321:, the approach involves engaging students in active roles for the purpose of learning. Experiential education can involve various tools like field work, policy and civic activity, and entrepreneurship outside of the classroom along with games, simulations, and role plays. In these activities, students may establish group goals, practice decision-making skills, and develop leadership skills, which can also enhance student motivation and confidence. According to Ernie Stringer, "Action learners move through continuous cycles of this inquiry process to improve their understanding, extend their knowledge, or refine their skills."
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knowledge, teachers generally cannot plan or implement a curriculum unit as a neat, predictable package. Yet, a well-planned curriculum is still necessary to ensure experiential learning results in meaningful student learning. Teachers may become active learners, too, experimenting with their students, reflecting upon the learning activities they have designed, and responding to their students' reactions to the activities. With less dependence on prescribed curriculum, teachers may come to view themselves as more than just recipients of external curriculum decisions.
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experience real consequences as they are meeting learning objectives. The experiential approach aligns with
Armstrong's claims that students, rather than teachers, should be responsible for their learning. Proponents claim that an experiential education mindset can change the way teachers and students view knowledge as learning becomes active and transacted within life or lifelike situations. Experiential education can also link traditional scholarly priorities (e.g. formal knowledge production) with improvement of professional practice.
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and leads to other experiences, in essence propelling the person to learn more. Interaction is when the experience meets the internal needs or goals of a person. Dewey also categorizes experiences as possibly being mis-educative and non-educative. A mis-educative experience is one that stops or distorts growth for future experiences. A non-educative experience is one in which a person has not done any reflection and so has obtained nothing for mental growth that is lasting.
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At the university level, programs may be entirely field-taught on outdoor expeditions. These courses combine traditional academic readings and written assignments with field observations, service projects, open discussions of course material, and meetings with local speakers who are involved with the
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Dewey advocated that education be based upon the quality of experience. For an experience to be educational, Dewey believed that certain parameters had to be met, the most important of which is that the experience has continuity and interaction. Continuity is the idea that the experience comes from
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The methodologies reflected in experiential education have evolved since the time of Hahn and Dewey. For experiential education to be an effective pedagogy, physical experience must be combined with reflection. Adding reflective practice, allows for consolidation of key learnings. Further, for the
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At the professional school level, experiential education is often integrated into a curriculum in "clinical" courses following the medical school model of "See one, Do one, Teach one", in which students learn by practicing medicine. This approach is being introduced in other professions in which
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published in 1938. It expressed his ideas about curriculum theory in the context of historical debates about school organization and the need to have experience as a fundamental aspect. Dewey's fame during that period rested on relentlessly critiquing public education and pointing out that the
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In addition to the notions raised by Dewey, recent research has shown that experiential learning does not replace traditional methods of learning but supplements it to offer additional skills, perspectives, and understanding of relationships. Students participating in authentic activities can
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regards experiential education as "a philosophy that informs many methodologies in which educators purposefully engage with learners in direct experience and focused reflection in order to increase knowledge, develop skills, clarify values, and develop people's capacity to contribute to their
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Besides changing student roles, experiential education requires a change in the role of teachers. The approach requires teachers to position themselves as facilitators of experiences and learning that may take students outside of the classroom. Because action precedes attempts to synthesize
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rely on experiential education to provide context and frameworks for learning through action and reflection while others at higher levels (university and professional education) focus on field skills and modeling. Examples of specific methods are outlined below.
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was the first non-profit organization that applied the concepts of experiential education (though primarily conceptualized in terms of outdoor adventure education) in youth works. Since then, development in experiential education has proceeded in
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Boyd, F.B. (2002). Motivation to continue: Enhancing literacy learning for struggling readers and writers. Reading and
Writing Quarterly. (18) 3, 257–277. Calkins, L. (1991). Living between the lines. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann Educational Books,
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might work together to get the entire group over a 12-foot wall or through an intricate web of rope. After each challenge, the group debriefs how it functioned as a team and how the insights gained from the experience transfers to other
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with stated learning goals, relying on experience as the foundation for meaning. Students provide meaningful service while simultaneously gaining new skills, knowledge and understanding as an integrated aspect of an academic
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experiential learning program has led the faculty to adopt an all-day time block as an alternative to the traditional 45-minute periods. The faculty now organizes the curriculum by project instead of by separate disciplines.
