637:β allows for new and current employees to regularly maintain the training they have through the development of new technology and to allow new employees to train and learn over new materials in one convenient location. E-learning is another way to keep employees informed on the important materials they need to know through the use of visuals, animation, videos, etc. It is usually a computer-based learning tool, although not always. It is also a way for employees to learn at their own pace (
1027:
These challenges are arising from administrative, legal, institutional and technological factors. The challenge includes security drawbacks such as spoofing, tampering, repudiation, disclosure, elevation of privilege, denial of service and other cyber crimes. Other sets of problems include implementation parts such as funding, management of change, privacy, authentication, delivery of services, standardization, technology issues and use of local languages.
600:
government-to-customer e-governance: not everyone has
Internet access, especially in rural or low-income areas, G2C technology can be problematic for citizens who lack computing skills. Some G2C sites have technology requirements (such as browser requirements and plug-ins) that won't allow access to certain services, language barriers, the necessity for an e-mail address to access certain services, and a lack of privacy.
876:
as well as voice and video services. An additional network is currently also under development: the Public Sector
Network (PSN) will be the network to interconnect public authorities (including departments and agencies in England; devolved administrations and local governments) and facilitate in particular sharing of information and services among each other.
43:
833:
828:
The strategic objective of e-governance, or in this case G2G is to support and simplify governance for government, citizens, and businesses. The use of ICT can connect all parties and support processes and activities. Other objectives are to make government administration more transparent, speedy and
706:
developing new mediums of communication of issues and information through virtual communication and participation. In practice, this has led to several responses and adaptations by interest groups, activist, and lobbying groups. This new medium has changed the way the polis interacts with government.
705:
An overhaul of the structure is now required as every pre-existing sub-entity must now merge under one concept of e-government. As a result, Public Policy has also seen changes due to the emerging of constituent participation and the
Internet. Many governments such as Canada's have begun to invest in
965:
The main goal of government to business is to increase productivity by giving business more access to information in a more organize manner while lowering the cost of doing business as well as the ability to cut "red tape", save time, reduce operational cost and to create a more transparent business
905:
E-government reduces costs and lowers the barrier of allowing companies to interact with the government. The interaction between the government and businesses reduces the time required for businesses to conduct a transaction. For instance, there is no need to commute to a government agency's office,
875:
based on broadband technology introduced in April 1998 and further upgraded in
February 2004. Among other things, it offers a variety of advanced services including file transfer and search facilities, directory services, email exchange facilities (both between network members and over the Internet)
848:
Pushing data over the internet, e.g.: regulative services, general holidays, public hearing schedules, issue briefs, notifications, etc. two-way communications between one governmental department and another, users will interact in dialogue with agencies and post issues, comments, or requests to the
697:
Before, the structure emulated private-like business techniques. Recently that has all changed as e-government begins to make its own plan. Not only does e-government introduce a new form of record keeping, but it also continues to become more interactive to better the process of delivering services
568:
has top ranking G2C technology including an online motor vehicle services system, which provides 21 applications and payment services to citizens. India's e-governance programs have found success in regional areas. This is likely due to the ability to meet the language and literacy differences among
531:
European countries were ranked second among all geographic regions. The Single Point of Access for
Citizens of Europe supports travel within Europe and Europe is a 1999 initiative supporting an online government. Main focuses are to provide public information, allow customers to have access to basic
909:
E-Government provides a greater amount of information that the business needed, also it makes that information more clear. A key factor in business success is the ability to plan and forecast through data-driven future. The government collected a lot of economic, demographic and other trends in the
947:
e-Procurement
Programme β e-Procurement Programme provides a simple, convenient online ways for suppliers of the participating bureaux/departments (B/Ds) and suppliers of Government Logistics Department and agree to provide the low-valued goods and service. One of the last innovative examples is a
913:
In addition, E-Government can help businesses navigate through government regulations by providing an intuitive site organization with a wealth of useful applications. The electronic filings of applications for environmental permits give an example of it. Companies often do not know how, when, and
685:
Many governments around the world have gradually turned to
Information technologies (IT) in an effort to keep up with today's demands. Historically, many governments in this sphere have only been reactive, but recently there has been a more proactive approach in developing comparable services such
527:
with the lowest scores. Municipal governments in the United States also use government-to-customer technology to complete transactions and inform the public. Much like states, cities are awarded for innovative technology. Government
Technology's "Best of the Web 2012" named Louisville, KY, Arvada,
615:
E-governance to
Employee partnership (G2E) Is one of four main primary interactions in the delivery model of E-governance. It is the relationship between online tools, sources, and articles that help employees to maintain the communication with the government and their own companies. E-governance
1026:
E-governance is facing numerous challenges world over. The traditional approach for introducing e-governance is just not sufficient due to the complexity from wide variety of application architecture mix from both legacy and modern worlds that need to be brought into the purview of e-governance.
