Knowledge

Explicit formulae for L-functions

Source 📝

4338: 3950: 2110: 1367: 3389: 3717: 3939: 700: 4333:{\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {\varphi (n)}{\sqrt {n}}}g(\log n)={\frac {6}{\pi ^{2}}}\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }dx\,g(x)e^{3x/2}+\sum _{\rho }{\frac {h(\gamma )\zeta (\rho -1)}{\zeta '(\rho )}}+{\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {\zeta (-2n-1)}{\zeta '(-2n)}}\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }dx\,g(x)e^{-x(2n+1/2)}.} 1823: 1093: 1073:, considered as a zero of multiplicity −1, and the remaining small terms come from the trivial zeros. This formula says that the zeros of the Riemann zeta function control the oscillations of primes around their "expected" positions. (For graphs of the sums of the first few terms of this series see 1555: 2451:
Roughly speaking, the explicit formula says the Fourier transform of the zeros of the zeta function is the set of prime powers plus some elementary factors. Once this is said, the formula comes from the fact that the Fourier transform is a unitary operator, so that a scalar product in time domain is
2962: 903: 3459: 3728: 417: 4627: 2105:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&\Phi (1)+\Phi (0)-\sum _{\rho }\Phi (\rho )\\&=\sum _{p,m}{\frac {\log(p)}{p^{m/2}}}{\Big (}F(\log(p^{m}))+F(-\log(p^{m})){\Big )}-{\frac {1}{2\pi }}\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }\varphi (t)\Psi (t)\,dt\end{aligned}}} 384: 1362:{\displaystyle \psi _{0}(x)={\dfrac {1}{2\pi i}}\int _{\sigma -i\infty }^{\sigma +i\infty }\left(-{\dfrac {\zeta '(s)}{\zeta (s)}}\right){\dfrac {x^{s}}{s}}\,ds=x-\sum _{\rho }{\frac {~x^{\rho }\,}{\rho }}-\log(2\pi )-{\dfrac {1}{2}}\log(1-x^{-2})} 3116: 2982:
of the non trivial zeros is equal to the primes power symmetrized plus a minor term. Of course, the sum involved are not convergent, but the trick is to use the unitary property of Fourier transform which is that it preserves scalar product:
1749: 1378: 2579: 1649: 1014: 4897: 2610: 726: 4492: 3712:{\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {\mu (n)}{\sqrt {n}}}g(\log n)=\sum _{\rho }{\frac {h(\gamma )}{\zeta '(\rho )}}+\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{\zeta '(-2n)}}\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }dxg(x)e^{-(2n+1/2)x}.} 2414: 4926:
has gone much further into the functional-analytic background, providing a trace formula the validity of which is equivalent to such a generalized Riemann hypothesis. A slightly different point of view was given by
2249: 221: 5320:
von Mangoldt, Hans (1895), "Zu Riemanns Abhandlung "Über die Anzahl der Primzahlen unter einer gegebenen Grösse"" [On Riemann's paper "The number of prime numbers less than a given magnitude"],
3934:{\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {\lambda (n)}{\sqrt {n}}}g(\log n)=\sum _{\rho }{\frac {h(\gamma )\zeta (2\rho )}{\zeta '(\rho )}}+{\frac {1}{\zeta (1/2)}}\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }dx\,g(x).} 3320: 1828: 695:{\displaystyle \pi _{0}(x)=\sum _{n}{\frac {1}{n}}\,\mu (n)\,f(x^{1/n})=f(x)-{\frac {1}{2}}\,f(x^{1/2})-{\frac {1}{3}}\,f(x^{1/3})-{\frac {1}{5}}\,f(x^{1/5})+{\frac {1}{6}}\,f(x^{1/6})-\cdots ,} 4383: 2311: 5028: 4500: 4697: 236: 70: 5323: 3410: 2989: 2466: 5063: 3349: 2160: 2434: 1660: 3171: 3145: 1550:{\displaystyle \sigma >1\,,\quad \psi (x)=\sum _{p^{k}\leq x}\log p\,,\quad {\text{and}}\quad \psi _{0}(x)={\frac {1}{2}}\lim _{h\to 0}(\psi (x+h)+\psi (x-h))} 3373: 3191: 4786:, and the main correction is the sum over non-trivial zeros of the zeta function. (There is a minor technical problem in using this case, in that the function 2169: 1573: 2957:{\displaystyle {\frac {d}{du}}\left=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\Lambda (n)\left+{\frac {1}{2}}{\frac {d\ln(1-e^{-2|u|})}{du}}=e^{u}-\sum _{\rho }e^{\rho u},} 898:{\displaystyle f(x)=\operatorname {li} (x)-\sum _{\rho }\operatorname {li} (x^{\rho })-\log(2)+\int _{x}^{\infty }{\frac {dt}{~t\,(t^{2}-1)~\log(t)~}}} 934: 54: 4823: 1080:
The first rigorous proof of the aforementioned formula was given by von Mangoldt in 1895: it started with a proof of the following formula for the
4396: 3196: 4750:
Riemann's original use of the explicit formula was to give an exact formula for the number of primes less than a given number. To do this, take
5211: 2317: 5223: 5296:(1952), "Sur les "formules explicites" de la théorie des nombres premiers" [On "explicit formulas" in the theory of prime numbers], 106: 5508: 5479: 5264: 3436: 230:
of the limit from the left and the limit from the right at discontinuities. His formula was given in terms of the related function
1567:
This series is also conditionally convergent and the sum over zeroes should again be taken in increasing order of imaginary part:
4343:
Assuming Riemann zeta function has only simple zeros. In all cases the sum is related to the imaginary part of the Riemann zeros
74: 4799: 5467: 5432: 4911: 3414: 5534: 921: 58: 5215: 5181: 5157: 916:, but may be evaluated by taking the zeros in order of the absolute value of their imaginary part. The function 4346: 3399: 2255: 4622:{\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\sigma _{0}(n)f(n)=\sum _{m=-\infty }^{\infty }\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }f(mn)} 3173:. At a first look, it seems to be a formula for functions only, but in fact in many cases it also works when 4970: 3418: 3403: 1081: 408: 379:{\displaystyle f(x)=\pi _{0}(x)+{\frac {1}{2}}\,\pi _{0}(x^{1/2})+{\frac {1}{3}}\,\pi _{0}(x^{1/3})+\cdots } 90: 4735: 4635: 2460: 925: 25: 4949: 4944: 3450: 2972: 1036: 50: 5210:, Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics and Mathematical Physics, vol. 30, reissued with a foreword by 4915: 4783: 4716: 3352: 3111:{\displaystyle \int _{-\infty }^{\infty }f(u)g^{*}(u)\,du=\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }F(t)G^{*}(t)\,dt} 913: 4907: 4720: 5449: 5408: 5374: 5359:
Meyer, Ralf (2005), "On a representation of the idele class group related to primes and zeros of
5033: 3325: 717: 4817:. The sum over the zeros of the explicit formula is then (at least formally) given by a trace: 5504: 5475: 5392: 5332: 5260: 5219: 5106: 4919: 4774:
and 0 elsewhere. Then the main term of the sum on the right is the number of primes less than
2979: 2145: 1778: 1744:{\displaystyle S(x,T)=\sum _{\rho :\left|\Im \rho \right|\leq T}{\frac {x^{\rho }}{\rho }}\,.} 2604:
Weil's explicit formula can be understood like this. The target is to be able to write that:
5514: 5485: 5441: 5416: 5384: 5340: 5309: 5282: 5270: 5237: 5096: 2600:
counted with multiplicities, so the poles at 0 and 1 are counted as zeros of order −1.
