301:
of one minute of arc. The terms 20/20 and 6/6 are derived from standardized sized objects that can be seen by a "person of normal vision" at the specified distance. For example, if one can see at a distance of 20 ft an object that normally can be seen at 20 ft, then one has 20/20 vision. If one can see at 20 ft what a normal person can see at 40 ft, then one has 20/40 vision. Put another way, suppose you have trouble seeing objects at a distance and you can only see out to 20 ft what a person with normal vision can see out to 200 feet, then you have 20/200 vision. The 6/6 terminology is used in countries using the
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It is often recommended that children should have their first eye exam at six months old, or earlier if a parent suspects something is wrong with the eyes. Across the world, screening programs are important for identifying children who have a need for spectacles but either do not wear any or have the
577:
are assessed by having the patient move his or her eye quickly to a target at the far right, left, top and bottom. This tests for saccadic dysfunction whereupon poor ability of the eyes to "jump" from one place to another may impinge on reading ability and other skills, whereby the eyes are required
519:
defect in the left eye, both pupils will dilate when the light is shining on the left eye, but both will constrict when it is shining on the right eye. This is because the left eye will not respond to external stimulus (afferent pathway), but can still receive neural signals from the brain (efferent
300:
Visual acuity is the eyes ability to detect fine details and is the quantitative measure of the eye's ability to see an in-focus image at a certain distance. The standard definition of normal visual acuity (20/20 or 6/6 vision) is the ability to resolve a spatial pattern separated by a visual angle
378:
To perform a retinoscopy, the doctor projects a streak of light into a pupil. A series of lenses are flashed in front of the eye. By looking through the retinoscope, the doctor can study the light reflex of the pupil. Based on the movement and orientation of this retinal reflection, the refractive
737:
examinations can also be performed through the slit lamp when combined with special lenses. These lenses include the
Goldmann 3-mirror lens, gonioscopy single-mirror/Zeiss 4-mirror lens for (ocular) anterior chamber angle structures and +90D lens, +78D lens, +66D lens & Hruby (-56D) lens, the
382:
An auto-refractor is a computerized instrument that shines light into an eye. The light travels through the front of the eye, to the back and then forward through the front again. The information bounced back to the instrument gives an objective measurement of refractive error without asking the
581:
The patient is asked to follow a target with both eyes as it is moved in each of the nine cardinal directions of gaze. The examiner notes the speed, smoothness, range and symmetry of movements and observes for unsteadiness of fixation. These nine fields of gaze test the extraocular muscles:
707:
which is a table mounted microscope with a special adjustable illumination source attached. A small beam of light that can be varied in width, height, incident angle, orientation and colour, is passed over the eye. Often, this light beam is narrowed into a vertical "slit", during slit-lamp
771:
greatly enhances the view and permits an extensive examination of peripheral retina. A limited view can be obtained through an undilated pupil, in which case best results are obtained with the room darkened and the patient looking towards the far corner. The appearance of the
750:
devices. The eye can be thought of as an enclosed compartment through which there is a constant circulation of fluid that maintains its shape and internal pressure. Tonometry is a method of measuring this pressure using various instruments. The normal range is 10-21 mmHg.
415:
refraction, especially when trying to obtain an accurate refraction in young children who may skew refraction measurements by adjusting their eyes with accommodation. Cycloplegic eye drops are applied to the eye to temporarily paralyze the ciliary muscle of the eye.
631:
To perform the test, the individual occludes one eye while fixated on the examiner's eye with the non-occluded eye. The patient is then asked to count the number of fingers that are briefly flashed in each of the four quadrants. This method is preferred to the
441:
An examination of pupilary function includes inspecting the pupils for equal size (1 mm or less of difference may be normal), regular shape, reactivity to light, and direct and consensual accommodation. These steps can be easily remembered with the
335:" is the mechanism that bends the path of light as it passes from one medium to another, as when it passes from the air through the parts of the eye. In an eye exam, the term refraction is the determination of the ideal correction of refractive error.