922:
The government should concern that not all people are able to access the internet to gain online government services. The network reliability, as well as information on government bodies, can influence public opinion and prejudice hidden agenda. There are many considerations and implementation,
714:
The purpose to include e-governance to government is to means more efficient in various aspects. Whether it means to reduce cost by reducing paper clutter, staffing cost, or communicating with private citizens or public government. E-government brings many advantages to play such as facilitating
926:
G2B rises the connection between government and businesses. Once the e-government began to develop, become more sophisticated, people will be forced to interact with e-government in the larger area. This may result in a lack of privacy for businesses as their government gets their more and more
896:
The objective of G2B is to reduce difficulties for business, provide immediate information and enable digital communication by e-business (XML). In addition, the government should re-use the data in the report proper, and take advantage of commercial electronic transaction protocol. Government
768:
The
International City/County Management Association and Public Technology Inc. have done surveys over the effectiveness of this method. The results are indicating that most governments are still in either the primary stages (stage 1 or 2), which revolves around public service requests. Though
664:
to the employees, bring them together and to promote knowledge sharing among them. It also gives employees the possibility of accessing information in regard to compensation and benefits policies, training and learning opportunities and civil rights laws. G2E services also include software for
599:
A full switch to government-to-citizen e-governance will cost a large amount of money in development and implementation. In addition, government agencies do not always engage citizens in the development of their e-gov services or accept feedback. Customers identified the following barriers to
455:. Other examples included the payment of taxes and services that can be completed online or over the phone. Mundane services such as name or address changes, applying for services or grants, or transferring existing services are more convenient and no longer have to be completed face to face.
681:
From the start of 1990s e-commerce and e-product, there has rampant integration of e-forms of government process. Governments have now tried to use the efficiencies of their techniques to cut down on waste. E-government is a fairly broad subject matter, but all relate to how the services and
544:
is the first and the only country in the world with e-residency which enables anyone in the world outside Estonia to access Estonian online services. One caveat of the Estonia e-residency program is that it does not give e-residents physical rights to the country. This means that unless the
701:
The framework of such an organization is now expected to increase more than ever by becoming efficient and reducing the time it takes to complete an objective. Some examples include paying utilities, tickets, and applying for permits. So far, the biggest concern is accessibility to Internet
715:
information delivery, application process/renewal between both business and private citizen, and participation with the constituency. There are both internal and external advantages to the emergence of IT in government, though not all municipalities are alike in size and participation.
430:
processes and interactions within the entire governance framework. Using e-governance, government services are made available to citizens through IT. The three main target groups that can be distinguished in governance concepts are government, citizens, and businesses/interest groups.
897:
services are concentrated on the following groups: human services; community services; judicial services; transport services; land resources; business services; financial services and other. Each of the components listed above for each cluster of related services to the enterprise.
