2396:
2047:, monitoring of lion prides started in 1966. Between 1966 and 1972, two observed lion prides comprised between seven and 10 females each. Females had litters once in 23 months on average. Litters contained two to three cubs. Of 87 cubs born until 1970, only 12 reached the age of two years. Cubs died due to starvation in months when large prey was not available, or following take-over of the prides by new males. Male lions in coalitions are closely related. Between 1974 and 2012, 471 coalitions comprising 796 male lions entered a study area of 2,000 km (770 sq mi). Of these, 35 coalitions included male lions that were born in the area but had left and returned after about two years of absence. Nomadic coalitions became resident at between 3.5 and 7.3 years of age.
945:
1023:
1985:
444:
433:
1644:
2017:
1811:
2598:
1879:
1227:
2113:
1825:
1846:(386 lb) in East Africa. Females average 83–165 kg (183–364 lb) in Southern Africa and 90–167.8 kg (198–370 lb) in East Africa. Males in northern Kruger National Park weighed 200.01 kg (440.9 lb) on average, whereas females weighed 143.52 kg (316.4 lb) on average, and males in southern Kruger National Park weighed 186.55 kg (411.3 lb) on average and females weighed 118.37 kg (261.0 lb), though there was an outbreak of
1355:
2471:
861:
2031:
90:
2521:
2099:
1001:
65:
44:
1999:
1794:
1933:
1366:, Tanzania, Mozambique, Malawi, Zambia, southern Namibia and South Africa, with a larger hybridization zone to the southwestern lion clade in the Kruger National Park area (Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park). The classification of lions in Uganda is not clarified, since there were no samples included in the most comprehensive recent study.
1012:
2537:
2637:
Lion populations in
Southern and East Africa were referred to by several regional names, including Katanga lion, Transvaal lion, Kalahari lion, Southeast African lion, and Southwest African lion, Masai lion, Serengeti lion, Tsavo lion and Uganda lion. It has also been referred to as 'Eastern-Southern
1217:
Contemporary lion distribution and habitat quality in East and
Southern Africa was assessed in 2005, and Lion Conservation Units (LCU) mapped. Between 2002 and 2012, educated guesses for size of populations in these LCUs ranged from 33,967 to 32,000 individuals. The LCUs Ruaha−Rungwa, Serengeti−Mara,
1101:
network. As of 2006, there were an estimated 675 lions in the Tsavo national parks, out of the 2,000 total in Kenya. Between 2004 and 2013, lion guardians around
Amboseli National Park identified 65 lions in an area of 3,684 km (1,422 sq mi). Lion populations in Kenya and Tanzania are
3796:
Manuel, M. d.; Ross, B.; Sandoval-Velasco, M.; Yamaguchi, N.; Vieira, F. G.; Mendoza, M. L. Z.; Liu, S.; Martin, M. D.; Sinding, M.-H. S.; Mak, S. S. T.; Carøe, C.; Liu, S.; Guo, C.; Zheng, J.; Zazula, G.; Baryshnikov, G.; Eizirik, E.; Koepfli, K.-P.; Johnson, W. E.; Antunes, A.; Sicheritz-Ponten,
2772:
Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O'Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.;
1074:
to near extinction in the 20th century. In 2010, the lion population in Uganda was estimated at 408 ± 46 individuals in three protected areas including Queen
Elizabeth, Murchison Falls and Kidepo Valley National Parks. Other protected areas in the country probably host less than 10 lions. Lions in
4131:
2491:
regional offices and many wildlife conservation organisations cooperated to develop a Lion
Conservation Strategy for Eastern and Southern Africa in 2006. The strategy envisages to maintain sufficient habitat, ensure a sufficient wild prey base, make lion-human coexistence sustainable and reduce
2281:
of animals that were killed by other predators, or died from natural causes. They kept a constant lookout for circling vultures, apparently being aware that vultures indicate a dead animal. Faeces of lions collected near waterholes in Hwange
National Park also contained remains of climbing mice
1845:
Average head-to-body length of male lions is 2.47–2.84 m (8 ft 1 in – 9 ft 4 in) with a weight ranging from 150–225 kg (331–496 lb) averaging 187.5 kg (413 lb) in
Southern Africa and 145.4–204.7 kg (321–451 lb) averaging 174.9 kg
1218:
Tsavo−Mkomazi and Selous in East Africa, as well as
Luangwa, Kgalagadi, Okavango−Hwange, Mid−Zambezi, Niassa and Greater Limpopo in Southern Africa are currently considered lion strongholds. These LCUs host more than 500 individuals each, and the population trend is stable there as of 2012.
1901:
were described on the basis of their mane size and colour. Mane colour varies from sandy, tawny, isabelline, light reddish yellow to dark brown and black. Mane length varies from short to extending to knee joints and under the belly. Lions without a mane were observed in the Tsavo area.
1049:
of skins and during civil wars. As of 2009, between seven and 23 lions were estimated to live in
Nechisar National Park located in the Ethiopian Highlands. This small protected area is encroached by local people and their livestock. In 2012, lions were documented in
2309:). They successfully attacked 74 elephants between 1993 and 1996, of which 26 were older than nine years, and one bull over 15 years old. In October 2005, a pride of up to 30 lions killed eight African bush elephants that were between four and eleven years old.
927:
with samples from
Southern Africa, and samples from Central Africa shared alleles with samples from Asia. This indicates that Central Africa was a melting pot of lion populations after they had become isolated. They possibly migrated through corridors in the
2081:
with humans than adult lions. In the semi-arid savanna of Zimbabwe's Hwange National Park, 19 lions were radio-collared and tracked between 2002 and 2007. Both female and male lions moved foremost within 2 km (1.2 mi) of waterholes in all seasons.
5965:
Valeix, M.; Loveridge, A. J.; Davidson, Z.; Madzikanda, H.; Fritz, H. & Macdonald, D. W. (2010). "How key habitat features influence large terrestrial carnivore movements: waterholes and African lions in a semi-arid savanna of north-western Zimbabwe".
2944:
4168:
1865:
lion shot in 1936 in eastern Transvaal weighed about 313 kg (690 lb), and was considered to have been one of the heaviest wild lions. In 1963, two lions in Tanzania weighed 320 and 360 kg (700 and 800 lb) after killing several
6516:
3949:
3803:
4129:
Bertola, L. D.; Van Hooft, W. F.; Vrieling, K.; Uit De Weerd, D. R.; York, D. S.; Bauer, H.; Prins, H. H. T.; Funston, P. J.; Udo De Haes, H. A.; Leirs, H.; Van Haeringen, W. A.; Sogbohossou, E.; Tumenta, P. N.; De Iongh, H. H. (2011).
4067:
2408:
In Africa, lions are threatened by pre-emptive killing or in retaliation for preying on livestock. Prey base depletion, loss and conversion of habitat have led to a number of subpopulations becoming small and isolated.
2376:
In July 2018, human remains were found in the lion enclosure of a privately owned reserve in South Africa. They were suspected to have been rhino poachers, as they had a high-powered rifle with a silencer, an axe and
2931:
1140:
due to intensive hunting and conversion of natural habitats for settlements since the early 19th century. In Northern Tuli Game Reserve, 19 lions died between 2005 and 2011 due to poaching, trophy hunting and
2785:
1917:
influence the colour and size of the mane. Its length is an indicator for age and fighting ability of the lion. In Serengeti National Park, female lions favour males with dense and dark manes as mates.
919:
in Republic of the Congo were found to be genetically closely related to lion samples from Namibia and Botswana. A phylogenetic analysis of lion samples from Africa and Asia showed that they shared a
6526:
1909:. Males living in the Kenyan highlands above elevations of 800 m (2,600 ft) develop heavier manes than lions in the more humid and warmer lowlands of eastern and northern Kenya. Average
331:
in Botswana, Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe have increased, but declined in East African range countries. In 2005, a Lion Conservation Strategy was developed for East and Southern Africa.
6795:
769:. In the early 21st century, Mazák's hypothesis about a geographically isolated evolution of the Cape lion was challenged. Genetic exchanges between populations in the Cape, Kalahari and
7596:
5622:
West, P. M. (2005). "The Lion's Mane: Neither a token of royalty nor a shield for fighting, the mane is a signal of quality to mates and rivals, but one that comes with consequences".
2457:
Uncontrolled bushfires and hunting of lions and prey species in Zambia's Kafue National Park make it difficult for the lion population to recover. Cub mortality in particular is high.
4624:
3152:
2417:. Although lions and their prey are officially protected in Tsavo National Parks, they are regularly killed by local people, with over 100 known lion killings between 2001 and 2006.
4082:
4193:
Bertola, L. D.; Tensen, L.; Van Hooft, P.; White, P. A.; Driscoll, C. A.; Henschel, P.; Caragiulo, A.; Dias-Freedman, I.; Sogbohossou, E. A.; Tumenta, P. N.; Jirmo, T. H. (2015).
2984:
Bertola, L. D.; Jongbloed, H.; Van Der Gaag, K. J.; De Knijff, P.; Yamaguchi, N.; Hooghiemstra, H.; Bauer, H.; Henschel, P.; White, P. A.; Driscoll, C. A. & Tende, T. (2016).
7246:
2413:
has contributed to population declines in Botswana, Namibia, Zimbabwe and Zambia. It is the primary cause for a decline of lion populations in Tanzania's Selous Game Reserve and
6386:
1905:
Mane development is related to age: older males have more extensive manes than younger ones; manes continue to grow up to the age of four to five years, long after lions become
5280:
2373:
took three lions for a walk at Dinokeng Game Reserve in South Africa. A lioness pursued an impala for at least 2 km (1.2 mi), and killed a young woman near her car.
2058:
3332:
Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Schwedischen Zoologischen Expedition nach dem Kilimandjaro, dem Meru und den umgebenden Massaisteppen Deutsch-Ostafrikas 1905–1906. Volume 1
1234:
Lions, which can be grouped into the northeastern clade are found in Somalia, Northern Kenya and Ethiopia, with a larger hybridization zone to the Northern lion subspecies (
4704:
4868:
3305:"Die von mir in den Jahren 1892–95 in Ost- und Central-Afrika, speciell in den Massai-Ländern und den Ländern am Victoria Nyansa gesammelten und beobachteten Säugethiere"
2555:
kept 16 adult lions. It is assumed that their ancestors, five males and two females, were caught in southwestern Ethiopia as part of a zoological collection for Emperor
7221:
3074:
Barnett, R.; Sinding, M. H.; Vieira, F. G.; Mendoza, M. L.; Bonnet, M.; Araldi, A.; Kienast, I.; Zambarda, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Henschel, P. & Gilbert, M. T. (2018).
6315:
6178:
6042:
4460:
4031:
Dubach, J. M.; Briggs, M. B.; White, P. A.; Ament, B. A.; Patterson, B. D. (2013). "Genetic perspectives on "Lion Conservation Units" in Eastern and Southern Africa".
2395:
7268:
7291:
5324:
1651:
Lions, which can be grouped into the southwestern clade are found in Angola, Northern Namibia, Northern Botswana and western Zimbabwe, extending southeast into the
5062:
Hayward, M. W.; Adendorff, J.; O'Brien, J.; Sholto-Douglas, A.; Bissett, C.; Moolman, L. C.; Bean, P.; Fogarty, A.; Howarth, D.; Slater, R.; Kerley, G. I. (2007).
2774:
2492:
factors that lead to further fragmentation of populations. Local communities in several Southern African lion range countries generate significant income through
671:
until the early 21st century. In the 20th century, some authors supported the view of the Cape lion being a distinct subspecies. In 1939, the American zoologist
7576:
7536:
5113:
Riggio, J.; Jacobson, A.; Dollar, L.; Bauer, H.; Becker, M.; Dickman, A.; Funston, P.; Groom, R.; Henschel, P.; de Iongh, H.; Lichtenfeld, L.; Pimm, S. (2013).
2077:
male lions avoided grasslands and shrublands, but moved in human-dominated areas to a larger extent. Hence, dispersing lions are more vulnerable to coming into
6762:
1045:, where lion populations declined since at least the early 20th century due to trophy hunting by Europeans, killing of lions by local people out of fear, for
5064:"Practical considerations for the reintroduction of large, terrestrial, mammalian predators based on reintroductions to South Africa's Eastern Cape Province"
2363:
Between 1990 and 2004, lions killed more than 560 people in Tanzania, mostly during harvest season in crop fields and in areas where natural prey is scarce.
3854:
2443:. In February 2018, the carcasses of two male and four female lions were found dead in Ruaha National Park, and were suspected to have died of poisoning.
360:
three subclades are clearly distinguishable. One from northeastern Africa, another one from southwestern Africa and a third one from southeastern Africa.
6580:
Packer, C.; Brink, H.; Kissui, B. M.; Maliti, H.; Kushnir, H.; Caro, T. (2011). "Effects of trophy hunting on lion and leopard populations in Tanzania".
7226:
7259:
4271:
Riggio, J.; Jacobson, A.; Dollar, L.; Bauer, H.; Becker, M.; Dickman, A.; Funston, P.; Groom, R.; Henschel, P.; De Iongh, H.; Lichtenfeld, L. (2013).