708:
examination. The examiner views the illuminated ocular structures, through an optical system that magnifies the image of the eye and the patient is seated while being examined, and the head stabilized by an adjustable chin rest.
805:
is a non-invasive method to examine the small arteries and veins in the retina which allows to draw conclusions about the morphology and the function of small vessels elsewhere in the human body and is used in particular by
564:
Ocular motility should always be tested, especially when patients complain of double vision or physicians suspect neurologic disease. First, the doctor should visually assess the eyes for deviations that could result from
435:
726:
The binocular slit-lamp examination provides stereoscopic magnified view of the eye structures in striking detail, enabling exact anatomical diagnoses to be made for a variety of eye conditions.
1339:
504:, also referred to as the Marcus Gunn pupil. It is conducted in a semidarkened room. In a normal reaction to the swinging-flashlight test, both pupils constrict when one is exposed to
339:
is an optical abnormality in which the shape of the eye fails to bring light into sharp focus on the retina, resulting in blurred or distorted vision. Examples of refractive error are
683:
can be inspected by having the individual look up, and shining a light while retracting the upper or lower eyelid. The position of the eyelids are checked for abnormalities such as
46:
403:
and look at an eye chart. The eye care professional will change lenses and other settings while asking the patient for feedback on which set of lenses give the best vision.
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A minimal eye examination consists of tests for visual acuity, pupil function, and extraocular muscle motility, as well as direct ophthalmoscopy through an undilated pupil.
224:. Health care professionals often recommend that all people should have periodic and thorough eye examinations as part of routine primary care, especially since many
1332:
787:. This part of the examination is done from a distance of about 50 cm and is usually symmetrical between the two eyes. An opacity may indicate a cataract.
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defect in the left eye, the left pupil will remain dilated regardless of where the light is shining, while the right pupil will respond normally. If there is an
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This allows inspection of all the ocular media, from cornea to vitreous, plus magnified view of eyelids, and other external ocular related structures.
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that was historically used because it represents a rapid and efficient way of answering the same question: is the peripheral visual field affected?
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508:. As the light is being moved from one eye to another, both eyes begin to dilate, but constrict again when light has reached the other eye.
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319:
Another test of Visual acuity or function (EVTS/OptimEyes) uses targets which change in size, contrast, and viewing time was developed by
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Examination of retina (fundus examination) is an important part of the general eye examination. Dilating the pupil using
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Nägele MR et al.: Retinal microvascular dysfunction in heart failure. European Heart
Journal 2018; 39: 47–56
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Fully dilated pupil prior to ophthalmoscopic examination to remove lens astigmatism (spasm of accommodation)
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An objective refraction is a refraction obtained without receiving any feedback from the patient, using a
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damage is suspected. The swinging-flashlight test is the most useful clinical test available to a
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2005:
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1218:"Vision screening for correctable visual acuity deficits in school-age children and adolescents"
323:. This test of visual function has been shown to correlate to professional sports performance.
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If there is a unilateral small pupil with normal reactivity to light, it is unlikely that a
336:
1144:"The Effect of Visual Function on the Batting Performance of Professional Baseball Players"
254:
A full eye examination consists of an external examination, followed by specific tests for
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Close inspection of the anterior eye structures and ocular adnexa are often done with a
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on and discern objects. It also includes other tests and examinations pertaining to the
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If there is a small, irregular pupil that constricts poorly to light, but normally to
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2015:
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1142:
Laby, Daniel M.; Kirschen, David G.; Govindarajulu, Usha; DeLand, Paul (2019-11-14).
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in which each eye is tested separately to assess the extent of the peripheral field.
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rim may also be desirable, depending on the presenting signs and symptoms. The
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requires responses from the patient. Typically, the patient will sit behind a
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359:. A refraction procedure consists of two parts: objective and subjective.
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if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
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and retinal vasculature are also recorded during fundus examination.