336:, service activities are an integral part of the academic program. Accommodating service learning requires large time blocks that necessitate specialized scheduling. At the University Heights Alternative School in
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is based in educating learners about relationships within the natural environment and how those relationships are interdependent. Students participate in outdoor activities as part of their learning experience.
297:, which had historically primarily served a North American audience. Outward Bound Hong Kong was accredited in 2011, followed by Chadwick International in Korea in 2019 and the Hanifl Centre in 2020.
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Stringer, E., Christensen, L.M., & Baldwin, S.C. (2009). Integrating teaching, learning, and action research: Enhancing instruction in k–12 classrooms. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Publications Inc.
425:, a term popular in US education circles in the 1980s, encourages learners to take responsibility for their learning, requiring their experience in education to inform their process of learning.
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course subjects. These "hybrid" experiential/traditional programs aim to provide the academic rigor of a classroom course with the breadth and personal connections of experiential education.
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and content. This concept is distinct from experiential learning, however experiential learning is a subfield and operates under the methodologies associated with experiential education. The
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290:. Faculty members train and mentor the students and help develop and enhance their critical thinking, problem-solving, and teamwork skills, using a hands-on-activities approach.
172:. The development of experiential education as a philosophy has been intertwined with the development of these other educational theories but there are differences between them.
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Experience
Builders connect work to learning by helping students gain real-world work experience and experiential knowledge within a mentored project-based learning environment.
190:, strict, pre-ordained knowledge approach of modern traditional education was too concerned with delivering knowledge, and not enough with understanding students' experiences.
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As students and teachers take on more active roles, the traditional organizational structures of the school need adjustment. For example, at the
Challenger Middle School in
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skills are directly worked into courses to teach every concept. These concepts include interviewing, listening skills, negotiation, contract writing and advocacy.
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Educational
Writers Association. (1990). Lawrence grows its own leaders. High Strides: Bimonthly Report on Urban Middle Grades, 2 (12). Washington, D.C.: Author.
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Experiential education is a philosophy of education that describes the process that occurs between a teacher and student that infuses direct experience with the
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Nelson, G.Lynn. Writing and Being
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The philosophy of experiential education is closely linked to numerous other educational theories, but it should not be conflated with
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Kumpulainen, K.; Wray, D. (2002). Classroom interaction and social learning: From theory to practice. New York, NY: Routledge-Falmer.
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There are multiple ways in which experiential education is practiced. Examples of experiential learning methods used include:
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may use the philosophy of experiential education in developing team and group skills in both students and adults. Initially,
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began promoting the educational style. John Dewey was in China in the early 1900s and his ideas were extremely popular.
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Dewey's work influenced dozens of other prominent experiential models and advocates in the later 20th century, including
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uses organized learning activities that occur in the outdoors, and uses environmental experiences as a learning tool.
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Rolzinski, C. (1990). The adventure of adolescence: Middle school students and community service. Washington, D.C.:
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Starting in the twenty-teens, experiential education organizations in Asia begin gaining accreditation by the
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was the most famous proponent of hands-on learning or experiential education, which was discussed in his book
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efficacy of experiential education, the learner must be given sufficient time to process the information.
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The original version of this Knowledge (XXG) article is based on the public domain text at this site.
