101:
little as 160mm, or for very large movements of over 3000 mm. The total movement of the bridge deck is divided among a number of individual gaps which are created by horizontal surface beams. The individual gaps are sealed by watertight elastomeric profiles, and surface beam movements are regulated by an elastic control system. The drainage of the joint is via the drainage system of the bridge deck. Certain joints feature so-called “sinus plates” on their surface, which reduce noise from over-passing traffic by up to 80%.
129:
190:
249:
237:
137:
stresses of thermal expansion and contraction). Control joints attempt to attenuate cracking by designating lines for stress relief. They are cut into pavement at regular intervals. Cracks tend to form along the cuts, rather than in random fashion elsewhere. This is primarily an aesthetic issue; the appearance of even, regular cracking, which may be hidden in the joint’s crevice, is often preferred over random cracking.
38:
97:
and also allow enough vertical movement to permit bearing replacement without the need to dismantle the bridge expansion joint. There are various types, which can accommodate movement from 30 to 1,000 millimetres (1.2 to 39.4 in), including joints for small movement (EMSEAL BEJS, XJS, JEP, WR, WOSd, and Granor AC-AR), medium movement (ETIC EJ, Wd), and large movement (WP, ETIC EJF/Granor SFEJ).
330:
production of rubber expansion joints is the possibility to apply an individual reinforcement layer instead of using pre-woven fabric. The fabric reinforcement is pre-woven and cut at the preferred bias angle. With individual reinforcement it is possible to add more or less fiber material at different sections of the product by changing the fiber angles over the length of the product.
384:
damage occurred during installation, if the expansion joint is in the proper location, and if the expansion joint flow direction and positioning is correct. Also, periodically inspect the expansion joint throughout the operating life of the system in order to check for external corrosion, loosening of threaded fasteners and deterioration of anchors, guides, and other hardware.
219:
layers of heat and erosion resistant flexible material. Typical layers are: outer cover to act a gas seal, a corrosion-resistant material such as Teflon, a layer of fiberglass to act as an insulator and to add durability, several layers of insulation to ensure that the heat transfer from the flue gas is reduced to the required temperature and an inside layer.
120:) can suffer similar horizontal issues, which is usually relieved by adding a wooden spacer between the slabs. The wooden expansion joint compresses as the concrete expands. Dry, rot-resistant cedar is typically used, with a row of nails protruding out that will embed into the concrete and hold the spacer in place.
280:. A bellows is made up of a series of convolutions, with the shape of the convolution designed to withstand the internal pressures of the pipe, but flexible enough to accept axial, lateral, and angular deflections. Expansion joints are also designed for other criteria, such as noise absorption, anti-vibration,
361:
In systems that have a media with significant particulate content (i.e. flash or catalyst), a barrier of ceramic fiber can be utilized to prevent corrosion and restricted bellows flexibility resulting from the accumulation of the particulate. Purge connectors may also be utilized to perform this same
329:
New technology has been developed to wind rubber and reinforcement layers on the (cylindrical or bellows-shaped) mandrel automatically using industrial robots instead of manual wrapping. This is fast and accurate and provides repeatable high quality. Another aspect of using industrial robots for the
201:
If a railway track runs over a bridge which has expansion joints that move more than a few millimeters, the track must be able to compensate this longer expansion or contraction. On the other hand, the track must always provide a continuous surface for the wheels traveling over it. These conflicting
174:
Movement joints are designed to absorb the movement of the subfloor and the tiles themselves due to thermal expansion and contraction, moisture variations, and structural shifts. These joints are essentially gaps, typically filled with a flexible material like silicone or rubber, that separate tiles
293:
Expansion joints are often included in industrial piping systems to accommodate movement due to thermal and mechanical changes in the system. When the process requires large changes in temperature, metal components change size. Expansion joints with metal bellows are designed to accommodate certain
96:
Bridge expansion joints are designed to allow for continuous traffic between structures while accommodating movement, shrinkage, and temperature variations on reinforced and prestressed concrete, composite, and steel structures. They stop the bridge from bending out of place in extreme conditions,
370:
Limit rods may be used in an expansion joint design to limit the axial compression or expansion. They allow the expansion joint to move over a range according to where the nut stops are placed along the rods. Limit rods are used to prevent bellows over-extension while restraining the full pressure
297:
Pressure created by pumps or gravity is used to move fluids through the piping system. Fluids under pressure occupy the volume of their container. The unique concept of pressure balanced expansion joints is they are designed to maintain a constant volume by having balancing bellows compensate for
343:
Internal liners can be used to either protect the metallic bellows from erosion or reduce turbulence across the bellows. They must be used when purge connectors are included in the design. In order to provide enough clearance in the liner design, appropriate lateral and angular movements must be
320:
Some types of rubber expansion joints are made with a molding process. Typical joints that are molded are medium-sized expansion joints with bead rings, which are produced in large quantities. These rubber expansion joints are manufactured on a cylindrical mandrel, which is wrapped with bias cut
311:
Rubber expansion joints are mainly manufactured by manual wrapping of rubber sheets and fabric reinforced rubber sheets around a bellows-shaped product mandrel. Besides rubber and fabric, reinforced rubber and/or steel wires or metal rings are added for additional reinforcement. After the entire
100:
Modular expansion joints are used when the movements of a bridge exceed the capacity of a single gap joint or a finger type joint. Modular multiple-gap expansion joints can accommodate movements in all directions and rotations about every axis. They can be used for longitudinal movements of as
383:
There are various actions that can be taken to prevent and minimize expansion joint failure. During installation, prevent any damage to the bellows by carefully following the instructions furnished by the manufacturer. After installation, carefully inspect the entire piping system to see if any
379:
Expansion joint failure can occur for various reasons, but experience shows that failures fall into several distinct categories. This list includes, but is not limited to: shipping and handling damage, improper installation/insufficient protection, during/after installation, improper anchoring,
284:
movement, and building settlement. Metal expansion joints have to be designed according to rules laid out by EJMA, for fabric expansion joints there are guidelines and a state-of-the-art description by the
Quality Association for Fabric Expansion Joints. Pipe expansion joints are also known as
218:
An expansion joint is designed to allow deflection in the axial (compressive), lateral (shear), or angular (bending) deflections. Expansion joints can be non-metallic or metallic (often called bellows type). Non-metallic can be a single ply of rubberized material or a composite made of multiple
214:
Expansion joints are required in large ducted air systems to allow fixed pieces of piping to be largely free of stress as thermal expansion occurs. Bends in elbows also can accommodate this. Expansion joints also isolate pieces of equipment such as fans from the rigid ductwork, thereby reducing
136:
Control joints, or contraction joints, are sometimes confused with expansion joints, but have a different purpose and function. Concrete and asphalt have relatively weak tensile strength, and typically form random cracks as they age, shrink, and are exposed to environmental stresses (including
202:
requirements are served by special expansion joints, where two rails glide along with each other at a very acute angle during expansion or contraction. They are typically seen near one or both ends of large steel bridges. Such an expansion joint looks somewhat like the tongue of a
115:
Clay bricks expand as they absorb heat and moisture. This places compression stress on the bricks and mortar, encouraging bulging or flaking. A joint replacing mortar with elastomeric sealant will absorb the compressive forces without damage. Concrete decking (most typically in
321:
fabric ply. At the end the bead rings are positioned and the end sections are folded inwards over the bead rings. This part is finally placed in a mold and molded into shape and vulcanized. This is a highly automated solution for large quantities of the same type of joint.
312:
product is built up on the mandrel, it is covered with a winding of (nylon) peel ply to pressurize all layers together. Because of the labor-intensive production process, a large part of the production has moved to eastern Europe and Asian countries.
151:
Roadway control joints may be sealed with hot tar, cold sealant (such as silicone), or compression sealant (such as rubber or polymers based crossed linked foams). Mortar with a breakaway bond may be used to fill some control joints.
410:
are excellent materials designed for the movement of building components due to temperature, loads, and settlement. Copper is easy to form and lasts a long time. Details regarding roof conditions, roof edges, floors, are available.
380:
guiding, and supporting of the system, anchor failure in service, corrosion, system over-pressure, excessive bellows deflection, torsion, bellows erosion, and particulate matter in bellows convolutions restricting proper movement.
88:, and pipelines expand and contract due to warming and cooling from seasonal variation, or due to other heat sources. Before expansion joint gaps were built into these structures, they would crack under the stress induced.