323:, and are threatened by loss of habitat and prey base, killing by local people in retaliation for loss of livestock, and in several countries also by
6958:
Bruche, S.; Gusset, M.; Lippold, S.; Barnett, R.; Eulenberger, K.; Junhold, J.; Driscoll, C. A.; Hofreiter, M. (2012). "A genetically distinct lion (
7484:
7376:
7300:
4405:
2571:
884:
of lion samples kept in museums and collected in the wild. Scientists analysed between 32 and 480 lion samples from up to 22 countries. Results of
7510:
7402:
7273:
2054:
woodlands and preferred habitats near water courses with short grasses, where also prey species gathered. Two or more prides shared home ranges.
6785:
6729:
6493:
4484:
944:
7158:
7121:
7088:
7053:
5747:
5714:
5685:
5516:
5437:
5395:
5318:
5023:
3611:
3238:
3199:
7190:
5088:
4591:
3131:
6433:
3797:
T.; Gopalakrishnan, S.; Larson, G.; Yang, H.; O'Brien, S. J.; Hansen, A. J.; Zhang, G.; Marques-Bonet, T. & Gilbert, M. T. P. (2020).
5538:
Gnoske, T. P.; Celesia, G. G. & Kerbis Peterhans, J. C. (2006). "Dissociation between mane development and sexual maturity in lions (
4729:
Dolrenry, S.; Hazzah, L.; Frank, L. G. (2016). "Conservation and monitoring of a persecuted African lion population by Maasai warriors".
4494:. Paris: International Foundation for the Conservation of Wildlife, France & Conservation Force, USA. pp. 21–101. Archived from
2273:). Their prey is usually in the range of 190–550 kg (420–1,210 pounds). In the Serengeti National Park, lions were observed to also
7656:
3205:
1984:
1853:
The largest known lion measured 3.35 m (11.0 ft) in length and weighed 375 kg (825 lb). An exceptionally heavy male lion near
1022:
443:
5657:
Turner, J. A.; Vasicek, C. A.; Somers, M. J. (2015). "Effects of a colour variant on hunting ability: the white lion in South Africa".
1963:. Nevertheless, 17 births have been recorded in five different prides between 2007 and 2015. White lions were selected for breeding in
469:
in 1842 who described a lion specimen from South Africa's Cape Province. In the 19th and 20th centuries, several naturalists described
7671:
7666:
7661:
7581:
7566:
4066:
O'Brien, S. J.; Martenson, J. S.; Packer, C.; Herbst, L.; de Vos, V.; Joslin, P.; Ott-Joslin, J.; Wildt, D. E. & Bush, M. (1987).
2085:
Lions living near ranches in the vicinity of Tsavo East National Park consisted of three prides, two pairs and a single lion in 2002.
1089:
in the 1990s due to poisoning of lions and poaching of lion prey species. At least 108 lions were killed between 2001 and 2006 in the
432:
7241:
5215:. Maputo, Mozambique: Fondation IGF, Campfire Association, SCI Foundation, The Ratel Trust, Direcção Nacional de Terras e Florestas.
1031:
The Serengeti and Maasai Mara National Parks and Selous Game Reserve are lion strongholds in East Africa with stable lion populations
912:
5273:
766:
5216:
3466:
Zukowsky, L. (1964). "Eine neue Löwenrasse als weiterer Beleg für die Verzwergung der Wirbeltierfauna des afrikanischen Osthorns".
3976:
Antunes, A.; Troyer, J. L.; Roelke, M. E.; Pecon-Slattery, J.; Packer, C.; Winterbach, C.; Winterbach, H.; Johnson, W. E. (2008).
7611:
4695:
3693:
1559:
1363:
6256:
7651:
3739:
2617:. In other East African cultures, it symbolizes laziness. Scars inflicted by lions are regarded as a sign of courage among the
2500:
2341:. The total number of people killed is unclear, but allegedly 135 people fell victim to these lions in less than a year before
2338:
896:
groups, one in Southern and East Africa, and the other in the northern and eastern parts of its historical range. These groups
5401:
955:
Among six samples of captive lions from Ethiopia, five clustered with samples from East Africa, but one with samples from the
7601:
7528:
7420:
1945:
1206:
1160:
723:
648:
7515:
7407:
7305:
7164:
6558:
6363:
5459:
1959:. It has normal pigmentation in eyes and skin. They were removed from the wild in the 1970s, thus decreasing the white lion
1151:
due to massive killing of lions by farmers since at least the 1970s. In 2010, the small and isolated lion population in the
6855:
6825:
6466:
5817:
Bygott, J. D.; Bertram, B. C. R. & Hanby, J. P. (1979). "Male lions in large coalitions gain reproductive advantages".
2775:"A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group"
1643:
6329:
6094:
2504:
2342:
1483:
1424:
1390:
1386:
1076:
342:
distinct from lion populations in West Africa, Central Africa and Asia. In 2017, the Cat Classification Task Force of the
7354:
7288:
7636:
7631:
7621:
7616:
7591:
7251:
2848:
Bauer, H.; Chapron, G.; Nowell, K.; Henschel, P.; Funston, P.; Hunter, L. T.; Macdonald, D. W. & Packer, C. (2015).
2602:
2370:
1627:
1445:
1156:
52:
2078:
7641:
7606:
7523:
7415:
3916:
Dubach, J.; Patterson, B. D.; Briggs, M. B.; Venzke, K.; Flamand, J.; Stander, P.; Scheepers, L.; Kays, R. W. (2005).
1614:
1597:
1593:
1202:
976:
916:
782:
6119:
Davidson, Z., Valeix, M., Van Kesteren, F., Loveridge, A.J., Hunt, J.E., Murindagomo, F. and Macdonald, D.W. (2013).
2353:
773:
regions and farther east are considered having been possible through a corridor between the Great Escarpment and the
7283:
7236:
4978:
Ferreira, S. M.; Govender, D.; Herbst, M. (2013). "Conservation implications of Kalahari lion population dynamics".
3589:
7646:
7586:
7541:
5458:. University Press of Africa, with contributions from the Kenya National Chamber of Commerce & Industry. 1963.
2556:
2429:
2420:
Between 2008 and 2013, bones and body parts from at least 2621 individual lions were exported from South Africa to
1878:
1576:
1117:
602:
2597:
2016:
1226:
7626:
5155:
4658:
stronghold in Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda, and Parc National des Virunga, Democratic Republic of Congo"
1854:
1572:
89:
6752:
5152:
National Census of Lions and Hyaenas in Uganda. Strategic Action Plan for Large Carnivore Conservation in Uganda
3899:
2439:
In 2014, seven lions in Ikona Wildlife Management Area were reportedly poisoned by a herdsman for attacking his
7462:
1887:
1679:
1453:
1394:
1330:
1313:
1309:
1098:
1094:
743:
1726:
7256:
6300:
6279:
4547:
Treves, A.; Naughton-Treves, L. (1999). "Risk and opportunity for humans coexisting with large carnivores".
4143:
4099:
Mazák, J. H. (2010). "Geographical variation and phylogenetics of modern lions based on craniometric data".
2044:
1800:
1529:
1471:
1449:
1441:
3351:
1810:
829:
is understood as comprising lion populations in the contemporary Southern and East African range countries,
7316:
6076:
6014:
3552:
3398:
3258:
1949:
1837:
The lion's fur varies in colour from light buff to dark brown. It has rounded ears and a black tail tuft.
1407:
1263:
1090:
1055:
1046:
727:
668:
628:
608:
466:
235:
218:
6896:
Cushman, S. A.; Elliot, N. B.; Bauer, D.; Kesch, K.; Bahaa-el-din, L.; Bothwell, H.; et al. (2018).
4924:"The effect of alternative forms of hunting on the social organization of two small populations of lions
4697:
Lion Killing in the Amboseli-Tsavo Ecosystem, 2001–2006, and its Implications for Kenya's Lion Population
4383:
346:
Cat Specialist Group subsumed lion populations according to the major clades into two subspecies, namely
6309:
6172:
6036:
4862:
4454:
2738:
2302:
1858:
1768:
1610:
1491:
1457:
1428:
1338:
1198:
1164:
1121:
1080:
706:
494:
388:
5241:
Smuts, G. L.; Robinson, G. A.; Whyte, I. J. (1980). "Comparative growth of wild male and female lions (
2112:
6686:
Schroeder, R. A. (2018). "Moving Targets: The 'Canned'Hunting of Captive-Bred Lions in South Africa".
3655:
3487:
3379:
3304:
6909:
6721:
6640:
6489:
6401:
6132:
5826:
5580:
4789:
4206:
3327:
3001:
2865:
2414:
2357:
2266:
2074:
2066:
1953:
1941:
1751:
1700:
1656:
1190:
1124:, estimated at 35 individuals at most in 2004. Lions were reintroduced to this national park in 2015.
1102:
fragmented over 17 patches ranging in size from 86 to 127,515 km (33 to 49,234 sq mi).
972:
852:. This result indicates that the taxonomic position of lions in Central Africa may require revision.
688:
672:
664:
73:
6081:
6019:
6001:
Patterson, B. D., Kasiki, S. M., Selempo, E. and Kays, R. W. (2004). "Livestock predation by lions (
4495:
3918:"Molecular genetic variation across the southern and eastern geographic ranges of the African lion,
1824:
1354:
7571:
7247:
National Geographic Wildlife Watch, June 2018: As Tigers Become Rarer, Poachers Are Targeting Lions
6898:"Prioritizing core areas, corridors and conflict hotspots for Lion conservation in Southern Africa"
6521:
3585:
2986:"Phylogeographic patterns in Africa and High Resolution Delineation of genetic clades in the Lion (
2541:
2298:
2126:
1910:
1713:
1580:
1495:
1479:
1475:
1279:
964:
901:
588:
536:
470:
5508:
1193:, lions occurred historically in the Highveld as well, but were restricted to eastern Transvaal's
7018:
6979:
6703:
6605:
6425:
6248:
5983:
5914:
5842:
5639:
5604:
4754:
4572:
4529:
4160:
4048:
3941:
3766:
3497:
3179:
2656:
2499:
Establishing corridors between protected areas is important for facilitating dispersal of lions.
1964:
1334:
1275:
1267:
897:
881:
770:
754:
540:
244:
84:
5172:
Mésochina, P.; Mbangwa, O.; Chardonnet, P.; Mosha, R.; Mtui, B.; Drouet, N.; Kissui, B. (2010).
5063:
1197:
by the 1970s. Between 2000 and 2004, 34 lions were reintroduced to eight protected areas in the
860:
762:
7113:
7080:
7074:
7070:
6121:"Seasonal diet and prey preference of the African lion in a waterhole-driven semi-arid savanna"
4884:
Movements of Reintroduced Lions in Akagera National Park, Rwanda, in Relation to Prey Abundance
742:. Various authors recognized between seven and 10 African lion subspecies. Others followed the
7471:
7363:
7154:
7117:
7084:
7049:
6937:
6668:
6597:
6417:
6343:
6160:
5934:"The devil is in the dispersers: predictions of landscape connectivity change with demography"
5743:
5710:
5681:
5596:
5571:
5486:
5433:
5391:
5314:
5019:
4817:
4746:
4564:
4234:
4013:
3891:
3832:
3617:
3607:
3234:
3195:
3109:
3027:
2893:
2744:
2484:
2069:
and tracked until 2012. Results show that adult male and female lions preferred grassland and
2030:
1772:
1730:
1533:
1259:
1113:
984:
975:
with samples from Central Africa, and four with samples from East Africa, indicating that the
905:
765:
hypothesized that the Cape lion evolved geographically isolated from other populations by the
520:
514:
372:
7231:
5306:
4959:
Stander, P. E. (1990). "A suggested management strategy for stock-raiding lions in Namibia".
3183:
2050:
The lion population of Selous Game Reserve has been surveyed since 1996. Lion prides avoided
1362:
Lions, which can be grouped into the southeastern clade are found in Southern Kenya, Western
746:
proposed by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, recognizing two subspecies including one in Africa.
7242:
PetaPixel, September 2018: Lioness Steals Photographer's Canon DSLR and Gives It to Her Cubs
7202:
7037:
7010:
6971:
6927:
6917:
6695:
6658:
6648:
6589:
6409:
6295:
6240:
6209:
6150:
6140:
6086:
6024:
5975:
5945:
5906:
5873:
5834:
5799:
5772:
5631:
5588:
5551:
5359:
5254:
5130:
5078:
5048:
4987:
4939:
4848:
4807:
4797:
4738:
4669:
4614:
4556:
4521:
4440:
4395:
4362:
4321:
4288:
4224:
4214:
4195:"Autosomal and mtDNA markers affirm the distinctiveness of lions in West and Central Africa"
4152:
4108:
4040:
4003:
3993:
3933:
3881:
3873:
3822:
3812:
3758:
3099:
3091:
3017:
3009:
2883:
2873:
2726:
2696:
2626:
2527:
2493:
2322:
1525:
885:
832:
731:
582:
568:
348:
5569:
West, P. M. & Packer, C. (2002). "Sexual Selection, Temperature, and the Lion's Mane".
3601:
2520:
1185:, where the Cape lion population was eradicated by 1860. A few decades later, lions in the
7295:
7263:
5735:
4384:"A culture of tolerance: coexisting with large carnivores in the Kafa Highlands, Ethiopia"
3509:
2680:
2648:
2552:
2470:
2242:
2154:
2062:
1906:
1326:
960:
920:
652:
462:
335:
308:
296:
6333:
5203:
1857:
weighed 272 kg (600 lb). The longest wild lion reportedly was a male shot near
6913:
6644:
6405:
6136:
5830:
5584:
4793:
4210:
4132:"Genetic diversity, evolutionary history and implications for conservation of the lion (
3005:
2869:
2424:, and another 3437 lion skeletons between 2014 and 2016. Lion bones are used to replace
2073:
habitat, but avoided woodlands and areas with high human density. By contrast, subadult
1850:
in southern park at the time. Skeletal muscles make up 58.8% of the lion's body weight.