2437: 5404: 5352: 5305: 5233: 2419: 5518: 5489: 5420: 5400: 5348: 5344: 5313: 5301: 5274: 5256: 5241: 5229: 4811: 1561: 227: 3150: 3124: 4703:
turns the Poisson summation formula into a formula involving the Mellin transform. Here
4739: 3358: 3176: 34: 5528: 5412: 5365: 5293: 5203: 3449:
The Riemann-Weil formula can be generalized to arithmetical functions other than the
2590: 1814: 5453: 5124: 2574:{\displaystyle \zeta ^{*}(s)=\Gamma (s/2)\pi ^{-s/2}\prod _{p}{\frac {1}{1-p^{-s}}}} 4923: 1032: 42: 5388: 4902:
Development of the explicit formulae for a wide class of L-functions was given by
4734:
More generally, the Riemann zeta function and the L-series can be replaced by the
1644:{\displaystyle \sum _{\rho }{\frac {x^{\rho }}{\rho }}=\lim _{T\to \infty }S(x,T)} 1564:, and then converting it into the formula that Riemann himself actually sketched. 5503:, Progress in Mathematics, vol. 126 (2nd ed.), Boston, MA: BirkhĂ€user, 5496: 3388: 1009:{\displaystyle \operatorname {li} (x)=\int _{0}^{x}{\frac {dt}{\,\log(t)\,}}\,.} 20: 5474:, Pure and Applied Mathematics, vol. 58, New York-London: Academic Press, 4892:{\displaystyle \sum _{\rho }F(\rho )=\operatorname {Tr} (F({\widehat {T}})).\!} 2452:
equal to the scalar product of the Fourier transforms in the frequency domain.
1027:
involving the zeros of the zeta function need some care in their definition as
5427: 5248: 4932: 4807: 73:" Riemann sketched an explicit formula (it was not fully proven until 1895 by 53:. Such explicit formulae have been applied also to questions on bounding the 38: 29: 5396: 5336: 5255:, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, vol. 110 (2nd ed.), New York, NY: 5110: 5101: 5084: 2589:, and the term at the end involving Ψ coming from the gamma factor (the 4731:), and the terms Ί(1) and Ί(0) disappear because the L-series has no poles. 4487:{\textstyle g(u)={\frac {1}{2\pi }}\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }h(x)\exp(-iux)} 5145: 2409:{\displaystyle \Psi (t)=-\log(\pi )+\operatorname {Re} (\psi (1/4+it/2))} 1813:
There are several slightly different ways to state the explicit formula.
5445: 5379: 4742:. The sum over primes then gets replaced by a sum over prime ideals. 2244:{\displaystyle \varphi (t)=\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }F(x)e^{itx}\,dx} 4931:, who derived the explicit formula of Weil via harmonic analysis on 2140:
is a smooth function all of whose derivatives are rapidly decreasing
4967:
The original prime counting function can easily be recovered via
216:{\displaystyle \pi _{0}(x)={\frac {1}{2}}\lim _{h\to 0}\left\,,} 5283:"Ueber die Anzahl der Primzahlen unter einer gegebenen Grösse" 3382: 1058:. The other terms also correspond to zeros: The dominant term 5085:"Explicit formulas for Dirichlet and Hecke $ L$ -functions" 3315:{\displaystyle g(u)=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\Lambda (n)\left,} 4723:χ. The sum over prime powers then gets extra factors of 77:, see below) for the normalized prime-counting function 4399: 4349: 3944:
For the Euler-Phi function the explicit formula reads
5036: 4973: 4826: 4782:(1); which turns out to be the dominant terms of the 4638: 4503: 3953: 3731: 3462: 3375:
and its Fourier transform, we get the formula above.
3361: 3328: 3199: 3179: 3153: 3127: 2992: 2613: 2469: 2455:
The terms in the formula arise in the following way.
2422: 2320: 2258: 2172: 2148: 1826: 1663: 1576: 1381: 1317: 1225: 1181: 1120: 1096: 937: 729: 420: 239: 109: 5501:
Prime numbers and computer methods for factorization
2122:
runs over the non-trivial zeros of the zeta function
71:
On the Number of Primes Less Than a Given Magnitude
5057: 5022: 4891: 4691: 4621: 4486: 4377: 4332: 3933: 3711: 3379:Explicit formulae for other arithmetical functions 3367: 3343: 3314: 3185: 3165: 3139: 3110: 2956: 2573: 2428: 2408: 2305: 2243: 2154: 2104: 1743: 1643: 1549: 1372:where the LHS is an inverse Mellin transform with 1361: 1008: 897: 694: 378: 215: 4914:in this setting, as a positivity statement for a 4888: 2026: 1951: 1608: 1487: 143: 5324:Journal fĂŒr die reine und angewandte Mathematik 4715:The Riemann zeta function can be replaced by a 2459:The terms on the right hand side come from the 5430:(1977), "The first 50 million prime numbers", 3453:. For example for the Möbius function we have 2596:The left-hand side is a sum over all zeros of 920:occurring in the first term is the (unoffset) 5146:Confused about the explicit formula for ψ0(x) 912:of the Riemann zeta function. The sum is not 8: 4790:does not satisfy the smoothness condition.) 1754:The error involved in truncating the sum to 5300:(in French), Tome SupplĂ©mentaire: 252–265, 3417:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1777:in absolute value, and when divided by the 908:involving a sum over the non-trivial zeros 4378:{\textstyle \rho ={\frac {1}{2}}+i\gamma } 2581:with the terms corresponding to the prime 5378: 5100: 5035: 4996: 4972: 4868: 4867: 4831: 4825: 4680: 4667: 4637: 4598: 4587: 4577: 4563: 4529: 4519: 4508: 4502: 4497:For the divisor function of zeroth order 4442: 4434: 4415: 4398: 4356: 4348: 4314: 4292: 4275: 4263: 4255: 4196: 4190: 4179: 4165: 4107: 4101: 4084: 4077: 4060: 4048: 4040: 4028: 4019: 3975: 3969: 3958: 3952: 3915: 3903: 3895: 3877: 3862: 3807: 3801: 3753: 3747: 3736: 3730: 3722:Also for the Liouville function we have 3690: 3671: 3643: 3635: 3599: 3593: 3582: 3538: 3532: 3484: 3478: 3467: 3461: 3437:Learn how and when to remove this message 3360: 3327: 3230: 3219: 3198: 3178: 3152: 3126: 3101: 3086: 3064: 3056: 3042: 3027: 3005: 2997: 2991: 2942: 2932: 2919: 2891: 2883: 2876: 2851: 2841: 2759: 2748: 2726: 2718: 2711: 2682: 2658: 2650: 2649: 2638: 2614: 2612: 2559: 2543: 2537: 2523: 2516: 2501: 2474: 2468: 2421: 2392: 2375: 2319: 2306:{\displaystyle \Phi (1/2+it)=\varphi (t)} 2268: 2257: 2234: 2222: 2200: 2192: 2171: 2147: 2091: 2061: 2053: 2034: 2025: 2024: 2012: 1975: 1950: 1949: 1937: 1933: 1910: 1898: 1866: 1827: 1825: 1737: 1726: 1720: 1689: 1662: 1611: 1593: 1587: 1581: 1575: 1490: 1476: 1458: 1448: 1443: 1420: 1415: 1391: 1380: 1347: 1316: 1285: 1279: 1269: 1263: 1243: 1231: 1224: 1180: 1157: 1143: 1119: 1101: 1095: 1002: 998: 982: 971: 965: 960: 936: 856: 848: 831: 825: 820: 786: 767: 728: 670: 666: 655: 645: 629: 625: 614: 604: 588: 584: 