644:
Maintaining records of personal information β Allows the system to keep all records in one easy location to update with every single bit of information that is relevant to a personal file. Examples being social security numbers, tax information, current address, and other
702:
technologies for the average citizen. In an effort to help, administrations are now trying to aid those who do not have the skills to fully participate in this new medium of governance, especially now as e-government progressing to more e-governance though.
764:
positions, which tend to be more political. Therefore, they have greater barriers towards its application. Council-Manager governments are also more inclined to be effective here by bringing innovation and reinvention of governance to e-governance.
955:
Finance and support for your business β UK Government provide the online financial help for business, including grants, loans, business guide; what's more, it also offers the funding for the sunrise businesses (just start) or small-scale
923:
designing e-government, including the potential impact of government and citizens of disintermediation, the impact on economic, social and political factors, vulnerable to cyber attacks, and disturbances to the status quo in these areas.
777:
Government-to-Government (abbreviated G2G) is the online non-commercial interaction between Government organizations, departments, and authorities and other Government organizations, departments, and authorities. Its use is common in the
769:
application of integration is now accelerating, there has been little to no instigating research to see its progression as e-governance to the government. We can only theorize it's still within the primitive stages of e-governance.
439:
The goal of government-to-citizen (G2C) e-governance is to offer a variety of ICT services to citizens in an efficient and economical manner and to strengthen the relationship between government and citizens using technology.
619:
E-governance makes it possible for employees to become paperless and makes it easy for employees to send important documents back and forth to colleagues all over the world instead of having to print out these records or fax
914:
what they must apply. Therefore, failure to comply with environmental regulations up to 70%, a staggering figure most likely due to confusion about the requirements, rather than the product of willful disregard of the law.
943:
e-Tender Box (ETB) system β ETB system was developed by Government Logistics Department (GLD) to replace Electronic Tendering System. Users can use the ETB system to download the resources and gain the service from the
973:
Cutting red tape β rules and regulation placed upon business normally take time and are most likely to cause a delay β in (G2B) will allow a much faster process with fewer delays and decreasing the number of rules and
486:
is an official US government website that informs citizens of benefits they are eligible for and provides information on how to apply for assistance. US State Governments also engage in G2C interaction through the
426:, communication transactions, integration of various stand-alone systems between government to citizen (G2C), government-to-business (G2B), government-to-government (G2G), government-to-employees (G2E) as well as
755:
The adoption of e-government in municipalities evokes greater innovation in e-governance by being specialized and localized. The level success and feedback depends greatly on the city size and government type. A
1009:β Professional affairs conducted between companies and regional, municipal, or federal governing bodies. B2G typically encompasses the determination and evaluation of proposal and completion of the contract.
849:
agency. Conducting transactions, e.g.: Lodging tax returns, applying for services and grants. Governance, e.g.: To alter the national transition from passive info access to individual participation by:
545:
e-resident buys land they do not get to participate in the democratic processes. The benefit to e-residents is the opportunity to develop business in the digital European Union market. Neighboring
934:
The government site does not consider about "potential to reach many users including those who live in remote areas, are homebound, have low literacy levels, exist on poverty line incomes."
1527:
572:
Government-to-Citizen is the communication link between a government and private individuals or residents. Such G2C communication most often refers to that which takes place through
496:
1480:
Shailendra C. Jain Palvia and Sushil S. Sharma (2007). "E-Government and E-Governance: Definitions/Domain Framework and Status around the World" (PDF). ICEG. Accessed 30-10-2014
829:
accountable while addressing the society's needs and expectations through efficient public services and effective interaction between the people, businesses, and government.
1351:
1695:
1190:
Carter, Lemuria, and France Belanger. "Citizen Adoption of Electronic Government Initiatives". IEEE Xplore. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, n.d.
616:
relationship with Employees allows new learning technology in one simple place as the computer. Documents can now be stored and shared with other colleagues online.
358:
906:
and transactions may be conducted online instantly with the click of a mouse. This significantly reduces transaction time for the government and businesses alike.