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1216:
Evans, Jennifer R; Morjaria, Priya; Powell, Christine (2018-02-15).
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355:. The errors are specified in diopters, in a similar format to an
259:
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can be seen when looking at a patient's pupil through a direct
1877:
832:
Children need the following basic visual skills for learning:
29:
699:
Slit lamp examination of the eyes in an ophthalmology clinic
663:
External examination of eyes consists of inspection of the
573:
of the cranial nerves innervating the extraocular muscles.
27:
Series of tests assessing vision and pertaining to the eyes
61:
1273:
Emmett T. Cunningham; Paul
Riordan-Eva (17 May 2011).
411:
Sometimes, eye care professionals prefer to obtain a
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2004:
1995:
1968:
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738:examination of retinal structures is accomplished.
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164:
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839:Distance vision: Tumbling E chart, Landolt C chart
235:Eye examinations may detect potentially treatable
715:staining before slit lamp examination may reveal
212:. Eye examinations are primarily performed by an
1313:Medscape article on Neuro-ophthalmic examination
687:which is an asymmetry between eyelid positions.
746:Intraocular pressure (IOP) can be measured by
305:, and that represents the distance in metres.
60:Please review the contents of the article and
1857:
1333:
8:
1275:Vaughan & Asbury's general ophthalmology
865:Conditions diagnosed during eye examinations
639:Common problems of the visual field include
200:, is a series of tests performed to assess
2264:Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty
2001:
1920:
1864:
1850:
1842:
1458:
1340:
1326:
1318:
798:to determine a prescription for eyeglasses
145:
1249:
1183:
1111:"Free NHS eye tests and optical vouchers"
241:ocular manifestations of systemic disease
2470:Optical coherence tomography angiography
2269:Pre-Descemet's endothelial keratoplasty
1222:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1102:
578:to fixate and follow a desired object.
527:is present. However, if accompanied by
2153:Manual small incision cataract surgery
1277:(18th ed.). McGraw-Hill Medical.
1120:
624:Testing the visual fields consists of
136:
2400:Botulinum toxin therapy of strabismus
2393:Minimally invasive strabismus surgery
569:, extraocular muscle dysfunction, or
7:
2088:Phakic intraocular lens implantation
614:Visual field (confrontation) testing
2223:Minimally invasive glaucoma surgery
1727:Upper limb neurological examination
434:Medical student giving eye exam at
620:Confrontation visual field testing
25:
2046:Intrastromal corneal ring segment
500:anomalies. This test detects the
1299:
126:
34:
2021:Automated lamellar keratoplasty
1748:Ballard Maturational Assessment
1608:Peripheral vascular examination
950:Positive relative accommodation
945:Negative relative accommodation
852:Accommodation (focusing skills)
2502:Bagolini Striated Glasses Test
2297:Corneal collagen cross-linking
1374:History of the present illness
1234:10.1002/14651858.cd005023.pub3
379:state of the eye is measured.
308:This is often measured with a
62:add the appropriate references
1:
2460:Indocyanine green angiography
2455:Heidelberg Retinal Tomography
2287:Anterior chamber paracentesis
1715:Mini–mental state examination
1626:Ankle–brachial pressure index
647:(half of visual field lost),
436:ITESM-Campus Ciudad de MĂ©xico
2465:Optical coherence tomography
2344:Phototherapeutic keratectomy
2218:Excimer laser trabeculostomy
907:Specialized eye examinations
2093:Photorefractive keratectomy
626:confrontation field testing
47:reliable medical references
2640:
2512:Dilated fundus examination
2492:A-scan ultrasound biometry
2066:Laser thermal keratoplasty
1889:Anesthesia for eye surgery
1168:10.1038/s41598-019-52546-2
1127:: CS1 maint: url-status (
998:Scanning laser polarimetry
985:Scheimpflug ocular imaging
940:Amplitude of accommodation
821:
667:, surrounding tissues and
643:(area of reduced vision),
617:
557:
423:
293:
247:or other anomalies of the
2249:Whole eye transplantation
2148:Intraocular lens scaffold
2083:Limbal relaxing incisions
1938:East Asian blepharoplasty
1884:
1722:Cranial nerve examination
922:Near point of convergence
488:may also be desirable if
278:through a dilated pupil.