573: 563: 547: 543: 532: 522: 491: 487: 476: 463: 453: 447: 425: 419: 357: 353: 340: 335: 325: 309: 305: 292: 287: 277: 259: 238: 209: 203: 163: 146: 132: 114: 108: 55:discriminant of an algebraic number field 5075: 5023:{\displaystyle ~\pi (x)=\pi _{0}(x+1)~} 4960: 1817:'s form of the explicit formula states 411:can be recovered from this function by 46: 1074: 4928: 3193:is a distribution. Hence, by setting 33:are relations between sums over the 7: 5287:Monatsberichte der Berliner Akademie 4903: 4692:{\displaystyle g(x)=f(ye^{x})e^{ax}} 3415:adding citations to reliable sources 3355:, and carefully choosing a function 5182:"the Riemann-Weil explicit formula" 5158:"the Riemann-Weil explicit formula" 4738:of an algebraic number field or a 4632:Using a test function of the form 4599: 4578: 4573: 4520: 4443: 4438: 4264: 4259: 4191: 4049: 4044: 3970: 3904: 3899: 3748: 3644: 3639: 3594: 3479: 3236: 3231: 3065: 3060: 3006: 3001: 2765: 2760: 2667: 2492: 2321: 2259: 2201: 2196: 2079: 2062: 2057: 1872: 1847: 1832: 1785:, has absolute value smaller than 1701: 1618: 1167: 1153: 826: 14: 5208:The Distribution of Prime Numbers 4906:, who first extended the idea to 1560:and the RHS is obtained from the 4910:, and formulated a version of a 4389:is related to the test function 3387: 2585:coming from the Euler factor of 1808: 64: 5089:Illinois Journal of Mathematics 4778:. The main term on the left is 1453: 1447: 1395: 1035:at 0 and 1, and are defined by 5433:The Mathematical Intelligencer 5014: 5002: 4986: 4980: 4912:generalized Riemann hypothesis 4882: 4879: 4864: 4858: 4846: 4840: 4800:Hilbert–PĂłlya conjecture 4794:Hilbert–PĂłlya conjecture 4673: 4657: 4648: 4642: 4616: 4607: 4553: 4547: 4541: 4535: 4481: 4466: 4457: 4451: 4409: 4403: 4322: 4299: 4285: 4279: 4245: 4233: 4220: 4202: 4156: 4150: 4137: 4125: 4119: 4113: 4070: 4064: 4013: 4001: 3987: 3981: 3925: 3919: 3885: 3871: 3853: 3847: 3834: 3825: 3819: 3813: 3791: 3779: 3765: 3759: 3698: 3675: 3664: 3658: 3625: 3613: 3569: 3563: 3550: 3544: 3522: 3510: 3496: 3490: 3338: 3332: 3301: 3283: 3274: 3256: 3245: 3239: 3209: 3203: 3147:are the Fourier transforms of 3098: 3092: 3079: 3073: 3039: 3033: 3020: 3014: 2898: 2892: 2884: 2863: 2830: 2812: 2803: 2785: 2774: 2768: 2733: 2727: 2719: 2698: 2676: 2670: 2659: 2651: 2509: 2495: 2486: 2480: 2403: 2400: 2369: 2363: 2351: 2345: 2330: 2324: 2300: 2294: 2285: 2262: 2215: 2209: 2182: 2176: 2088: 2082: 2076: 2070: 2021: 2018: 2005: 1993: 1984: 1981: 1968: 1959: 1925: 1919: 1881: 1875: 1856: 1850: 1841: 1835: 1679: 1667: 1638: 1626: 1615: 1544: 1541: 1529: 1520: 1508: 1502: 1494: 1470: 1464: 1405: 1399: 1356: 1334: 1310: 1301: 1212: 1206: 1198: 1192: 1113: 1107: 995: 989: 950: 944: 886: 880: 868: 849: 810: 804: 792: 779: 757: 751: 739: 733: 680: 659: 639: 618: 598: 577: 557: 536: 516: 510: 501: 480: 473: 467: 437: 431: 367: 346: 319: 298: 271: 265: 249: 243: 200: 188: 179: 167: 150: 126: 120: 1: 5389:10.1215/s0012-7094-04-12734-4 1801:divided by the distance from 922:logarithmic integral function 5298:Comm. SĂ©m. Math. Univ. Lund 1805:to the nearest prime power. 720:. Riemann's formula is then 5083:Li, Xian-Jin (April 2004). 2134:runs over positive integers 407:of a prime. The normalized 59:conductor of a number field 5551: 5281:Riemann, Bernhard (1859), 5216:Cambridge University Press 5058:{\displaystyle ~x\geq 3~.} 3344:{\displaystyle \delta (u)} 2162:is a Fourier transform of 928:of the divergent integral 65:Riemann's explicit formula 2128:runs over positive primes 4393:by a Fourier transform, 2155:{\displaystyle \varphi } 1039:in the complex variable 89:which is related to the 5472:Riemann's zeta function 5253:Algebraic number theory 4922:. More recent work by 1809:Weil's explicit formula 1769:is always smaller than 1066:comes from the pole at 409:prime-counting function 389:in which a prime power 91:prime-counting function 5102:10.1215/ijm/1258138394 5059: 5024: 4893: 4802:, the complex zeroes 4736:Dedekind zeta function 4693: 4623: 4603: 4582: 4524: 4488: 4379: 4334: 4195: 3974: 3935: 3752: 3713: 3598: 3483: 3369: 3345: 3316: 3235: 3187: 3167: 3141: 3112: 2958: 2764: 2575: 2461:logarithmic derivative 2430: 2410: 2307: 2245: 2156: 2106: 1745: 1645: 1551: 1363: 1010: 926:Cauchy principal value 899: 696: 380: 217: 5060: 5025: 4950:Selberg zeta function 4945:Selberg trace formula 4894: 4707:is a real parameter. 4694: 4624: 4583: 4559: 4504: 4489: 4380: 4335: 4175: 3954: 3936: 3732: 3714: 3578: 3463: 3451:von Mangoldt function 3370: 3346: 3317: 3215: 3188: 3168: 3142: 3113: 2973:von Mangoldt function 2959: 2744: 2576: 2431: 2429:{\displaystyle \psi } 2411: 2308: 2246: 2157: 2107: 1746: 1646: 1552: 1364: 1037:analytic continuation 1011: 914:absolutely convergent 900: 697: 381: 218: 51:Riemann zeta function 5535:Zeta and L-functions 5034: 4971: 4916:generalized function 4908:local zeta-functions 4824: 4784:prime number theorem 4766:) for 0 â‰€  4717:Dirichlet L-function 4636: 4501: 4397: 4347: 3951: 3729: 3460: 3411:improve this section 3359: 3326: 3197: 3177: 3151: 3125: 2990: 2611: 2467: 2420: 2318: 2256: 2170: 2146: 1824: 1661: 1574: 1379: 1094: 1082:Chebyshev's function 935: 727: 418: 237: 107: 16:Mathematical concept 5123:Weisstein, Eric W. 4721:Dirichlet character 4447: 4268: 4053: 3908: 3648: 3166:{\displaystyle f,g} 3140:{\displaystyle F,G} 3069: 3010: 2205: 2066: 1171: 970: 830: 69:In his 1859 paper " 5446:10.1007/bf03351556 5186:empslocal.ex.ac.uk 5162:empslocal.ex.ac.uk 5136:Ingham (1990) p.77 5055: 5020: 4889: 4836: 4699:for some positive 4689: 4619: 4484: 4430: 4375: 4330: 4251: 4106: 4036: 3931: 3891: 3806: 3709: 3631: 3537: 3365: 3341: 3312: 3183: 3163: 3137: 3108: 3052: 2993: 2954: 2937: 2666: 2571: 2542: 2426: 2406: 2303: 2241: 2188: 2152: 2102: 2100: 2049: 1909: 1871: 1741: 1719: 1641: 1622: 1586: 1547: 1501: 1433: 1359: 1326: 1268: 1241: 1217: 1139: 1137: 1006: 956: 895: 816: 772: 692: 452: 376: 213: 157: 5225:978-0-521-39789-6 5051: 5039: 5019: 4976: 4920:topological group 4876: 4827: 4798:According to the 4428: 4385:and the function 4364: 4249: 4173: 4160: 4097: 4034: 3996: 3995: 3889: 3857: 3797: 3774: 3773: 3629: 3573: 3528: 3505: 3504: 3447: 3446: 3439: 3368:{\displaystyle f} 3186:{\displaystyle g} 2980:Fourier transform 2928: 2910: 2849: 2690: 2634: 2627: 2569: 2533: 2047: 1947: 1894: 