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Experiential methods in education have existed in China for over two thousand years, since the time
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Several Australian high schools have established experiential education programmes, including
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2212:
2188:
2142:
2108:
2067:
2049:
2010:
1992:
1958:
1934:Early childhood education
1927:
1914:
1277:
542:Simulation-based learning
4395:Subcultures of the 1950s
4385:International Youth Year
4050:Intergenerational equity
3795:Northern Mariana Islands
3607:Turks and Caicos Islands
2688:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
2284:Central African Republic
630:Experience and Education
481:Caulfield Grammar School
181:Experience and Education
60:"Experiential education"
4466:Philosophy of education
4096:Anarchistic free school
4065:Youth-adult partnership
3760:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
2949:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
1164:University of Minnesota
1011:Florida Campus Compact.
826:16 January 2015 at the
470:GoBeyond Student Travel
429:Environmental education
403:, a faculty or student
319:environmental education
16:Philosophy of education
4359:The Catcher in the Rye
3537:British Virgin Islands
3051:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1169:Knoll, Michael (2011)
536:Project-based learning
530:Problem-based learning
493:Geelong Grammar School
466:University of Michigan
454:Presidential Classroom
399:designed to build the
221:, and the creation of
132:
4471:Experiential learning
4461:Alternative education
4390:LGBT student movement
4338:Age of consent reform
4312:Youth control complex
3738:and other territories
3477:Saint Kitts and Nevis
2444:São Tomé and Príncipe
2304:Republic of the Congo
1200:Youth Service America
1075:Experiential Learning
642:Starnes, B.A. (1999)
591:Trend, David (2010).
512:Active-based learning
369:) and out-of-school (
242:Established in 1973,
158:progressive education
126:
4106:Democratic education
4040:Free-range parenting
3626:Education in Oceania
3002:Education in Europe
2863:United Arab Emirates
2230:Education in Africa
1453:Instructional design
1037:New York: Routledge.
1033:Palmer, J.A. (1998)
818:Fletcher, A. (2005)
731:Taylor & Francis
524:Place-based learning
518:Cooperative learning
435:Vocational education
414:is a combination of
137:learning environment
45:improve this article
4171:Youth participation
4166:Youth organizations
4070:Youth mainstreaming
4035:Evolving capacities
3492:Trinidad and Tobago
3387:Antigua and Barbuda
3267:States with limited
2890:limited recognition
2519:States with limited
2218:Education by region
1944:Secondary education
1856:Teaching philosophy
1759:Pedagogical pattern
1702:21st century skills
1681:Religious education
1324:Aims and objectives
1132:The Reading Teacher
929:18 May 2007 at the
389:Adventure education
144:communities". The
4176:Youth philanthropy
4045:Future generations
3958:Schools portal
3427:Dominican Republic
2622:Education in Asia
1949:Tertiary education
1887:Learning resources
1378:Education sciences
795:J. Scott Armstrong
373:) programs. Many
371:informal education
133:
4476:Outdoor education
4443:
4442:
4412:Teenage rebellion
4380:Hungry generation
4267:Helicopter parent
4111:Popular education
4021:Youth empowerment
3987:
3986:
3941:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3909:other territories
3818:
3817:
3810:Wallis and Futuna
3755:Clipperton Island
3713:Associated states
3620:
3619:
3509:other territories
3368:
3367:
2995:
2994:
2932:other territories
2615:
2614:
2546:other territories
2319:Equatorial Guinea
2208:
2207:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2087:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2028:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1939:Primary education
1910:
1909:
1799:Dialogic learning
1769:Teacher retention
1722:Critical thinking
1717:Class arrangement
1686:Special education
1361:Standardized test
1344:Course evaluation
1144:10.1598/RT.59.1.2
1007:Furco, A. (1996)
628:Dewey, J (1938).