144:
53:or relies too heavily on
2609:Diagnostic ophthalmology
1013:Ultrasound biomicroscopy
486:swinging-flashlight test
383:patients any questions.
2445:Fluorescein angiography
2292:Boston keratoprosthesis
2254:Corneal transplantation
2026:Conductive keratoplasty
1794:Athletic heart syndrome
1115:National Health Service
824:Pediatric ophthalmology
803:Retinal vessel analysis
520:pathway) to constrict.
196:, commonly known as an
2324:Intravitreal injection
2188:Laser photocoagulation
2133:Glued intraocular lens
1831:Differential diagnosis
1766:Well-woman examination
930:Cycloplegic refraction
818:Eye exams for children
799:
764:
700:
649:homonymous hemianopsia
548:Argyll Robertson pupil
496:for the assessment of
438:
407:Cycloplegic refraction
2542:Slit-lamp examination
2507:Color perception test
2430:Electronystagmography
1978:Dacryocystorhinostomy
1308:at Wikimedia Commons
1086:Subjective Refraction
1066:Eyeglass prescription
859:Eye–hand coordination
793:
762:
698:
653:bitemporal hemianopia
502:afferent pupil defect
433:
393:subjective refraction
387:Subjective refraction
357:eyeglass prescription
2624:Physical examination
2383:Harada–Ito procedure
2056:Laser blended vision
1799:Sudden cardiac death
1682:Shoulder examination
1621:Abdominojugular test
1454:Physical examination
1401:Past medical history
829:wrong prescription.
742:Intraocular pressure
659:External examination
535:, this may indicate
363:Objective refraction
272:intraocular pressure
2567:Plaque radiotherapy
2440:Electroretinography
2158:Phacoemulsification
1818:Assessment and plan
1603:Cardiac examination
1548:Swinging light test
1416:Psychiatric history
1349:Medical examination
1160:2019NatSR...916847L
1028:Convergence Testing
1008:Electroretinography
993:computed tomography
755:Retinal examination
671:. Palpation of the
560:Extraocular muscles
2450:Fundus photography
2435:Electrooculography
2420:Corneal topography
2388:Strabismus surgery
1776:Breast examination
1651:Rectal examination
1585:Respiratory sounds
1384:Nursing assessment
1148:Scientific Reports
1003:Electrooculography
988:Retinal tomography
981:Corneal pachymetry
976:Corneal topography
962:Optokinetic system
800:
765:
701:
634:wiggly finger test
439:
264:extraocular muscle
2614:Medical mnemonics
2596:
2595:
2547:Visual field test
2367:
2366:
2098:Radial keratotomy
2061:Laser eye surgery
1991:
1990:
1839:
1838:
1826:Medical diagnosis
1812:
1811:
1687:Elbow examination
1304:Media related to
855:Peripheral vision
769:special eye drops
717:corneal abrasions
669:palpebral fissure
610:oblique muscles.
