zakkai I 831:, son of Isaac Iskawi I 685:, a non-Davidic usurper 345:Installation ceremonies 4417:Jehoshaphat ben Josiah 3274:Yerushalmi Kilayim 32b 3068:"The Exilarch Bustānī" 3042:Jacob Neusner (1975). 2898:Jacob Neusner (1975). 2053: 2037: 1863:according to the Law. 1466:, the great master of 1052:Jehoshaphat ben Josiah 1048:, son of Saul ben Anan 548:, perhaps the same as 377: 56:was the leader of the 49: 3844:"R. E. J." viii. 122 3084:Judaeo Arabic Studies 3029:"History of the Jews" 2577:10.1163/9789004360587 2056:Income and privileges 2038: 2028: 1898: 1846:"baba di resh galuta" 1753:Further information: 1498:, the son of Kahana. 954:, son of Hezekiah III 691:, brother of Huna IV. 584:Hadrianic persecution 472:, son of Zerubbabel ( 462:, son of Zerubbabel ( 452:, son of Zerubbabel ( 420:, son of Jehoiachin ( 410:, son of Jehoiachin ( 380:Holders of the office 373: 349:Income and privileges 124:was part of the late 40: 4513:Obsolete occupations 4437:Hezekiah ben Solomon 4422:Boaz ben Jehoshaphat 2265:improve this article 2172:Babylonian captivity 1775:(after 1216) met at 1326:shall have ceased". 1150:A commentary to the 1130:Second Book of Kings 1076:Hezekiah ben Solomon 1058:Boaz ben Jehoshaphat 942:, son of Hezekiah II 861:, son of Natronai II 697:, son of Mar Zutra I 474:1 Chronicles 3:19–20 432:1 Chronicles 3:17–19 4442:Hasdai ben Hezekiah 3631:Lamentations Rabbah 2789:Jewish Encyclopedia 2750:Jewish Encyclopedia 2422:Jewish Encyclopedia 2237:Constructs such as 1950:Juridical functions 1685:Deposition of 'Ukba 1621:Jewish Encyclopedia 1541:Academy of Tiberias 1458:. The latter's son 1358:, according to the 1274:met, and where the 1248:Joshua ben Hananiah 1082:Hasdai ben Hezekiah 930:, son of Hezekiah I 924:, son of Solomon II 825:, Son of Haninai II 502:, son of Hananiah ( 492:, son of Hananiah ( 482:, son of Hananiah ( 442:. According to the 299:and his court into 4503:Jewish politicians 4447:Solomon ben Hasdai 3971:Biblical exilarchs 3925:2021-07-30 at the 3912:2021-07-30 at the 3719:compare Gittin 31b 3472:"J. Q. R." xv. 80 1853:"dayyanei di baba" 1827:"hakamim debaruhu" 1765:Benjamin of Tudela 1684: 1569:Benjamin of Tudela 1288:Simon ben Gamaliel 1088:Solomon ben Hasdai 994:, son of Zakkai II 968:Benjamin of Tudela 936:, son of David III 918:, son of Judah III 628:of the academy of 385:Biblical exilarchs 369:Benjamin of Tudela 50: 4488:Islam and Judaism 4455: 4454: 4432:Solomon ben David 4395:Karaite exilarchs 4360:Samuel I of Mosul 3692:Sotah 24a, bottom 3301:see , p. 33) 3162:978-1-136-77155-2 3094:978-1-134-39986-4 2586:978-90-04-36058-7 2417:"ZUṬRA, MAR, II." 2302: 2301: 2294: 2177:Benveniste family 2155:Reform synagogues 1905:Judah ben Bathyra 1739:. Alternatively, 1698:Gaon of Pumbedita 1433:Shapur (Sapor) II 1397:Eleazar ben Pedat 1334:According to the 1160:Judah ibn Kuraish 1104:Legendary origins 1070:Solomon ben David 1017:Karaite exilarchs 988:, son of Samuel I 980:Samuel I of Mosul 948:, son of David IV 906:, son of David II 789:, son of Bostanai 783:, son of Bostanai 713:of Persia in 470. 608:. Died c. CE 210. 504:1 Chronicles 3:21 494:1 Chronicles 3:21 484:1 Chronicles 3:21 464:1 Chronicles 3:19 454:1 Chronicles 3:19 422:1 Chronicles 3:17 412:1 Chronicles 3:17 343:See the sections 107:rabbinical courts 78:Abbasid Caliphate 16:(Redirected from 4530: 4052:Exilarchs in the 3957: 3950: 3943: 3934: 3884: 3878: 3872: 3866: 3860: 3854: 3848: 3842: 3836: 3833: 3827: 3816: 3810: 3807: 3801: 3800: 3780: 3774: 3771: 3765: 3762: 3756: 3753: 3747: 3744: 3738: 3735: 3729: 3728:Sanhedrin 27a, b 3726: 3720: 3717: 3711: 3708: 3702: 3699: 3693: 3690: 3684: 3676: 3670: 3667: 3661: 3658: 3652: 3649: 3643: 3640: 3634: 3628: 3622: 3619: 3613: 3607: 