1862: 1779:natural logarithm 1735: 1685: 1607: 1602: 1577: 1486: 1484: 1451: 1411: 1325: 1290: 1274: 1259: 1240: 1216: 1136: 1000: 893: 891: 873: 844: 763: 653: 612: 571: 530: 461: 443: 333: 285: 142: 140: 45:, introduced by 26:explicit formulae 5542: 5521: 5492: 5456: 5423: 5382: 5355: 5316: 5289: 5277: 5244: 5214:(2nd ed.), 5196: 5195: 5193: 5192: 5178: 5172: 5171: 5169: 5168: 5154: 5148: 5143: 5137: 5134: 5128: 5125:Explicit Formula 5121: 5115: 5114: 5104: 5080: 5065: 5064: 5062: 5061: 5056: 5049: 5037: 5029: 5027: 5026: 5021: 5017: 5001: 5000: 4974: 4965: 4898: 4896: 4895: 4890: 4878: 4877: 4869: 4835: 4698: 4696: 4695: 4690: 4688: 4687: 4672: 4671: 4628: 4626: 4625: 4620: 4602: 4597: 4581: 4576: 4534: 4533: 4523: 4518: 4493: 4491: 4490: 4485: 4446: 4441: 4429: 4427: 4416: 4384: 4382: 4381: 4376: 4365: 4357: 4339: 4337: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4325: 4318: 4267: 4262: 4250: 4248: 4232: 4223: 4197: 4194: 4189: 4174: 4166: 4161: 4159: 4149: 4140: 4108: 4105: 4093: 4092: 4088: 4052: 4047: 4035: 4033: 4032: 4020: 3997: 3991: 3990: 3976: 3973: 3968: 3940: 3938: 3937: 3932: 3907: 3902: 3890: 3888: 3881: 3863: 3858: 3856: 3846: 3837: 3808: 3805: 3775: 3769: 3768: 3754: 3751: 3746: 3718: 3716: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3704: 3694: 3647: 3642: 3630: 3628: 3612: 3600: 3597: 3592: 3574: 3572: 3562: 3553: 3539: 3536: 3506: 3500: 3499: 3485: 3482: 3477: 3442: 3435: 3431: 3428: 3422: 3391: 3383: 3374: 3372: 3371: 3366: 3350: 3348: 3347: 3342: 3321: 3319: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3304: 3234: 3229: 3192: 3190: 3189: 3184: 3172: 3170: 3169: 3164: 3146: 3144: 3143: 3138: 3117: 3115: 3114: 3109: 3091: 3090: 3068: 3063: 3032: 3031: 3009: 3004: 2970: 2963: 2961: 2960: 2955: 2950: 2949: 2936: 2924: 2923: 2911: 2909: 2901: 2897: 2896: 2895: 2887: 2852: 2850: 2842: 2837: 2833: 2763: 2758: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2731: 2730: 2722: 2691: 2683: 2665: 2664: 2663: 2662: 2654: 2628: 2626: 2615: 2580: 2578: 2577: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2567: 2566: 2544: 2541: 2532: 2531: 2527: 2505: 2479: 2478: 2446: 2438:digamma function 2435: 2433: 2432: 2427: 2415: 2413: 2412: 2407: 2396: 2379: 2312: 2310: 2309: 2304: 2272: 2250: 2248: 2247: 2242: 2233: 2232: 2204: 2199: 2161: 2159: 2158: 2153: 2111: 2109: 2108: 2103: 2101: 2065: 2060: 2048: 2046: 2035: 2030: 2029: 2017: 2016: 1980: 1979: 1955: 1954: 1948: 1946: 1945: 1941: 1928: 1911: 1908: 1887: 1870: 1830: 1804: 1800: 1799: 1798: 1792: 1784: 1776: 1768: 1750: 1748: 1747: 1742: 1736: 1731: 1730: 1721: 1718: 1711: 1707: 1657: 1653: 1650: 1648: 1647: 1642: 1621: 1603: 1598: 1597: 1588: 1585: 1556: 1554: 1553: 1548: 1500: 1485: 1477: 1463: 1462: 1452: 1449: 1432: 1425: 1424: 1368: 1366: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1354: 1327: 1318: 1291: 1286: 1284: 1283: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1242: 1236: 1235: 1226: 1223: 1219: 1218: 1215: 1201: 1191: 1182: 1170: 1156: 1138: 1135: 1121: 1106: 1105: 1086: 1072: 1065: 1057: 1049: 1042: 1030: 1026: 1015: 1013: 1012: 1007: 1001: 999: 980: 972: 969: 964: 919: 911: 904: 902: 901: 896: 894: 892: 889: 871: 861: 860: 842: 840: 832: 829: 824: 791: 790: 771: 715: 701: 699: 698: 693: 679: 678: 674: 654: 646: 638: 637: 633: 613: 605: 597: 596: 592: 572: 564: 556: 555: 551: 531: 523: 500: 499: 495: 462: 454: 451: 430: 429: 406: 405: 404: 399: 394: 385: 383: 382: 377: 366: 365: 361: 345: 344: 334: 326: 318: 317: 313: 297: 296: 286: 278: 264: 263: 226:which takes the 222: 220: 219: 214: 208: 204: 156: 141: 133: 119: 118: 99: 88: 5550: 5549: 5545: 5544: 5543: 5541: 5540: 5539: 5525: 5524: 5511: 5495: 5482: 5466: 5463: 5461:Further reading 5426: 5358: 5319: 5292: 5280: 5267: 5257:Springer-Verlag 5247: 5226: 5202: 5199: 5190: 5188: 5180: 5179: 5175: 5166: 5164: 5156: 5155: 5151: 5144: 5140: 5135: 5131: 5122: 5118: 5082: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5068: 5032: 5031: 4992: 4969: 4968: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4941: 4822: 4821: 4812:linear operator 4796: 4748: 4713: 4711:Generalizations 4676: 4663: 4634: 4633: 4525: 4499: 4498: 4420: 4395: 4394: 4345: 4344: 4288: 4225: 4224: 4198: 4142: 4141: 4109: 4073: 4024: 3977: 3949: 3948: 3867: 3839: 3838: 3809: 3755: 3727: 3726: 3667: 3605: 3604: 3555: 3554: 3540: 3486: 3458: 3457: 3443: 3432: 3426: 3423: 3408: 3392: 3381: 3357: 3356: 3324: 3323: 3252: 3248: 3195: 3194: 3175: 3174: 3149: 3148: 3123: 3122: 3082: 3023: 2988: 2987: 2968: 2938: 2915: 2902: 2872: 2853: 2781: 2777: 2707: 2645: 2633: 2629: 2619: 2609: 2608: 2555: 2548: 2512: 2470: 2465: 2464: 2444: 2440: 2418: 2417: 2316: 2315: 2254: 2253: 2218: 2168: 2167: 2144: 2143: 2099: 2098: 2039: 2008: 1971: 1929: 1912: 1885: 1884: 1822: 1821: 1811: 1802: 1794: 1788: 1787: 1786: 1782: 1770: 1755: 1722: 1700: 1696: 1659: 1658: 1655: 1651: 1589: 1572: 1571: 1562:residue theorem 1454: 1416: 1377: 1376: 1343: 1275: 1271: 1227: 1202: 1184: 1183: 1176: 1172: 1125: 1097: 1092: 1091: 1084: 1067: 1059: 1051: 1044: 1040: 1028: 1020: 981: 973: 933: 932: 917: 909: 852: 841: 833: 782: 725: 724: 718:Möbius function 706: 662: 621: 580: 539: 483: 421: 416: 415: 402: 401: 397: 396: 390: 349: 336: 301: 288: 255: 235: 234: 228:arithmetic mean 162: 158: 110: 105: 104: 93: 82: 78: 67: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5548: 5546: 5538: 5537: 5527: 5526: 5523: 5522: 5509: 5493: 5480: 5462: 5459: 5458: 5457: 5424: 5373:(3): 519–595, 5356: 5317: 5290: 5278: 5265: 5245: 5224: 5198: 5197: 5173: 5149: 5138: 5129: 5116: 5095:(2): 491–503. 