31:
137:), in which objects within the environment function as a part of the mind. They argue that the separation between the mind, the body, and the environment is an unprincipled distinction. Because external objects play a significant role in aiding cognitive processes, the mind and the environment act as a "coupled system" that can be seen as a complete cognitive system of its own. In this manner, the mind is extended into the physical world. The main criterion that Clark and Chalmers list for classifying the use of external objects during cognitive tasks as a part of an extended cognitive system is that the external objects must function with the same purpose as the internal processes.
238:(contrasted with a hypothesis of embedded cognition) in other work, some of these objections have inspired more moderate reformulations of the extended mind thesis. Thus, the extended mind thesis may no longer depend on the parity considerations of Clark and Chalmers' original argument but, instead, emphasize the "complementarity" of internal and external elements of cognitive systems or processes. This version might be understood as emphasizing the explanatory value of the extended mind thesis for cognitive science rather than maintaining it as an ontological claim about the nature of mind or cognition.
148:, and has written all of his directions down in a notebook to serve the function of his memory. Inga is able to recall the internal directions within her memory. The argument is that the only difference existing in these two cases is that Inga's memory is being internally processed by the brain, while Otto's memory is being served by the notebook. In other words, Otto's mind has been extended to include the notebook as the source of his memory. The notebook qualifies as such because it is
167:" claim was not that the processes in Otto and Inga are identical, or even similar, in terms of their detailed implementation. It is simply that, with respect to the role that the long-term encodings play in guiding current response, both modes of storage can be seen as supporting dispositional beliefs. It is the way the information is poised to guide reasoning ... and behavior that counts."
326:
In 2021, biology and social science writer Annie Murphy Paul published “The
Extended Mind: The Power of Thinking Outside the Brain.” Inspired by Clark's and Chalmers's work, the book synthesizes the results of various scientific papers and studies that examine the intelligence that exists beyond the
244:
argues that the extended mind "sounds like a substantive thesis, the truth of which we should investigate. But actually the thesis turns about to be just a statement on where the demarcations for the 'mental' are to be set" and that "this discussion about demarcation is merely verbal and thus to be
298:
This "4E" view of cognition contrasts with the view of the mind as a processing center that creates mental representations of reality and uses them to control the body's behaviour. The field of extended cognition focuses upon the processes involved in this creation and subsumes these processes as
201:
When focusing on cognition, the thesis confuses claims about what is constitutive about the concept of cognition with claims about causal influences on cognition (the "causal-constitutional fallacy"). For example, Adams and Aizawa (2010) write, "Question: Why did the pencil think that 2 + 2 = 4?,
38:
anecdote about a wealthy freedman who wished to make himself appear cultured by reciting poetry at dinner parties but was hampered by a bad memory. So he bought educated slaves and had one memorise Homer, another Hesiod, and so on, on the theory that what his slaves knew, he knew too.”
208:
It uses coarse-grained functionalism about the mind that ignores plausible differences between internal and external processes, such as differences between beliefs and external props and devices; or for creating a notion of cognition too heterogeneous to make up a scientific natural
180:
hypothesis yields yet another perspective to the idea of extended mind. Based on evidence in neuroscience and psychophysiological research, Research
Professor Igor Val Danilov proposed that an embryo's nervous system (being a part of the external environment to the mother's
225:
One can imagine circumstances under which a biological being might retain information in non-neural ways (a hypothetical
Martian with a bitmap-based memory, or humans with prosthetics to support memory). Thus, being neural cannot be a necessary condition for being
217:
While coupling is important for cognition, that is not to say that it is sufficient – coupling must play a functional role in cognition. Many couplings do not do so and thus would not be 'extensions' (and this is consistent with a strong extended mind
221:
Any putative part of a system – internal or external – is unlikely to yield "cognition" on its own. Thus, examples such as calculators, and pencils, should be considered in parallel with neural regions. Simply looking at the part is not enough for
317:
involved in developing an awareness of, and a reformation of, the environment. For example, JapyassĂş and Laland argue that some spider's web is something between part of its sensory system and an additional part of its cognitive system.
600:
Szymanski, C., Pesquita, A., Brennan, A.A., Perdikis, D., Enns, J.T., Brick, T.R., et al. (2017). "Teams on the same wavelength perform better: Inter-brain phase synchronization constitutes a neural substrate for social facilitation."
586:
Fishburn, F.A., Murty, V.P., Hlutkowsky, C.O., MacGillivray, C.E., Bemis, L.M., Murphy, M.E., et al. (2018). "Putting our heads together: Interpersonal neural synchronization as a biological mechanism for shared intentionality."
185:) can take part in the mother's cognitive process and function as an extension of the mother's mind. This neuronal coupling provides social learning during the embryonal period. From this perspective, the
643:
McClung, J. S., Placì, S., Bangerter, A., Clément, F., & Bshary, R. (2017). "The language of cooperation: shared intentionality drives variation in helping as a function of group membership."