416:community service
383:Outdoor education
342:Project Adventure
219:radical democracy
166:youth empowerment
162:critical pedagogy
129:clinical training
121:
120:
113:
95:
4483:
4456:Applied learning
4333:Age of candidacy
4287:Parental respect
4252:Fear of children
4227:Age restrictions
4156:Youth leadership
4151:Youth engagement
4121:Student activism
4055:Leaving the nest
4014:
4007:
4000:
3991:
3977:
3976:
3967:
3966:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3929:
3917:Falkland Islands
3831:Sovereign states
3820:
3800:Pitcairn Islands
3770:French Polynesia
3750:Christmas Island
3679:Papua New Guinea
3659:Marshall Islands
3632:Sovereign states
3622:
3577:Saint Barthélemy
3507:Dependencies and
3380:Sovereign states
3370:
3305:Dependencies and
3009:Sovereign states
2997:
2985:
2975:
2974:
2944:Christmas Island
2630:Sovereign states
2617:
2607:
2606:(United Kingdom)
2602:Tristan da Cunha
2598:Ascension Island
2590:
2577:
2568:
2544:Dependencies and
2237:Sovereign states
2225:
2214:
2197:
2145:
2140:
2115:Higher education
2111:
2106:
2070:
2065:
2056:Secondary school
2052:
2047:
2013:
2008:
1995:
1990:
1961:
1956:
1930:
1916:
1844:Student-centered
1829:Phenomenon-based
1819:Peer instruction
1784:Blended learning
1707:Bloom's taxonomy
1671:Gifted education
1666:Education reform
1498:Computer science
1279:
1264:
1257:
1250:
1241:
1155:
1104:Phi Delta Kappan
1077:
1072:
1066:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1049:"School of life"
1044:
1038:
1031:
1025:
1018:
1012:
1005:
999:
996:
990:
977:
971:
970:
952:
946:
943:
934:
921:
915:
914:
908:
899:
893:
890:
884:
883:
867:
857:
851:
850:
838:
832:
816:
810:
809:
803:
791:
785:
784:
777:
771:
770:
768:
766:
761:on 19 April 2014
757:. Archived from
751:
745:
744:
720:
714:
704:
698:
697:
669:
663:
653:
647:
640:
634:
633:
632:. Collier Books.
625:
619:
613:
607:
606:
588:
582:
581:
579:
577:
562:
441:Sandwich degrees
412:Service learning
375:teaching methods
367:formal education
330:Colorado Springs
315:service learning
288:Qatar University
274:in 2010 through
227:among learners.
203:service learning
131:such as surgery.
116:
109:
105:
102:
96:
94:
53:
29:
21:
4491:
4490:
4486:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4481:
4480:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4439:
4426:
4348:Beat Generation
4321:
4317:Youth exclusion
4272:Infantilization
4242:Eleutherophobia
4205:
4161:Youth-led media
4084:
4023:
4018:
3988:
3983:
3952:
3950:
3933:
3927:
3910:
3908:
3898:
3825:
3814:
3737:
3731:
3714:
3708:
3689:Solomon Islands
3627:
3616:
3510:
3508:
3501:
3375:
3364:
3348:
3306:
3300:
3286:Northern Cyprus
3268:
3262:
3183:North Macedonia
3004:
2991:
2963:
2931:
2922:
2903:Northern Cyprus
2889:
2882:
2624:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2588:
2575:
2566:
2547:
2545:
2538:
2522:
2520:
2513:
2232:
2219:
2204:
2203:
2184:
2175:
2166:
2158:
2151:
2129:
2117:
2098:
2089:
2081:
2076:
2058:
2039:
2030:
2022:
2017:
2001:
1982:
1974:
1967:
1923:
1906:
1860:
1779:Active learning
1774:Teaching method
1749:Learning theory
1690:
1656:Autodidacticism
1651:Adult education
1637:
1578:Performing arts
1459:
1366:Teacher quality
1356:Standards-based
1312:
1284:
1273:
1268:
1225:
1129:
1088:Carroll, Mary.