7150:
7106:
6932:
6897:
6663:
6624:
6155:
6120:
5803:
5776:
5364:
5347:
5258:
4812:
4773:
4229:
4194:
4008:
3977:
3886:
3827:
3798:
3194:(2 ed.). London, Oxford, New York, New Delhi, Sydney: Bloomsbury. pp. 46−47.
3104:
3075:
3022:
2985:
2888:
2854:) populations are declining rapidly across Africa, except in intensively managed areas"
2849:
2421:
2410:
2326:
2226:
2202:
1696:
1508:
1296:
1174:
968:
638:
380:
328:
324:
6145:
4590:
Omoya, E. O.; Mudumba, T.; Buckland, S. T.; Mulondo, P. & Plumptre, A. J. (2014).
3708:
2820:
7560:
6790:
6707:
6609:
6593:
6228:
6213:
5555:
5427:
4156:
4112:
3917:
3597:
3309:
Zoologische Jahrbücher. Abtheilung für Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Thiere
2829:
2732:
2582:
2451:
2194:
1967:. They have been bred in South African camps for use as trophies to be killed during
1898:
1883:
1755:
1178:
815:
592:
572:
530:
364:
7227:
What Will It Take to Save the East African Lion from Extinction? Hunting or Herding?
7022:
6252:
5987:
5918:
5608:
4576:
4533:
4164:
3945:
3774:
3770:
2098:
64:
7476:
7368:
6757:
6429:
5846:
5677:
5380:
4758:
4445:
4428:
4382:
Gebresenbet, F.; Baraki, B.; Yirga, G.; Sillero-Zubiri, C. & Bauer, H. (2018).
4326:
4309:
4068:"Biochemical genetic variation in geographic isolates of African and Asiatic lions"
3148:
3144:
2713:
2618:
2447:
2210:
2178:
2170:
2146:
1914:
1847:
1738:
1521:
1271:
1182:
1170:
1051:
1000:
877:
774:
719:
6983:
5274:
The epidemiology of tuberculosis in free-ranging lions in the Kruger National Park
4052:
7339:
7138:
6922:
6847:
6817:
6653:
6548:
6458:
6357:
6028:
5453:
4802:
4219:
3998:
3228:
2356:, which are thought to have preyed on 1,500 to 2,000 people. They were killed by
338:
study indicate that lion populations in southern and eastern Africa form a major
17:
7497:
7456:
7389:
7348:
5706:
5083:
3694:"The Barbary lion and the Cape lion: their phylogenetic places and conservation"
2614:
2610:
2433:
2378:
2290:
1968:
1683:
1411:
612:
300:
171:
43:
7447:
6057:
5932:
Elliot, N. B.; Cushman, S. A.; Macdonald, D. W. & Loveridge, A. J. (2014).
3804:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
655:, the other kept in a German zoo that had been imported from the hinterland of
7278:
7042:
7014:
6975:
6090:
5979:
5910:
5135:
5114:
4944:
4923:
4853:
4674:
4653:
4619:
4525:
4429:"The Mammalian Fauna of the Somali Republic: Status and Conservation Problems"
4400:
4293:
4272:
4044:
3937:
3762:
3095:
2819:
Bauer, H.; Packer, C.; Funston, P. F.; Henschel, P. & Nowell, K. (2016).
2234:
1998:
1927:
1862:
1793:
1655:. a There is a larger hybridization zone to the southeastern clade around the
1652:
1487:
1210:
929:
923:
probably between 98,000 and 52,000 years ago. Samples from West Africa shared
327:. Since the turn of the 21st century, lion populations in intensively managed
292:
151:
7044:
Shamanism: An Encyclopedia of World Beliefs, Practices, and Culture, Volume 1
5790:
Bertram, B. (1975). "Social factors influencing reproduction in wild lions".
4367:
4342:
2487:. Today, lion populations are stable only in large protected area complexes.
2366:
In February 2018, lions killed a suspected poacher near Kruger National Park.
7237:
Recovering population of Zimbabwean African lions show low genetic diversity
6005:) and other carnivores on ranches neighboring Tsavo National Parks, Kenya".
5950:
5933:
5878:
5861:
5592:
3817:
3621:
2878:
2720:
2284:
2274:
2250:
2070:
1960:
1940:
White lions have occasionally been encountered in and around South Africa's
1867:
980:
949:
893:
656:
376:
141:
101:
6941:
6672:
6623:
Williams, V. L.; Loveridge, A. J.; Newton, D. J.; Macdonald, D. W. (2017).
6601:
6421:
6164:
5600:
4821:
4750:
4568:
4560:
4238:
4017:
3895:
3877:
3855:"The origin, current diversity and future conservation of the modern lion (
3836:
3468:
Milu, Wissenschaftliche und Kulturelle Mitteilungen aus dem Tierpark Berlin
3113:
3031:
2897:
844:-wide data of a wild-born historical lion sample from Sudan clustered with
6997:
Tefera, M. (2003). "Phenotypic and reproductive characteristics of lions (
6490:"Suspected poacher mauled to death by lions close to Kruger National Park"
6284:
With a Reconstruction of the Natural History of the 'Man-Eaters of Tsavo'"
6229:"Lion predation on elephants in the Savuti, Chobe National Park, Botswana"
3352:"New races of carnivores and baboons from equatorial Africa and Abyssinia"
2496:, which is a strong incentive for their support of conservation measures.
667:
of these purported subspecies continued among naturalists and curators of
7441:
7333:
6553:
6244:
5202:
Chardonnet, P.; Mésochina, P.; Bento, C.; Conjo, D.; Begg, C. l. (2009).
3666:(Second ed.). London: British Museum (Natural History). p. 319.
2688:
2589:
were found to cluster with those of lions from East and Southern Africa.
2134:
1734:
1194:
1186:
1152:
1142:
1137:
1109:
1065:
1042:
971:
analysis using 194 lion samples from 22 countries. Four of these samples
933:
714:
624:
400:
316:
181:
121:
6699:
5643:
4772:
Dolrenry, S.; Stenglein, J.; Hazzah, L.; Lutz, R. S.; Frank, L. (2014).
2401:
Taxidermied lion trophy seized by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in 2017
1155:
was estimated at 683 to 1,397 individuals in three protected areas, the
7489:
7381:
5635:
5490:
4742:
2704:
2664:
2629:
word for the lion, which also means 'aggressive', 'king' and 'strong'.
2278:
2218:
2162:
2138:
2005:
1932:
1546:
1148:
1061:
924:
889:
644:
552:
484:
396:
320:
312:
161:
77:
7502:
7394:
5150:
Mudumba, T.; Mulondo, P.; Okot, E.; Nsubuga, M.; Plumptre, A. (2009).
4991:
4835:
Bauer, H.; Van Der Merwe, S. (2004). "Inventory of free-ranging lions
3447:
Roberts, A. (1948). "Descriptions of some new subspecies of mammals".
3013:
837:
comprises lion populations in North, West and Central Africa and Asia.
7222:$ 0.5m funding to stop the decline in the population of African lions
7146:
6339:
5838:
5390:. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group. pp. 17–21.
3056:(Ch. H. Smith, 1842) and a Revised List of the Preserved Specimens".
2672:
2545:
2440:
2349:
2051:
1956:
1283:
1131:
1127:
1105:
1071:
841:
556:
500:
473:
from Southern and East Africa and proposed the following subspecies:
304:
131:
111:
7310:
7274:
Giant Lions Once Prowled East Africa, 200,000-Year-Old Skull Reveals
6413:
2536:
1068:
since the 1980s and civil unrest posed a threat to lion persistence.
4694:
Frank, L.; Maclennan, S.; Hazzah, L.; Hill, T.; Bonham, R. (2006).
3492:. Vol. 83. Cambridge, Mass. : The Museum. pp. 1–763.
1011:
5181:
4886:(Doctoral dissertation). Madison: University of Wisconsin−Madison.
2622:
2586:
2535:
2425:
2330:
2186:
1931:
1891:
1877:
1642:
1353:
1225:
1086:
956:
943:
859:
811:
710:
504:
384:
339:
56:
6879:
The conservation status and dynamics of a protected African lion
5432:(Third ed.). Enfield, Middlesex: Guinness Superlatives Ltd.
4492:
Conservation of the African Lion: Contribution to a Status Survey
3603:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
3058:
Verhandelingen Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen
4652:
Treves, A.; Plumptre, A. J.; Hunter, L. T. B.; Ziwa, J. (2009).
3334:. Stockholm: P. Palmquists Aktiebolag. pp. 1–58, Plate 1−7.
2488:
2432:. Private game ranches in South Africa also breed lions for the
2334:
2130:
343:
289:
195:
7314:
3740:"Lost populations and preserving genetic diversity in the lion
2061:, lions have been monitored since 1999. In 2003, 50 lions were
6517:"Lion kills woman at refuge of South African 'lion whisperer'"
6462:
5897:, in the Selous Game Reserve: social and ecological factors".
3052:
Mazak, V. (1975). "Notes on the Black-maned Lion of the Cape,
2638:
African lion', 'Southern lion', and as 'southern subspecies'.
2258:
3606:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 546.
3399:"Carnivora Collected By The American Museum Congo Expedition"
2317:
Several cases of lion attacking people have been documented:
6848:"Xanda, son of Cecil the lion, killed by hunter in Zimbabwe"
2562:
In 2006, eight captive lions were registered under the name
864:
Range map including proposed clades and the two subspecies (
5272:
Keet, D. F.; Kriek, N. P. J. & Mills, M. G. L. (1999).
4341:
Yirga, G.; Gebresenbet, F.; Deckers, J.; Bauer, H. (2014).
3853:
Barnett, R.; Yamaguchi, N.; Barnes, I.; Cooper, A. (2006).
3738:
Barnett, R.; Yamaguchi, N.; Barnes, I.; Cooper, A. (2006).
3125:
3123:
3076:"No longer locally extinct? Tracing the origins of a lion (
1037:
In East and Southern Africa, lion populations declined in:
6549:"Lions eat 'rhino poachers' on South African game reserve"
6459:"South African lions eat 'poacher', leaving just his head"
1134:
due to illegal hunting of prey species in protected areas.
900:
between 50,000 and 200,000 years ago. It was assumed that
7191:"Lion poaching: the brutal new threat to Africa's prides"
6786:"Lion MASSACRE as six big cats die after eating 'poison'"
6335:
The man-eaters of Tsavo and other East African adventures
4512:
Fagotto, F. (1985). "Larger animals of Somalia in 1984".
3553:"Untersuchungen zur Stammesgeschichte der Pantherkatzen (
1120:
in the 1990s. A small population was present in Rwanda's
6722:"'Herdsmen' poison lions, vultures — but not in Nigeria"
6385:
Packer, C.; Ikanda, D.; Kissui, B.; Kushnir, H. (2005).
3664:
Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian Mammals 1758 to 1946
3151:: East and Southern African lion Conservation Workshop,
1358:
A lion male from the southeastern clade in the Serengeti
848:
in mtDNA-based phylogenies, but with a high affinity to
6301:
10.2982/0012-8317(2001)90[1:TSOMAL]2.0.CO;2
5860:
Borrego, N.; Ozgul, A.; Slotow, R.; Packer, C. (2018).
5184:: SCI Foundation, MNRT-WD, TAWISA & IGF Foundation.
3866:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
3848:
3846:
3286:
Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten
3130:
Bauer, H.; Chardonnet, P.; Nowell, K. (December 2005),
7306:
Known for escapes, South African lion becomes a father
5763:
Bertram, B.C.R. (1973). "Lion population regulation".
5740:
The Serengeti lion: A study of predator–prey relations
3799:"The evolutionary history of extinct and living lions"
2104:
Lionesses hunting a Cape buffalo in the Okavango Delta
1230:
A juvenile male from the northeastern clade at Samburu
5388:
Wild Cats: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan
5348:"Allometric relationships in Lions vs. Domestic Cats"
4908:. Pretoria: University of Pretoria. pp. 116–119.
4600:
in Uganda's savannah parks, using lure count methods"
2578:, which derived from lions captured in South Africa.
5862:"Lion population dynamics: do nomadic males matter?"
5197:
5195:
5193:
5191:
5018:. New York: Taplinger Publishing. pp. 138–179.
3425:
Roberts, A. (1929). "New forms of African mammals".
7431:
7323:
4922:Snyman, A.; Jackson, C. R.; Funston, P. J. (2015).
3971:
3969:
3967:
1990:
Tree-climbing lion in Murchison Falls National Park
1189:north of the Orange River were also eradicated. In
908:constituted major barriers between the two groups.
818:assessors subsumed all African lion populations to
7105:
7041:
6278:Kerbis Peterhans, J. C. and Gnoske, T. P. (2001).
5703:Mystery of the White Lions—Children of the Sun God
5509:"Unique social system found in famous Tsavo lions"
3791:
3789:
3787:
3654:Ellerman, J. R.; Morrison-Scott, T. C. S. (1966).
3565:Veröffentlichungen der Zoologischen Staatssammlung
3403:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
3269:. London: Chatto and Windus. p. Plate X, 177.