352:
External covers or shrouds should be used to protect the internal bellows from being damaged. They also serve a purpose as insulation of the bellows. Covers can either be designed as removable or permanent accessories.
215:
vibration to the ductwork as well as allowing the fan to “grow” as it comes up to the operating air system temperature without placing stress on the fan or the fixed portions of ductwork.
909:
487:
2387:
534:
392:
Other types of expansion joints can include: fabric expansion joint, metal expansion joint (Pressure balanced expansion joints are a type of Metal expansion joints),
895:
588:
155:
Control joints must have adequate depth and not exceed maximum spacing for them to be effective. Typical specifications for a four-inch-thick slab are:
856:
818:
430:
1028:
499:
298:
volume changes in the bellows (line bellows) which is moved by the pipe. An early name for these devices was “pressure-volumetric compensator”.
1136:
1081:
966:
875:
837:
780:
761:
742:
799:
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function. Internal liners must also be included in the design if the expansion joint includes purge connectors or particulate barriers.
913:
698:
471:
2346:
397:
2392:
2372:
1476:
542:
344:
specified by the designer. When designing an expansion joint with combination ends, flow direction must be specified as well.
2351:
1466:
1451:
1066:
674:
2328:
2318:
1555:
1446:
1091:
222:
A bellows is made up of a series of one or more convolutions of metal to allow the axial, lateral, or angular deflection.
892:
2323:
2137:
1662:
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1934:
1131:
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2009:
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611:
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1101:
425:
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2208:
1545:
1436:
1036:
891:
Building expansion joints, Copper in
Architecture Design Handbook, Copper Development Association Inc.,
435:
231:
1929:
162:
spacing at 24 Ă— to 36 Ă— of slab depth (some specification call for a maximum of 30 Ă—)
128:
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256:
Pipe expansion joints are necessary in systems that convey high temperature substances such as
2167:
1980:
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31:
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movements while minimizing the transfer of forces to sensitive components in the system.
175:
and allow for movement without causing the tiles to crack, buckle, or become disjointed.
468:
2231:
2193:
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2142:
2127:
1939:
1821:
1363:
1291:
1162:
1157:
1096:
1086:
978:
921:
236:
189:
893:
http://www.copper.org/applications/architecture/arch_dhb/building_expansion/intro.html
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2019:
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2014:
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1712:
1604:
1585:
1515:
1353:
1261:
1003:
500:"TECHNICAL NOTES on Brick Construction TN 18A Accommodating Expansion of Brickwork"
57:
and contraction of building materials. They are commonly found between sections of
248:
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1881:
1871:
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1771:
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1580:
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1317:
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17:
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2102:
1975:
1911:
1876:
1856:
1737:
1707:
1677:
1617:
1565:
1217:
648:
396:, gimbal expansion joint, universal expansion joint, in-line expansion joint,
281:
2097:
1944:
1831:
1791:
1781:
1776:
1667:
1535:
1530:
1380:
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1207:
1197:
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1182:
273:
260:
or exhaust gases, or to absorb movement and vibration. A typical joint is a
2290:
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2117:
1866:
1861:
1722:
1687:
1635:
1625:
1271:
1246:
1071:
117:
66:
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53:, is an assembly designed to hold parts together while safely absorbing
2188:
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1999:
1841:
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1202:
1177:
261:
2295:
1965:
1375:
1338:
939:
277:
241:
74:
62:
27:
Construction assembly for absorbing thermally-induced volume changes
612:
Expansion Joint Filler boards' properties/features and applications
257:
247:
235:
188:
127:
36:
1014:
Dual carriageway / Divided highway / Expressway
944:
975:
922:"Expansion Joints, Flexible Joints, Industrial Expansion Joints"
564:"Fix those rotted, wood concrete patio dividers | HeraldNet.com"
269:
78:
948:
1806:
649:"Every Tile Installation Needs: Movement Joints | DIYTileGuy"
285:"compensators", as they compensate for the thermal movement.
624:"Placing Control Joints in Concrete – The Concrete Network"
144:, including in the overall structure, while control joints
854:
589:"Placing Joints in Concrete Flatwork- Why, How, and When"
675:"Why Do You Need Expansion Joints When Installing Tile?"
252:
Stainless steel pipe expansion joint, with control rods.