1046:
349:
503:, and others. As with e-governance on the global level, G2C services vary from state to state. The Digital States Survey ranks states on social measures,
573:
1463:
Mary Maureen Brown. "Electronic Government" Jack Rabin (ed.). Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, Marcel Dekker, 2003, pp. 427β432
797:
Internal-facing β joining up a single Governments departments, agencies, organizations, and authorities. Examples include the integration aspect of the
871:
In the field of networking, the Government Secure Intranet (GSi) puts in place a secure link between central government departments. It is an IP-based
927:
information. In the worst case, there is so much information in the electron transfer between the government and business, a system which is like
479:
1609:
624:
services also include software for maintaining personal information and records of employees. Some of the benefits of G2E expansion include:
500:
267:
1090:
Miller, W & Walling, J, (2013). "Government in the twenty-first century: New Avenues of Study". Taking Sides. New York, NY: McGraw Hill.
394:
61:
53:
987:
Reduce the burden on business by adopting a process that enables collecting data once for multiple uses and streamlining redundant data.
1160:
Bertot, Jaegar, and McClure, (2008). "Citizen Centered E-Government Services: Benefits, Costs, and Research Needs". Montreal, Canada.
1772:
1036:
318:
148:
79:
1438:
323:
1358:
1691:
1509:
Bakry, S. H. "Development of e-government: a STOPE view." International Journal of Network Management. 2004, 14(5), 339-350.
1468:
242:
1018:
The overall benefit of e-governance when dealing with business is that it enables the business to perform more efficiently.
990:
Key lines of business: regulations, economic development, trade, permits and licenses, grants/loans, and asset management.
628:
E-payroll β maintaining the online sources to view paychecks, pay stubs, pay bills, and keep records for tax information.
1518:
According to an Environmental Results Program (ERP) study conducted in 1997 covering 2,000 (of 16,000 total) businesses.
1116:
650:
488:
1131:
649:
Government-to-employees (abbreviated G2E) is the online interactions through instantaneous communication tools between
1616:
812:
492:
366:
1781:
1584:"Analysis: New Law Gives Government Six Months to Turn Internet and Phone Systems into Permanent Spying Architecture"
811:
External facing β joining up multiple Governments IS systems. An example would include the integration aspect of the
1324:
580:
and media campaigns. G2C can take place at the federal, state, and local levels. G2C stands in contrast to G2B, or
757:
262:
591:, the United States' official web portal, though there are many other examples from governments around the world.
463:
G2C e-governance is unbalanced across the globe as not everyone has Internet access and computing skills, but the
885:
805:
802:
1076:
Implementing E-Governance Using OECD Model(Modified) and Gartner Model (Modified) Upon Agriculture of Bangladesh
1383:
Marche, Sunny; McNiven, James D. (2009). "E-Government and E-Governance: The Future Isn't What It Used to Be".
1199:
Dawes, Sharon S. "The Evolution and Continuing Challenges of E-Governance." - Dawes. Wiley Online Library, n.d.
761:
550:
387:
343:
292:
237:
133:
631:
E-benefits β be able to look up what benefits an employee is receiving and what benefits they have a right to.
970:
Lowering cost of doing business β electronic transaction save time compared to conducting business in person.
910:
data. This makes the data more accessible to companies which may increase the chance of economic prosperity.
1051:
872:
621:
423:
123:
1610:"Bridging Literacy, Language, and Cultural Divides to Promote Universal Usability of E-Government Websites"
1489:
HM Government (December 2009). "Putting the Frontline First: smarter government". Accessed 30 October 2014
1216:
1171:
1056:
790:
the online non-commercial interaction of local and central Government and the commercial business sector.
787:
581:
482:
has a broad framework of G2C technology to enhance citizen access to Government information and services.
447:
allows citizens to instant message directly with public administrators, and cast remote electronic votes (
415:
313:
247:
153:
1829:
1498:
931:
could be developed. As the government can access more information, the loss of privacy could be a cost.