3601: 3598: 3592: 3589: 3583: 3576: 3570: 3567: 3561: 3560:Avodah Zarah 38b 3558: 3552: 3549: 3543: 3540: 3534: 3531: 3525: 3522: 3516: 3513: 3507: 3500: 3494: 3491: 3485: 3482: 3476: 3470: 3464: 3461: 3455: 3447: 3441: 3438: 3432: 3429: 3423: 3420: 3414: 3413: 3393: 3387: 3384: 3378: 3375: 3369: 3366: 3360: 3357: 3351: 3348: 3342: 3339: 3333: 3326: 3320: 3317: 3311: 3308: 3302: 3299: 3293: 3290: 3284: 3281: 3275: 3272: 3266: 3263: 3257: 3254: 3248: 3245: 3239: 3236: 3230: 3227: 3221: 3218: 3212: 3211: 3191: 3185: 3182: 3176: 3173: 3167: 3166: 3146: 3140: 3139: 3131: 3125: 3124: 3114: 3105: 3099: 3098: 3078: 3072: 3071: 3064: 3058: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3039: 3033: 3032: 3025: 3019: 3018: 2990: 2984: 2983: 2963: 2957: 2956: 2920: 2914: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2895: 2889: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2861: 2855: 2854: 2834: 2828: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2800: 2794: 2793: 2784:"HUNA B. NATHAN" 2779: 2773: 2770: 2764: 2761: 2755: 2754: 2740: 2734: 2733: 2705: 2699: 2696: 2690: 2689: 2687: 2686: 2677:. Archived from 2671: 2665: 2664: 2636: 2630: 2629: 2622: 2616: 2615: 2613: 2612: 2603:. Archived from 2597: 2591: 2590: 2564: 2558: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2539: 2533: 2532: 2526: 2522: 2520: 2512: 2504:Townley, James. 2501: 2495: 2494: 2492: 2491: 2482:. Archived from 2476: 2470: 2469: 2438:European Judaism 2433: 2427: 2426: 2412: 2406: 2405: 2399: 2391: 2389: 2388: 2382: 2374: 2368: 2365: 2359: 2358: 2338: 2329: 2308: 2307: 2297: 2290: 2286: 2283: 2269:named references 2232: 2231: 2224: 2213: 2203: 2167:Abravanel family 1998:Arab authorities 1885:Nahman ben Jacob 1822:Seder 'Olam Zuta 1707:'Ukba's nephew, 1507:Seder 'Olam Zuta 1421:Seder 'Olam Zuta 1403:. The "exilarch 1336:Seder 'Olam Zuta 1299:Hillel the Elder 1172:Seder 'Olam Zuta 1138:Seder 'Olam Zuta 867:, son of David I 855:, son of David I 813:, son of Solomon 801:, son of Baradoi 795:, son of Baradoi 703:, son of Merimar 637:, son of Huna II 618:, son of Shaphat 616:Nathan de-Zuzita 598:, son of Johanan 563:Seder Olam Zutta 546:Seder Olam Zutta 537:Seder Olam Zutta 523:Seder Olam Zutta 514:Seder Olam Zutta 444:Seder Olam Zutta 391:Seder Olam Zutta 329:and then of the 301:exile in Babylon 293:Seder Olam Zutta 282: 281: 276: 266: 252: 246: 245: 236: 231: 230: 221: 215: 210: 209: 200: 199: 194: 58:Jewish community 32:Exilarch (album) 21: 4538: 4537: 4533: 4532: 4531: 4529: 4528: 4527: 4518:Sasanian Empire 4458: 4457: 4456: 4451: 4412:Josiah ben Saul 4390: 4254:Isaac Iskawi II 4196: 4195:Exilarchs under 4190: 4096:Nathan Ukban II 4054:Sasanian Empire 4053: 4047: 3966: 3961: 3927:Wayback Machine 3914:Wayback Machine 3893: 3888: 3887: 3879: 3875: 3867: 3863: 3855: 3851: 3843: 3839: 3834: 3830: 3817: 3813: 3808: 3804: 3782: 3781: 3777: 3772: 3768: 3763: 3759: 3754: 3750: 3745: 3741: 3736: 3732: 3727: 3723: 3718: 3714: 3709: 3705: 3700: 3696: 3691: 3687: 3677: 3673: 3668: 3664: 3659: 3655: 3650: 3646: 3641: 3637: 3629: 3625: 3620: 3616: 3608: 3604: 3599: 3595: 3590: 3586: 3577: 3573: 3568: 3564: 3559: 3555: 3550: 3546: 3541: 3537: 3532: 3528: 3523: 3519: 3514: 3510: 3501: 3497: 3492: 3488: 3483: 3479: 3471: 3467: 3462: 3458: 3448: 3444: 3439: 3435: 3430: 3426: 3421: 3417: 3395: 3394: 3390: 3385: 3381: 3376: 3372: 3367: 3363: 3358: 3354: 3349: 3345: 3341:Bava Metzia 91b 3340: 3336: 3327: 3323: 3318: 3314: 3309: 3305: 3300: 3296: 3291: 3287: 3282: 3278: 3273: 3269: 3264: 3260: 3255: 3251: 3246: 3242: 3237: 3233: 3228: 3224: 3220:Berakhot 63a,b 3219: 3215: 3193: 3192: 3188: 3183: 3179: 3174: 3170: 3163: 3148: 3147: 3143: 3133: 3132: 3128: 3112: 3107: 3106: 3102: 3095: 3080: 3079: 