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5066: 5054: 5048: 5045: 5042: 5016: 5013: 5010: 5007: 5004: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4988: 4985: 4982: 4979: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4953: 4952: 4947: 4940: 4937: 4900: 4899: 4887: 4884: 4881: 4875: 4872: 4866: 4863: 4860: 4857: 4854: 4851: 4848: 4845: 4842: 4839: 4834: 4830: 4806:should be the 4795: 4792: 4747: 4744: 4740:Hecke L-series 4712: 4709: 4686: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4659: 4656: 4653: 4650: 4647: 4644: 4641: 4618: 4615: 4612: 4609: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4593: 4590: 4586: 4580: 4575: 4572: 4569: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4555: 4552: 4549: 4546: 4543: 4540: 4537: 4532: 4528: 4522: 4517: 4514: 4511: 4507: 4483: 4480: 4477: 4474: 4471: 4468: 4465: 4462: 4459: 4456: 4453: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4437: 4433: 4426: 4423: 4419: 4414: 4411: 4408: 4405: 4402: 4374: 4371: 4368: 4363: 4360: 4355: 4352: 4341: 4340: 4329: 4324: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4310: 4307: 4304: 4301: 4298: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4284: 4281: 4278: 4274: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4258: 4254: 4247: 4244: 4241: 4238: 4235: 4231: 4228: 4222: 4219: 4216: 4213: 4210: 4207: 4204: 4201: 4193: 4188: 4185: 4182: 4178: 4172: 4169: 4164: 4158: 4155: 4152: 4148: 4145: 4139: 4136: 4133: 4130: 4127: 4124: 4121: 4118: 4115: 4112: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4069: 4066: 4063: 4059: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4043: 4039: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4018: 4015: 4012: 4009: 4006: 4003: 4000: 3994: 3989: 3986: 3983: 3980: 3972: 3967: 3964: 3961: 3957: 3942: 3941: 3930: 3927: 3924: 3921: 3918: 3914: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3898: 3894: 3887: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3873: 3870: 3866: 3861: 3855: 3852: 3849: 3845: 3842: 3836: 3833: 3830: 3827: 3824: 3821: 3818: 3815: 3812: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3793: 3790: 3787: 3784: 3781: 3778: 3772: 3767: 3764: 3761: 3758: 3750: 3745: 3742: 3739: 3735: 3720: 3719: 3708: 3703: 3700: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3686: 3683: 3680: 3677: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3663: 3660: 3657: 3654: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3638: 3634: 3627: 3624: 3621: 3618: 3615: 3611: 3608: 3603: 3596: 3591: 3588: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3571: 3568: 3565: 3561: 3558: 3552: 3549: 3546: 3543: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3524: 3521: 3518: 3515: 3512: 3509: 3503: 3498: 3495: 3492: 3489: 3481: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3466: 3445: 3444: 3427:September 2020 3395: 3393: 3386: 3380: 3377: 3364: 3340: 3337: 3334: 3331: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3300: 3297: 3294: 3291: 3288: 3285: 3282: 3279: 3276: 3273: 3270: 3267: 3264: 3261: 3258: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3244: 3241: 3238: 3233: 3228: 3225: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3211: 3208: 3205: 3202: 3182: 3162: 3159: 3156: 3136: 3133: 3130: 3119: 3118: 3107: 3104: 3100: 3097: 3094: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3078: 3075: 3072: 3067: 3062: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3048: 3045: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3019: 3016: 3013: 3008: 3003: 3000: 2996: 2965: 2964: 2953: 2948: 2945: 2941: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2908: 2905: 2900: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2868: 2865: 2862: 2859: 2856: 2848: 2845: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2829: 2826: 2823: 2820: 2817: 2814: 2811: 2808: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2796: 2793: 2790: 2787: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2773: 2770: 2767: 2762: 2757: 2754: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2703: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2689: 2686: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2669: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2648: 2644: 2641: 2637: 2632: 2625: 2622: 2618: 2602: 2601: 2594: 2565: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2551: 2547: 2540: 2536: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2488: 2485: 2482: 2477: 2473: 2449: 2448: 2442: 2425: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2365: 2362: 2359: 2356: 2353: 2350: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2329: 2326: 2323: 2313: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2281: 2278: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2251: 2240: 2237: 2231: 2228: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2208: 2203: 2198: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2151: 2141: 2135: 2129: 2123: 2113: 2112: 2097: 2094: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2064: 2059: 2056: 2052: 2045: 2042: 2038: 2033: 2028: 2023: 2020: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2004: 2001: 1998: 1995: 1992: 1989: 1986: 1983: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1967: 1964: 1961: 1958: 1953: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1907: 1904: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1880: 1877: 1874: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1810: 1807: 1752: 1751: 1740: 1734: 1729: 1725: 1717: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1592: 1584: 1580: 1558: 1557: 1546: 1543: 1540: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1489: 1483: 1480: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1461: 1457: 1446: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1431: 1428: 1423: 1419: 1414: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1370: 1369: 1358: 1353: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1330: 1324: 1321: 1315: 1312: 1309: 1306: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1289: 1282: 1278: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1239: 1234: 1230: 1222: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1190: 1187: 1179: 1175: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1146: 1142: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1124: 1118: 1115: 1112: 1109: 1104: 1100: 1043:in the region 1017: 1016: 1005: 997: 994: 991: 988: 985: 979: 976: 968: 963: 959: 955: 952: 949: 946: 943: 940: 906: 905: 888: 885: 882: 879: 876: 870: 867: 864: 859: 855: 851: 847: 839: 836: 828: 823: 819: 815: 812: 809: 806: 803: 800: 797: 794: 789: 785: 781: 778: 775: 770: 766: 762: 759: 756: 753: 750: 747: 744: 741: 738: 735: 732: 703: 702: 691: 688: 685: 682: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 658: 652: 649: 644: 641: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 617: 611: 608: 603: 600: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 576: 570: 567: 562: 559: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 