156:
by him. They also suggest Otto's notebook should be considered an extension of himself; the notebook in a way becomes a "fragile biological limb or organ" that Otto wants to protect from harm.
1210:
205:
It stretches the limits of our ordinary concept of cognition too far ("cognitive bloating"), potentially implying that everything on the
Internet is part of individual cognitive systems.
614:
Astolfi, L., Toppi, J., De Vico
Fallani, F., Vecchiato, G., Salinari, S., Mattia, D., et al. (2010). "Neuroelectrical hyperscanning measures simultaneous brain activity in humans."
677:
Val
Danilov, I., Svajyan, A., Mihailova, S. (2023). "A New Computer-Aided Method for Assessing Children's Cognition in Bioengineering Systems for Diagnosing Developmental Delay."
560:
Painter, D.R., Kim, J.J., Renton, A.I., Mattingley, J.B. (2021). "Joint control of visually guided actions involves concordant increases in behavioural and neural coupling."
159:
The thought experiment has been criticised with the notion that what happens with Otto is not very similar to what happens with Inga. This criticism is addressed by Clark in
30:
544:
Liu, J., Zhang, R., Xie, E. et al. (2023). "Shared intentionality modulates interpersonal neural synchronization at the establishment of communication system."
144:
to illustrate the environment's role in connection to the mind. The fictional characters Otto and Inga are both travelling to a museum simultaneously. Otto has
307:, the body is involved in cognition, but there is a 'high' level where cultural factors play a role. This view of cognition is sometimes referred to as
693:
Val
Danilov, I., Mihailova, S., Svajyan, A. (2022). "Computerized Assessment of Cognitive Development in Neurotypical and Neurodivergent Children."
299:
part of consciousness, which is no longer confined to the brain or body but involves interaction with the environment. At a 'low' level, like
1060:
573:
Hu, Y., Pan, Y., Shi, X., Cai, Q., Li, X., Cheng, X. (2018). "Inter-brain synchrony and cooperation context in interactive decision making."
712:"Low-Frequency Oscillations for Nonlocal Neuronal Coupling in Shared Intentionality Before and After Birth: Toward the Origin of Perception"
927:"Consciousness as the emergent property of the interaction between brain, body, & environment: the crucial role of haptic perception"
926:
985:
958:
864:
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Val
Danilov I. & Mihailova S. (2023). "Empirical Evidence of Shared Intentionality: Towards Bioengineering Systems Development."
901:
745:"Shared Intentionality Modulation at the Cell Level: Low-Frequency Oscillations for Temporal Coordination in Bioengineering Systems"
529:
488:
660:
Shteynberg, G., & Galinsky, A. D. (2011). "Implicit coordination: Sharing goals with similar others intensifies goal pursuit."
1184:
775:
Val
Danilov, I. (2023). "Theoretical Grounds of Shared Intentionality for Neuroscience in Developing Bioengineering Systems."
1151:
947:
Pietro
Morasso (2007). "Chapter 14: The crucial role of haptic perception". In Antonio Chella; Riccardo Manzotti (eds.).
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134:
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and in that way function as extensions of the mind itself. Examples of such objects are written calculations, a
109:), the EMT has the implication that some parts of a person's identity can be determined by their environment.
885:
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1251:
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83:. The hypothesis considers the mind to encompass every level of cognition, including the physical level.
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involves more than the brain, including a more general involvement of bodily structures and processes.
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McGann, Marek; De Jaegher, Hanne; Di Paolo, Ezequiel (June 2013). "Enaction and psychology".
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129:(1998) is the paper that originally stated the EMT. Clark and Chalmers present the idea of
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MĂĽller, Vincent C. "The extended mind thesis is about demarcation and use of words".
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67:. The thesis proposes that some objects in the external environment can be part of a
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to emphasise the role of interplay between the organism and its environment and the
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Philosophical arguments against the extended mind thesis include the following.
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98:, based on the active role of the environment in driving cognitive processes."
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The new science of the mind: From extended mind to embodied phenomenology
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309:
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Each of these arguments is addressed in Clark (2008), in which he notes:
468:
789:
Adams, Fred; Aizawa, Ken (2010). "Defending the Bounds of Cognition".
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997:
790:
699:
https://www.lidsen.com/journals/neurobiology/neurobiology-06-03-137
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https://www.lidsen.com/journals/neurobiology/neurobiology-07-04-189
633:
https://www.lidsen.com/journals/neurobiology/neurobiology-07-02-167
27:
Philosophy of mind where the mind resides beyond the brain and body
447:
Andy Clark, David J Chalmers (January 1998). "The extended mind".
189:
approach provides empirical evidence of the extended mind thesis.