2118:Lions feeding on a giraffe in Kruger National Park
983:. Southeastern Ethiopia is therefore considered a
6953:
6951:
6818:"Zimbabwe's 'iconic' lion Cecil killed by hunter"
6192:Joubert, D. (2006). "Hunting behaviour of lions (
5313:. New York: Courier Corporation. pp. 17–21.
5005:
5003:
5001:
4478:
4476:
4474:
4472:
4470:
4266:
4264:
4262:
4260:
4258:
4256:
4254:
4252:
4250:
4248:
4124:
4122:
3523:Lundholm, B. (1952). "A skull of a Cape lioness (
876:Since the beginning of the 21st century, several
5167:
5165:
4647:
4645:
3681:. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
3637:Journal of the Bombay Natural Historical Society
3069:
3067:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2965:
7597:Mammals of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
4895:
4893:
4689:
4687:
4685:
4308:Yalden, D. W.; Largen, M. J.; Kock, D. (1980).
3982:revealed by Host and Viral Population Genomics"
3679:The mammals of Africa. An identification manual
3373:
3371:
3369:
2858:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2773:Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z. & Tobe, S. (2017).
2059:Kavango–Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area
519:, based on two male lions from the environs of
4867:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
3733:
3731:
3729:
3442:
3440:
3420:
3418:
3416:
2574:; about 100 captive lions were registered as
7215:ECOS Environmental Conservation Online System
5730:
5728:
5726:
4917:
4915:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3538:
2337:are part of the zoological collection of the
987:zone between Central and East African lions.
880:studies were conducted to aid clarifying the
8:
7279:BBC Earth: Lions take down an adult elephant
6314:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
6177:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
6041:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5502:
5500:
4774:"A metapopulation approach to African lion (
4459:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3744:: Implications for its ex situ conservation"
3481:
3479:
3477:
3252:
3250:
3174:
3172:
2507:are key dispersal areas in Southern Africa.
2325:attacked workers during the building of the
7284:The Savuti Lions of the Chobe National Park
5429:The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats
3635:Pocock, R. I. (1930). "The lions of Asia".
3047:
3045:
3043:
3041:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2761:
1079:form a contiguous population with lions in
730:recognized only two lion subspecies in the
7311:
6280:"The Science of 'Man-Eating*' Among Lions
4961:South African Journal of Wildlife Research
4427:Funaioli, U. and Simonetta, A. M. (1966).
3267:The Naturalist's Library. Vol. 15 Mammalia
3192:The Field Guide to Carnivores of the World
2551:At the beginning of the 21st century, the
1661:
1368:
1240:
822:. Two lion subspecies are now recognised:
452:Lions shot in Kenya's Sotik Plains in 1909
63:
42:
31:
7252:Lobengula the South African guardian lion
6931:
6921:
6883:population in Kafue National Park, Zambia
6662:
6652:
6629:bones from Africa to East-Southeast Asia"
6299:
6200:) in the Chobe National Park, Botswana".
6154:
6144:
6080:
6056:Hayward, M. W.; Kerley, G. I. H. (2005).
6018:
5949:
5877:
5363:
5134:
5082:
4943:
4852:
4811:
4801:
4673:
4618:
4444:
4399:
4366:
4325:
4292:
4228:
4218:
4007:
3997:
3885:
3826:
3816:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3103:
3021:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2887:
2877:
391:indicate their close genetic relation to
7269:Holding the line for lions in Mozambique
6227:Power, R. J.; Compion, R. X. S. (2009).
5742:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
5279:(Report). South African National Parks.
5115:"The size of savannah Africa: a lion's (
5051:: University of Natal. pp. 471–475.
4433:Monitore Zoologico Italiano, Supplemento
4273:"The size of savannah Africa: a lion's (
2596:
2572:International Species Information System
2301:, lions also prey on young and subadult
1064:since the early 20th century. Intensive
963:study, eight wild lion samples from the
6753:"East African lions dying of poisoning"
6288:Journal of East African Natural History
5893:Spong, G. (2002). "Space use in lions,
3978:"The Evolutionary Dynamics of the Lion
3580:
3578:
2757:
1861:in southern Angola in 1973. In 1936, a
7257:What Happened to Angola's 1,000 Lions?
6307:
6170:
6034:
4860:
4630:from the original on 30 September 2020
4592:"Estimating population sizes of lions
4452:
4351:) in Nechisar National Park, Ethiopia"
4310:"Catalogue of the Mammals of Ethiopia"
3557:) Teil 3. Zur Artgeschichte des Löwen
3505:
3495:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2348:The Njombe lions were a lion pride in
7048:. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 3–6.
6964:European Journal of Wildlife Research
6885:. Cape Town: University of Cape Town.
6798:from the original on 24 February 2018
6765:from the original on 22 February 2018
6732:from the original on 25 February 2018
6625:"A roaring trade? The legal trade in
6496:from the original on 24 February 2018
6469:from the original on 23 February 2018
5519:from the original on 22 February 2014
5071:The Open Conservation Biology Journal
3356:Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections
3133:Status and distribution of the lion (
1897:In the 19th and 20th centuries, lion
1647:Lion in Etosha National Park, Namibia
1209:, 18 lions were trophy hunted and 11
7:
7577:Taxa named by Charles Hamilton Smith
6387:"Lion attacks on humans in Tanzania"
2454:in Zimbabwe's Hwange National Park.
2022:Lions mating in Etosha National Park
1421:Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda
1173:since the early 19th century in the
703:as valid subspecies in East Africa.
6259:from the original on 31 August 2018
5899:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
5542:): solution to the Tsavo riddle?".
5485:. Philadelphia, PA: Chilton Books.
5010:Guggisberg, C. A. W. (1975). "Lion
4355:Momona Ethiopian Journal of Science
3677:Meester, J.; Setzer, H. W. (1977).
2933:Conservation Strategy for the Lion
2830:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1112:due to killing of lions during the
691:subspecies in Southern Africa, and
483:, based on two lion specimens from
5804:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1975.tb02246.x
5777:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1973.tb00088.x
5407:from the original on 7 August 2007
5365:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1962.tb03240.x
5259:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1980.tb01433.x
5222:from the original on 28 April 2020
5094:from the original on 9 August 2017
2950:from the original on 3 August 2020
2930:IUCN Cat Specialist Group (2006).
2581:In 2012, samples of lions kept at
2450:and his son Xanda, were killed by
2446:In 2015 and 2017, two male lions,
2036:A lioness with her cub in Botswana
749:In the 1970s, the scientific name
307:, lion populations are regionally
25:
7167:from the original on 5 March 2024
6858:from the original on 21 July 2017
6828:from the original on 28 July 2015
6561:from the original on 17 July 2018
6366:from the original on 5 March 2024
6146:10.1371/journal.pone.0055182.g001
6100:from the original on 27 June 2015
5462:from the original on 5 March 2024
5327:from the original on 5 March 2024
5205:Conservation status of the lion (
5174:Conservation status of the lion (
4710:from the original on 7 March 2023
4408:from the original on 7 March 2023
3952:from the original on 5 March 2024
3380:"New and rare mammals from Congo"
3208:from the original on 5 March 2024
3158:from the original on 29 July 2018
2791:from the original on 30 July 2018
2605:featured a lion from 1910 to 1932
1816:Female lion in the Okavango Delta
499:, based on two lions killed near
403:. It has been referred to as the
7036:Hogarth, C.; Butler, N. (2004).
6594:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01576.x
6214:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2006.00626.x
5556:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00200.x
5379:Nowell, K.; Jackson, P. (1996).
5311:Size, Function, and Life History
5286:from the original on 2 July 2021
4157:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02500.x
4113:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2010.00694.x
2943:. Pretoria, South Africa: IUCN.
2609:The lion is an animal symbol in
2519:
2469:
2394:
2111:
2097:
2029:
2015:
1997:
1983:
1823:
1809:
1792:
1560:Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park
1021:
1010:
999:
442:
431:
371:was a black-maned lion from the
88:
7079:. Infobase Publishing. p.
7003:Biodiversity & Conservation
6058:"Prey preferences of the lion (
5659:Open Science Repository Biology
4485:"Chapter II: Population Survey"
3701:African Lion Working Group News
2501:Makgadikgadi Pans National Park
2339:Field Museum of Natural History
872:) according to genetic research
587:, a male lion from the area of
4703:. Nairobi: Living with Lions.
4654:"Identifying a potential lion
4446:10.1080/03749444.1966.10736746
4327:10.1080/00269786.1980.11758553
3529:Annals of the Transvaal Museum
3489:A Checklist of African Mammals
3449:Annals of the Transvaal Museum
3427:Annals of the Transvaal Museum
2937:in Eastern and Southern Africa
2483:African lions are included in
1948:. Their whitish fur is a rare
1946:Timbavati Private Game Reserve
1207:Venetia Limpopo Nature Reserve
979:was not a complete barrier to
649:Natural History Museum, Vienna
607:, an adult male lion from the
383:analysis of lion samples from
1:
7301:Shamba the South African lion
6962:) population from Ethiopia".
5765:East African Wildlife Journal
5481:Guggisberg, C. A. W. (1963).
5209:Linnaeus, 1758) in Mozambique
4281:Biodiversity and Conservation
4136:) in West and Central Africa"
3137:) in East and Southern Africa
2505:Central Kalahari Game Reserve
1936:A cub in Kruger National Park
1663:
1370:
1242:
1077:Queen Elizabeth National Park
718:in 1930, when he wrote about
709:subordinated the lion to the
6923:10.1371/journal.pone.0196213
6654:10.1371/journal.pone.0185996
6029:10.1016/j.biocon.2004.01.013
5674:The White Lions of Timbavati
5455:East African Business Digest
5045:The Mammals of the Transvaal
4900:Smithers, R. H. N. (1971). "
4803:10.1371/journal.pone.0088081
4220:10.1371/journal.pone.0137975
4081:(1): 114–124. Archived from
4075:National Geographic Research
3999:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000251
3230:White Lion: Back to the Wild
2603:Coat of arms of South Africa
2540:Tourist petting tame lions,
1404:Democratic Republic of Congo
1157:Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park
913:Batéké Plateau National Park
53:Maasai Mara National Reserve
7038:"Animal Symbolism (Africa)"
5483:Simba: The Life of the Lion
5178:Linnaeus, 1758) in Tanzania
5084:10.2174/1874839200701010001
5039:Rautenbach, I. L. (1978). "
4314:Monitore Zoologico Italiano
3384:Revue de Zoologie Africaine
2784:. Special Issue 11: 71–73.
2430:traditional Asian medicines
1203:Addo Elephant National Park
977:Great Rift Valley, Ethiopia
917:Odzala-Kokoua National Park
783:Mammal Species of the World
7688:
7657:Mammals of Southern Africa
7112:. Voyageur Press. p.
7108:Big Cats: Kingdom of Might
7040:. In Walter, M. N. (ed.).
6202:African Journal of Ecology
5938:Journal of Applied Ecology
4980:African Journal of Ecology
4857:(inactive 27 August 2024).
4549:Journal of Human Evolution
4514:Environmental Conservation
3660:Oken, 1816, (Brehm, 1829)"
3182:& Barrett, P. (2018).
1925:
940:Overlap between subspecies
911:Lion samples from Gabon's
413:East-Southern African lion
7672:Mammals described in 1900
7667:Mammals described in 1891
7662:Mammals described in 1843
7582:Mammals described in 1842
7567:Panthera leo melanochaita
7355:Panthera leo melanochaita
7325:Panthera leo melanochaita
6976:10.1007/s10344-012-0668-5
6091:10.1017/S0952836905007508
5980:10.1007/s10980-009-9425-x
5911:10.1007/s00265-002-0515-x
5156:Uganda Wildlife Authority
5136:10.1007/s10531-012-0381-4
5123:Biodiversity Conservation
4945:10.1017/S0030605313001336
4854:10.1017/S0030605304000055
4675:10.1017/S003060530700124X
4620:10.1017/S0030605313000112
4526:10.1017/S0376892900016015
4401:10.1017/S0030605316001356
4294:10.1007/s10531-012-0381-4
4045:10.1007/s10592-013-0453-3
3938:10.1007/s10592-004-7729-6
3763:10.1007/s10592-005-9062-0
3330:. In Sjöstedt, Y. (ed.).
3096:10.1007/s10592-017-1039-2
3054:Panthera leo melanochaita
631:-Lang Kalahari Expedition
459:Felis (Leo) melanochaitus
285:Panthera leo melanochaita
250:
243:
228:Panthera leo melanochaita
224:
217:
85:Scientific classification
83:
71:
62:
50:
41:
36:Panthera leo melanochaita
34:
7076:African Mythology A to Z
4368:10.4314/mejs.v6i2.109714
3600:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.).
3265:. In Jardine, W. (ed.).
1888:Tsavo East National Park
1639:South West African clade
1556:Mozambique, South Africa
1350:South East African clade
1222:North East African clade
1099:Tsavo East National Park
991:Distribution and habitat
780:In 2005, the authors of
591:on the eastern shore of
7612:Mammals of South Africa
7189:Carrington, D. (2018).
7104:Brakefield, T. (1993).
7015:10.1023/A:1023641629538
7001:) at Addis Ababa Zoo".
6362:. London: W. H. Allen.
6007:Biological Conservation
5951:10.1111/1365-2664.12282
5593:10.1126/science.1073257
4906:The Mammals of Botswana
4882:Bantlin, D. A. (2017).
4483:Chardonnet, P. (2002).
