51:
116:
865:
208:
615:
Peters, Michael C.; Kerr, Sheena; Dunican, Eleanor M.; Woodruff, Prescott G.; Fajt, Merritt L.; Levy, Bruce D.; Israel, Elliot; Phillips, Brenda R.; Mauger, David T.; Comhair, Suzy A.; Erzurum, Serpil C.; Johansson, Mats W.; Jarjour, Nizar N.; Coverstone, Andrea M.; Castro, Mario; Hastie, Annette T.;
473:
Whitish gray sputum color against a white color background (such as a white sink surface) tends to indicate either a specimen from someone who is dehydrated, and/or from an older person, and/or a specimen with a mixed, modest number of eosinophils and maybe some acute inflammatory neutrophil cells
246:
Having green, yellow, or thickened phlegm (sputum) does not always indicate the presence of an infection. Also, if an infection is present, the color of the phlegm (sputum) does not determine whether a virus, a bacterium or another pathogen has caused it. Simple allergies can also cause changes in
279:
cells at low power magnification exam under the microscope strongly suggest salivary contamination. Sputum samples have been used to quantify the degree of airway inflammation in human diseases such as asthma. Specifically, this work has demonstrated that a subgroup of severe asthma patients has
461:– an indicator of the sample containing pus. "The sputum color of patients with acute cough and no underlying chronic lung disease does not imply therapeutic consequences such as prescription of antibiotics." The color can provide hints as to effective treatment in chronic bronchitis patients:
283:
When a sputum specimen is plated out in microbiology, it is best to get the portion of the sample that almost looks like yellow pus onto the swab. If there is any blood in the sputum, this should also be on the swab. Microbiological sputum samples are used to look for infections, such as
477:
A white, milky, or opaque (mucoid) appearance means that antibiotics are less likely to be effective in treatment because the likelihood is greater of a viral infection or allergy than of antibiotic-responsive micro-organisms. Thickness may indicate
419:
Green or greenish colored - indicative of potential longstanding respiratory infection (green from degenerative changes in cell debris) as in pneumonia, ruptured lung abscess, chronic infectious bronchitis, and infected bronchiectasis or cystic
817:
802:
787:
243:) suggests an airway infection (but does not indicate the type of organism causing it). Such color hints are best detected when the sputum is viewed on a very white background such as white paper, a white pot or a white sink surface.
911:
126:
904:
1392:
897:
576:"Fractional analysis of sequential induced sputum samples during sputum induction: Evidence that different lung compartments are sampled at different time points"
464:
A yellow-greenish (mucopurulent) color suggests that treatment with antibiotics can reduce symptoms. The green color is caused by degenerating neutrophil
239:
A naked eye exam of the sputum can be done at home by a patient in order to note the various colors (see below). Any hint of yellow or green color (
537:
1273:
500:
756:
236:
investigations of respiratory systems. It is crucial that the specimen does not include any mucoid material from the nose or oral cavity.
232:). In medicine, sputum samples are usually used for a naked eye examination, microbiological investigation of respiratory infections and
677:
1115:
1279:
1298:
134:
618:"Refractory airway type 2 inflammation in a large subgroup of asthmatic patients treated with inhaled corticosteroids"
187:
446:
Brownish –potential indicator of chronic bronchitis (greenish/yellowish/brown); chronic pneumonia (whitish-brown);
292:
159:
145:
130:
1215:
832:
365:
Blood-streaked sputum –an indicator of possible inflammation of the throat (larynx and/or trachea) or bronchi;
298:
166:
1293:
50:
1210:
1015:
880:
304:
86:
1005:
889:
286:
173:
1110:
1175:
1141:
1052:
980:
1059:
821:
276:
155:
1334:
1146:
1125:
1120:
1105:
945:
924:
920:
373:
503:(clear to gray); viral respiratory infection (clear to whitish and sometimes a hint of yellow);
739:
673:
647:
597:
97:
1366:
1064:
796:
729:
721:
637:
629:
587:
1353:
1345:
1262:
1257:
1180:
1069:
489:
482:
465:
377:
574:
Gershman, Neil H.; Liu, Hong; Wong, Hofer H.; Liu, Jane T.; Fahy, John V. (August 1999).
870:
975:
734:
709:
705:
642:
617:
396:
335:
826:
592:
575:
1386:
1371:
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561:
180:
1359:
1340:
1010:
995:
990:
932:
692:
447:
440:
424:
392:
384:
339:
334:). Purulent sputum is typically yellow or green. It is seen in cases of pneumonia,
327:
268:
63:
710:"Sputum color for diagnosis of a bacterial infection in patients with acute cough"
837:
1320:
940:
633:
451:
436:
388:
366:
102:
538:"Green phlegm and snot 'not always a sign of an infection needing antibiotics'"
271:. Specimen adequacy is assessed by the laboratory technologists by examining a
1326:
1312:
1306:
1247:
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1165:
811:
725:
411:
400:
359:
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272:
17:
1252:
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1151:
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843:
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315:
309:
72:
743:
651:
601:
1232:
1220:
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1084:
1020:
985:
960:
496:
458:
432:
404:
280:
airway inflammation that is resistant to treatment with corticosteroids.