696:
Technical
Bulletin: Pressure Balanced Expansion Joints
2304:
2275:
2181:
1998:
1958:
1920:
1762:
1751:
1603:
1490:
1407:
1398:
1326:
1231:
1145:
1027:
994:
985:
240:Single sphere rubber bellows expansion joint, with
535:"Difference Between Control and Expansion Joints"
940:Quality Association for Fabric Expansion Joints
806:, U.S. Bellows, Inc. (retrieved 31 August 2010)
787:, U.S. Bellows, Inc. (retrieved 31 August 2010)
768:, U.S. Bellows, Inc. (retrieved 31 August 2010)
705:, U.S. Bellows, Inc. (retrieved 31 August 2010)
30:For the railway-specific expansion joints, see
478:, Freyssinet Ltd. (retrieved 22 December 2011)
206:, but with a different purpose and operation.
960:
8:
325:Automated winding of rubber expansion joints
2388:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
1759:
1404:
991:
967:
953:
945:
816:Typical Causes of Expansion Joint Failure
740:TANIQ: automated winding of rubber joints
431:Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association
107:are also sometimes used in bridge slabs.
882:U.S. Bellows, (retrieved February 2012)]
716:"Elastomeric Expansion Joint Components"
307:Wrapping fabric reinforced rubber sheets
302:Manufacturing of rubber expansion joints
863:U.S. Bellows, (retrieved February 2012)
844:U.S. Bellows, (retrieved February 2012)
825:U.S. Bellows, (retrieved February 2012)
461:
404:, reinforced expansion joint and more.
170:Tile and stone flooring movement joints
778:U.S. Bellows Catalog: Protective Cover
272:), fabric (such as glass fibre) or an
2063:Median / Central reservation
797:U.S. Bellows Catalog: Purge Connector
426:Copper expansion joints for buildings
357:Particulate barriers/purge connectors
7:
759:U.S. Bellows Catalog: Internal Liner
148:primarily along the visual surface.
677:. Ceramic Tile Education Foundation
104:
1981:Risk compensation (road transport)
749:, TANIQ(retrieved 6 December 2010)
289:Pressure balanced expansion joints
132:Saw cut control joints in concrete
25:
673:Carothers, Scott (22 June 2021).
2347:Glossary of road transport terms
398:refractory lined expansion joint
469:Freyssinet: Bearing Replacement
165:special care for inside corners
873:Periodic In-Service Inspection
647:Upton, James (22 March 2016).
316:Molded rubber expansion joints
1:
2329:Pavement performance modeling
2319:International roughness index
55:temperature-induced expansion
2324:Present serviceability index
2118:Sidewalk / Pavement
1663:Diamond grinding of pavement
912:. USL Ekspan. Archived from
124:Comparison to control joints
2296:Underpass / Tunnel
2291:Overpass / Flyover
2045:High-occupancy vehicle lane
1935:Driving under the influence
1009:Freeway / Motorway
539:www.masonryconstruction.com
388:Other expansion joint types
334:Expansion joint accessories
41:Expansion joint on a bridge
2409:
1223:Highway systems by country
507:Brick Industry Association
229:
193:An expansion joint on the
182:
29:
2342:
2334:Granular base equivalency
2153:Traffic signal preemption
1561:Right-in/right-out (RIRO)
1467:Single-point urban (SPUI)
2314:Pavement condition index
2040:High-occupancy toll lane
2035:Contraflow lane reversal
2010:Barrier transfer machine
451:Toroidal expansion joint
394:toroidal expansion joint
264:of metal (most commonly
179:Railway expansion joints
81:, and other structures.
1168:Express-collector setup
628:www.concretenetwork.com
488:Modular expansion joint
408:Copper expansion joints
140:Thus, expansion joints
92:Bridge expansion joints
2393:Mechanical engineering
2373:Structural engineering
2352:Road types by features
2247:Raised pavement marker
2214:Constant-slope barrier
2138:Traffic directionality
2128:Street running railway
1551:Protected intersection
402:hinged expansion joint
371:thrust of the system.