4144:Journal of Biogeography
3818:10.1073/pnas.1919423117
3559:Panthera (Panthera) leo
3525:Felis leo melanochaitus
2879:10.1073/pnas.1500664112
2045:Serengeti National Park
1801:Serengeti National Park
1668:Lion Conservation Units
1375:Lion Conservation Units
1247:Lion Conservation Units
669:natural history museums
635:Panthera leo webbensies
623:, a male lion from the
567:, a male lion from the
503:and the Gurui River in
210:P. l. melanochaita
7652:Mammals of East Africa
6688:African Studies Review
6356:Rushby, G. G. (1965).
5305:Calder, W. A. (1996).
5016:Wild Cats of the World
4561:10.1006/jhev.1998.0268
3878:10.1098/rspb.2006.3555
3707:: 9–11. Archived from
3692:Yamaguchi, N. (2000).
3227:Schofield, A. (2013).
2606:
2548:
2303:African bush elephants
2231:Phacochoerus africanus
2223:Potamochoerus larvatus
2167:Giraffa camelopardalis
1937:
1894:
1648:
1624:Botswana, South Africa
1429:Virunga National Parks
1408:Itombwe Nature Reserve
1359:
1339:Nairobi National Parks
1231:
1213:between 2005 and 2011.
1165:Gemsbok National Parks
1056:Kafa Biosphere Reserve
952:
948:Lion from Ethiopia at
873:
609:Sabi Sand Game Reserve
562:Felis leo bleyenberghi
467:Charles Hamilton Smith
7602:Mammals of Mozambique
7069:Lynch, P. A. (2004).
6492:. The South African.
5879:10.1093/beheco/ary018
5346:Davis, D. D. (1962).
4347:) and Spotted Hyena (
4033:Conservation Genetics
3926:Conservation Genetics
3751:Conservation Genetics
3486:Allen, G. M. (1939).
3397:Allen, J. A. (1924).
3378:Lönnberg, E. (1914).
3326:Lönnberg, E. (1910).
3257:Smith, C. H. (1842).
3084:Conservation Genetics
2837:: e.T15951A115130419.
2739:Mapogo lion coalition
2647:Wild cats in Africa:
2600:
2593:Cultural significance
2570:from Tanzania by the
2539:
2476:Lion cubs in Botswana
2239:Alcephalus buselaphus
2159:Connochaetes taurinus
1975:Behaviour and ecology
1935:
1881:
1859:Mucusso National Park
1830:Lion cubs in Zimbabwe
1646:
1357:
1229:
1199:Eastern Cape Province
1122:Akagera National Park
1081:Virunga National Park
967:were included in the
947:
863:
734:, namely the African
510:Felis leo sabakiensis
478:Felis leo somaliensis
409:Southern African lion
389:Republic of the Congo
7463:Panthera leo krugeri
7433:Panthera leo krugeri
7289:A Zambian lion stirs
7232:Lions in East Africa
7137:Jackson, D. (2010).
6877:Midlane, N. (2013).
6582:Conservation Biology
6515:Torchia, C. (2018).
6245:10.3377/004.044.0104
5672:McBride, C. (1977).
5426:Wood, G. L. (1982).
4731:Conservation Biology
4596:and spotted hyaenas
4501:on 10 November 2013.
3303:Neumann, O. (1900).
2415:Katavi National Park
2358:George Gilman Rushby
2255:Kobus ellipsiprymnus
2067:Hwange National Park
1942:Kruger National Park
1799:Adult male lions in
1657:Kruger National Park
1505:Tanzania, Mozambique
1280:Awash National Parks
898:genetically diverged
526:Felis leo roosevelti
471:zoological specimens
74:Etosha National Park
7637:Mammals of Ethiopia
7632:Mammals of Tanzania
7622:Mammals of Zimbabwe
7617:Mammals of Eswatini
7592:Mammals of Botswana
6914:2018PLoSO..1396213C
6784:Winter, S. (2018).
6751:Kamoga, J. (2018).
6700:10.1017/asr.2017.94
6645:2017PLoSO..1285996W
6522:The Washington Post
6406:2005Natur.436..791S
6137:2013PLoSO...855182D
5831:1979Natur.282..839B
5701:Tucker, L. (2003).
5585:2002Sci...297.1339W
5579:(5585): 1339–1943.
5043:(Linnaeus, 1758)".
5014:(Linnaeus, 1758)".
4928:in Southern Africa"
4794:2014PLoSO...988081D
4211:2015PLoSO..1037975B
3872:(1598): 2119–2125.
3811:(20): 10927–10934.
3551:Hemmer, H. (1974).
3350:Heller, E. (1913).
3280:Noack, T. (1891). "
3006:2016NatSR...630807B
2870:2015PNAS..11214894B
2864:(48): 14894–14899.
2299:Chobe National Park
2288:) and common mice (
2199:Hippotragus equinus
1952:caused by a double
1911:ambient temperature
1581:Kafue Sumbu Complex
1297:Arboweerow−Alafuuto
965:Ethiopian Highlands
959:. For a subsequent
902:tropical rainforest
892:comprises two main
651:that originated in
611:named in honour of
589:Lime Springs, Sotik
551:, a lion skin from
537:Ethiopian Highlands
490:Felis leo massaicus
417:southern subspecies
7642:Mammals of Somalia
7607:Mammals of Namibia
7294:2018-08-07 at the
7262:2018-11-24 at the
6529:on 15 January 2019
6488:Haden, A. (2018).
6359:No More the Tusker
6198:Loxodonta africana
6069:Journal of Zoology
5866:Behavioral Ecology
5792:Journal of Zoology
5636:10.1511/2005.3.226
5624:American Scientist
5544:Journal of Zoology
5507:Borzo, G. (2002).
5247:Journal of Zoology
4743:10.1111/cobi.12703
4101:Journal of Zoology
3780:on 24 August 2006.
3259:"Black maned lion
3080:) living in Gabon"
2994:Scientific Reports
2657:African golden cat
2607:
2549:
2369:In February 2018,
2321:In the 1890s, two
2307:Loxodonta africana
2271:Eudorcas thomsonii
2247:Damaliscus lunatus
2004:Lion pride at the
1938:
1895:
1693:Botswana, Zimbabwe
1649:
1543:Mozambique, Zambia
1360:
1232:
953:
888:indicate that the
874:
870:P. l. melanochaita
850:P. l. melanochaita
827:P. l. melanochaita
788:P. l. bleyenberghi
771:Transvaal Province
677:F. l. bleyenberghi
578:Leo leo hollisteri
541:Theodore Roosevelt
535:, a lion from the
393:P. l. melanochaita
369:P. l. melanochaita
358:P. l. melanochaita
354:P. l. melanochaita
303:. In this part of
254:P. l. bleyenberghi
7647:Mammals of Uganda
7587:Mammals of Angola
7552:
7551:
7317:Taxon identifiers
7160:978-1-86189-735-0
7153:. pp. 1–21.
7123:978-0-89658-329-0
7090:978-0-8160-4892-2
7055:978-1-57607-645-3
6400:(7052): 927–928.
6344:Macmillan and Co.
5968:Landscape Ecology
5825:(5741): 839–841.
5749:978-0-226-73639-6
5716:978-0-620-31409-1
5687:978-0-949997-32-6
5439:978-0-85112-235-9
5397:978-2-8317-0045-8
5320:978-0-486-69191-6
5307:"Skeletal muscle"
5025:978-0-8008-8324-9
4992:10.1111/aje.12003
4343:"Status of Lion (
3905:on 8 August 2007.
3613:978-0-8018-8221-0
3586:Wozencraft, W. C.
3561:(Linnaeus, 1758)"
3261:Leo melanochaitus
3240:978-0-620-57005-3
3201:978-1-4729-5080-2
3014:10.1038/srep30807
2485:CITES Appendix II
2343:Colonel Patterson
2313:Attacks on humans
2267:Thomson's gazelle
1944:and the adjacent
1781:
1780:
1636:
1635:
1347:
1346:
1114:Rwandan Civil War
985:genetic admixture
932:during the early
906:East African Rift
663:Dispute over the
643:, two lions from
642:
627:collected by the
622:
606:
586:
566:
550:
546:Felis leo nyanzae
534:
521:Mount Kilimanjaro
518:
498:
482:
373:Cape of Good Hope
281:
280:
18:East African lion
16:(Redirected from
7679:
7627:Mammals of Kenya
7545:
7544:
7532:
7531:
7519:
7518:
7506:
7505:
7493:
7492:
7480:
7479:
7467:
7466:
7465:
7452:
7451:
7450:
7424:
7423:
7411:
7410:
7398:
7397:
7385:
7384:
7372:
7371:
7359:
7358:
7357:
7344:
7343:
7342:
7312:
7218:
7198:
7177:
7176:
7174:
7172:
7134:
7128:
7127:
7111:
7101:
7095:
7094:
7066:
7060:
7059:
7047:
7033:
7027:
7026:
7009:(8): 1629–1639.
6994:
6988:
6987:
6955:
6946:
6945:
6935:
6925:
6893:
6887:
6886:
6874:
6868:
6867:
6865:
6863:
6844:
6838:
6837:
6835:
6833:
6814:
6808:
6807:
6805:
6803:
6781:
6775:
6774:
6772:
6770:
6748:
6742:
6741:
6739:
6737:
6718:
6712:
6711:
6683:
6677:
6676:
6666:
6656:
6639:(10): e0185996.
6620:
6614:
6613:
6577:
6571:
6570:
6568:
6566:
6545:
6539:
6538:
6536:
6534:
6525:. Archived from
6512:
6506:
6505:
6503:
6501:
6485:
6479:
6478:
6476:
6474:
6455:
6449:
6448:
6446:
6444:
6438:
6432:. Archived from
6391:
6382:
6376:
6375:
6373:
6371:
6353:
6347:
6346:
6330:Patterson, J. H.
6326:
6320:
6319:
6313:
6305:
6303:
6275:
6269:
6268:
6266:
6264:
6224:
6218:
6217:
6196:) on elephants (
6189:
6183:
6182:
6176:
6168:
6158:
6148:
6116:
6110:
6109:
6107:
6105:
6099:
6084:
6066:
6053:
6047:
6046:
6040:
6032:
6022:
5998:
5992:
5991:
5962:
5956:
5955:
5953:
5944:(5): 1169–1178.
5929:
5923:
5922:
5890:
5884:
5883:
5881:
5857:
5851:
5850:
5839:10.1038/282839a0
5814:
5808:
5807:
5787:
5781:
5780:
5771:(3–4): 215–225.
5760:
5754:
5753:
5732:
5721:
5720:
5709:: Npenvu Press.
5698:
5692:
5691:
5669:
5663:
5662:
5654:
5648:
5647:
5619:
5613:
5612:
5566:
5560:
5559:
5535:
5529:
5528:
5526:
5524:
5504:
5495:
5494:
5478:
5472:
5471:
5469:
5467:
5450:
5444:
5443:
5423:
5417:
5416:
5414:
5412:
5406:
5385:
5376:
5370:
5369:
5367:
5343:
5337:
5336:
5334:
5332:
5302:
5296:
5295:
5293:
5291:
5285:
5278:
5269:
5263:
5262:
5238:
5232:
5231:
5229:
5227:
5221:
5214:
5199:
5186:
5185:
5169:
5160:
5159:
5147:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5110:
5104:
5103:
5101:
5099:
5093:
5086:
5068:
5059:
5053:
5052:
5049:Pietermaritzburg
5036:
5030:
5029:
5007:
4996:
4995:
4975:
4969:
4968:
4956:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4919:
4910:
4909:
4897:
4888:
4887:
4879:
4873:
4872:
4866:
4858:
4856:
4832:
4826:
4825:
4815:
4805:
4769:
4763:
4762:
4726:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4715:
4709:
4702:
4691:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4649:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4635:
4629:
4622:
4604:
4587:
4581:
4580:
4544:
4538:
4537:
4509:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4489:
4480:
4465:
4464:
4458:
4450:
4448:
4424:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4413:
4403:
4379:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4338:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4305:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4268:
4243:
4242:
4232:
4222:
4205:(10): e0137975.
4190:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4173:
4167:. Archived from
4151:(7): 1356–1367.
4140:
4126:
4117:
4116:
4096:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4072:
4063:
4057:
4056:
4028:
4022:
4021:
4011:
4001:
3992:(11): e1000251.