264:
260:
68:
1185:
970:
965:
950:
229:
225:
144:
if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
779:
410:
Red, jelly-like sputum - an indicator of possible pneumonia caused by
1287:
1267:
955:
806:
791:
517:
504:
256:
616:
Bleecker, Eugene R.; Wenzel, Sally E.; Fahy, John V. (March 2018).
1237:
1047:
331:
221:
58:
848:
369:; other bleeding erosions, ulcers, or tumors of the lower airway.
704:
Altiner A, Wilm S, Däubener W, Bormann C, Pentzek M, Abholz HH,
668:
Richard F. LeBlond; Richard L. DeGowin; Donald E. Brown (2004).
474:(this last choice tends to suggest chronic allergic bronchitis).
263:. This is especially true for samples for laboratory testing in
893:
372:
Pink sputum – it indicates sputum evenly mixed with blood from
319:
240:
109:
757:
Sputum Color is the Key to
Treating Acute COPD Exacerbations
376:
and/or small peripheral bronchi as is seen in potential
564:, American Society for Microbiology 2nd Ed. 2007 update
141:
769:
1198:
1134:
1098:
1040:
1031:
931:
773:
96:
79:
40:
35:
383:Massive blood – an indicator of possible cavitary
492:. Antibiotics may not be necessary at this time.
354:Sputum can be (when examined by the naked eye):
663:
661:
224:that is coughed up from the lower airways (the
27:Mucus that is coughed up from the lower airways
275:or cytology stain of the sputum. More than 25
259:, as saliva contaminates the sample with oral
140:Please review the contents of the article and
905:
8:
255:The best sputum samples contain very little
1037:
912:
898:
890:
770:
622:Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
580:Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
481:Foamy white – may come from earlier-phase
49:
32:
733:
641:
591:
562:Clinical Microbiology procedures handbook
529:
488:Frothy pink – may indicate more severe
1393:Symptoms and signs: Respiratory system
501:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
7:
25:
423:Rust colored – usually caused by
863:
670:DeGowin's diagnostic examination
326:, cellular debris, dead tissue,
206:
114:
507:(thick and white to yellowish).
142:add the appropriate references
1:
593:10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70374-X
634:10.1016/j.jaci.2017.12.1009
127:reliable medical references
1409:
342:, or an advanced stage of
293:Mycobacterium tuberculosis
1216:Precordial catch syndrome
1116:Cheyne–Stokes respiration
726:10.1080/02813430902759663
672:. New York: McGraw-Hill.
247:the color of the mucus.
133:or relies too heavily on
57:
48:
714:Scand J Prim Health Care
693:What can sputum tell us?
499:(clear to frothy); COPD
299:Streptococcus pneumoniae
1299:Charcot–Leyden crystals
1016:Whispered pectoriloquy
330:, and viscous liquid (
305:Haemophilus influenzae
287:Moraxella catarrhalis
1294:Curschmann's spirals
1142:Respiratory distress
981:Pleural friction rub
312:can also be found.
277:squamous epithelial
1335:pulmonary embolism
1307:chronic bronchitis
1147:Respiratory arrest
1126:Ataxic respiration
1121:Kussmaul breathing
1111:Biot's respiration
1106:Agonal respiration
1002:Elicited findings
946:Respiratory sounds
925:respiratory system
921:Signs and symptoms
628:(1): 104–113.e14.
544:. 18 November 2013
495:Clear – pulmonary
457:Yellow, yellowish
1380:
1379:
1194:
1193:
858:
857:
387:or tumor such as
324:white blood cells
215:
214:
191:
108:
107:
30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
1400:
1065:Hyperventilation
1038:
923:relating to the
914:
907:
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891:
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866:
771:
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754:
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318:sputum contains
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53:
33:
21:
1408:
1407:
1403:
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1401:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1376:
1354:pulmonary edema
1346:Westermark sign
1263:Post-nasal drip
1258:Silhouette sign
1190:
1181:Mouth breathing
1130:
1094:
1070:Hypoventilation
1027:
927:
918:
888:
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490:pulmonary edema
483:pulmonary edema
466:verdoperoxidase
378:pulmonary edema
352:
253:
211:
207:
202:
196:
193:
150:
139:
135:primary sources
119:
115:
92:
36:Abnormal sputum
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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1213:
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1191:
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1176:Breath holding
1173:
1168:
1163:
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1149:
1144:
1138:
1136:
1132:
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1129:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
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1100:
1096:
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1077:
1072:
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774:Classification
767:
766:External links
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586:(2): 322–328.
