435:
2109:"Supplementary Information page 52: "The derived allele of the KITLG SNP rs12821256 that is associated with – and likely causal for blond hair in Europeans is present in one hunter-gatherer from each of Samara, Motala and Ukraine (I0124, I0014 and I1763), as well as several later individuals with Steppe ancestry. Since the allele is found in populations with EHG but not WHG ancestry, it suggests that its origin is in the Ancient North Eurasian (ANE) population. Consistent with this, we observe that the earliest known individual with the derived allele (supported by two reads) is the ANE individual Afontova Gora 3, which is directly dated to 16130-15749 cal BCE (14710±60 BP, MAMS-27186: a previously unpublished date that we newly report here). We cannot determine the status of rs12821256 in Afontova Gora 2 and MA-1 due to lack of sequence coverage at this SNP."
635:
762:
233:
74:
221:
2029:, p. 4/28: From Supplementary document S8: "The Karelian individual presents high probabilities of being brown-eyed (0.99), and having a dark hair (0.96). Without speculating about the genetic architecture of skin pigmentation, we suggest an intermediate skin-pigmentation phenotype for the Karelia individual, as it carried the ancestral allele at rs16891982 and the derived allele at rs1426654 (S1 Table). The presence of the rs1426654 light-skin allele, in addition to five additional C11-associated alleles at haplotype defining SNPs (S1 Table) suggests that the Karelian individual carried the C11 light-skin haplotype."
715:
727:
743:
978:
Damgaard et al., 2018). They passed EHG on to the
Yamnaya people, from whom it was inherited by several filial populations, including Afanasyevans. As early as the Mesolithic, EHG was introduced from northern Russia to Scandinavia, as evidenced by genomes of the Motala people in southern Sweden. Their ancestors had migrated there from the east along the coast of Norway, because the share of EHG in more southern populations, such as the earlier Kunda people of the eastern Baltic, is lower (Haak et al., 2015; Mittnik et al., 2018).
45:
3655:
274:(ANEs) and WHGs. Researchers have proposed various admixture proportion models for EHGs from WHGs and ANEs. Posth et al. (2023) found that most EHG individuals carried c. 70% ANE ancestry and c. 30% WHG ancestry The WHG-like ancestry was most likely not derived from the Oberkassel and Villabruna clusters directly, but from a related and yet unsampled
1670:
Currently, the strongest affinity to
Tianyuan in Holocene European HGs was reported for Eastern European HGs (EHG). This is because the ancestry found in Mal'ta and Afontova Gora individuals (Ancient North Eurasian ancestry) received ancestry from UP East Asian/Southeast Asian populations54, who then
453:
Members of the Kunda culture and Narva culture were also found to be more closely related with WHG, while the Pit–Comb Ware culture was more closely related to EHG. Northern and eastern areas of the eastern Baltic were found to be more closely related to EHG than southern areas. The study noted that
625:
Others have suggested that the Indo-European language family may have originated not in
Eastern Europe, but among CHG-rich West Asian populations South of the Caucasus which later absorbed EHG-rich groups North of the Caucasus. It was noted that haplogroups may not correlate with autosomal ancestry
2209:
ANE makes up the principal share of the EHG (Eastern Hunter-Gatherer) autosomal component, whose content is especially high in the genomes of
Mesolithic and Early Neolithic inhabitants of northeastern Europe buried at Yuzhny Oleny Ostrov, Popovo, Sidelkino, Lebyazhinka IV, etc. (Haak et al., 2015;
1683:
Childebayeva, Ainash; Fricke, Fabian; Rohrlach, Adam
Benjamin; Huang, Lei; Schiffels, Stephan; Vesakoski, Outi; Mannermaa, Kristiina; Semerau, Lena; Aron, Franziska; Solodovnikov, Konstantin; Rykun, Marina; Moiseyev, Vyacheslav; Khartanovich, Valery; Kovtun, Igor; Krause, Johannes (June 11, 2024).
1613:
Villalba-Mouco, Vanessa; van de
Loosdrecht, Marieke S.; Rohrlach, Adam B.; Fewlass, Helen; Talamo, Sahra; Yu, He; Aron, Franziska; Lalueza-Fox, Carles; Cabello, Lidia; Cantalejo Duarte, Pedro; Ramos-Muñoz, José; Posth, Cosimo; Krause, Johannes; Weniger, Gerd-Christian; Haak, Wolfgang (April 2023).