72:
56:
29:
815:
Supersizing the Mind: Embodiment, Action, and Cognitive Extension
516:
Supersizing the Mind: Embodiment, Action, and Cognitive Extension
94:
in "The Extended Mind" (1998). They describe the idea as "active
1126:"Why You Should Think With Your Environment, Not Just Your Mind"
284:
involving not only neural processes but also things an organism
52:
1051:. In Stewart, John; Oliver Gapenne; Ezequiel A DiPaolo (eds.).
202:
Clark’s Answer: Because it was coupled to the mathematician."
1211:"Where does great thinking come from? Look beyond the brain"
1047:
Stewart, John; Gapenne, Oliver; DiPaolo, Ezequiel A (2014).
996:
of how the physical body/brain produces mental, subjective
880:
Newen, Albert; Bruin, Leon; Gallagher, Shaun, eds. (2018).
434:
The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2011 Edition)
992:
Culture produces the mind; brain circuitry does not. The
977:
Macro Cultural Psychology: A Political Philosophy of Mind
1185:"'The Extended Mind' Review: Thinking Outside the Brain"
1000:, is the wrong way to frame the origin of consciousness.
645:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences,
681:
2023; 7(4): 189; doi:10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2304189.
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2023; 7(2): 167; doi:10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2302167.
234:
Clark defends a strong version of the hypothesis of
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2023; 7(1): 156; doi:10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2301156
278:
functioning only in a related external environment.
884:. Oxford Library of Psychology. Oxford; New York:
697:2022;6(3):18; doi:10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2203137.
428:Wilson, Robert A.; Foglia, Lucia (25 July 2011).
1055:(Paperback ed.). MIT Press. p. vii.
808:
806:
79:; in general, it concerns objects that store
8:
1076:JapyassĂş, Hilton F; Laland, Kevin N (2017).
1152:"There Is More to Us Than Just Our Brains"
666:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2011.04.012
662:Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,
550:https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-023-05197-z
1101:
760:
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649:http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.1682
980:. Oxford University Press. p. 96.
894:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198735410.001.0001
383:
792:Defending the bounds of cognition, in
475:Andy Clark, David J Chalmers (2010).
150:constantly and immediately accessible
7:
830:Italian Journal of Cognitive Science
520:. Oxford University Press. pp.
55:does not exclusively reside in the
25:
1209:Balcetis, Emily (June 18, 2021).
1183:Hutson, Matthew (May 24, 2021).
497:Clark, Andy; Chalmers, David J.
405:"Reading Ancient Slavery (2010)"
294:into the organism's environment.
941:Slides related to a chapter on
882:Oxford Handbook of 4E Cognition
953:. Academic. pp. 234–255.
849:"Chapter 3: The mind embedded"
762:10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2304185
729:10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2304192
477:"Chapter 2: The extended mind"
1:
945:(recognition through touch):
483:. MIT Press. pp. 27–42.
432:. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).
140:Clark and Chalmers present a
1150:Pinker, Susan (2021-06-11).
1014:Review of General Psychology
799:. MIT Press. pp. 67–80.
1078:"Extended spider cognition"
495:; and available online as:
479:. In Richard Menary (ed.).
1268:
817:. Oxford University Press.
743:Val Danilov, Igor (2023).
710:Val Danilov, Igor (2023).
1094:10.1007/s10071-017-1069-7
855:. MIT Press. pp. 51
589:Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci.
133:(not to be confused with
950:Artificial Consciousness
925:Morasso, Pietro (2005).
265:, mental processes are:
886:Oxford University Press
847:Rowlands, Mark (2010).
63:, but extends into the
372:The Extended Phenotype
169:
154:automatically endorsed
40:
974:Ratner, Carl (2011).
796:(Eds, Richard Menary)
647:284(1863), 20171682.
461:10.1093/analys/58.1.7
337:Distributed cognition
187:Shared intentionality
178:Shared intentionality
165:
33:
512:Clark, Andy (2008).
430:"Embodied Cognition"
357:Landauer's principle
232:Supersizing the Mind
161:Supersizing the Mind
135:semantic externalism
49:extended mind thesis
1215:The Washington Post
1189:Wall Street Journal
664:47(6), 1291-1294.,
605:2017; 152: 425-436.
499:"The extended mind"
152:to Otto, and it is
146:Alzheimer's disease
113:"The Extended Mind"
86:It was proposed by
1247:Enactive cognition
1156:The New York Times
618:2010; 23: 243-256.
591:2018; 13: 841-849.
390:(Epistles 27.5-8).
367:Situated cognition
342:Embodied cognition
315:feedback processes
236:extended cognition
172:Empirical evidence
142:thought experiment
131:active externalism
107:philosophy of self
101:For the matter of
45:philosophy of mind
41:
18:Extended cognition
1242:Cognitive science
1062:978-0-262-52601-2
994:mind-body problem
943:haptic perception
794:The Extended Mind
577:2018; 133: 54-62.
481:The Extended Mind
305:haptic perception
242:Vincent C. MĂĽller
119:The Extended Mind
103:personal identity
69:cognitive process
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