133:
2697:
397:. However, induction of cell lysis may not be the primary function of the toxins during infection. At low concentrations of toxin, more subtle effects such as modulation of host cell signal transduction may be observed in the absence of cell lysis. Membrane-damaging toxins can be divided into two categories, the channel-forming toxins and toxins that function as enzymes that act on the membrane.
36:
1322:
767:
Effective vaccination schedules have reduced rates of mortality linked to pertussis, tetanus and diphtheria but formal controlled trials to test the efficacy of the vaccine have not been conducted. Additionally, pertussis persists endemically and is one of the most common causes of vaccine-preventable deaths.
144:
on the cell wall to target exotoxins and bind to them, preventing the invasion of somatic cells. The binding of the exotoxin and antibody forms an antigen-antibody interaction and the exotoxins are targeted for destruction by the immune system. If this interaction does not happen, the exotoxins bind
1188:
Thierry-Carstensen B, Jordan K, Uhlving HH, Dalby T, Sørensen C, Jensen AM, Heilmann C (August 2012). "A randomised, double-blind, non-inferiority clinical trial on the safety and immunogenicity of a tetanus, diphtheria and monocomponent acellular pertussis (TdaP) vaccine in comparison to a tetanus
149:
that are on the cell surface and causes death of the host cell by inhibiting protein synthesis. This figure also shows that the application of heat or chemicals to exotoxins can result in the deactivation of exotoxins. The deactivated exotoxins are called toxoids and they are not harmful to somatic
178:
of the cell. Gram negative pathogens may secrete outer membrane vesicles containing lipopolysaccharide endotoxin and some virulence proteins in the bounding membrane along with some other toxins as intra-vesicular contents, thus adding a previously unforeseen dimension to the well-known eukaryote
766:
respectively. Vaccination with the toxoids generates antibodies against the exotoxins, forming immunological memory as protection against subsequent infections. The DPT vaccination may cause adverse side effects, such as swelling, redness and fever, and is contraindicated in some populations.
775:
As exotoxins are highly potent, there has been development in their application to cancer treatment. Cancer cells can be eliminated without destroying normal cells like in chemotherapy or radiation by attaching an antibody or receptor ligand to the exotoxin, creating a
678:
ADP-ribosylates, thereby activating tissue adenylate cyclase to increase the concentration of cAMP, which causes the movement of massive amounts of fluid and electrolytes from the lining of the small intestine and results in life-threatening
239:, but some exotoxins are so toxic that they may be fatal to the host before the immune system has a chance to mount defenses against them. In such cases, antitoxin, anti-serum containing antibodies, can sometimes be injected to provide
373:(ST), which are small peptides that are able to withstand heat treatment at 100 °C. Different STs recognize distinct receptors on the cell surface and thereby affect different intracellular signaling pathways. For example, STa
1107:
Scott LJ, McCormack PL (February 2013). "Reduced-antigen, combined diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis vaccine, adsorbed (boostrix(®)): a guide to its use as a single-dose booster immunization against pertussis".
293:
By the ability of the toxin to endure in hostile environments, such as heat, dryness, radiation, or salinity. In this context, "labile" implies susceptibility, and "stable" implies a lack of susceptibility.
639:. (Ribosome structure is one of the most important differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes, and, in a sense, these exotoxins are the bacterial equivalent of antibiotics such as
590:
in which the A-subunit catalyzes the addition of an ADP-ribose group onto specific residues on a protein. The structure of these toxins allows for the development of specific
551:
Some bacteria deliver toxins directly from their cytoplasm to the cytoplasm of the target cell through a needle-like structure. The effector proteins injected by the type III
251:
Many exotoxins have been categorized. This classification, while fairly exhaustive, is not the only system used. Other systems for classifying or identifying toxins include:
598:. This allows the body to detect the harmful toxin if it is encountered later, and to eliminate it before it can cause harm to the host. Toxins of this type include
491:
can be identified by the presence of a specific tandemly repeated nine-amino acid residue sequence in the protein. The prototype member of the RTX toxin family is
427:
in the target cell. The size of the pores formed by members of this family is extremely large: 25-30 nm in diameter. All CDCs are secreted by the type II
1342:
594:
and treatments. Certain compounds can be attached to the B unit, which is not, in general, harmful, which the body learns to recognize, and which elicits an
885:
703:. These molecules, however, are enzymes that are secreted by a variety of organisms and are not usually considered toxins. They are often referred to as
2289:
1082:
869:
845:
409:, which form pores in the target cell membrane, can be classified into two families: the cholesterol-dependent toxins and the RTX toxins.