444:
287:
277:
232:
1268:
1786:
1237:
786:, the online non-commercial interaction of local and central Government and private individuals, and
537:
217:
1221:
1176:
1273:
1003:β Refers to the conducting of transactions between government bodies and business via the internet.
419:
380:
222:
212:
98:
1645:
1620:
1810:
1410:
Moon, M. Jae (2002). "The Evolution of E-Government among Municipalities: Rhetoric or Reality?".
1299:
816:
609:
252:
207:
158:
1583:
1560:
564:'s Home Tax Service (HTS) provides citizens with 24/7 online services such as tax declaration.
560:'s eCitizen Portal is an organized single access point to government information and services.
1768:
1764:
1730:
1464:
638:
504:
448:
185:
1722:
1587:
1419:
1392:
257:
180:
718:
In theory, there are currently four major levels of E-government in municipal governments:
668:
G2E is adopted in many countries including the United States, Hong Kong, and New Zealand.
1247:
928:
556:
Asia is ranked third in comparison, and there are diverse G2C programs between countries.
452:
282:
272:
227:
143:
1215:. The Electronic Journal on Information Systems in Developing Countries (EJISDC). 2004.
735:
These, along with 5 degrees of technical integration and interaction of users include:
1396:
533:
468:
128:
1823:
1760:
1753:
1679:
1668:
1242:
1212:
1151:
White, Jay D. (2007) Managing Information in the Public Sector. M.E. Sharpe. New York
722:
The establishment of a secure and cooperative interaction among governmental agencies
464:
1352:"Critical Factors in the Adoption and Diffusion of E-government Initiatives in Oman"
977:
Transparency β More information will be available, making G2B easier to communicate.
728:
The application of e-commerce for more efficient government transactions activities
654:
483:
138:
31:
1170:
Fang, Zhiyuan. "E-government in Digital Era: Concept, Development, and Practice".
1656:
845:
Within every of those interaction domains, four sorts of activities take place:
577:
561:
427:
1726:
1106:
Lee, (2004). "Communications of the ACM". Association for Computing Machinery.
1041:
691:
687:
661:
634:
528:
CO, Raleigh, NC, Riverside, CA, and Austin, TX the top five G2C city portals.
508:
106:
1734:
1710:
1711:"Factors affecting the citizen's intention to adopt e-government in Nigeria"
1423:
557:
546:
653:
and their employees. G2E is one out of the four primary delivery models of
17:
1548:. The Information Technology and Innovation Foundation. pp. 137β145.
1328:
949:
682:
representation are now delivered and how they are now being implemented.
512:
1540:
27:
Application of information technology for delivering government services
588:
541:
520:
832:
760:
municipality typically works the best with this method, as opposed to
1499:
IGI-GLOBAL What is Government-to-Business (G2B) Retrieved 27 OCT.2014
565:
1789:- an overview of G2G systems at use in the UK (author: Wayne Horkan)
1213:"E-Government for Developing Countries:Opportunities and Challenges"
831:
524:
516:
472:
1792:
783:
36:
1751:
Turban, Efraim; David King; Dennis Viehland; Jae Lee (2006).
1561:"AT&T Sued for Role in Aiding US Government Surveillance"
798:
1715:
Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society
1680:
Finance and support for your business Retrieved 27 OCT.2014
779:
665:
maintaining personal information and records of employees.
1801:
739:
Simple information dissemination (one-way communication)
1709:
Muhammad, Abubakar Sadiq; Kaya, TuΔberk (19 May 2023).
1300:"U.S. Department of Labor E-Government Strategic Plan"
884:"G2B" redirects here. For the scientific journal, see
1692:"Why Digital Governance Platform as a Service(GPaaS)"
497:
United States Department of Health and Human Services
1802:
Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS)
451:) and instant opinion voting. These are examples of
1755:Electronic Commerce 2006: A Managerial Perspective
1752:
1528:The Benefits of E-Government Retrieved 27 OCT.2014
815:(SIS), developed to meet the requirements of the
748:Integration (horizontal and vertical integration)
608:"G2E" redirects here. For gaming trade show, see
793:G2G systems generally come in one of two types:
1132:"Could Estonia be the first 'digital' country?"