602:, as well as the
537:Horner's syndrome
494:general physician
285:Basic examination
190:
189:
135:
134:
111:
76:"Eye examination"
16:(Redirected from
2631:
2527:Ocular tonometry
2425:Electrodiagnosis
2213:Cyclodestruction
2138:Hydrodelineation
2002:
1955:Hughes procedure
1921:
1866:
1859:
1852:
1843:
1672:Knee examination
1520:Respiratory rate
1459:
1342:
1335:
1328:
1319:
1306:Eye examinations
1303:
1289:
1288:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1253:
1213:
1207:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1187:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1126:
1118:
1107:
1061:Driver's license
1056:Binocular vision
1033:Worth 4 dot test
812:ophthalmologists
337:Refractive error
174:
149:
137:
130:
129:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
38:
37:
30:
21:
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2411:
2404:
2374:
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2339:Photodisruption
2275:
2242:Transplantation
2237:
2233:Trabeculoplasty
2204:
2197:
2175:
2169:
2143:Hydrodissection
2114:
2107:
2076:Contoura Vision
2036:Epikeratophakia
2007:
1987:
1970:Lacrimal system
1964:
1950:Eyelid revision
1945:Epicanthoplasty
1910:
1906:Eye examination
1880:
1870:
1840:
1835:
1808:
1780:
1752:
1731:
1696:
1677:Hip examination
1665:Musculoskeletal
1660:
1632:
1589:
1571:
1538:Eye examination
1524:
1491:
1448:
1369:Chief complaint
1361:Medical history
1355:
1346:
1297:
1292:
1285:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1228:(2): CD005023.
1215:
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1201:
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1038:Pulfrich effect
909:
867:
826:
820:
757:
744:
693:
661:
622:
616:
562:
556:
554:Ocular motility
511:If there is an
428:
422:
409:
389:
365:
329:
298:
292:
287:
218:ophthalmologist
204:and ability to
194:eye examination
170:
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140:Eye examination
131:
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116:
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70:
59:
55:primary sources
39:
35:
28:
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2588:Cryoextraction
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2532:Ophthalmoscopy
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2319:Gundersen flap
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2259:Corneal button
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2228:Trabeculectomy
2225:
2220:
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2193:Scleral buckle
2190:
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618:Main article:
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558:Main article:
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473:ccommodation (
424:Main article:
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420:Pupil function
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373:auto-refractor
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321:Daniel M. Laby
294:Main article:
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276:ophthalmoscopy
243:, or signs of
239:eye diseases,
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331:In physics, "
326:
324:
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317:
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311:
310:Snellen chart
306:
304:
303:metric system
297:
296:Visual acuity
290:Visual acuity
289:
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268:visual fields
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256:visual acuity
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157:visual acuity
154:
153:Snellen chart
148:
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117:December 2021
109:
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92:
88:
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81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
67:
63:
57:
56:
52:
48:
43:This article
41:
32:
31:
19:
2481:
2314:Evisceration
2183:Ignipuncture
1983:Punctoplasty
1960:Tarsorrhaphy
1905:
1702:Neurological
1656:Bowel sounds
1613:Heart sounds
1537:
1477:Auscultation
1298:
1274:
1268:
1225:
1221:
1211:
1202:
1154:(1): 16847.
1151:
1147:
1137:
1114:
1105:
1023:Brock string
913:Color vision
849:Eye movement
844:binocularity
831:
827:
801:
778:
766:
745:
728:
725:
710:
702:
662:
638:
633:
630:
623:
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563:
541:
522:
510:
483:
481:onsensual).
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
447:PERRLA (D+C)
446:
440:
410:
390:
381:
377:
366:
330:
318:
314:LogMAR chart
307:
299:
280:
253:
234:
230:asymptomatic
226:eye diseases
197:
193:
191:
151:Traditional
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
51:verification
44:
2537:Retinoscopy
2497:Amsler grid
2484:examination
2373:Extraocular
2302:Enucleation
2128:Capsulotomy
1894:Eye surgery
1743:Apgar score
1692:GALS screen
1577:Respiratory
1505:Temperature
1497:Vital signs
1394:Medications
1076:Retinoscopy
966:Amsler grid
926:Keratometry
896:Astigmatism
836:Near vision
810:as well as
723:infection.