535: 529: 526: 521: 518: 515: 512: 509: 506: 503: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 479: 475: 472: 469: 466: 460: 457: 450: 446: 442: 439: 436: 433: 428: 424: 387: 386: 375: 372: 369: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 343: 339: 332: 329: 324: 321: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 295: 291: 284: 281: 276: 273: 270: 267: 262: 258: 254: 251: 248: 245: 242: 224: 223: 212: 207: 202: 199: 196: 193: 190: 187: 184: 181: 178: 175: 172: 169: 166: 161: 155: 152: 149: 145: 139: 136: 131: 128: 125: 122: 117: 113: 80: 66: 63: 47:Riemann (1859) 41:and sums over 35:complex number 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5547: 5536: 5533: 5532: 5530: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5510:0-8176-3743-5 5506: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5481:0-12-232750-0 5477: 5473: 5469: 5468:Edwards, H.M. 5465: 5464: 5460: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5434: 5429: 5425: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5367: 5366:Duke Math. J. 5363:-functions", 5362: 5357: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5327:(in German), 5326: 5325: 5318: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5288: 5284: 5279: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5266:0-387-94225-4 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5212:R. C. Vaughan 5209: 5205: 5201: 5200: 5187: 5183: 5177: 5174: 5163: 5159: 5153: 5150: 5147: 5142: 5139: 5133: 5130: 5127:on MathWorld. 5126: 5120: 5117: 5112: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5079: 5076: 5070: 5052: 5046: 5043: 5040: 5011: 5008: 5005: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4983: 4977: 4964: 4961: 4955: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4942: 4938: 4936: 4934: 4930: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4885: 4873: 4870: 4861: 4855: 4852: 4849: 4843: 4837: 4832: 4828: 4820: 4819: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4793: 4791: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4770: â‰€  4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4737: 4732: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4710: 4708: 4706: 4702: 4684: 4681: 4677: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4654: 4651: 4645: 4639: 4630: 4613: 4610: 4604: 4594: 4591: 4588: 4584: 4570: 4567: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4550: 4544: 4538: 4530: 4526: 4515: 4512: 4509: 4505: 4495: 4478: 4475: 4472: 4469: 4463: 4460: 4454: 4448: 4435: 4431: 4424: 4421: 4417: 4412: 4406: 4400: 4392: 4388: 4372: 4369: 4366: 4361: 4358: 4353: 4350: 4327: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4308: 4305: 4302: 4296: 4293: 4289: 4282: 4276: 4272: 4269: 4256: 4252: 4242: 4239: 4236: 4229: 4226: 4217: 4214: 4211: 4208: 4205: 4199: 4186: 4183: 4180: 4176: 4170: 4167: 4162: 4153: 4146: 4143: 4134: 4131: 4128: 4122: 4116: 4110: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4078: 4074: 4067: 4061: 4057: 4054: 4041: 4037: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4016: 4010: 4007: 4004: 3998: 3992: 3984: 3978: 3965: 3962: 3959: 3955: 3947: 3946: 3945: 3928: 3922: 3916: 3912: 3909: 3896: 3892: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3868: 3864: 3859: 3850: 3843: 3840: 3831: 3828: 3822: 3816: 3810: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3788: 3785: 3782: 3776: 3770: 3762: 3756: 3743: 3740: 3737: 3733: 3725: 3724: 3723: 3706: 3701: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3684: 3681: 3678: 3672: 3668: 3661: 3655: 3652: 3649: 3636: 3632: 3622: 3619: 3616: 3609: 3606: 3601: 3589: 3586: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3566: 3559: 3556: 3547: 3541: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3519: 3516: 3513: 3507: 3501: 3493: 3487: 3474: 3471: 3468: 3464: 3456: 3455: 3454: 3452: 3441: 3438: 3430: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3406: 3405: 3401: 3396:This section 3394: 3390: 3385: 3384: 3378: 3376: 3362: 3354: 3335: 3329: 3309: 3305: 3298: 3295: 3292: 3289: 3286: 3280: 3277: 3271: 3268: 3265: 3262: 3259: 3253: 3249: 3242: 3226: 3223: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3206: 3200: 3180: 3160: 3157: 3154: 3134: 3131: 3128: 3105: 3102: 3095: 3087: 3083: 3076: 3070: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3046: 3043: 3036: 3028: 3024: 3017: 3011: 2998: 2994: 2986: 2985: 2984: 2981: 2976: 2974: 2951: 2946: 2943: 2939: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2906: 2903: 2888: 2880: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2866: 2860: 2857: 2854: 2846: 2843: 2838: 2834: 2827: 2824: 2821: 2818: 2815: 2809: 2806: 2800: 2797: 2794: 2791: 2788: 2782: 2778: 2771: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2723: 2715: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2701: 2695: 2692: 2687: 2684: 2679: 2673: 2655: 2646: 2642: 2639: 2635: 2630: 2623: 2620: 2616: 2607: 2606: 2605: 2599: 2595: 2593:at infinity). 2592: 2588: 2584: 2563: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2549: 2545: 2538: 2534: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2517: 2513: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2489: 2483: 2475: 2471: 2462: 2458: 2457: 2456: 2453: 2439: 2423: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2366: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2348: 2342: 2339: 2336: 2333: 2327: 2314: 2297: 2291: 2288: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2252: 2238: 2235: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2219: 2212: 2206: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2179: 2173: 2165: 2149: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2127: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2117: 2116: 2095: 2092: 2085: 2073: 2067: 2054: 2050: 2043: 2040: 2036: 2031: 2013: 2009: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1990: 1987: 1976: 1972: 1965: 1962: 1956: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1922: 1916: 1913: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1889: 1878: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1853: 1844: 1838: 1820: 1819: 1818: 1816: 1806: 1797: 1791: 1780: 1774: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1738: 1732: 1727: 1723: 