511:, taxation, and revenue. The 2012 report shows
443:There are several methods of G2C e-governance.
1047:Department for Business, Innovation and Skills
1657:e-Procurement Programme Retrieved 27 OCT.2014
388:
8:
1539:Atkinson, Robert D.; Castro, Daniel (2008).
742:Two-way communication (request and response)
1811:G2B portal of the Government of Perm Region
1385:Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences
1787:Messaging Sub-Systems in the UK Government
1782:Government-to-employees (G2E) in Singapore
966:environment when dealing with government.
698:and promoting constituency participation.
574:Information and Communication Technologies
536:, simplify online procedures, and promote
395:
381:
93:
1319:
1317:
1220:
1175:
475:are ranked the top three in development.
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
1086:
1084:
1698:from the original on 29 September 2020.
1067:
480:Federal Government of the United States
105:
1207:
1205:
1294:
1292:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1074:Saugata, B., and Masud, R.R. (2007).
641:), although it can be instructor-led.
501:United States Department of Education
7:
1302:. United States Department of Labor
1022:Challenges β International position
660:G2E is an effective way to provide
1397:10.1111/j.1936-4490.2003.tb00306.x
1327:. Eon Technologies. Archived from
745:Service and financial transactions
52:tone or style may not reflect the
25:
1357:. pp. 13, 14. Archived from
1236:Raghavan, B.S. (10 August 2001).
1037:E-governance in the United States
982:Government to business key points
319:Sustainable Governance Indicators
1119:. Government Technologies. 2012.
1007:Business to the government (B2G)
587:One such Federal G2C network is
324:Bertelsmann Transformation Index
62:guide to writing better articles
41:
1582:Singel, Ryan (6 August 2007).
1559:Lyman, Jay (1 February 2006).
1350:Hafedh Al-Shihi (March 2006).
995:Difference between G2B and B2G
836:Government-to-government model
1:
576:(ICTs), but can also include
1412:Public Administration Review
1001:Government to business (G2B)
948:public e-procurement system
489:Department of Transportation
1617:Northern Arizona University
813:Schengen Information System
493:Department of Public Safety
367:Market governance mechanism
350:Governance, risk management
1846:
1727:10.1108/JICES-05-2022-0054
1644:e-Tender Box (ETB) system
1277:. London. 18 November 2003
883:
856:Representing an individual
758:council-manager government
725:Web-based service delivery
607:
359:Environmental, social, and
29:
1670:Selling to the Government
1078:. IEEE. 1-4244-1551-9/07.
886:Genes, Brain and Behavior
803:NHS Connecting for Health
1608:Becker, Shirley A. PhD.
1325:"Government to Employee"
862:Involving the individual
859:Consulting an individual
853:Informing the individual
762:mayor-council government
672:Government to government
344:Chief governance officer
30:Not to be confused with
1542:Digital Quality of Life
1424:10.1111/0033-3352.00196
1052:Government by algorithm
873:virtual private network
751:Political participation
604:Government to employees
424:exchange of information
56:used on Knowledge (XXG)
1667:Retrieved 27 OCT.2014
1269:"On demand government"
1057:Open-source governance
880:Government to business
837:
582:Government-to-Business
416:information technology
414:is the application of
314:World Governance Index
60:See Knowledge (XXG)'s
1647:Retrieved 27 OCT.2014
901:Benefits for business
835:
538:electronic signatures
445:Two-way communication
435:Government to citizen
408:Electronic governance
1793:News on eGovernance
1694:. 15 February 2016.
1445:. Governance of Oman
569:their constituents.