713:Fluorescein
677:conjunctiva
498:optic nerve
465:eactive to
413:cycloplegic
401:trial frame
369:retinoscope
353:astigmatism
214:optometrist
166:MedlinePlus
45:needs more
2603:Categories
2522:Gonioscopy
2517:Funduscopy
2359:Vitrectomy
2354:Sclerotomy
2329:Iridectomy
2006:Refractive
1874:procedures
1872:Tests and
1646:Liver span
1510:Heart rate
1487:Percussion
1472:Inspection
1425:Mnemonics
1098:References
1081:Stereopsis
1071:Orthoptics
1018:Maddox rod
971:Gonioscopy
918:Stereopsis
901:Strabismus
881:Presbyopia
822:See also:
781:red reflex
774:optic disc
735:gonioscopy
645:hemianopia
567:strabismus
525:neuropathy
490:neurologic
477:irect and
399:or wear a
349:presbyopia
333:refraction
327:Refraction
266:motility,
262:function,
222:orthoptist
87:newspapers
2619:Optometry
2557:Radiation
2349:Pterygium
2307:Conformer
2041:Epi-LASIK
1638:Abdominal
1482:Palpation
1389:Allergies
1242:1465-1858
1176:2045-2322
1051:Optometry
886:Amblyopia
876:Hyperopia
796:phoropter
748:tonometry
705:slit lamp
691:Slit-lamp
469:ight and
457:qual and
397:phoropter
345:hyperopia
155:used for
2583:Couching
2334:Peritomy
2203:Glaucoma
2113:Cataract
1771:Pap test
1736:Neonatal
1462:General/
1443:COASTMAP
1260:29446439
1194:31728011
1123:cite web
1091:Vergence
1044:See also
957:Vergence
891:Diplopia
794:Using a
608:inferior
604:superior
588:superior
584:inferior
575:Saccades
517:afferent
513:efferent
444:mnemonic
237:blinding
220:, or an
198:eye test
18:Eye test
2576:History
2559:therapy
2412:imaging
2410:Medical
2375:muscles
2205:surgery
2176:surgery
2174:Retinal
2163:Prechop
2115:surgery
2008:surgery
1925:Eyelids
1555:Hearing
1251:6491194
1185:6856529
1156:Bibcode
991:Ocular
936:system
673:orbital
665:eyelids
641:scotoma
600:muscles
598:rectus
592:lateral
245:tumours
185:29271-4
159:testing
101:scholar
66:removed
1916:Adnexa
1786:Sports
1617:Other
1434:OPQRST
1429:SAMPLE
1281:
1258:
1248:
1240:
1192:
1182:
1174:
959:system
871:Myopia
685:ptosis
681:sclera
596:medial
533:eyelid
529:ptosis
461:ound;
453:upils
341:myopia
202:vision
172:003434
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
2280:Other
2103:SMILE
2071:LASIK
1997:Globe
1804:RED-S
1565:Rinne
1560:Weber
1530:HEENT
729:Also
571:palsy
506:light
426:Pupil
260:pupil
249:brain
228:are
206:focus
180:LOINC
108:JSTOR
94:books
1878:eyes
1464:IPPA
1439:SOAP
1351:and
1279:ISBN
1256:PMID
1238:ISSN
1226:2018
1190:PMID
1172:ISSN
1129:link
733:and
679:and
651:and
606:and
594:and
351:and
274:and
210:eyes
80:news
49:for
2482:Eye
1246:PMC
1230:doi
1180:PMC
1164:doi
719:or
371:or
312:or
192:An
2605::
1254:.
1244:.
1236:.
1224:.
1220:.
1188:.
1178:.
1170:.
1162:.
1150:.
1146:.
1125:}}
1121:{{
1113:.
814:.
779:A
655:.
590:,
586:,
550:.
539:.
484:A
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391:A
375:.
347:,
343:,
316:.
270:,
258:,
251:.
232:.
216:,
68:.
1865:e
1858:t
1851:v
1341:e
1334:t
1327:v
1287:.
1262:.
1232::
1196:.
1166::
1158::
1152:9
1131:)
1117:.
846:)
479:C
475:D
471:A
467:L
463:R
459:R
455:E
451:P
119:)
115:(
105:·
98:·
91:·
84:·
58:.
20:)
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