1715: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1697: 1693: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1676: 1673: 1670: 1664: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1623: 1612: 1604: 1599: 1594: 1590: 1582: 1578: 1570: 1569: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1538: 1535: 1532: 1526: 1523: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1505: 1497: 1491: 1481: 1478: 1473: 1467: 1459: 1455: 1444: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1429: 1426: 1421: 1417: 1412: 1408: 1402: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1375: 1374: 1373: 1351: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1337: 1331: 1328: 1322: 1319: 1313: 1307: 1304: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1287: 1280: 1276: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1247: 1244: 1237: 1232: 1228: 1220: 1209: 1203: 1195: 1188: 1185: 1177: 1173: 1164: 1161: 1158: 1150: 1147: 1144: 1140: 1132: 1129: 1126: 1122: 1116: 1110: 1102: 1098: 1090: 1089: 1088: 1083: 1078: 1076: 1070: 1063: 1055: 1047: 1038: 1034: 1033:branch points 1024: 1003: 992: 986: 983: 977: 974: 966: 961: 957: 953: 947: 941: 938: 931: 930: 929: 927: 924:given by the 923: 915: 883: 877: 874: 865: 862: 857: 853: 845: 837: 834: 821: 817: 813: 807: 801: 798: 795: 787: 783: 776: 773: 768: 764: 760: 754: 748: 745: 742: 736: 730: 723: 722: 721: 719: 713: 709: 689: 686: 683: 675: 671: 667: 663: 656: 650: 647: 642: 634: 630: 626: 622: 615: 609: 606: 601: 593: 589: 585: 581: 574: 568: 565: 560: 552: 548: 544: 540: 533: 527: 524: 519: 513: 507: 504: 496: 492: 488: 484: 477: 470: 464: 458: 455: 448: 444: 440: 434: 426: 422: 414: 413: 412: 410: 393: 373: 370: 362: 358: 354: 350: 341: 337: 330: 327: 322: 314: 310: 306: 302: 293: 289: 282: 279: 274: 268: 260: 256: 252: 246: 240: 233: 232: 231: 229: 210: 205: 197: 194: 191: 185: 182: 176: 173: 170: 164: 159: 153: 147: 137: 134: 129: 123: 115: 111: 103: 102: 101: 97: 92: 86: 76: 72: 62: 60: 56: 52: 48: 44: 40: 37:zeroes of an 36: 32: 31: 27: 22: 5500: 5497:Riesel, Hans 5471: 5440:(S2): 7–19, 5437: 5431: 5380:math/0311468 5370: 5364: 5360: 5328: 5322: 5297: 5286: 5252: 5207: 5204:Ingham, A.E. 5189:. Retrieved 5185: 5176: 5165:. Retrieved 5161: 5152: 5141: 5132: 5119: 5092: 5088: 5078: 4963: 4929:Meyer (2005) 4924:Alain Connes 4901: 4814: 4803: 4797: 4787: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4749: 4746:Applications 4733: 4728: 4724: 4714: 4704: 4700: 4631: 4496: 4390: 4386: 4342: 3943: 3721: 3448: 3433: 3424: 3409:Please help 3397: 3120: 2978:So that the 2977: 2966: 2603: 2597: 2591:Euler factor 2586: 2582: 2454: 2450: 2163: 2137: 2131: 2125: 2119: 2114: 1812: 1795: 1789: 1772: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1753: 1566: 1559: 1371: 1079: 1068: 1061: 1053: 1045: 1022: 1018: 907: 711: 707: 704: 391: 388: 225: 95: 84: 75:von Mangoldt 68: 43:prime powers 24: 18: 5428:Zagier, Don 5331:: 255–305, 5294:Weil, AndrĂ© 5249:Lang, Serge 4904:Weil (1952) 4808:eigenvalues 3353:Dirac delta 1075:Zagier 1977 30:L-functions 21:mathematics 5519:0821.11001 5490:0315.10035 5421:1079.11044 5345:26.0215.03 5314:0049.03205 5275:0811.11001 5242:0715.11045 5191:2023-06-14 5167:2023-06-14 5071:References 1815:AndrĂ© Weil 1019:The terms 395:counts as 57:, and the 39:L-function 5413:119176169 5397:0012-7094 5337:0075-4102 5206:(1990) , 5111:0019-2082 5044:≥ 4994:π 4978:π 4956:Footnotes 4874:^ 4856:⁡ 4844:ρ 4833:ρ 4829:∑ 4758:)) to be 4600:∞ 4585:∑ 4579:∞ 4574:∞ 4571:− 4561:∑ 4527:σ 4521:∞ 4506:∑ 4470:− 4464:⁡ 4444:∞ 4439:∞ 4436:− 4432:∫ 4425:π 4373:γ 4351:ρ 4294:− 4265:∞ 4260:∞ 4257:− 4253:∫ 4237:− 4227:ζ 4215:− 4206:− 4200:ζ 4192:∞ 4177:∑ 4154:ρ 4144:ζ 4132:− 4129:ρ 4123:ζ 4117:γ 4103:ρ 4099:∑ 4050:∞ 4045:∞ 4042:− 4038:∫ 4026:π 4008:⁡ 3979:φ 3971:∞ 3956:∑ 3905:∞ 3900:∞ 3897:− 3893:∫ 3869:ζ 3851:ρ 3841:ζ 3832:ρ 3823:ζ 3817:γ 3803:ρ 3799:∑ 3786:⁡ 3757:λ 3749:∞ 3734:∑ 3673:− 3645:∞ 3640:∞ 3637:− 3633:∫ 3617:− 3607:ζ 3595:∞ 3580:∑ 3567:ρ 3557:ζ 3548:γ 3534:ρ 3530:∑ 3517:⁡ 3488:μ 3480:∞ 3465:∑ 3398:does not 3330:δ 3296:⁡ 3290:− 3281:δ 3269:⁡ 3254:δ 3237:Λ 3232:∞ 3217:∑ 3088:∗ 3066:∞ 3061:∞ 3058:− 3054:∫ 3029:∗ 3007:∞ 3002:∞ 2999:− 2995:∫ 2944:ρ 2934:ρ 2930:∑ 2926:− 2878:− 2870:− 2861:⁡ 2825:⁡ 2819:− 2810:δ 2798:⁡ 2783:δ 2766:Λ 2761:∞ 2746:∑ 2713:− 2705:− 2696:⁡ 2668:Λ 2643:≤ 2636:∑ 2561:− 2553:− 2535:∏ 2518:− 2514:π 2493:Γ 2476:∗ 2472:ζ 2424:ψ 2367:ψ 2361:⁡ 2349:π 2343:⁡ 2337:− 2322:Ψ 2292:φ 2260:Φ 2202:∞ 2197:∞ 2194:− 2190:∫ 2174:φ 2150:φ 2080:Ψ 2068:φ 2063:∞ 2058:∞ 2055:− 2051:∫ 2044:π 2032:− 2003:⁡ 1997:− 1966:⁡ 1917:⁡ 1896:∑ 1879:ρ 1873:Φ 1868:ρ 1864:∑ 1860:− 1848:Φ 1833:Φ 1733:ρ 1728:ρ 1713:≤ 1705:ρ 1702:ℑ 1691:ρ 1687:∑ 1619:∞ 1616:→ 1600:ρ 1595:ρ 1583:ρ 1579:∑ 1536:− 1527:ψ 1506:ψ 1495:→ 1456:ψ 1438:⁡ 1427:≤ 1413:∑ 1397:ψ 1383:σ 1349:− 1341:− 1332:⁡ 1314:− 1308:π 1299:⁡ 1293:− 1288:ρ 1281:ρ 1265:ρ 1261:∑ 1257:− 1204:ζ 1186:ζ 1178:− 1168:∞ 1159:σ 1154:∞ 1148:− 1145:σ 1141:∫ 1130:π 1099:ψ 987:⁡ 958:∫ 942:⁡ 878:⁡ 863:− 827:∞ 818:∫ 802:⁡ 796:− 788:ρ 777:⁡ 769:ρ 765:∑ 761:− 749:⁡ 687:⋯ 684:− 602:− 561:− 520:− 465:μ 445:∑ 423:π 374:⋯ 338:π 290:π 257:π 195:− 186:π 165:π 151:→ 112:π 5529:Category 5499:(1994), 5470:(1974), 5454:37866599 5251:(1994), 5030:for all 4939:See also 4935:spaces. 4810:of some 4230:′ 4147:′ 3844:′ 3610:′ 3560:′ 2416:, where 1189:′ 1087:  1056:) > 0 49:for the 5405:2132868 5353:1580379 5306:0053152 5234:1074573 3419:removed 3404:sources 3351:is the 2971:is the 2443:′ 2436:is the 1793:⁄ 716:is the 400:⁄ 94:π( 5517:  5507:  5488:  5478:  5452:  5419:  5411:  5403:  5395:  5351:  5343:  5335:  5312:  5304:  5273:  5263:  5240:  5232:  5222:  5109:  5050:  5038:  5018:  4975:  4933:adelic 3322:where 3121:where 2967:where 2115:where 1656:  1654:where 1652:  1273:  1048:> 1 890:  872:  843:  708:μ 705:where 79:π 23:, the 5450:S2CID 5409:S2CID 5375:arXiv 4918:on a 4762:/log( 4754:(log( 4719:of a 5505:ISBN 5476:ISBN 5393:ISSN 5333:ISSN 5261:ISBN 5220:ISBN 5107:ISSN 3402:any 3400:cite 1386:> 1050:and 1031:has 28:for 5515:Zbl 5486:Zbl 5442:doi 5417:Zbl 5385:doi 5371:127 5341:JFM 5329:114 5310:Zbl 5271:Zbl 5238:Zbl 5097:doi 4461:exp 4005:log 3783:log 3514:log 3413:by 2463:of 2340:log 2000:log 1963:log 1914:log 1781:of 1771:ln( 1609:lim 1488:lim 1450:and 1435:log 1329:log 1296:log 1077:.) 