1081:
1080:
1073:
1069:
1060:
1056:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1032:
1028:
1019:
1015:
1006:
1002:
997:
993:
985:. Denver, CO:
978:
974:
967:
954:
953:
949:
944:
937:
931:Wayback Machine
922:
918:
906:
901:
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828:Wayback Machine
817:
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505:
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423:Active learning
401:teamwork skills
355:
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233:
154:
117:
106:
100:
97:
54:
52:
42:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4489:
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4473:
4468:
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4458:
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4447:
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4425:
4424:
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4417:UK underground
4414:
4409:
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4382:
4377:
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4367:
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4355:
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4326:Related topics
4323:
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4191:Youth suffrage
4188:
4183:
4181:Youth politics
4178:
4173:
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4141:Youth activism
4138:
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4131:Student rights
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3797:
3792:
3790:Norfolk Island
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3745:American Samoa
3741:
3739:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3724:
3718:
3716:
3715:of New Zealand
3710:
3709:
3707:
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3701:
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3599:
3597:Sint Eustatius
3594:
3589:
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3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
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3544:
3542:Cayman Islands
3539:
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3529:
3524:
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3513:
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3506:
3503:
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3500:
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3360:European Union
3356:
3354:
3353:Other entities
3350:
3349:
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3346:
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3326:
3321:
3316:
3310:
3308:
3307:other entities
3302:
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3299:
3298:
3293:
3288:
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3261:
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3258:United Kingdom
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
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3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
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3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3071:Czech Republic
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
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3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3012:
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2884:
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2855:
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2640:
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2632:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2591:
2578:
2569:
2555:Canary Islands
2551:
2550:
2548:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2525:
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2518:
2515:
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2209:
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2201:
2190:
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2185:
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2177:
2176:
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2168:
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2100:
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2025:
2024:
2019:
2011:
2004:
2003:
1999:Primary school
1993:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1969:
1959:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1928:
1925:
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1911:
1908:
1907:
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1899:
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1889:
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1874:
1868:
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1801:
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1761:
1756:
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1712:Cognitive load
1709:
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1383:Evidence-based
1380:
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1369:
1368:
1363:
1358:
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1348:
1347:
1346:
1331:
1326:
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1317:By perspective
1314:
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959:. OUP Oxford.
947:
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913:(ED345929): 3.
894:
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879:978-0203878866
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680:(3): 363–371.
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170:constructivism
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4277:Intrusiveness
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4237:Control freak
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2149:Undergraduate
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408:environments.
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188:authoritarian
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62: –
61:
57:
56:Find sources:
50:
46:
40:
39:
34:This article
32:
28:
23:
22:
19:
4404:
4357:
4257:Gerontocracy
4247:Ephebiphobia
4075:Youth rights
3949:
3905:Dependencies
3736:Dependencies
3722:Cook Islands
3602:Sint Maarten
3582:Saint Martin
3296:Transnistria
2928:Dependencies
2858:Turkmenistan
2823:Saudi Arabia
2594:Saint Helena
2565:
2469:South Africa
2459:Sierra Leone
2264:Burkina Faso
2156:Postgraduate
1972:Kindergarten
1824:Personalized
1804:Experiential
1764:Teacher look
1473:Agricultural
1329:Anthropology
1215:
1184:
1135:
1131:
1120:
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763:. Retrieved
759:the original
749:
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713:, pp. 48–60.
707:
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638:
629:
623:
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574:. Retrieved
569:
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397:ropes course
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244:Breakthrough
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215:Paulo Freire
196:
192:
179:
174:
155:
134:
107:
98:
88:
81:
74:
67:
55:
43:Please help
38:verification
35:
18:
4292:Paternalism
4080:Youth voice
3979:WikiProject
3669:New Zealand
3572:Puerto Rico
3482:Saint Lucia
3432:El Salvador
3334:Isle of Man
3269:recognition
3243:Switzerland
3178:Netherlands
2987:Asia portal
2888:States with
2808:Philippines
2748:South Korea
2743:North Korea
2638:Afghanistan
2521:recognition
2474:South Sudan
2364:Ivory Coast
2080:High school
1877:Definitions
1754:Lesson plan
1643:Alternative
1548:Mathematics
1518:Engineering
1138:(1): 8–13.