1156:"Primary immunization with a triple diphtheria-tetanus-whole cell pertussis vaccine in Iranian infants: an analysis of antibody response"
1499:
514:
308:
Type I toxins bind to a receptor on the cell surface and stimulate intracellular signaling pathways. Two examples are described below.
381:
and downstream effects on several signaling pathways. These events lead to the loss of electrolytes and water from intestinal cells.
351:
with a particular Vβ chain. As a consequence, up to 50% of all T cells are activated, leading to massive secretion of proinflammatory
1628:
1620:
119:
1624:
1512:
1364:
1598:
1727:
420:
2417:
2374:
57:
798:, an immune system cancer. Further testing to improve clinical efficacy of treatment using recombinant exotoxins continues.
184:
1879:
1523:
1518:
1271:"A guide to taming a toxin--recombinant immunotoxins constructed from Pseudomonas exotoxin A for the treatment of cancer"
817:
791:
180:
100:
762:
636:
202:
72:
1154:
Zarei S, Jeddi-Tehrani M, Akhondi MM, Zeraati H, Pourheidari F, Ostadkarampour M, Tavangar B, Shokri F (June 2009).
1638:
695:
These "toxins" allow the further spread of bacteria and, as a consequence, deeper tissue infections. Examples are
46:
795:
53:
79:
1928:
1336:
437:
340:
262:
889:
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function that affects internal cellular bio-mechanisms. A common example of this A-subunit activity is called
539:
Type III exotoxins can be classified by their mode of entry into the cell, or by their mechanism once inside.
1020:"Virulence factor rtx in Legionella pneumophila, evidence suggesting it is a modular multifunctional protein"
547:
Intracellular toxins must be able to gain access to the cytoplasm of the target cell to exert their effects.
319:
are produced by several bacteria. The best-characterized superantigens are those produced by the strains of
1712:
1700:
1504:
1493:
518:
450:
370:
784:
disrupts protein synthesis after cellular uptake. Multiple versions of recombinant exotoxin A, secreted by
170:. They are highly potent and can cause major damage to the host. Exotoxins may be secreted, or, similar to
1684:
1442:
786:
780:
that is targeted to certain cells. The cancer cell is killed once the toxin is internalized; for example,
662:, EF2 is ADP-ribosylated and becomes unable to participate in protein elongation, and, so, the cell dies.
501:
459:
327:
86:
2726:
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2170:
1531:
475:
321:
196:
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Exotoxins have been used to produce vaccines. This process involves inactivating the toxin, creating a
220:. The toxic properties of most exotoxins can be inactivated by heat or chemical treatment to produce a
146:
724:
that does not induce toxin-related illness and is well tolerated. A widely used toxoid vaccine is the
454:
1722:
1357:
1326:
972:
781:
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663:
377:
bind and activate membrane-bound guanylate cyclase, which leads to the intracellular accumulation of
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68:
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406:
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1766:
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They may exert their effect locally or produce systemic effects. Well-known exotoxins include:
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By a letter, such as "A", "B", or "C", to communicate the order in which they were identified.
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2400:
2006:
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1198:
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240:
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1820:
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683:
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463:
344:
191:
959:
Hamon MA, Batsché E, Régnault B, Tham TN, Seveau S, Muchardt C, Cossart P (August 2007).
976:
647:
Some exotoxins act directly at the ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. An example is
2607:
2155:
2095:
1918:
1910:
1657:
1611:
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1019:
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911:
794:(FDA). A recombinant diphtheria exotoxin has been approved by the FDA for treatment of
1242:
886:"Bacterial Pathogenesis: Bacterial Factors that Damage the Host - Producing Exotoxins"
93:
2715:
2683:
note: some toxins are produced by lower species and pass through intermediate species
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2540:
2294:
2257:
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2150:
2135:
2011:
1971:
1914:
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1557:
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927:
696:
675:
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528:
474:, resulting in down-regulation of several genes that encode proteins involved in the
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236:
211:
1137:
166:. An exotoxin can cause damage to the host by destroying cells or disrupting normal
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2514:
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2125:
1960:
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and diphtheria (Td) vaccine when given as booster vaccinations to healthy adults".
790:, have entered clinical trials against tumor growth but have yet to be approved by
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524:
492:
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374:
336:
1202:
1071:
1018:
D'Auria G, Jiménez N, Peris-Bondia F, Pelaz C, Latorre A, Moya A (January 2008).