1071:= 1 1060:li( 1052:Re( 1021:li( 984:log 875:log 799:log 144:lim 100:by 19:In 5531:: 5513:, 5484:, 5448:, 5436:, 5415:, 5407:, 5401:MR 5399:, 5391:, 5383:, 5369:, 5349:MR 5347:, 5339:, 5308:, 5302:MR 5285:, 5269:, 5259:, 5236:, 5230:MR 5228:, 5218:, 5184:. 5160:. 5105:. 5093:48 5091:. 5087:. 4853:Tr 4629:. 4494:. 3293:ln 3266:ln 2975:. 2858:ln 2822:ln 2795:ln 2693:ln 2445:/Γ 2358:Re 2166:: 1029:li 939:li 918:li 774:li 746:li 61:. 5444:: 5438:1 5387:: 5377:: 5361:L 5194:. 5170:. 5113:. 5099:: 5053:. 5047:3 5041:x 5015:) 5012:1 5009:+ 5006:x 5003:( 4998:0 4990:= 4987:) 4984:x 4981:( 4886:. 4883:) 4880:) 4871:T 4865:( 4862:F 4859:( 4850:= 4847:) 4841:( 4838:F 4815:T 4804:ρ 4788:F 4780:Ί 4776:x 4772:x 4768:y 4764:y 4760:y 4756:y 4752:F 4729:p 4727:( 4725:χ 4705:y 4701:a 4685:x 4682:a 4678:e 4674:) 4669:x 4665:e 4661:y 4658:( 4655:f 4652:= 4649:) 4646:x 4643:( 4640:g 4617:) 4614:n 4611:m 4608:( 4605:f 4595:1 4592:= 4589:n 4568:= 4565:m 4557:= 4554:) 4551:n 4548:( 4545:f 4542:) 4539:n 4536:( 4531:0 4516:1 4513:= 4510:n 4482:) 4479:x 4476:u 4473:i 4467:( 4458:) 4455:x 4452:( 4449:h 4422:2 4418:1 4413:= 4410:) 4407:u 4404:( 4401:g 4391:g 4387:h 4370:i 4367:+ 4362:2 4359:1 4354:= 4328:. 4323:) 4320:2 4316:/ 4312:1 4309:+ 4306:n 4303:2 4300:( 4297:x 4290:e 4286:) 4283:x 4280:( 4277:g 4273:x 4270:d 4246:) 4243:n 4240:2 4234:( 4221:) 4218:1 4212:n 4209:2 4203:( 4187:1 4184:= 4181:n 4171:2 4168:1 4163:+ 4157:) 4151:( 4138:) 4135:1 4126:( 4120:) 4114:( 4111:h 4095:+ 4090:2 4086:/ 4082:x 4079:3 4075:e 4071:) 4068:x 4065:( 4062:g 4058:x 4055:d 4030:2 4022:6 4017:= 4014:) 4011:n 4002:( 3999:g 3993:n 3988:) 3985:n 3982:( 3966:1 3963:= 3960:n 3929:. 3926:) 3923:x 3920:( 3917:g 3913:x 3910:d 3886:) 3883:2 3879:/ 3875:1 3872:( 3865:1 3860:+ 3854:) 3848:( 3835:) 3829:2 3826:( 3820:) 3814:( 3811:h 3795:= 3792:) 3789:n 3780:( 3777:g 3771:n 3766:) 3763:n 3760:( 3744:1 3741:= 3738:n 3707:. 3702:x 3699:) 3696:2 3692:/ 3688:1 3685:+ 3682:n 3679:2 3676:( 3669:e 3665:) 3662:x 3659:( 3656:g 3653:x 3650:d 3626:) 3623:n 3620:2 3614:( 3602:1 3590:1 3587:= 3584:n 3576:+ 3570:) 3564:( 3551:) 3545:( 3542:h 3526:= 3523:) 3520:n 3511:( 3508:g 3502:n 3497:) 3494:n 3491:( 3475:1 3472:= 3469:n 3440:) 3434:( 3429:) 3425:( 3421:. 3407:. 3363:f 3339:) 3336:u 3333:( 3310:, 3306:] 3302:) 3299:n 3287:u 3284:( 3278:+ 3275:) 3272:n 3263:+ 3260:u 3257:( 3250:[ 3246:) 3243:n 3240:( 3227:1 3224:= 3221:n 3213:= 3210:) 3207:u 3204:( 3201:g 3181:g 3161:g 3158:, 3155:f 3135:G 3132:, 3129:F 3106:t 3103:d 3099:) 3096:t 3093:( 3084:G 3080:) 3077:t 3074:( 3071:F 3050:= 3047:u 3044:d 3040:) 3037:u 3034:( 3025:g 3021:) 3018:u 3015:( 3012:f 2969:Λ 2952:, 2947:u 2940:e 2921:u 2917:e 2913:= 2907:u 2904:d 2899:) 2893:| 2889:u 2885:| 2881:2 2874:e 2867:1 2864:( 2855:d 2847:2 2844:1 2839:+ 2835:] 2831:) 2828:n 2816:u 2813:( 2807:+ 2804:) 2801:n 2792:+ 2789:u 2786:( 2779:[ 2775:) 2772:n 2769:( 2756:1 2753:= 2750:n 2742:= 2738:] 2734:) 2728:| 2724:u 2720:| 2716:2 2709:e 2702:1 2699:( 2688:2 2685:1 2680:+ 2677:) 2674:n 2671:( 2660:| 2656:u 2652:| 2647:e 2640:n 2631:[ 2624:u 2621:d 2617:d 2598:ζ 2587:p 2583:p 2564:s 2557:p 2550:1 2546:1 2539:p 2529:2 2525:/ 2521:s 2510:) 2507:2 2503:/ 2499:s 2496:( 2490:= 2487:) 2484:s 2481:( 2447:. 2441:Γ 2404:) 2401:) 2398:2 2394:/ 2390:t 2387:i 2384:+ 2381:4 2377:/ 2373:1 2370:( 2364:( 2355:+ 2352:) 2346:( 2334:= 2331:) 2328:t 2325:( 2301:) 2298:t 2295:( 2289:= 2286:) 2283:t 2280:i 2277:+ 2274:2 2270:/ 2266:1 2263:( 2239:x 2236:d 2230:x 2227:t 2224:i 2220:e 2216:) 2213:x 2210:( 2207:F 2186:= 2183:) 2180:t 2177:( 2164:F 2138:F 2132:m 2126:p 2120:ρ 2096:t 2093:d 2089:) 2086:t 2083:( 2077:) 2074:t 2071:( 2041:2 2037:1 2027:) 2022:) 2019:) 2014:m 2010:p 2006:( 1994:( 1991:F 1988:+ 1985:) 1982:) 1977:m 1973:p 1969:( 1960:( 1957:F 1952:( 1943:2 1939:/ 1935:m 1931:p 1926:) 1923:p 1920:( 1906:m 1903:, 1900:p 1892:= 1882:) 1876:( 1857:) 1854:0 1851:( 1845:+ 1842:) 1839:1 1836:( 1803:x 1796:T 1790:x 1783:x 1775:) 1773:x 1767:) 1765:T 1763:, 1761:x 1759:( 1757:S 1739:. 1724:x 1716:T 1709:| 1698:| 1694:: 1683:= 1680:) 1677:T 1674:, 1671:x 1668:( 1665:S 1639:) 1636:T 1633:, 1630:x 1627:( 1624:S 1613:T 1605:= 1591:x 1545:) 1542:) 1539:h 1533:x 1530:( 1524:+ 1521:) 1518:h 1515:+ 1512:x 1509:( 1503:( 1498:0 1492:h 1482:2 1479:1 1474:= 1471:) 1468:x 1465:( 1460:0 1445:, 1441:p 1430:x 1422:k 1418:p 1409:= 1406:) 1403:x 1400:( 1393:, 1389:1 1357:) 1352:2 1345:x 1338:1 1335:( 1323:2 1320:1 1311:) 1305:2 1302:( 1277:x 1254:x 1251:= 1248:s 1245:d 1238:s 1233:s 1229:x 1221:) 1213:) 1210:s 1207:( 1199:) 1196:s 1193:( 1174:( 1165:i 1162:+ 1151:i 1133:i 1127:2 1123:1 1117:= 1114:) 1111:x 1108:( 1103:0 1085:ψ 1069:s 1064:) 1062:x 1054:ρ 1046:x 1041:ρ 1025:) 1023:x 1004:. 996:) 993:t 990:( 978:t 975:d 967:x 962:0 954:= 951:) 948:x 945:( 910:ρ 887:) 884:t 881:( 869:) 866:1 858:2 854:t 850:( 846:t 838:t 835:d 822:x 814:+ 811:) 808:2 805:( 793:) 784:x 780:( 758:) 755:x 752:( 743:= 740:) 737:x 734:( 731:f 714:) 712:n 710:( 690:, 681:) 676:6 672:/ 668:1 664:x 660:( 657:f 651:6 648:1 643:+ 640:) 635:5 631:/ 627:1 623:x 619:( 616:f 610:5 607:1 599:) 594:3 590:/ 586:1 582:x 578:( 575:f 569:3 566:1 558:) 553:2 549:/ 545:1 541:x 537:( 534:f 528:2 525:1 517:) 514:x 511:( 508:f 505:= 502:) 497:n 493:/ 489:1 485:x 481:( 478:f 474:) 471:n 468:( 459:n 456:1 449:n 441:= 438:) 435:x 432:( 427:0 403:n 398:1 392:p 371:+ 368:) 363:3 359:/ 355:1 351:x 347:( 342:0 331:3 328:1 323:+ 320:) 315:2 311:/ 307:1 303:x 299:( 294:0 283:2 280:1 275:+ 272:) 269:x 266:( 261:0 253:= 250:) 247:x 244:( 241:f 211:, 206:] 201:) 198:h 192:x 189:( 183:+ 180:) 177:h 174:+ 171:x 168:( 160:[ 154:0 148:h 138:2 135:1 130:= 127:) 124:x 121:( 116:0 98:) 96:x 87:) 85:x 83:( 81:0

Index

mathematics
explicit formulae
L-functions
complex number
L-function
prime powers
Riemann (1859)
Riemann zeta function
discriminant of an algebraic number field
conductor of a number field
On the Number of Primes Less Than a Given Magnitude
von Mangoldt
prime-counting function
arithmetic mean
prime-counting function
Möbius function
absolutely convergent
logarithmic integral function
Cauchy principal value
branch points
analytic continuation
Zagier 1977
Chebyshev's function
residue theorem
natural logarithm
André Weil
digamma function
logarithmic derivative
Euler factor
von Mangoldt function

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

↑