3973:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3913:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3898:. Archived from
3889:
3863:
3850:
3841:
3840:
3830:
3820:
3793:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3773:. Archived from
3748:
3735:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3713:
3698:
3689:
3683:
3682:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3651:
3645:
3644:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3582:
3573:
3572:
3548:
3533:
3532:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3507:
3503:
3501:
3493:
3483:
3472:
3471:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3444:
3435:
3434:
3422:
3411:
3410:
3394:
3388:
3387:
3375:
3364:
3363:
3347:
3336:
3335:
3323:
3317:
3316:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3254:
3245:
3244:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3176:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3157:
3142:
3127:
3118:
3117:
3107:
3071:
3062:
3061:
3049:
3036:
3035:
3025:
2981:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2949:
2942:
2927:
2902:
2901:
2891:
2881:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2816:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2790:
2779:
2769:
2727:Elsa the lioness
2697:Black-footed cat
2557:Haile Selassie I
2528:Philadelphia Zoo
2526:Captive lion in
2523:
2494:wildlife tourism
2473:
2398:
2371:Kevin Richardson
2323:Tsavo Man-Eaters
2175:Tragelaphus oryx
2115:
2101:
2089:Hunting and diet
2033:
2019:
2001:
1987:
1913:, nutrition and
1827:
1813:
1796:
1662:
1484:Mpanga-Kipengere
1369:
1241:
1161:Kalahari Gemsbok
1025:
1014:
1003:
886:genetic analyses
882:taxonomic status
804:P. l. hollisteri
767:Great Escarpment
738:and the Asiatic
732:Palearctic realm
693:F. l. hollisteri
675:also recognized
637:
620:
600:
583:Joel Asaph Allen
580:
569:Katanga Province
564:
548:
528:
512:
492:
480:
446:
435:
264:P. l. hollisteri
230:
93:
92:
67:
46:
32:
21:
7687:
7686:
7682:
7681:
7680:
7678:
7677:
7676:
7557:
7556:
7553:
7548:
7540:
7535:
7527:
7522:
7514:
7509:
7501:
7496:
7488:
7483:
7475:
7470:
7461:
7460:
7455:
7446:
7445:
7440:
7427:
7419:
7414:
7406:
7401:
7393:
7388:
7380:
7375:
7367:
7362:
7353:
7352:
7347:
7338:
7337:
7332:
7319:
7296:Wayback Machine
7264:Wayback Machine
7201:
7188:
7185:
7180:
7170:
7168:
7161:
7136:
7135:
7131:
7124:
7103:
7102:
7098:
7091:
7068:
7067:
7063:
7056:
7035:
7034:
7030:
6996:
6995:
6991:
6957:
6956:
6949:
6908:(7): e0196213.
6895:
6894:
6890:
6876:
6875:
6871:
6861:
6859:
6846:
6845:
6841:
6831:
6829:
6816:
6815:
6811:
6801:
6799:
6783:
6782:
6778:
6768:
6766:
6750:
6749:
6745:
6735:
6733:
6720:
6719:
6715:
6685:
6684:
6680:
6622:
6621:
6617:
6579:
6578:
6574:
6564:
6562:
6547:
6546:
6542:
6532:
6530:
6514:
6513:
6509:
6499:
6497:
6487:
6486:
6482:
6472:
6470:
6457:
6456:
6452:
6442:
6440:
6436:
6414:10.1038/436791a
6389:
6384:
6383:
6379:
6369:
6367:
6355:
6354:
6350:
6328:
6327:
6323:
6306:
6277:
6276:
6272:
6262:
6260:
6233:African Zoology
6226:
6225:
6221:
6191:
6190:
6186:
6169:
6118:
6117:
6113:
6103:
6101:
6097:
6082:10.1.1.611.8271
6064:
6055:
6054:
6050:
6033:
6020:10.1.1.884.8117
6000:
5999:
5995:
5964:
5963:
5959:
5931:
5930:
5926:
5892:
5891:
5887:
5859:
5858:
5854:
5816:
5815:
5811:
5789:
5788:
5784:
5762:
5761:
5757:
5750:
5736:Schaller, G. B.
5734:
5733:
5724:
5717:
5700:
5699:
5695:
5688:
5671:
5670:
5666:
5656:
5655:
5651:
5621:
5620:
5616:
5568:
5567:
5563:
5537:
5536:
5532:
5522:
5520:
5506:
5505:
5498:
5480:
5479:
5475:
5465:
5463:
5452:
5451:
5447:
5440:
5425:
5424:
5420:
5410:
5408:
5404:
5398:
5383:
5378:
5377:
5373:
5345:
5344:
5340:
5330:
5328:
5321:
5304:
5303:
5299:
5289:
5287:
5283:
5276:
5271:
5270:
5266:
5240:
5239:
5235:
5225:
5223:
5219:
5212:
5201:
5200:
5189:
5171:
5170:
5163:
5149:
5148:
5144:
5112:
5111:
5107:
5097:
5095:
5091:
5066:
5061:
5060:
5056:
5038:
5037:
5033:
5026:
5009:
5008:
4999:
4977:
4976:
4972:
4958:
4957:
4953:
4921:
4920:
4913:
4899:
4898:
4891:
4881:
4880:
4876:
4859:
4834:
4833:
4829:
4778:) conservation"
4771:
4770:
4766:
4728:
4727:
4723:
4713:
4711:
4707:
4700:
4693:
4692:
4683:
4651:
4650:
4643:
4633:
4631:
4627:
4602:
4598:Crocuta crocuta
4589:
4588:
4584:
4546:
4545:
4541:
4511:
4510:
4506:
4498:
4487:
4482:
4481:
4468:
4451:
4426:
4425:
4421:
4411:
4409:
4381:
4380:
4376:
4349:Crocuta crocuta
4340:
4339:
4335:
4307:
4306:
4302:
4270:
4269:
4246:
4192:
4191:
4187:
4177:
4175:
4171:
4138:
4128:
4127:
4120:
4098:
4097:
4093:
4085:
4070:
4065:
4064:
4060:
4030:
4029:
4025:
3975:
3974:
3965:
3955:
3953:
3915:
3914:
3910:
3902:
3861:
3852:
3851:
3844:
3795:
3794:
3785:
3777:
3746:
3737:
3736:
3727:
3717:
3715:
3714:on 4 March 2016
3711:
3696:
3691:
3690:
3686:
3676:
3675:
3671:
3653:
3652:
3648:
3634:
3633:
3629:
3614:
3584:
3583:
3576:
3550:
3549:
3536:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3504:
3494:
3485:
3484:
3475:
3465:
3464:
3460:
3446:
3445:
3438:
3424:
3423:
3414:
3396:
3395:
3391:
3377:
3376:
3367:
3349:
3348:
3339:
3325:
3324:
3320:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3256:
3255:
3248:
3241:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3211:
3209:
3202:
3178:
3177:
3170:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3140:
3129:
3128:
3121:
3073:
3072:
3065:
3051:
3050:
3039:
2983:
2982:
2963:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2940:
2929:
2928:
2905:
2847:
2846:
2842:
2818:
2817:
2804:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2759:
2755:
2750:
2681:African wildcat
2649:African leopard
2644:
2635:
2613:rituals of the
2595:
2564:P. l. massaicus
2553:Addis Ababa Zoo
2534:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2524:
2513:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2463:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2399:
2388:
2315:
2243:common tsessebe
2183:T. strepsiceros
2155:blue wildebeest
2151:Syncerus caffer
2123:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2091:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2002:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1977:
1930:
1924:
1907:sexually mature
1876:
1843:
1841:Size and weight
1835:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1797:
1786:
1784:Characteristics
1748:Angola, Namibia
1665:Range countries
1641:
1438:Kenya, Tanzania
1425:Queen Elizabeth
1387:Murchison Falls
1372:Range countries
1352:
1244:Range countries
1238:) in Ethiopia.
1224:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1006:
1005:
1004:
993:
961:phylogeographic
942:
921:common ancestor
858:
763:Vratislav Mazák
753:was considered
639:Ludwig Zukowsky
618:Leo leo vernayi
598:Leo leo krugeri
565:(Lönnberg 1914)
463:scientific name
456:
455:
454:
453:
449:
448:
447:
438:
437:
436:
425:
381:Phylogeographic
375:, known as the
336:phylogeographic
329:protected areas
239:
232:
226:
213:
199:
87:
28:
27:Lion subspecies
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7685:
7683:
7675:
7674:
7669:
7664:
7659:
7654:
7649:
7644:
7639:
7634:
7629:
7624:
7619:
7614:
7609:
7604:
7599:
7594:
7589:
7584:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7559:
7558:
7550:
7549:
7547:
7546:
7533:
7520:
7507:
7494:
7481:
7468:
7453:
7437:
7435:
7429:
7428:
7426:
7425:
7412:
7399:
7386:
7373:
7360:
7345:
7329:
7327:
7321:
7320:
7315:
7309:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7286:
7281:
7276:
7271:
7266:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7199:
7184:
7183:External links
7181:
7179:
7178:
7159:
7151:Reaktion Books
7139:"Introduction"
7129:
7122:
7096:
7089:
7061:
7054:
7028:
6989:
6970:(2): 215–225.
6947:
6888:
6869:
6839:
6809:
6776:
6743:
6713:
6678:
6615:
6588:(1): 142–153.
6572:
6540:
6507:
6480:
6450:
6439:on 1 July 2020
6377:
6348:
6321:
6270:
6219:
6208:(2): 279–281.
6184:
6111:
6075:(3): 309–322.
6048:
6013:(4): 507–516.
5993:
5974:(3): 337–351.
5957:
5924:
5905:(4): 303–307.
5885:
5872:(3): 660–666.
5852:
5809:
5798:(4): 463–482.
5782:
5755:
5748:
5722:
5715:
5693:
5686:
5680:: E. Stanton.
5664:
5649:
5630:(3): 226–235.
5614:
5561:
5550:(4): 551–560.
5530:
5496:
5473:
5445:
5438:
5418:
5396:
5381:"African lion"
5371:
5358:(4): 505–514.
5338:
5319:
5297:
5264:
5253:(3): 365–373.
5233:
5187:
5161:
5142:
5105:
5054:
5031:
5024:
4997:
4986:(2): 176–179.
4970:
4951:
4938:(4): 604–610.
4911:
4889:
4874:
4827:
4764:
4737:(3): 467–475.
4721:
4681:
4641:
4613:(3): 394–401.
4582:
4555:(3): 275–282.
4539:
4520:(3): 260–264.
4504:
4466:
4439:(1): 285–347.
4419:
4394:(4): 751–760.
4374:
4361:(2): 127–137.
4333:
4320:(1): 169−272.
4300:
4244:
4185:
4174:on 8 June 2019
4118:
4107:(3): 194–209.
4091:
4088:on 2 May 2013.
4058:
4039:(4): 741–755.
4023:
3963:
3908:
3842:
3783:
3757:(4): 507–514.
3725:
3684:
3669:
3646:
3627:
3612:
3574:
3534:
3515:
3473:
3458:
3436:
3412:
3389:
3365:
3337:
3318:
3315:(VI): 529–562.
3295:
3272:
3246:
3239:
3219:
3200:
3168:
3119:
3090:(3): 611–618.
3063:
3037:
2961:
2903:
2840:
2802:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2741:
2736:
2729:
2724:
2717:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2643:
2640:
2634:
2633:Regional names
2631:
2594:
2591:
2525:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2475:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2452:trophy hunters
2434:canned hunting
2422:Southeast Asia
2411:Trophy hunting
2400:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2374:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2346:
2327:Uganda Railway
2314:
2311:
2297:In Botswana's
2227:common warthog
2203:sable antelope
2127:hunt in groups
2125:Lions usually
2117:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2063:radio-collared
2035:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2003:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1926:Main article:
1923:
1920:
1899:type specimens
1875:
1872:
1842:
1839:
1829:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1798:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1766:
1762:
1761:
1758:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1724:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1677:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1591:
1590:Zambia, Malawi
1587:
1586:
1583:
1570:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1547:Middle Zambezi
1544:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1519:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1422:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1307:
1306:Somalia, Kenya
1303:
1302:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1223:
1220:
1215:
1214:
1179:Cape Provinces
1168:
1146:
1135:
1125:
1118:refugee crisis
1103:
1084:
1069:
1059:
1030:
1029:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1009:
1008:
1007:
998:
997:
996:
995:
994:
992:
989:
969:DNA sequencing
941:
938:
857:
854:
839:
838:
830:
800:P. l. massaica
744:classification
728:Morrison-Scott
701:F. l. massaica
661:
660:
653:Webi Shabeelle
632:
621:(Roberts 1948)
615:
603:Austin Roberts
595:
575:
559:
543:
523:
507:
487:
451:
450:
441:
440:
439:
430:
429:
428:
427:
426:
424:
421:
325:trophy hunting
279:
278:
277:
276:
271:
269:P. l. massaica
266:
261:
256:
248:
247:
241:
240:
233:
222:
221:
219:Trinomial name
215:
214:
207:
205:
201:
200:
193:
191:
187:
186:
179:
175:
174:
169:
165:
164:
159:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
139:
135:
134:
129:
125:
124:
119:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
99:
95:
94:
81:
80:
69:
68:
60:
59:
48:
47:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7684:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7655:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7640:
7638:
7635:
7633:
7630:
7628:
7625:
7623:
7620:
7618:
7615:
7613:
7610:
7608:
7605:
7603:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7590:
7588:
7585:
7583:
7580:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7568:
7565:
7564:
7562:
7555:
7543:
7538:
7534:
7530:
7525:
7521:
7517:
7512:
7508:
7504:
7499:
7495:
7491:
7486:
7482:
7478:
7473:
7469:
7464:
7458:
7454:
7449:
7443:
7439:
7438:
7436:
7434:
7430:
7422:
7417:
7413:
7409:
7404:
7400:
7396:
7391:
7387:
7383:
7378:
7374:
7370:
7365:
7361:
7356:
7350:
7346:
7341:
7335:
7331:
7330:
7328:
7326:
7322:
7318:
7313:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7293:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7261:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7216:
7212:
7210:
7206:
7200:
7196:
7192:
7187:
7186:
7182:
7166:
7162:
7156:
7152:
7148:
7144:
7140:
7133:
7130:
7125:
7119:
7115:
7110:
7109:
7100:
7097:
7092:
7086:
7082:
7078:
7077:
7072:
7065:
7062:
7057:
7051:
7046:
7045:
7039:
7032:
7029:
7024:
7020:
7016:
7012:
7008:
7004:
7000:
6993:
6990:
6985:
6981:
6977:
6973:
6969:
6965:
6961:
6954:
6952:
6948:
6943:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6915:
6911:
6907:
6903:
6899:
6892:
6889:
6884:
6880:
6873:
6870:
6857:
6853:
6849:
6843:
6840:
6827:
6823:
6819:
6813:
6810:
6797:
6793:
6792:
6791:Daily Express
6787:
6780:
6777:
6764:
6760:
6759:
6754:
6747:
6744:
6731:
6727:
6723:
6717:
6714:
6709:
6705:
6701:
6697:
6693:
6689:
6682:
6679:
6674:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6646:
6642:
6638:
6634:
6630:
6628:
6619:
6616:
6611:
6607:
6603:
6599:
6595:
6591:
6587:
6583:
6576:
6573:
6560:
6556:
6555:
6550:
6544:
6541:
6528:
6524:
6523:
6518:
6511:
6508:
6495:
6491:
6484:
6481:
6468:
6464:
6460:
6454:
6451:
6435:
6431:
6427:
6423:
6419:
6415:
6411:
6407:
6403:
6399:
6395:
6388:
6381:
6378:
6365:
6361:
6360:
6352:
6349:
6345:
6341:
6337:
6336:
6331:
6325:
6322:
6317:
6311:
6302:
6297:
6293:
6289:
6285:
6283:
6274:
6271:
6258:
6254:
6250:
6246:
6242:
6238:
6234:
6230:
6223:
6220:
6215:
6211:
6207:
6203:
6199:
6195:
6188:
6185:
6180:
6174:
6166:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6138:
6134:
6131:(2): e55182.