361:corporate governance
1364:on 12 November 2009
1274:The Daily Telegraph
551:e-Residency program
549:launched a similar
420:government services
1804:, United Kingdom,
838:
817:Schengen Agreement
799:Government Gateway
610:Global Gaming Expo
1117:"Best of the Web"
867:Internal G2G (UK)
731:Digital democracy
639:distance learning
505:digital democracy
449:electronic voting
405:
404:
90:
89:
82:
54:encyclopedic tone
16:(Redirected from
1837:
1815:official website
1806:official website
1797:official website
1778:
1758:
1739:
1738:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1688:
1682:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1626:on 20 March 2009
1625:
1619:. Archived from
1614:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1536:
1530:
1525:
1519:
1516:
1510:
1507:
1501:
1496:
1490:
1487:
1481:
1478:
1472:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1363:
1356:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1331:on 11 April 2010
1321:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1296:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1209:
1200:
1197:
1191:
1188:
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149:Multistakeholder
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1721:(3): 271β289.
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1439:"eOman Portal"
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1418:(4): 424β433.
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1830:E-government
1814:
1805:
1796:
1754:
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1714:
1704:
1686:
1675:
1663:
1652:
1640:
1628:. Retrieved
1621:the original
1603:
1591:. Retrieved
1577:
1565:. Retrieved
1554:
1541:
1534:
1523:
1514:
1505:
1494:
1485:
1476:
1459:
1447:. Retrieved
1442:
1432:
1415:
1411:
1405:
1388:
1384:
1378:
1366:. Retrieved
1359:the original
1345:
1333:. Retrieved
1329:the original
1304:. Retrieved
1279:. Retrieved
1272:
1263:
1251:. Retrieved
1241:
1231:
1195:
1186:
1165:
1156:
1147:
1135:. Retrieved
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1111:
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484:benefits.gov
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412:e-governance
411:
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67:
51:
32:e-government
1593:28 February
1567:28 February
1437:Oman, ITA.
1137:22 November
578:direct mail
562:South Korea
428:back-office
248:Information
154:Open-source
124:Algorithmic
18:EGovernance
1813:, Russia,
1763:. p.
1469:0824742400
1449:30 October
1443:ita.gov.om
1368:19 January
1335:18 January
1306:19 January
1281:19 January
1253:19 January
1063:References
1042:E-learning
1014:Conclusion
806:Data SPINE
692:e-business
688:e-commerce
686:things as
662:e-learning
635:E-training
584:networks.
509:e-commerce
459:By country
288:Technology
278:Simulation
139:Electronic
107:Governance
1795:, India,
1735:1477-996X
1391:: 74β86.
1246:. India.
1217:CiteSeerX
1172:CiteSeerX
892:Objective
824:Objective
710:Editorial
558:Singapore
547:Lithuania
218:Corporate
70:June 2019
1824:Category
1696:Archived
1031:See also
961:Overview
950:Prozorro
938:Examples
773:Overview
595:Concerns
513:Michigan
307:Measures
223:Cultural
213:Clinical
200:By field
173:By level
99:a series
97:Part of
1630:3 March
589:USA.gov
542:Estonia
521:Florida
253:Network
208:Climate
159:Private
1771:
1733:
1467:
1219:
1174:
956:firms.
566:Taiwan
471:, and
186:Global
116:Models
1624:(PDF)
1613:(PDF)
1588:Wired
1546:(PDF)
1362:(PDF)
1355:(PDF)
525:Idaho
258:Ocean
181:Local
1769:ISBN
1731:ISSN
1632:2009
1595:2008
1569:2009
1465:ISBN
1451:2014
1370:2010
1337:2010
1308:2010
1283:2010
1255:2010
1139:2018
944:GLD.
690:and
523:and
517:Utah
515:and
478:The
473:Asia
283:Soil
273:Self
228:Data
144:Good
1765:335
1723:doi
1420:doi
1393:doi
788:G2B
784:G2C
622:G2E
540:.
410:or
129:Bad
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1719:21
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780:UK
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101:on
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34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.