3075: 3066: 3065: 3061: 3051: 3049: 3041: 3040: 3036: 3027: 3026: 3022: 3007:10.2307/1450853 2992: 2991: 2987: 2965: 2964: 2960: 2922: 2921: 2917: 2907: 2905: 2897: 2896: 2892: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2863: 2862: 2858: 2836: 2835: 2831: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2802: 2801: 2797: 2781: 2780: 2776: 2771: 2767: 2762: 2758: 2742: 2741: 2737: 2722:10.2307/1452602 2707: 2706: 2702: 2697: 2693: 2684: 2682: 2673: 2672: 2668: 2653:10.2307/3622402 2638: 2637: 2633: 2624: 2623: 2619: 2610: 2608: 2599: 2598: 2594: 2587: 2566: 2565: 2561: 2551: 2549: 2541: 2540: 2536: 2523: 2513: 2503: 2502: 2498: 2489: 2487: 2478: 2477: 2473: 2435: 2434: 2430: 2414: 2413: 2409: 2392: 2386: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2375: 2371: 2366: 2362: 2340: 2339: 2335: 2316:Singer, Isidore 2314: 2305: 2298: 2287: 2281: 2278: 2257:discouraged by 2233: 2229: 2222: 2217: 2216: 2204: 2200: 2195: 2163: 2095:excommunication 2058: 2023: 1982: 1952: 1901: 1875:). A remark of 1869: 1817: 1812: 1773:Yehuda Alharizi 1757: 1751: 1737:Samuel ha-Nagid 1725: 1687: 1605:David ben Judah 1601:Isaac Iskawi II 1577:Hanina ben Adoi 1476: 1417: 1364:Parthian Empire 1360:Seder Olam Zuta 1332: 1240: 1224:Seder Olam Zuta 1110:Seder Olam Zuta 1106: 1101: 1019: 1012:, son of Pinhas 912:, son of Josiah 900:, son of Zakkai 835:Isaac Iskawi II 771: 754:for supporting 635:Nathan Ukban II 559: 387: 382: 289: 274:Aechmalotarches 173: 126:Parthian Empire 93:Sasanian Empire 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4536: 4534: 4526: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4508:Jewish royalty 4505: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4460: 4459: 4453: 4452: 4450: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4427:David ben Boaz 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4402:Anan ben David 4398: 4396: 4392: 4391: 4389: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4357: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4239:Judah Zakkai I 4236: 4234:Isaac Iskawi I 4231: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4200: 4198: 4192: 4191: 4189: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4106:Mar 'Ukban III 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4086:Nathan Ukban I 4083: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4057: 4055: 4049: 4048: 4046: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3974: 3972: 3968: 3967: 3962: 3960: 3959: 3952: 3945: 3937: 3931: 3930: 3916: 3904: 3899: 3892: 3891:External links 3889: 3886: 3885: 3873: 3861: 3849: 3837: 3835:ii. 83 et seq. 3828: 3811: 3802: 3775: 3766: 3764:Bava Batra 55a 3757: 3755:Bava Kamma 58b 3748: 3739: 3730: 3721: 3712: 3710:Bava Batra 15b 3703: 3694: 3685: 3671: 3662: 3653: 3644: 3635: 3623: 3614: 3602: 3593: 3584: 3571: 3562: 3553: 3544: 3535: 3526: 3517: 3508: 3495: 3493:Bava Batra 65b 3486: 3477: 3465: 3456: 3442: 3433: 3424: 3415: 3388: 3379: 3370: 3361: 3352: 3343: 3334: 3321: 3312: 3303: 3294: 3285: 3276: 3267: 3258: 3249: 3240: 3231: 3222: 3213: 3202:(ג): 229–254. 3196:Tarbiz / תרביץ 3186: 3177: 3168: 3161: 3141: 3126: 3100: 3093: 3073: 3059: 3034: 3020: 3001:(2): 211–215. 2985: 2958: 2915: 2890: 2876: 2856: 2829: 2815: 2795: 2774: 2765: 2756: 2735: 2716:(2): 149–169. 