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2319:
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777:
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611:
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432:
424:
300:
The same exotoxin may have different names, depending on the field of research.
273:
35:
965:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
478:. Histone modification does not involve the pore-forming activity of the CDCs.
261:
By secretion system used to release the toxin (for example, toxic effectors of
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2001:
1991:
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1593:
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1405:
1121:
745:
378:
269:
232:
207:
912:"Cholesterol-dependent cytolysins, a family of versatile pore-forming toxins"
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2525:
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2453:
2412:
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2140:
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2110:
2070:
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2045:
2016:
1966:
1948:
1901:
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985:
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737:
728:, which is usually administered in multiple doses throughout childhood with
583:
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171:
1304:
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and, in the case of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, are used as vaccines.
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1981:
1933:
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729:
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163:
141:
17:
707:, since they allow the organisms to move deeper into the hosts tissues.
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1996:
1833:
1813:
1453:
741:
591:
467:
365:
348:
670:
Other intracellular toxins do not directly inhibit protein synthesis.
224:. These retain their antigenic specificity and can be used to produce
2385:
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2329:
2145:
1847:
1828:
1576:
721:
221:
2334:
2250:
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2115:
2036:
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175:
159:
136:
This figure shows that exotoxins are secreted by bacterial cells,
575:) attaches to target regions on cell membranes, the 'A'-subunit (
2499:
2407:
140:
for example, and are toxic to somatic cells. Somatic cells have
1346:
961:"Histone modifications induced by a family of bacterial toxins"
2344:
1229:
Kreitman RJ (October 1999). "Immunotoxins in cancer therapy".
632:
627:
Once in the cell, many of the exotoxins act at the eukaryotic
29:
864:. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press. 2004. p. 428.
736:
for long-term immunity. DPT vaccine protects against
206:
toxin, produced during life-threatening symptoms of
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2441:
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1609:
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1421:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
27:
Toxin from bacteria that destroys or disrupts cells
1160:Iranian Journal of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology
1070:
286:By domain architecture of the toxin (for example,
1069:Machunis-Masuoka E, Bauman RW, Tizard IR (2004).
1746:
268:By tissue target type susceptible to the toxin (
1760:
840:(5th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill Medical.
836:Ryan, Kenneth J.; Ray, C. George, eds. (2010).
1358:
748:infections, caused by the exotoxin-producing
564:Another group of intracellular toxins is the
355:, which produce the symptoms of toxic shock.
8:
1774:
1077:. San Francisco: Pearson/Benjamin Cummings.
582:) enters through the membrane and possesses
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2274:
1581:
1458:
1449:
1438:
1429:
1365:
1351:
1343:
435:, which is released from the cytoplasm of
2290:Androctonus australis hector insect toxin
1335:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
1294:
1045:
1035:
994:
984:
935:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
131:
828:
1269:Weldon JE, Pastan I (December 2011).
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7:
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1100:
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1094:
258:By organism susceptible to the toxin
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1644:Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB)
561:into target cells are one example.
25:
862:Desk Encyclopedia of Microbiology
389:Membrane-damaging toxins exhibit
2696:
2695:
1320:
1287:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08182.x
928:10.1128/IAI.73.10.6199-6209.2005
466:cause specific modifications of
421:cholesterol-dependent cytolysins
414:Cholesterol-dependent cytolysins
255:By organism generating the toxin
34:
1728:Extracellular adenylate cyclase
423:(CDC) requires the presence of
183:, which is quite active at the
45:needs additional citations for
1:
1880:Fibronectin binding protein A
1243:10.1016/s0952-7915(99)00005-9
1231:Current Opinion in Immunology
1203:10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.06.073
231:Exotoxins are susceptible to
838:Sherris medical microbiology
818:Membrane vesicle trafficking
792:Food and Drug Administration
637:protein synthesis inhibitors
335:. Superantigens bridge the
181:membrane vesicle trafficking
1621:Staphylococcus aureus alpha
1599:Panton–Valentine leukocidin
763:Corynebacterium diphtheriae
691:Extracellular matrix damage
509:Enzymatically active toxins
304:Type I: cell surface-active
279:By structure (for example,
272:affect the nervous system,
203:Corynebacterium diphtheriae
2743:
1737:
1639:Toxic shock syndrome toxin
910:Tweten RK (October 2005).