1183:
van de
Loosdrecht, Marieke; Bouzouggar, Abdeljalil; Humphrey, Louise; Posth, Cosimo; Barton, Nick; Aximu-Petri, Ayinuer; Nickel, Birgit; Nagel, Sarah; Talbi, El Hassan; El Hajraoui, Mohammed Abdeljalil; Amzazi, Saaïd; Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Pääbo, Svante; Schiffels, Stephan; Meyer, Matthias (May 4,
977:
ANE makes up the principal share of the EHG (Eastern Hunter-Gatherer) autosomal component, whose content is especially high in the genomes of
Mesolithic and Early Neolithic inhabitants of northeastern Europe buried at Yuzhny Oleny Ostrov, Popovo, Sidelkino, Lebyazhinka IV, etc. (Haak et al., 2015;
939:
Haak, Wolfgang; Lazaridis, Iosif; Patterson, Nick; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Llamas, Bastien; Brandt, Guido; Nordenfelt, Susanne; Harney, Eadaoin; Stewardson, Kristin; Fu, Qiaomei (June 1, 2015). "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe". Nature.
410:
GĂĽnther et al. (2018) analyzed 13 SHGs and found all of them to be of EHG ancestry. Generally, SHGs from western and northern
Scandinavia had more EHG ancestry (ca 49%) than individuals from eastern Scandinavia (ca. 38%). The authors suggested that the SHGs were a mix of WHGs who had migrated into
658:
to have high probabilities of being brown-eyed and dark haired, with a predicted intermediate skin tone. Another EHG from Samara was predicted to be light skinned, and was determined to have a high probability of being blue-eyed with a light hair shade, with a 75% calculated probability of being
1547:
Allentoft, Morten E.; Sikora, Martin; Refoyo-MartĂnez, Alba; Irving-Pease, Evan K.; Fischer, Anders; Barrie, William; Ingason, AndrĂ©s; Stenderup, Jesper; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Pearson, Alice; Sousa da Mota, Bárbara; Schulz
Paulsson, Bettina; Halgren, Alma; Macleod, Ruairidh; Jørkov, Marie Louise
1334:
Irving-Pease, Evan K.; Refoyo-MartĂnez, Alba; Barrie, William; Ingason, AndrĂ©s; Pearson, Alice; Fischer, Anders; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Halgren, Alma S.; Macleod, Ruairidh; Demeter, Fabrice; Henriksen, Rasmus A.; Vimala, Tharsika; McColl, Hugh; Vaughn, Andrew H.; Speidel, Leo (January 24, 2024).
1844:
Lazaridis, Iosif; Alpaslan-Roodenberg, Songül; Acar, Ayşe; Açıkkol, Ayşen; Agelarakis, Anagnostis; Aghikyan, Levon; Akyüz, Uğur; Andreeva, Desislava; Andrijašević, Gojko; Antonović, Dragana; Armit, Ian; Atmaca, Alper; Avetisyan, Pavel; Aytek, Ahmet İhsan; Bacvarov, Krum (August 26, 2022).
1239:
Lazaridis, Iosif; Alpaslan-Roodenberg, Songül; Acar, Ayşe; Açıkkol, Ayşen; Agelarakis, Anagnostis; Aghikyan, Levon; Akyüz, Uğur; Andreeva, Desislava; Andrijašević, Gojko; Antonović, Dragana; Armit, Ian; Atmaca, Alper; Avetisyan, Pavel; Aytek, Ahmet İhsan; Bacvarov, Krum (August 26, 2022).
761:
505:, which mostly belonged to the Kunda culture and Narva culture in the eastern Baltic, were analyzed. These individuals were mostly of WHG descent in the earlier phases, but over time EHG ancestry became predominant. The Y-DNA of this site belonged almost exclusively to haplotypes of
465:
Mathieson et al. (2018) analyzed the genetics of a large number of skeletons of prehistoric Eastern Europe. Thirty-seven samples were from Mesolithic and Neolithic Ukraine (9500-6000 BC). These were classified as intermediate between EHG and SHG. The males belonged exclusively to
1465:
Haak, Wolfgang; Lazaridis, Iosif; Patterson, Nick; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Llamas, Bastien; Brandt, Guido; Nordenfelt, Susanne; Harney, Eadaoin; Stewardson, Kristin; Fu, Qiaomei; Mittnik, Alissa; Bánffy, Eszter; Economou, Christos; Francken, Michael (June 2015).
1991:"Interestingly, eastern and Scandinavian hunter-gatherers had light skin, in contrast to Baltic hunter-gatherers who kept their dark skin only until 3800 years ago when farming was introduced in this region by the Bronze Age expansion of people of Russian steppe origin."
838:
Lazaridis et al. (2016) found SHGs to be a mix of EHGs and WHGs: "Eastern Hunter Gatherers (EHG) derive 3/4 of their ancestry from the ANE... Scandinavian hunter-gatherers (SHG) are a mix of EHG and WHG; and WHG are a mix of EHG and the Upper Paleolithic Bichon from
1085:: "Earlier aDNA studies suggest the presence of three genetic groups in early postglacial Europe: Western hunter–gatherers (WHG), Eastern hunter–gatherers (EHG), and Scandinavian hunter–gatherers (SHG)4. The SHG have been modelled as a mixture of WHG and EHG."