253:
245:
198:
133:
105:Masonry control joints
42:
2209:Concrete step barrier
1546:Offset T-intersection
910:"BEJ Expansion Joint"
720:Gallagher Fluid Seals
436:Metal expansion joint
251:
239:
232:Metal expansion joint
226:Pipe expansion joints
192:
159:25% depth of material
131:
40:
2252:Road surface marking
1950:Single-vehicle crash
1673:Full depth recycling
1571:Seagull intersection
268:), plastic (such as
2078:Pedestrian crossing
1641:Reinforced concrete
1477:Three-level diamond
1188:Two-lane expressway
1173:Farm-to-market road
2108:Runaway truck ramp
1930:Driver's education
1718:Rubberized asphalt
1653:Crocodile cracking
1576:Split intersection
1344:Hierarchy of roads
1305:Single carriageway
898:2012-09-17 at the
878:2012-02-05 at the
859:2012-02-05 at the
840:2012-02-09 at the
821:2012-02-05 at the
802:2010-09-12 at the
783:2010-10-02 at the
764:2010-08-31 at the
745:2011-07-16 at the
701:2010-08-18 at the
474:2012-04-26 at the
254:
246:
210:Ducted air systems
199:
134:
43:
2360:
2359:
2168:Wide outside lane
1994:
1993:
1971:Automotive safety
1852:Road slipperiness
1599:
1598:
1447:Diverging diamond
1394:
1393:
1310:Single-track road
1252:Bicycle boulevard
441:Reinforced rubber
195:Cornish Main Line
16:(Redirected from
2400:
2204:Cat's eye (road)
2025:Complete streets
1797:Dead Man's Curve
1760:
1698:Pavement milling
1613:Asphalt concrete
1556:Quadrant roadway
1497:
1419:
1405:
1371:Street hierarchy
1019:Elevated highway
992:
969:
962:
955:
946:
929:
917:
902:
889:
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870:
864:
851:
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579:
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560:
554:
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551:
550:
541:. Archived from
531:
525:
524:
522:
521:
515:
509:. Archived from
504:
496:
490:
485:
479:
466:
84:Building faces,
21:
18:Expansion joints
2408:
2407:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2338:
2306:
2300:
2271:
2262:Traffic barrier
2222:F-Shape barrier
2177:
2133:Traffic calming
2093:Reversible lane
2083:Pedestrian zone
2068:Motorcycle lane
2030:Contraflow lane
2002:time allocation
2001:
1990:
1986:Underride guard
1954:
1916:
1802:Expansion joint
1764:
1754:
1747:
1733:Stamped asphalt
1595:
1526:Continuous flow
1499:
1495:
1494:
1486:
1420:
1416:grade-separated
1413:
1412:
1390:
1349:Private highway
1322:
1227:
1141:
1023:
981:
973:
936:
920:
908:
905:
900:Wayback Machine
890:
886:
880:Wayback Machine
871:
867:
861:Wayback Machine
852:
848:
842:Wayback Machine
833:
829:
823:Wayback Machine
814:
810:
804:Wayback Machine
795:
791:
785:Wayback Machine
776:
772:
766:Wayback Machine
757:
753:
747:Wayback Machine
738:
734:
724:
722:
714:
713:
709:
703:Wayback Machine
694:
690:
680:
678:
672:
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519:
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502:
498:
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486:
482:
476:Wayback Machine
467:
463:
459:
421:Breather switch
417:
390:
377:
368:
359:
350:
341:
336:
327:
318:
309:
304:
291:
266:stainless steel
234:
228:
212:
204:railroad switch
187:
185:Breather switch
181:
172:
126:
113:
94:
47:expansion joint
35:
32:Breather switch
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2232:Jersey barrier
2229:
2224:
2219:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2163:Unused highway
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2143:Traffic island
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
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2095:
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2085:
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2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2006:
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146:manage cracks,
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86:concrete slabs
75:piping systems
71:railway tracks
51:movement joint
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2199:Cable barrier
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2148:Traffic lanes