385:Type II: membrane damaging
2691:
2678:
2536:(+)-Allopumiliotoxin 267A
1584:
1122:10.1007/s40259-012-0009-y
796:cutaneous T-cell lymphoma
431:system; the exception is
174:, may be released during
1929:beta-Nitropropionic acid
1337:Medical Subject Headings
446:Streptococcus pneumoniae
441:when the bacteria lyse.
438:Streptococcus pneumoniae
371:heat-stable enterotoxins
359:Heat-stable enterotoxins
341:antigen-presenting cells
263:type VI secretion system
1713:Heat-labile enterotoxin
1704:heat-stable enterotoxin
986:10.1073/pnas.0702729104
535:Type III: intracellular
499:. RTX is also found in
451:Clostridium perfringens
276:affect the heart, etc.)
185:host–pathogen interface
1822:Bacillus thuringiensis
1037:10.1186/1471-2164-9-14
916:Infection and Immunity
787:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
502:Legionella pneumophila
460:Listeria monocytogenes
419:Formation of pores by
407:channel-forming toxins
401:Channel-forming toxins
393:or cytolysin activity
328:Streptococcus pyogenes
151:
666:has a similar action.
658:. In the case of the
476:inflammatory response
322:Staphylococcus aureus
197:Clostridium botulinum
138:Clostridium botulinum
135:
1723:Pseudomonas exotoxin
1329:at Wikimedia Commons
782:Pseudomonas exotoxin
751:Bordetella pertussis
711:Medical applications
664:Pseudomonas exotoxin
654:Other toxins act at
568:. The 'B'-subunit (
333:toxic shock syndrome
54:improve this article
977:2007PNAS..10413467H
682:Another example is
656:elongation factor-2
513:One example is the
168:cellular metabolism
2639:Alpha-Bungarotoxin
1809:Lipopolysaccharide
1767:Pore-forming toxin
808:Infectious disease
757:Clostridium tetani
347:on the surface of
288:polymorphic toxins
217:Clostridium tetani
152:
147:exotoxin receptors
2709:
2708:
2674:
2673:
2644:Beta-Bungarotoxin
2588:Pumiliotoxin 251D
2482:
2481:
1888:
1887:
1875:Clumping factor A
1795:
1794:
1679:
1678:
1652:
1651:
1571:
1570:
1325:Media related to
1084:978-0-8053-7590-9
871:978-0-12-621361-4
847:978-0-07-160402-4
778:recombinant toxin
705:virulence factors
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
2734:
2699:
2698:
2627:
2583:Histrionicotoxin
2529:
2503:
2495:
2447:
2401:Alpha-latrotoxin
2389:
2283:
2275:
2007:Sterigmatocystin
1959:, Fumonisin B3,
1923:epsilon-amanitin
1842:B. thuringiensis
1671:Diphtheria toxin
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1467:
1459:
1450:
1439:
1430:
1367:
1360:
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1324:
1309:
1308:
1298:
1281:(23): 4683–700.
1275:The FEBS Journal
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971:(33): 13467–72.
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939:
922:(10): 6199–209.
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900:
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888:. Archived from
882:
876:
875:
858:
852:
851:
833:
771:Cancer treatment
660:diphtheria toxin
610:and heat-labile
588:ADP-ribosylation
543:By mode of entry
455:perfringolysin O
363:Some strains of
241:passive immunity
235:produced by the
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
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62:
38:
30:
21:
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2705:
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2666:Cardiotoxin III
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2519:
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2442:
2437:
2384:
2379:
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2262:
2166:Resiniferatoxin
2031:
1884:
1866:
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1824:delta endotoxin
1791:
1732:
1718:Pertussis toxin
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1563:Listeriolysin O
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1197:(37): 5464–71.