2700: 2691: 2666: 2631: 2617: 2592: 2585: 2559: 2534: 2525:|website= 2496: 2471: 2428: 2407: 2369: 2360: 2332: 2331: 2300: 2299: 2236: 2234: 2227: 2221: 2218: 2215: 2214: 2197: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2190: 2189: 2184: 2179: 2174: 2169: 2162: 2159: 2091:excommunicated 2057: 2054: 2022: 2019: 1981: 1978: 1957:Bava Kamma 59a 1951: 1948: 1900: 1897: 1868: 1865: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1799:Hiyya al-Daudi 1750: 1747: 1724: 1721: 1686: 1683: 1619:. So says the 1589:Isaac Iskawi I 1475: 1472: 1425:Mar 'Ukban III 1416: 1415:The Mar Ukbans 1413: 1381:Papa ben Nazor 1356:Nathan Ukban I 1331: 1328: 1313:exposition of 1239: 1236: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1096: 1095: 1085: 1079: 1073: 1067: 1064:David ben Boaz 1061: 1055: 1049: 1043: 1037: 1034:Anan ben David 1018: 1015: 1014: 1013: 1007: 1001: 995: 989: 983: 977: 971: 961: 955: 949: 943: 937: 931: 925: 919: 913: 907: 901: 895: 884:, also became 874: 868: 862: 856: 850: 844: 838: 837:, son of Moses 832: 826: 820: 817:Judah Zakkai I 814: 811:Isaac Iskawi I 808: 802: 796: 790: 784: 778: 770: 767: 766: 765: 759: 745: 739: 733: 723: 714: 704: 698: 692: 686: 680: 674: 668: 662: 656: 650: 647:Mar 'Ukban III 644: 638: 632: 619: 612:Nathan Ukban I 609: 599: 593: 587: 573: 558: 555: 554: 553: 539: 530: 516: 507: 497: 487: 477: 467: 457: 447: 440:Yehud Province 425: 415: 405: 395:1 Chronicles 3 386: 383: 381: 378: 288: 285: 269:Jeremiah 29:22 172: 169: 165:Rabbinic Jewry 86:House of David 47:Beit Hatfutsot 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4535: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4465: 4463: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4407:Saul ben Anan 4405: 4403: 4400: 4399: 4397: 4393: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4361: 4358: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4201: 4199: 4193: 4187: 4186:Mar Zutra III 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4058: 4056: 4050: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3975: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3958: 3953: 3951: 3946: 3944: 3939: 3938: 3935: 3928: 3924: 3921: 3917: 3915: 3911: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3894: 3890: 3883:, p. 125 3882: 3877: 3874: 3870: 3865: 3862: 3858: 3853: 3850: 3847: 3841: 3838: 3832: 3829: 3825: 3824:1-892746-69-7 3821: 3815: 3812: 3806: 3803: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3779: 3776: 3770: 3767: 3761: 3758: 3752: 3749: 3743: 3740: 3734: 3731: 3725: 3722: 3716: 3713: 3707: 3704: 3698: 3695: 3689: 3686: 3682: 3681: 3675: 3672: 3666: 3663: 3657: 3654: 3648: 3645: 3639: 3636: 3632: 3627: 3624: 3618: 3615: 3611: 3606: 3603: 3597: 3594: 3588: 3585: 3581: 3580:Levi ben Sisi 3578:Pesahim 76b, 3575: 3572: 3566: 3563: 3557: 3554: 3548: 3545: 3539: 3536: 3530: 3527: 3521: 3518: 3512: 3509: 3505: 3499: 3496: 3490: 3487: 3481: 3478: 3475: 3469: 3466: 3460: 3457: 3453: 3452: 3446: 3443: 3437: 3434: 3428: 3425: 3419: 3416: 3411: 3407: 3404:(א/ב): 3–33. 3403: 3399: 3392: 3389: 3383: 3380: 3377:Yebamoth 115b 3374: 3371: 3365: 3362: 3356: 3353: 3347: 3344: 3338: 3335: 3331: 3325: 3322: 3316: 3313: 3307: 3304: 3298: 3295: 3292:Sanhedrin 38a 3289: 3286: 3280: 3277: 3271: 3268: 3262: 3259: 3253: 3250: 3244: 3241: 3235: 3232: 3226: 3223: 3217: 3214: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3190: 3187: 3181: 3178: 3172: 3169: 3164: 3158: 3155:. Routledge. 3154: 3153: 3145: 3142: 3137: 3130: 3127: 3122: 3118: 3111: 3104: 3101: 3096: 3090: 3087:. Routledge. 3086: 3085: 3077: 3074: 3069: 3063: 3060: 3047: 3046: 3038: 3035: 3030: 3024: 3021: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2989: 2986: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2962: 2959: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2931:(1): 91–110. 