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397:bronchiectasis
381:
370:
351:
350:Interpretation
348:
336:bronchiectasis
322:, composed of
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249:
213:
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205:
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197:September 2023
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1372:Golden S sign
1370:
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1367:Hamman's sign
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1280:Hoover's sign
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1228:Nail clubbing
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679:0-07-140923-8
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462:
460:
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439:or pulmonary
438:
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431:), pulmonary
430:
427:bacteria (in
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168:
165:
161:
158: –
157:
153:
152:Find sources:
147:
143:
137:
136:
132:
128:
123:This article
121:
112:
111:
104:
101:
99:
95:
85:
84:
82:
80:Pronunciation
78:
74:
71:taken from a
70:
66:
65:
60:
56:
52:
47:
43:
39:
34:
19:
18:Expectoration
1360:Kerley lines
1352:
1341:Hampton hump
1333:
1319:
1305:
1286:
1272:
1242:
1011:Pectoriloquy
996:Death rattle
991:Bronchophony
933:Auscultation
879:
878:
877:profile for
874:
842:
831:
816:
801:
786:
752:
717:
713:
699:
688:
669:
625:
621:
610:
583:
579:
569:
557:
546:. Retrieved
541:
532:
448:tuberculosis
441:tuberculosis
425:pneumococcal
403:; pulmonary
393:lung abscess
385:tuberculosis
353:
340:lung abscess
328:serous fluid
314:
303:
297:
291:
285:
282:
269:microbiology
254:
245:
238:
217:
216:
194:
184:
177:
170:
163:
151:
131:verification
124:
64:Enterococcus
62:
1321:sarcoidosis
1211:In children
1053:Prematurity
941:Stethoscope
720:(2): 70–3.
452:lung cancer
437:lung cancer
389:lung cancer
367:lung cancer
251:Description
234:cytological
125:needs more
103:Pulmonology
87:/'spju:təm/
41:Other names
1327:Kveim test
1313:Reid index
1248:Hemoptysis
1206:Chest pain
1166:Aerophagia
1006:Percussion
548:2022-04-17
524:References
412:Klebsiella
401:infarction
360:hemoptysis
344:bronchitis
273:Gram stain
167:newspapers
1253:Epistaxis
1161:Trepopnea
1156:Platypnea
1152:Orthopnea
1090:Bradypnea
1080:Tachypnea
1075:Hyperpnea
1033:Breathing
844:SNOMED CT
706:Scherer M
429:pneumonia
420:fibrosis.
310:pathogens
98:Specialty
73:pneumonia
1387:Category
1233:Cyanosis
1221:Pleurisy
1171:Asphyxia
1085:Hypopnea
1021:Egophony
986:Fremitus
961:Crackles
849:45710003
744:19242860
708:(2009).
652:29524537
602:10452752
512:See also
497:embolism
459:purulent
433:embolism
405:embolism
358:Bloody (
316:Purulent
308:. Other
265:cytology
261:bacteria
156:"Sputum"
69:bacteria
61:-shaped
1186:Snoring
1099:Pattern
1060:Dyspnea
971:Stertor
966:Rhonchi
951:Stridor
871:Scholia
838:D013183
735:3410464
643:6128784
478:asthma.
399:; lung
374:alveoli
230:bronchi
226:trachea
181:scholar
146:removed
75:patient
1288:asthma
1268:Hiccup
1243:Sputum
976:Squawk
956:Wheeze
881:Sputum
873:has a
742:
732:
676:
650:
640:
600:
542:GOV.UK
518:Phlegm
505:asthma
302:, and
257:saliva
218:Sputum
183:
176:
169:
162:
154:
89:
1238:Cough
1199:Other
1135:Other
1048:Apnea
875:topic
827:786.4
812:R09.3
391:, or
332:mucus
222:mucus
188:JSTOR
174:books
59:Cocci
44:Mucus
1274:COPD
1041:Rate
833:MeSH
822:9-CM
797:MD10
740:PMID
674:ISBN
648:PMID
598:PMID
228:and
160:news
129:for
67:sp.
818:ICD
803:ICD
788:ICD
730:PMC
722:doi
638:PMC
630:doi
626:143
588:doi
584:104
320:pus
267:or
241:pus
220:is
1389::
847::
836::
825::
810::
807:10
795::
792:11
738:.
728:.
718:27
716:.
712:.
660:^
646:.
636:.
624:.
620:.
596:.
582:.
578:.
540:.
450:;
435:,
395:;
362:)
346:.
338:,
296:,
290:,
148:.
1154:/
913:e
906:t
899:v
885:.
820:-
805:-
790:-
780:D
746:.
724::
682:.
654:.
632::
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