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684:Pertussis toxin
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604:pertussis toxin
596:immune response
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523:, which causes
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464:listeriolysin O
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345:T-cell receptor
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192:botulinum toxin
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2608:Zetekitoxin AB
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2156:Pseudaconitine
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2123:
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2103:
2098:
2096:Djenkolic acid
2093:
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2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
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2058:
2053:
2048:
2042:
2040:
2033:
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2019:
2014:
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1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1919:gamma-amanitin
1911:alpha-amanitin
1904:
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1654:
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1649:
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1631:
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1615:
1612:Staphylococcus
1607:
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1315:External links
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527:; α toxin has
520:C. perfringens
510:
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2571:Marinobufagin
2569:
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2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2541:Batrachotoxin
2539:
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2298:
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2295:Charybdotoxin
2293:
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2222:
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2209:
2207:
2206:Solauricidine
2204:
2202:
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2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
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2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2151:Protoanemonin
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2136:Oenanthotoxin
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
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2044:
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2034:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
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2015:
2013:
2012:Trichothecene
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
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1980:
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1972:Ibotenic acid
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1947:
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1930:
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1924:
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1916:
1915:beta-amanitin
1912:
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1741:
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1735:
1729:
1726:
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1716:
1714:
1710:
1709:Cholera toxin
1707:
1705:
1703:
1699:
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1561:
1559:
1558:Anthrax toxin
1556:
1555:
1553:
1547:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1522:
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1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1481:Tetanospasmin
1479:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1457:
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892:on 2010-07-27
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747:
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739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
715:
710:
708:
706:
702:
698:
697:hyaluronidase
690:
685:
681:
677:
676:Cholera toxin
674:For example,
673:
672:
671:
665:
661:
657:
653:
650:
646:
645:
644:
642:
638:
634:
630:
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609:
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601:
600:cholera toxin
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
579:
574:
572:
567:
563:
560:
559:
555:apparatus of
554:
550:
549:
548:
542:
540:
534:
532:
530:
529:phospholipase
526:
522:
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516:
508:
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448:Pneumolysin,
447:
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318:
317:Superantigens
312:Superantigens
311:
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267:
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246:
244:
242:
238:
237:immune system
234:
229:
227:
223:
219:
218:
213:
212:tetanospasmin
209:
205:
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193:
188:
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173:
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121:
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88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2727:Microbiology
2682:
2661:Calcicludine
2651:Calciseptine
2634:Bungarotoxin
2603:Tarichatoxin
2551:Arenobufagin
2515:Tetrodotoxin
2474:Tetrodotoxin
2428:Vanillotoxin
2365:Phaiodotoxin
2268:Invertebrate
2191:Solasodamine
2126:Lotaustralin
1961:Fumonisin B4
1957:Fumonisin B2
1953:Fumonisin B1
1939:Cytochalasin
1841:
1821:
1773:
1759:
1753:Superantigen
1745:
1701:
1589:Streptolysin
1530:
1511:
1492:
1473:
1433:
1278:
1274:
1237:(5): 570–8.
1234:
1230:
1194:
1190:
1166:(2): 85–93.
1163:
1159:
1116:(1): 75–81.
1113:
1109:
1073:Microbiology
1072:
1064:
1027:
1024:BMC Genomics
1023:
1013:
968:
964:
954:
919:
915:
905:
894:. Retrieved
890:the original
880:
861:
856:
837:
831:
785:
774:
761:
755:
749:
719:
716:Vaccinations
694:
669:
631:(especially
626:
623:By mechanism
615:
577:
576:
570:
569:
556:
546:
538:
525:gas gangrene
519:
512:
500:
496:
493:haemolysin A
487:
482:
472:cell nucleus
470:in the host
458:
449:
445:
443:
436:
418:
413:
404:
394:
388:
375:enterotoxins
364:
362:
337:MHC class II
326:
320:
315:
307:
299:
274:cardiotoxins
250:
230:
215:
214:produced by
201:
195:
194:produced by
189:
162:secreted by
155:
153:
137:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2624:Snake venom
2578:Epibatidine
2566:Cinobufagin
2423:Stromatoxin
2370:Imperatoxin
2320:Scyllatoxin
2226:Tagetitoxin
2221:Swainsonine
2211:Solauricine
2176:Solamargine
2171:Scopolamine
2161:Retronecine
2027:Zearalenone
1695:Shiga toxin
1666:Cord factor
1505:Enterotoxin
1500:Alpha toxin
1494:perfringens
1486:Tetanolysin
1464:Clostridium
1401:hepatotoxin
1391:enterotoxin
1381:cardiotoxin
726:DPT vaccine
701:collagenase
649:Shiga toxin
641:clindamycin
612:enterotoxin
608:Shiga toxin
433:pneumolysin
425:cholesterol
339:protein on
331:that cause
270:neurotoxins
179:process of
2716:Categories
2656:Taicatoxin
2593:Samandarin
2546:Bufotoxins
2510:Ciguatoxin
2488:Vertebrate
2433:Huwentoxin
2413:Cupiennins
2396:Latrotoxin
2340:Kaliotoxin
2310:Margatoxin
2300:Maurotoxin
2241:Toxalbumin
2231:Tinyatoxin
2216:Strychnine
2201:Solasonine
2196:Solasodine
2181:Solanidine
2101:Falcarinol
2086:Delphinine
2002:Phalloidin
1992:Ochratoxin
1987:Orellanine
1977:Lolitrem B
1944:Ergotamine
1894:Mycotoxins
1738:Mechanisms
1697:/Verotoxin
1634:Exfoliatin
1594:Leukocidin
1411:phototoxin
1406:neurotoxin
896:2008-12-13
824:References
746:diphtheria
531:activity.