6130:
6126:
6122:
6115:
6112:
6096:
6092:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6074:
6070:
6063:
6061:
6052:
6049:
6044:
6038:
6030:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6012:
6008:
6004:
5997:
5994:
5989:
5985:
5981:
5977:
5973:
5969:
5961:
5958:
5952:
5947:
5943:
5939:
5935:
5928:
5925:
5920:
5916:
5912:
5908:
5904:
5900:
5896:
5889:
5886:
5880:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5856:
5853:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5824:
5820:
5813:
5810:
5805:
5801:
5797:
5793:
5786:
5783:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5759:
5756:
5751:
5745:
5741:
5737:
5731:
5729:
5727:
5723:
5718:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5697:
5694:
5689:
5683:
5679:
5675:
5668:
5665:
5660:
5653:
5650:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5633:
5629:
5625:
5618:
5615:
5610:
5606:
5602:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5586:
5582:
5578:
5574:
5573:
5565:
5562:
5557:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5534:
5531:
5518:
5514:
5510:
5503:
5501:
5497:
5492:
5488:
5484:
5477:
5474:
5461:
5457:
5456:
5449:
5446:
5441:
5435:
5431:
5430:
5422:
5419:
5403:
5399:
5393:
5389:
5382:
5375:
5372:
5366:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5342:
5339:
5326:
5322:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5301:
5298:
5282:
5275:
5268:
5265:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5237:
5234:
5218:
5211:
5210:
5206:
5198:
5196:
5194:
5192:
5188:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5168:
5166:
5162:
5157:
5153:
5146:
5143:
5137:
5132:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5118:
5109:
5106:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5076:
5072:
5065:
5058:
5055:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5035:
5032:
5027:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5006:
5004:
5002:
4998:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4974:
4971:
4966:
4962:
4955:
4952:
4946:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4927:
4918:
4916:
4912:
4907:
4903:
4896:
4894:
4890:
4885:
4878:
4875:
4870:
4864:
4855:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4831:
4828:
4823:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4788:(2): e88081.
4787:
4783:
4779:
4777:
4768:
4765:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4725:
4722:
4706:
4699:
4698:
4690:
4688:
4686:
4682:
4676:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4657:
4648:
4646:
4642:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4601:
4599:
4595:
4586:
4583:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4543:
4540:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4508:
4505:
4497:
4493:
4486:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4473:
4471:
4467:
4462:
4456:
4447:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4423:
4420:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4378:
4375:
4369:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4350:
4346:
4337:
4334:
4328:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4304:
4301:
4295:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4276:
4267:
4265:
4263:
4261:
4259:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4249:
4245:
4240:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4189:
4186:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4145:
4137:
4135:
4125:
4123:
4119:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4095:
4092:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4069:
4062:
4059:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4027:
4024:
4019:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3986:PLOS Genetics
3983:
3981:
3972:
3970:
3968:
3964:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3921:
3912:
3909:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3860:
3858:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3838:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3805:
3800:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3745:
3743:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3726:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3695:
3688:
3685:
3680:
3673:
3670:
3665:
3661:
3659:
3650:
3647:
3642:
3638:
3631:
3628:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3609:
3605:
3604:
3599:
3598:Wilson, D. E.
3595:
3593:
3587:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3535:
3530:
3526:
3519:
3516:
3511:
3499:
3491:
3490:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3470:(1): 269–273.
3469:
3462:
3459:
3454:
3450:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3433:(13): 82–121.
3432:
3428:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3393:
3390:
3386:(3): 273–278.
3385:
3381:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3338:
3333:
3329:
3322:
3319:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3299:
3296:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3276:
3273:
3268:
3264:
3262:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3242:
3236:
3232:
3231:
3223:
3220:
3207:
3203:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3187:
3181:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3115:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3079:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3059:
3055:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3033:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2989:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2946:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2899:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2853:
2844:
2841:
2836:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2824:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2787:
2783:
2776:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2752:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2733:The Lion King
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2639:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2604:
2599:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2577:
2576:P. l. krugeri
2573:
2569:
2568:P. l. nubicus
2565:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2547:
2543:
2538:
2529:
2522:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2497:
2495:
2490:
2486:
2472:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2442:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2397:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2372:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2286:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2195:roan antelope
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2114:
2100:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2053:
2048:
2046:
2032:
2018:
2007:
2000:
1986:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1934:
1929:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1900:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1884:maneless lion
1880:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1849:
1840:
1838:
1826:
1812:
1802:
1795:
1783:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1645:
1638:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1599:
1598:South Luangwa
1595:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1365:
1356:
1349:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1237:
1228:
1221:
1219:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1181:south of the
1180:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1024:
1013:
1002:
990:
988:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
951:
946:
939:
937:
935:
931:
926:
922:
918:
914:
909:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
871:
867:
862:
855:
853:
851:
847:
843:
836:
835:
831:
828:
825:
824:
823:
821:
817:
816:IUCN Red List
813:
809:
808:P. l. nyanzae
805:
801:
797:
796:P. l. vernayi
793:
792:P. l. krugeri
789:
785:
784:
778:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
759:P. l. krugeri
756:
752:
751:P. l. vernayi
747:
745:
741:
740:P. l. persica
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
720:Asiatic lions
717:
716:
712:
708:
704:
702:
698:
697:F. l. nyanzae
694:
690:
686:
685:F. l. vernayi
682:
681:F. l. krugeri
678:
674:
670:
666:
658:
654:
650:
647:, one in the
646:
640:
636:
633:
630:
626:
619:
616:
614:
610:
604:
599:
596:
594:
593:Lake Victoria
590:
584:
579:
576:
574:
573:Belgian Congo
570:
563:
560:
558:
554:
549:(Heller 1913)
547:
544:
542:
539:presented to
538:
532:
527:
524:
522:
516:
511:
508:
506:
502:
496:
491:
488:
486:
479:
476:
475:
474:
472:
468:
464:
460:
445:
434:
422:
420:
418:
414:
410:
406:
405:Southern lion
402:
398:
395:samples from
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
365:type specimen
361:
359:
355:
351:
350:
345:
341:
337:
334:Results of a
332:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
291:
287:
286:
275:
274:P. l. nyanzae
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
259:P. l. krugeri
257:
255:
252:
251:
249:
246:
242:
237:
231:
229:
223:
220:
216:
212:
211:
206:
203:
202:
198:
197:
192:
189:
188:
185:
184:
180:
177:
176:
173:
170:
167:
166:
163:
160:
157:
156:
153:
150:
147:
146:
143:
140:
137:
136:
133:
130:
127:
126:
123:
120:
117:
116:
113:
110:
107:
106:
103:
100:
97:
96:
91:
86:
82:
79:
75:
70:
66:
61:
58:
54:
51:Male lion in
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
30:
19:
7554:
7432:
7324:
7214:
7209:melanochaita
7208:
7205:Panthera leo
7204:
7195:The Guardian
7194:
7169:. Retrieved
7142:
7132:
7107:
7099:
7075:
7064:
7043:
7031:
7006:
7002:
6999:Panthera leo
6998:
6992:
6967:
6963:
6960:Panthera leo
6959:
6905:
6901:
6891:
6882:
6881:Panthera leo
6878:
6872:
6860:. Retrieved
6851:
6842:
6830:. Retrieved
6821:
6812:
6800:. Retrieved
6789:
6779:
6767:. Retrieved
6758:The Observer
6756:
6746:
6734:. Retrieved
6725:
6716:
6691:
6687:
6681:
6636:
6632:
6627:Panthera leo
6626:
6618:
6585:
6581:
6575:
6563:. Retrieved
6552:
6543:
6531:. Retrieved
6527:the original
6520:
6510:
6498:. Retrieved
6483:
6471:. Retrieved
6453:
6441:. Retrieved
6434:the original
6397:
6393:
6380:
6370:10 September
6368:. Retrieved
6358:
6351:
6334:
6324:
6310:cite journal
6291:
6287:
6282:Panthera leo
6281:
6273:
6261:. Retrieved
6239:(1): 36–44.
6236:
6232:
6222:
6205:
6201:
6197:
6194:Panthera leo
6193:
6187:
6173:cite journal
6128:
6124:
6114:
6102:. Retrieved
6072:
6068:
6060:Panthera leo
6059:
6051:
6037:cite journal
6010:
6006:
6003:Panthera leo
6002:
5996:
5971:
5967:
5960:
5941:
5937:
5927:
5902:
5898:
5895:Panthera leo
5894:
5888:
5869:
5865:
5855:
5822:
5818:
5812:
5795:
5791:
5785:
5768:
5764:
5758:
5739:
5702:
5696:
5678:Johannesburg
5673:
5667:
5661:: e45011830.
5658:
5652:
5627:
5623:
5617:
5576:
5570:
5564:
5547:
5543:
5540:Panthera leo
5539:
5533:
5521:. Retrieved
5512:
5482:
5476:
5464:. Retrieved
5454:
5448:
5428:
5421:
5409:. Retrieved
5387:
5374:
5355:
5351:
5341:
5331:13 September
5329:. Retrieved
5310:
5300:
5288:. Retrieved
5267:
5250:
5246:
5243:Panthera leo
5242:
5236:
5224:. Retrieved
5208:
5207:Panthera leo
5204:
5177:
5176:Panthera leo
5173:
5151:
5145:
5129:(1): 17–35.
5126:
5122:
5117:Panthera leo
5116:
5108:
5096:. Retrieved
5074:
5070:
5057:
5044:
5041:Panthera leo
5040:
5034:
5015:
5012:Panthera leo
5011:
4983:
4979:
4973:
4964:
4960:
4954:
4935:
4931:
4926:Panthera leo
4925:
4905:
4902:Panthera leo
4901:
4883:
4877:
4863:cite journal
4847:(1): 26–31.
4844:
4840:
4839:in Africa".
4837:Panthera leo
4836:
4830:
4785:
4781:
4776:Panthera leo
4775:
4767:
4734:
4730:
4724:
4712:. Retrieved
4696:
4665:
4661:
4656:Panthera leo
4655:
4632:. Retrieved
4610:
4606:
4597:
4594:Panthera leo
4593:
4585:
4552:
4548:
4542:
4517:
4513:
4507:
4496:the original
4491:
4455:cite journal
4436:
4432:
4422:
4410:. Retrieved
4391:
4387:
4377:
4358:
4354:
4348:
4345:Panthera leo
4344:
4336:
4317:
4313:
4303:
4287:(1): 17–35.
4284:
4280:
4275:Panthera leo
4274:
4202:
4198:
4188:
4176:. Retrieved
4169:the original
4148:
4142:
4134:Panthera leo
4133:
4104:
4100:
4094:
4083:the original
4078:
4074:
4061:
4036:
4032:
4026:
3989:
3985:
3980:Panthera leo
3979:
3954:. Retrieved
3932:(1): 15–24.
3929:
3925:
3920:Panthera leo
3919:
3911:
3900:the original
3869:
3865:
3857:Panthera leo
3856:
3808:
3802:
3775:the original
3754:
3750:
3742:Panthera leo
3741:
3716:. Retrieved
3709:the original
3704:
3700:
3687:
3678:
3672:
3663:
3657:
3649:
3640:
3636:
3630:
3602:
3592:Panthera leo
3591:
3568:
3564:
3558:
3554:
3531:(32): 21–24.
3528:
3524:
3518:
3488:
3467:
3461:
3452:
3448:
3430:
3426:
3406:
3402:
3392:
3383:
3359:
3355:
3331:
3321:
3312:
3308:
3298:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3275:
3266:
3260:
3233:. BookBaby.