2930: 2926: 2919: 2916: 2903: 2902: 2894: 2891: 2879: 2877:9783161506062 2873: 2869: 2868: 2860: 2857: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2833: 2830: 2818: 2816:9783161506062 2812: 2808: 2807: 2799: 2796: 2791: 2790: 2785: 2778: 2775: 2769: 2766: 2760: 2757: 2752: 2751: 2746: 2739: 2736: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2704: 2701: 2695: 2692: 2681:on 2021-07-19 2680: 2676: 2670: 2667: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2635: 2632: 2627: 2621: 2618: 2607:on 2021-07-11 2606: 2602: 2596: 2593: 2588: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2563: 2560: 2548: 2544: 2538: 2535: 2530: 2518: 2510: 2509: 2500: 2497: 2486:on 2011-10-05 2485: 2481: 2475: 2472: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2432: 2429: 2424: 2423: 2418: 2411: 2408: 2403: 2397: 2379: 2373: 2370: 2364: 2361: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2337: 2334: 2330: 2327: 2326: 2321: 2317: 2312: 2311:public domain 2296: 2293: 2285: 2276: 2275: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2261:for footnotes 2260: 2254: 2253: 2248: 2247: 2242: 2241: 2235: 2226: 2225: 2219: 2211: 2207: 2202: 2199: 2192: 2188: 2185: 2183: 2180: 2178: 2175: 2173: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2164: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2139: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2124: 2120: 2114: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2044: 2036: 2034: 2027: 2020: 2018: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1970: 1966: 1961: 1958: 1949: 1947: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1928: 1926: 1920: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1896: 1894: 1893:Jeremiah 4:22 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1849: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1836: 1830: 1828: 1824: 1823: 1814: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1800: 1795: 1793: 1788: 1785: 1780: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1756: 1748: 1746: 1744: 1743: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1722: 1720: 1716: 1714: 1710: 1705: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1682: 1680: 1676: 1671: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1622: 1618: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1499: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1473: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1419:According to 1414: 1412: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1329: 1327: 1325: 1321: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1237: 1235: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1168:Second Temple 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1148: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1134:2 Kings 25:27 1131: 1127: 1126:Evil-Merodach 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1103: 1098: 1093: 1089: 1086: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1074: 1071: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1044: 1041: 1040:Saul ben Anan 1038: 1035: 1032: 1031: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1016: 1011: 1008: 1005: 1002: 999: 996: 993: 990: 987: 984: 981: 978: 975: 972: 969: 965: 962: 959: 956: 953: 950: 947: 944: 941: 938: 935: 932: 929: 926: 923: 920: 917: 914: 911: 908: 905: 902: 899: 896: 893: 889: 888: 883: 878: 875: 872: 869: 866: 863: 860: 857: 854: 851: 848: 845: 842: 839: 836: 833: 830: 827: 824: 821: 818: 815: 812: 809: 806: 803: 800: 797: 794: 791: 788: 785: 782: 779: 776: 773: 772: 768: 763: 762:Mar Zutra III 760: 757: 753: 749: 746: 743: 740: 737: 734: 731: 727: 724: 722: 718: 715: 712: 708: 705: 702: 699: 696: 693: 690: 687: 684: 681: 678: 675: 673:, son of Abba 672: 669: 667:, son of Abba 666: 663: 660: 657: 654: 651: 648: 645: 642: 639: 636: 633: 631: 627: 623: 620: 617: 613: 610: 607: 606:Judah ha-Nasi 603: 600: 597: 594: 591: 588: 585: 581: 577: 574: 571: 568: 567: 566: 564: 556: 551: 547: 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