911:Eric Digest
280:STEM fields
152:Foundations
4450:Categories
4422:Voting age
4297:Patriarchy
4282:Narcissism
4201:Youth work
4196:Youth vote
4136:Teen court
3567:Montserrat
3562:Martinique
3557:Guadeloupe
3412:Costa Rica
3213:San Marino
3173:Montenegro
3153:Luxembourg
3133:Kazakhstan
3036:Azerbaijan
2868:Uzbekistan
2843:Tajikistan
2758:Kyrgyzstan
2738:Kazakhstan
2658:Bangladesh
2648:Azerbaijan
2576:(Portugal)
2534:Somaliland
2454:Seychelles
2419:Mozambique
2404:Mauritania
2389:Madagascar
2344:The Gambia
2279:Cape Verde
2132:Continuing
2122:Vocational
1727:Curriculum
1661:Democratic
1633:Vocational
1623:Technology
1583:Philosophy
1465:By subject
1443:Technology
1423:Psychology
1408:Philosophy
1398:Leadership
1339:Evaluation
1334:Assessment
1051:. The Age.
552:References
472:, and the
311:laboratory
176:John Dewey
71:newspapers
4262:Grounding
3894:Venezuela
3839:Argentina
3639:Australia
3552:Greenland
3467:Nicaragua
3442:Guatemala
3324:Gibraltar
3148:Lithuania
2954:Hong Kong
2908:Palestine
2833:Sri Lanka
2828:Singapore
2708:Indonesia
2409:Mauritius
1965:Preschool
1865:Wikimedia
1603:Religious
1528:Euthenics
1513:Economics
1493:Chemistry
1483:Bilingual
1438:Sociology
1393:Inclusion
1373:Economics
1271:Education
1152:144967848
694:145229668
338:the Bronx
286:(CAM) at
276:AL-Bairaq
253:Singapore
248:Hong Kong
237:Confucius
207:Kurt Hahn
101:July 2007
4222:Adultism
4210:Barriers
4028:Elements
3969:Category
3884:Suriname
3874:Paraguay
3859:Colombia
3654:Kiribati
3517:Anguilla
3452:Honduras
3422:Dominica
3397:Barbados
3344:Svalbard
3329:Guernsey
3276:Abkhazia
3228:Slovenia
3223:Slovakia
3198:Portugal
3056:Bulgaria
2977:Category
2898:Abkhazia
2848:Thailand
2803:Pakistan
2783:Mongolia
2778:Maldives
2773:Malaysia
2673:Cambodia
2600: /
2596: /
2589:(France)
2583: /
2561: /
2557: /
2509:Zimbabwe
2484:Tanzania
2334:Ethiopia
2329:Eswatini
2309:Djibouti
2274:Cameroon
2259:Botswana
1849:Socratic
1809:Feedback
1695:Concepts
1588:Physical
1558:Military
1538:Language
1488:Business
1428:Research
1418:Politics
1403:Pedagogy
1298:Glossary
1283:Overview
1214:(1985).
1107:, 81(5).
927:Archived
824:Archived
797:(1977).
448:Examples
419:program.
353:Practice
334:Colorado
4375:Hippies
4370:Greaser
4353:Beatnik
3889:Uruguay
3864:Ecuador
3844:Bolivia
3805:Tokelau
3704:Vanuatu
3547:Curaçao
3532:Bonaire
3527:Bermuda
3457:Jamaica
3437:Grenada
3392:Bahamas
3253:Ukraine
3203:Romania
3163:Moldova
3121:Ireland
3116:Iceland
3111:Hungary
3101:Germany
3096:Georgia
3086:Finland
3081:Estonia
3076:Denmark
3061:Croatia
3046:Belgium
3041:Belarus
3031:Austria
3026:Armenia
3021:Andorra
3016:Albania
2873:Vietnam
2788:Myanmar
2768:Lebanon
2698:Georgia
2653:Bahrain
2643:Armenia
2585:Réunion
2581:Mayotte
2572:Madeira
2567:(Spain)
2563:Melilla
2494:Tunisia
2464:Somalia
2449:Senegal
2434:Nigeria
2424:Namibia
2414:Morocco
2379:Liberia
2374:Lesotho
2324:Eritrea
2294:Comoros
2269:Burundi
2244:Algeria
2152:→
2127:Further
2082:→
2077:→
2059:→
2023:→
2018:→
2002:→
1975:→
1968:→
1814:Passive
1737:Studies
1618:Teacher
1608:Science
1598:Reading
1593:Physics
1568:Nursing
1553:Medical
1388:History
1308:Outline
1290:General
808:: 8–17.