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2020:Climbing lane
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1887:Traffic light
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568:HeraldNet.com
565:
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545:on 2016-08-25
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516:on 2018-05-17
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375:Failure modes
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142:reduce cracks
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52:
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39:
33:
19:
2378:Road hazards
2267:Traffic cone
2257:Rumble strip
2158:Truck bypass
2113:Shared space
2073:Passing lane
2058:Managed lane
2015:Bicycle lane
1897:Washboarding
1892:Traffic sign
1817:Hairpin turn
1801:
1586:Texas U-turn
1516:Box junction
1410:Interchanges
1354:Route number
1262:Country lane
1004:Bike freeway
925:
914:the original
887:
868:
849:
835:Installation
830:
811:
792:
773:
754:
735:
723:. Retrieved
719:
710:
691:
679:. Retrieved
668:
656:. Retrieved
653:DIY Tile Guy
652:
642:
631:. Retrieved
627:
618:
607:
596:. Retrieved
592:
583:
572:. Retrieved
570:. 2009-09-09
567:
558:
547:. Retrieved
543:the original
538:
529:
518:. Retrieved
511:the original
506:
494:
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114:
103:
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83:
50:
46:
44:
2305:Performance
2237:Kassel kerb
2194:Botts' dots
2182:Demarcation
1882:Storm drain
1847:Road debris
1772:Aquaplaning
1765:environment
1753:Road safety
1631:Cobblestone
1581:Superstreet
1386:Winter road
1334:Concurrency
1327:Other terms
1318:Sunken lane
1287:Main street
1232:Local roads
446:Slide plate
2367:Categories
2307:indicators
2276:Structures
2227:Guard rail
2103:Road verge
1976:Seat belts
1912:Snowsquall
1877:Speed bump
1857:Road train
1678:Glassphalt
1618:Bioasphalt
1591:Turnaround
1566:Roundabout
1496:(at-grade)
1462:Roundabout
1427:Cloverleaf
1282:Green lane
1218:Trunk road
1146:Main roads
1029:By country
681:6 February
658:6 February
633:2018-01-23
598:2018-01-23
574:2018-01-23
549:2018-01-23
520:2018-05-25
457:References
366:Limit rods
282:earthquake
183:See also:
2098:Road diet
2000:Space and
1945:Road rage
1832:Oil spill
1792:Crosswind
1782:Black ice
1777:Avalanche
1703:Permeable
1536:Jughandle
1531:Hook turn
1437:Free-flow
1381:Toll road
1300:Side road
1257:Boulevard
1213:Super two
1208:Ring road
1183:Link road
1082:Hong Kong
1037:Australia
979:hierarchy
274:elastomer
197:, England
118:sidewalks
67:sidewalks
59:buildings
2286:Causeway
2123:Shoulder
1959:Vehicles
1907:Whiteout
1867:Rockfall
1862:Roadkill
1787:Bleeding
1763:Road and
1723:Sealcoat
1648:Corduroy
1636:Concrete
1626:Chipseal
1605:Surfaces
1457:Raindrop
1272:Driveway
1267:Dead end
1247:Backroad
1198:2+2 road
1193:2+1 road
1117:Portugal
1107:Pakistan
896:Archived
876:Archived
857:Archived
838:Archived
819:Archived
800:Archived
781:Archived
762:Archived
743:Archived
699:Archived
472:Archived
415:See also
276:such as
2189:Bollard
2173:Woonerf
1902:Washout
1842:Pothole
1755:factors
1743:Texture
1713:Plastic
1693:Macadam
1482:Trumpet
1432:Diamond
1203:Parkway
1178:Highway
1092:Ireland
1072:Germany
1062:Croatia
1042:Belgium
725:21 July
262:bellows
242:flanges
111:Masonry
63:bridges
2383:Piping
2282:Bridge
1966:Airbag
1738:Tarmac
1683:Gravel
1511:Bowtie
1452:Parclo
1376:Stroad
1339:Detour
1314:Street
1242:Avenue
1127:Taiwan
1112:Poland
1077:Greece
1052:Canada
1047:Brazil
348:Covers
339:Liners
278:rubber
1708:Plank
1622:Brick
1472:Stack
1238:Alley
1122:Spain
1102:Nepal
1097:Italy
1087:India
1057:China
514:(PDF)
503:(PDF)
258:steam
79:ships
49:, or
2218:Curb
2049:Lane
1812:Ford
1728:Sett
1668:Dirt
1296:Road
976:Road
727:2017
683:2024
660:2024
270:PTFE
1872:Rut
1807:Fog
1688:Ice
2369::
924:.
718:.
651:.
626:.
591:.
566:.
537:.
505:.
400:,
77:,
73:,
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45:A
1418:)
1414:(
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729:.
685:.
662:.
636:.
601:.
577:.
552:.
523:.
244:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