495:(HlyA) of
489:RTX toxins
483:RTX toxins
379:cyclic GMP
233:antibodies
226:antitoxins
208:diphtheria
172:endotoxins
142:antibodies
80:newspapers
69:"Exotoxin"
2561:Bufotenin
2556:Bufotalin
2526:Amphibian
2469:Saxitoxin
2459:Eledoisin
2454:Conotoxin
2325:Hefutoxin
2141:Oleandrin
2121:Linamarin
2111:Helenalin
2071:Cicutoxin
2066:Chaconine
2046:Amygdalin
2017:Vomitoxin
1967:Gliotoxin
1949:Fumonisin
1902:Aflatoxin
1865:Virulence
1801:Endotoxin
1532:botulinum
1513:difficile
1423:Bacterial
1396:hemotoxin
1386:cytotoxin
1333:Exotoxins
813:Mycotoxin
738:pertussis
730:adjuvants
679:diarrhea.
629:ribosomes
584:enzymatic
566:AB toxins
553:secretion
444:The CDCs
429:secretion
391:hemolysin
353:cytokines
343:with the
281:AB5 toxin
110:June 2010
18:Exotoxins
2701:Category
2464:Onchidal
2444:Mollusca
2355:Bestoxin
2350:Birtoxin
2315:Slotoxin
2305:Agitoxin
2280:Scorpion
2236:Tomatine
2186:Solanine
2131:Mimosine
2106:Gossypol
2091:Divicine
2056:Antiarin
2051:Anisatin
1982:Muscimol
1934:Citrinin
1907:Amatoxin
1853:Cry34Ab1
1781:AB toxin
1775:type III
1687:negative
1445:positive
1434:Exotoxin
1327:Exotoxin
1305:21585657
1251:10508704
1211:22776216
1172:19671937
1138:18873223
1130:23329401
1110:BioDrugs
1056:18194518
1005:17675409
946:16177291
802:See also
734:boosters
592:vaccines
558:Yersinia
468:histones
395:in vitro
369:produce
164:bacteria
156:exotoxin
2619:Reptile
2081:Daphnin
2076:Coniine
2061:Brucine
2022:Zeranol
1997:Patulin
1844:toxins
1834:Cry3Bb1
1814:Lipid A
1761:type II
1702:E. coli
1454:Bacilli
1296:3179548
1191:Vaccine
1047:2257941
996:1948930
973:Bibcode
937:1230961
742:tetanus
616:E. coli
515:α toxin
497:E. coli
366:E. coli
349:T cells
150:cells.
145:to the
94:scholar
2722:Toxins
2491:toxins
2386:Spider
2360:BmKAEP
2330:HgeTx1
2271:toxins
2146:Persin
2039:toxins
1867:factor
1848:Cry6Aa
1840:Other
1829:Cry1Ac
1747:type I
1550:Other:
1475:tetani
1425:toxins
1376:Toxins
1339:(MeSH)
1303:
1293:
1249:
1209:
1170:
1136:
1128:
1081:
1054:
1044:
1030:: 14.
1003:
993:
944:
934:
868:
844:
722:toxoid
635:), as
573:inding
457:, and
222:toxoid
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2418:PhTx3
2335:HsTx1
2258:Tutin
2251:Ricin
2246:Abrin
2116:Ledol
2037:Plant
1629:delta
1577:Cocci
1538:Botox
1134:S2CID
614:from
580:ctive
405:Most
247:Types
176:lysis
160:toxin
158:is a
101:JSTOR
87:books
2500:Fish
2408:CSTX
1685:Gram
1625:beta
1443:Gram
1301:PMID
1247:PMID
1207:PMID
1168:PMID
1126:PMID
1079:ISBN
1052:PMID
1001:PMID
942:PMID
866:ISBN
842:ISBN
760:and
744:and
732:and
699:and
325:and
73:news
2375:Pi3
2345:Lq2
1785:AB5
1291:PMC
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