503:Methods
485:Nanjing
464:at the
363:schools
199:Foxfire
85:scholar
4232:Ageism
3869:Guyana
3849:Brazil
3780:Hawaii
3699:Tuvalu
3472:Panama
3462:Mexico
3407:Canada
3402:Belize
3339:Jersey
3281:Kosovo
3248:Turkey
3238:Sweden
3218:Serbia
3208:Russia
3193:Poland
3188:Norway
3168:Monaco
3138:Latvia
3106:Greece
3091:France
3066:Cyprus
2918:Taiwan
2853:Turkey
2818:Russia
2753:Kuwait
2733:Jordan
2723:Israel
2683:Cyprus
2668:Brunei
2663:Bhutan
2604:
2587:
2574:
2504:Zambia
2499:Uganda
2439:Rwanda
2394:Malawi
2354:Guinea
2249:Angola
2199:Portal
2159:
2118:
2021:Junior
2016:Infant
1921:Stages
1897:Quotes
1882:Images
1742:Theory
1732:Hidden
1628:Values
1533:Health
1508:Design
1433:Rights
1413:Policy
1150:
963:
876:
765:5 July
737:
711:. 504.
692:
599:
576:10 May
572:. 2024
460:, the
393:groups
340:, the
257:Taiwan
224:praxis
213:, and
87:
80:
73:
66:
58:
4089:Types
3854:Chile
3694:Tonga
3684:Samoa
3674:Palau
3664:Nauru
3522:Aruba
3447:Haiti
3314:Åland
3233:Spain
3158:Malta
3128:Italy
2959:Macau
2878:Yemen
2838:Syria
2813:Qatar
2793:Nepal
2728:Japan
2703:India
2693:Egypt
2678:China
2559:Ceuta
2479:Sudan
2429:Niger
2384:Libya
2369:Kenya
2349:Ghana
2339:Gabon
2314:Egypt
2254:Benin
1902:Texts
1872:Books
1573:Peace
1563:Music
1543:Legal
1503:Death
1303:Index
1148:S2CID
907:(PDF)
802:(PDF)
690:S2CID
489:China
272:Qatar
265:China
261:Macau
92:JSTOR
78:books
3879:Peru
3775:Guam
3727:Niue
3649:Fiji
3592:Saba
3417:Cuba
2798:Oman
2763:Laos
2718:Iraq
2713:Iran
2489:Togo
2399:Mali
2289:Chad
1892:News
1085:Inc.
961:ISBN
874:ISBN
767:2014
735:ISBN
597:ISBN
578:2024
491:and
405:team
209:and
64:news
3907:and
2930:and
1613:Sex
1478:Art
1140:doi
870:129
682:doi
456:,
246:in
47:by
4452::
1162:,
1146:.
1136:59
1134:.
938:^
909:.
872:.
845:.
804:.
733:.
729:.
688:.
678:25
676:.
568:.
487:,
476:.
332:,
317:,
267:.
259:,
255:,
205:,
201:,
164:,
160:,
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3999:v
2134:)
2130:(
1263:e
1256:t
1249:v
1202:.
1180:.
1166:.
1154:.
1142::
989:.
969:.
882:.
849:.
783:.
769:.
743:.
696:.
684::
605:.
580:.
365:(
183:,
114:)
108:(
103:)
99:(
89:·
82:·
75:·
68:·
41:.
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