3229:
3222:
3210:. Retrieved
3191:
3186:Panthera leo
3185:
3160:, retrieved
3149:South Africa
3145:Johannesburg
3136:
3135:Panthera leo
3132:
3087:
3083:
3078:Panthera leo
3077:
3057:
3053:
2997:
2993:
2988:Panthera leo
2987:
2952:. Retrieved
2936:
2935:Panthera leo
2932:
2861:
2857:
2852:Panthera leo
2851:
2843:
2834:
2828:
2823:Panthera leo
2822:
2793:. Retrieved
2781:
2743:
2731:
2719:
2714:African Cats
2712:
2700:
2692:
2684:
2676:
2668:
2660:
2652:
2636:
2621:. The name '
2619:Masai people
2608:
2580:
2575:
2567:
2566:, and 23 as
2563:
2561:
2550:
2511:In captivity
2498:
2482:
2461:Conservation
2456:
2445:
2438:
2419:
2407:
2379:wire cutters
2345:killed them.
2316:
2306:
2296:
2289:
2283:
2270:
2262:
2254:
2246:
2238:
2230:
2222:
2215:Equus quagga
2214:
2211:plains zebra
2206:
2198:
2190:
2182:
2179:greater kudu
2174:
2171:common eland
2166:
2158:
2150:
2147:Cape buffalo
2143:Oryx gazella
2142:
2133:foremost on
2124:
2084:
2056:
2049:
2042:
1969:canned hunts
1939:
1915:testosterone
1904:
1896:
1852:
1848:tuberculosis
1844:
1836:
1739:Alto Zambeze
1650:
1577:Sioma Ngwezi
1573:Liuwa Plains
1522:Cahora Bassa
1391:Toro−Semulik
1361:
1235:
1233:
1216:
1201:, including
1183:Orange River
1171:South Africa
1116:and ensuing
1052:cloud forest
1047:illegal sale
1036:
954:
910:
894:evolutionary
878:phylogenetic
875:
869:
865:
849:
845:
840:
833:
826:
819:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
781:
779:
775:Indian Ocean
758:
750:
748:
739:
735:
713:
705:
700:
696:
692:
684:
680:
676:
662:
634:
617:
597:
577:
561:
545:
525:
509:
489:
481:(Noack 1891)
477:
465:proposed by
458:
457:
416:
412:
408:
404:
392:
368:
362:
357:
353:
347:
333:
284:
283:
282:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
227:
225:
209:
208:
204:Subspecies:
194:
182:
35:
29:
7498:iNaturalist
7457:Wikispecies
7390:iNaturalist
7349:Wikispecies
7171:30 November
6802:24 February
6769:24 February
6736:24 February
6694:(1): 8–32.
6533:28 February
6500:25 February
6473:25 February
6294:(1): 1–40.
6263:30 November
6104:30 November
5707:Mapumalanga
5523:30 November
5411:30 November
5154:. Kampala:
5098:30 November
5077:(1): 1–11.
4967:(2): 37–43.
4714:30 November
4634:30 November
3718:30 November
3555:Pantherinae
3527:H. Smith".
3506:|work=
3455:(1): 63–69.
3362:(19): 1–12.
3212:27 December
3162:3 September
3060:(64): 1–44.
2615:Nuer people
2611:shamanistic
2542:Livingstone
1855:Mount Kenya
1729:−Mumbondo,
1671:Area in km
1378:Area in km
1250:Area in km
1054:habitat of
814:. In 2016,
786:recognized
761:. In 1975,
613:Paul Kruger
301:East Africa
196:P. leo
172:Pantherinae
168:Subfamily:
72:Lioness in
7572:Subspecies
7561:Categories
6443:6 December
5513:EurekAlert
5491:B000OKBJQ0
5226:4 December
3656:"Subgenus
3643:: 638–665.
3571:: 167–280.
3180:Hunter, L.
2954:1 December
2753:References
2583:Sana'a Zoo
2436:industry.
2354:Tanganyika
2352:in former
2235:hartebeest
2191:T. angasii
2075:dispersing
1928:White lion
1922:White lion
1863:man-eating
1680:Mapungubwe
1653:Tuli block
1615:Nkhotakota
1518:Mozambique
1472:Biharamulo
1395:Lake Mburo
1211:euthanized
1095:Tsavo West
930:Nile Basin
755:synonymous
293:subspecies
152:Feliformia
148:Suborder:
7340:Q20907143
6726:The Cable
6708:150275315
6610:205658449
6077:CiteSeerX
6015:CiteSeerX
5352:Evolution
5290:13 August
4668:: 60–66.
4178:30 August
3956:29 August
3508:ignored (
3498:cite book
3409:: 73–281.
3328:"Mammals"
3292:(1): 120.
3282:Felis leo
3000:: 30807.
2721:Born Free
2428:bones in
2285:Dendromus
2251:waterbuck
2135:ungulates
2071:shrubland
1965:captivity
1961:gene pool
1954:recessive
1868:livestock
1628:Kgalagadi
1530:Gorongosa
1450:Tarangire
1442:Serengeti
1236:P. l. leo
1191:Transvaal
981:gene flow
973:clustered
950:Bronx Zoo
866:P. l. leo
856:Phylogeny
846:P. l. leo
834:P. l. leo
820:P. l. leo
810:as valid
736:P. l. leo
657:Mogadishu
415:and the "
377:Cape lion
356:. Within
349:P. l. leo
190:Species:
142:Carnivora
108:Kingdom:
102:Eukaryota
7529:14000234
7448:Q2118614
7442:Wikidata
7421:14000236
7334:Wikidata
7292:Archived
7260:Archived
7165:Archived
7023:24543070
6942:29975694
6902:PLOS ONE
6856:Archived
6854:. 2017.
6852:BBC News
6832:3 August
6826:Archived
6824:. 2015.
6822:BBC News
6796:Archived
6763:Archived
6730:Archived
6728:. 2018.
6673:29065143
6633:PLOS ONE
6602:20825444
6559:Archived
6557:. 2018.
6494:Archived
6467:Archived
6465:. 2018.
6422:16094358
6364:Archived
6332:(1907).
6257:Archived
6253:86371484
6165:23405121
6125:PLOS ONE
6095:Archived
5988:24083943
5919:37631550
5738:(1972).
5644:27858577
5609:15893512
5601:12193785
5517:Archived
5466:18 March
5460:Archived
5402:Archived
5325:Archived
5281:Archived
5217:Archived
5089:Archived
4822:24505385
4782:PLOS ONE
4751:27111059
4705:Archived
4625:Archived
4577:32901765
4569:10074384
4534:86042501
4406:Archived
4239:26466139
4199:PLOS ONE
4165:82728679
4018:18989457
3950:Archived
3946:30414547
3896:16901830
3837:32366643
3771:24190889
3622:62265494
3588:(2005).
3206:Archived
3153:archived
3114:31007636
3032:27488946
2945:Archived
2898:26504235
2795:5 August
2786:Archived
2782:Cat News
2689:Sand cat
2642:See also
2329:. Their
2275:scavenge
2207:H. niger
2137:such as
2079:conflict
1760:123,800
1743:393,760
1735:Camacuio
1710:Botswana
1697:Okavango
1676:Zimbabwe
1632:163,329
1564:150,347
1534:Marromeu
1513:177,559
1500:384,489
1467:Tanzania
1327:Laikipia
1310:Bushbush
1264:Nechisar
1255:Ethiopia
1195:Bushveld
1187:Highveld
1153:Kalahari
1138:Botswana
1110:Tanzania
1091:Amboseli
1066:poaching
1043:Ethiopia
934:Holocene
904:and the
724:Ellerman
715:Panthera
665:validity
625:Kalahari
515:Lönnberg
461:was the
423:Taxonomy
401:Botswana
387:and the
317:Djibouti
297:Southern
245:Synonyms
183:Panthera
158:Family:
132:Mammalia
122:Chordata
118:Phylum:
112:Animalia
98:Domain:
7490:5219408
7382:5219411
7217:. 2016.
7203:"Lion (
6933:6033387
6910:Bibcode
6862:20 July
6664:5655489
6641:Bibcode
6565:19 July
6430:4312804
6402:Bibcode
6156:3566210
6133:Bibcode
5847:4249090
5827:Bibcode
5581:Bibcode
5572:Science
5119:) view"
4813:3914926
4790:Bibcode
4759:3780510
4277:) view"
4230:4605676
4207:Bibcode
4009:2572142
3887:1635511
3828:7245068
3105:6448349
3023:4973251
3002:Bibcode
2889:4672814
2866:Bibcode
2850:"Lion (
2705:Cheetah
2665:Caracal
2627:Swahili
2625:' is a
2386:Threats
2279:carrion
2219:bushpig
2163:giraffe
2139:gemsbok
2006:Zambezi
1777:92,372
1773:Caprivi
1769:Khaudum
1765:Namibia
1727:Kissama
1718:12,484
1705:99,552
1688:10,033
1611:Kasungu
1602:72,992
1585:72,569
1551:64,672
1538:82,715
1492:Saadani
1462:75,068
1458:Mkomazi
1343:43,706
1331:Samburu
1318:22,540
1314:Arawale
1301:24,527
1293:Somalia
1288:93,274
1149:Namibia
1143:snaring
1062:Somalia
925:alleles
890:species
645:Somalia
553:Kampala
495:Neumann
485:Somalia
397:Namibia
321:Eritrea
313:Lesotho
309:extinct
238:, 1842)
178:Genus:
162:Felidae
138:Order:
128:Class:
78:Namibia
7542:637857
7516:726450
7503:337030
7408:726452
7395:557401
7157:
7147:London
7120:
7087:
7071:"Lion"
7052:
7021:
6984:508478
6982:
6940:
6930:
6706:
6671:
6661:
6608:
6600:
6461:. The
6428:
6420:
6394:Nature
6340:London
6251:
6163:
6153:
6079:
6017:
5986:
5917:
5845:
5819:Nature
5746:
5713:
5684:
5642:
5607:
5599:
5489:
5436:
5394:
5317:
5022:
4820:
4810:
4757:
4749:
4575:
4567:
4532:
4412:20 May
4237:
4227:
4163:
4053:751286
4051:
4016:
4006:
3944:
3894:
3884:
3835:
3825:
3769:
3620:
3610:
3237:
3198:
3184:"Lion
3112:
3102:
3030:
3020:
2896:
2886:
2703:
2701:·
2699:
2695:
2693:·
2691:
2687:
2685:·
2683:
2679:
2677:·
2675:
2673:Serval
2671:
2669:·
2667:
2663:
2661:·
2659:
2655:
2653:·
2651:
2546:Zambia
2441:cattle
2350:Njombe
2331:skulls
2265:) and
2263:K. kob
2052:acacia
1957:allele
1756:Kunene
1752:Etosha
1731:Bocoio
1723:Angola
1714:Xaixai
1701:Hwange
1619:4,187
1607:Malawi
1569:Zambia
1509:Niassa
1496:Selous
1490:Mbiki−
1480:Rungwa
1433:5,583
1416:8,441
1399:4,800
1383:Uganda
1284:Ogaden
1276:Genale
1272:Welmel
1258:South
1159:, the
1132:Zambia
1128:Malawi
1106:Rwanda
1072:Uganda
842:Genome
707:Pocock
629:Vernay
557:Uganda
531:Heller
501:Kibaya
305:Africa
7477:5K5L7
7369:7KGW9
7207:ssp.
7019:S2CID
6980:S2CID
6704:S2CID
6606:S2CID
6437:(PDF)
6426:S2CID
6390:(PDF)
6249:S2CID
6098:(PDF)
6065:(PDF)
5984:S2CID
5915:S2CID
5843:S2CID
5640:JSTOR
5605:S2CID
5405:(PDF)
5384:(PDF)
5284:(PDF)
5277:(PDF)
5220:(PDF)
5213:(PDF)
5182:Paris
5092:(PDF)
5067:(PDF)
4755:S2CID
4708:(PDF)
4701:(PDF)
4628:(PDF)
4603:(PDF)
4573:S2CID
4530:S2CID
4499:(PDF)
4488:(PDF)
4172:(PDF)
4161:S2CID
4139:(PDF)
4086:(PDF)
4071:(PDF)
4049:S2CID
3942:S2CID
3903:(PDF)
3862:(PDF)
3778:(PDF)
3767:S2CID
3747:(PDF)
3712:(PDF)
3697:(PDF)
3596:. In
3156:(PDF)
3141:(PDF)
2948:(PDF)
2941:(PDF)
2789:(PDF)
2778:(PDF)
2745:Pride
2623:Simba
2587:Yemen
2448:Cecil
2426:tiger
2335:skins
2187:nyala
2008:River
1950:morph
1892:Kenya
1874:Manes
1684:Bubye
1594:North
1476:Ruaha
1454:Tsavo
1412:Luama
1323:Kenya
1205:. In
1175:Natal
1087:Kenya
957:Sahel
757:with
711:genus
689:valid
673:Allen
605:1929)
585:1924)
533:1913)
517:1910)
505:Kenya
497:1900)
385:Gabon
340:clade
288:is a
236:Smith
57:Kenya
7537:NCBI
7511:ITIS
7485:GBIF
7403:ITIS
7377:GBIF
7173:2018
7155:ISBN
7143:Lion
7118:ISBN
7085:ISBN
7050:ISBN
6938:PMID
6864:2017
6834:2015
6804:2018
6771:2018
6738:2018
6669:PMID
6598:PMID
6567:2018
6535:2018
6502:2018
6475:2018
6445:2018
6418:PMID
6372:2020
6316:link
6265:2018
6179:link
6161:PMID
6106:2018
6043:link
5744:ISBN
5711:ISBN
5682:ISBN
5597:PMID
5525:2018
5487:ASIN
5468:2018
5434:ISBN
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