391:(PCW/CCC) of the eastern Baltic bear 65% EHG ancestry. This is in contrast to earlier hunter-gatherers in the area, who were more closely related to WHG. This was demonstrated using a sample of Y-DNA extracted from a Pit–Comb Ware individual. This belonged to
714:
614:(EEF) ancestry. Both Dnieper-Donets males and Yamnaya males carry the same paternal haplogroups (R1b and I2a), suggesting that the CHG and EEF admixture among the Yamnaya came through EHG males mixing with EEF and CHG females. Based on this,
286:
and other East/Southeast Asians, which can be explained by geneflow from a Tianyuan-related source into the ANE lineage (represented by Malta and Afontova Gora 3), which later substantially contributed to the formation of the EHG.
785:. This technological spread was much faster than the spread of agriculture itself, and mainly occurred through technology transfer between hunter-gatherer groups, rather than through the demic diffusion of agriculturalists.
3062:
Allentoft, Morten E.; Sikora, Martin; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Rasmussen, Simon; Rasmussen, Morten; Stenderup, Jesper; Damgaard, Peter B.; Schroeder, Hannes; Ahlström, Torbjörn; Vinner, Lasse; Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo (2015).
2051:
Sulem, Patrick; Gudbjartsson, Daniel F.; Stacey, Simon N.; Helgason, Agnar; Rafnar, Thorunn; Magnusson, Kristinn P.; Manolescu, Andrei; Karason, Ari; Palsson, Arnar; Thorleifsson, Gudmar; et al. (December 2007).
2327:
Although demic diffusion may have a role, on the basis of its speed we argue that pottery production was rapidly disseminated through knowledge transfer across established networks between dispersed hunter-gatherer
1107:
Haak, Wolfgang; Lazaridis, Iosif; Patterson, Nick; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Llamas, Bastien; Brandt, Guido; Nordenfelt, Susanne; Harney, Eadaoin; Stewardson, Kristin; Fu, Qiaomei (June 1, 2015).
726:
742:
434:
777:
As hunter-gatherers, the EHGs initially relied on stone tools and artifacts derived from ivory, horns or antlers. From circa 5,900 BC, they started to adopt pottery in the area of the northern
2041:, p. 4/28: From Supplementary document S8: "The Samaran individual exhibits high probabilities of being blue-eyed (0.88), light hair shade (0.99); most likely being blond (0.75)."
634:
3618:
3483:
1532:
Haak et al. (2015): 38–40% ANE (MA-1), 60–62% WHG (Fig S8.6). (Alternative topologies where EHG and ANE are unadmixed sister lineages, with WHG being admixed, are not rejected)
2847:
2005:
Population genomics of Mesolithic Scandinavia: Investigating early postglacial migration routes and high-latitude adaptation S8 Text. Functional variation in ancient samples.
138:(WHG). Still, the relationship between the ANE and EHG ancestral components is not yet well understood due to lack of samples that could bridge the spatiotemporal gap.
270:. The authors of the study also identified a WHG cluster and an SHG cluster, intermediate between WHG and EHG. They suggested that EHGs harbored mixed ancestry from
341:
were found to be a mix of EHG and a "Near Eastern related population". During the 3rd millennium BC, the Yamnaya people embarked on a massive expansion throughout
720:
Reconstruction of burial No. 132 of the Oleneostrovsky burial ground (Yuzhni Oleny island, Lake Onega). Exhibit of the National Museum of the Republic of Karelia.
654:
and light skin, with "intermediate frequencies of the blue-eye variants" and "high frequencies of the light-skin variants." An EHG from Karelia was determined by
993:
Feldman, Michal; Gnecchi-Ruscone, Guido A.; Lamnidis, Thiseas C.; Posth, Cosimo (2021). "Where Asia meets Europe – recent insights from ancient human genomics".
3126:
748:
232:
3364:
3246:
781:, or possibly from beyond the Ural. In barely three or four centuries, pottery spread over a distance of about 3,000 kilometers, reaching as far as the
73:
708:(ANE) ancestry is by far the main component of the Yuzhny Oleny group, and is among the highest within the rest of the Eastern Hunter-Gatherers (EHG).
3420:
3206:
290:
The formation of the EHG ancestral component is estimated to have happened 13,000–15,000 years BP. EHG associated remains belonged primarily to the
1036:
Nägele, Kathrin; Rivollat, Maite; Yu, He; Wang, Ke (2022). "Ancient genomic research - From broad strokes to nuanced reconstructions of the past".
3357:
416:
3701:
858:
3603:
3415:
765:
Adoption of pottery among East European hunter-gatherers, during the 6th millennium BC (from the first adoption circa 5900 BC in the North
420:
220:
1616:"A 23,000-year-old southern Iberian individual links human groups that lived in Western Europe before and after the Last Glacial Maximum"
955:"Patterns in the Population History of Northern Eurasia from the Mesolithic to the Early Bronze Age, Based on Craniometry and Genetics"
3686:
3593:
3376:
3352:
3275:
3052:
2392:
307:
278:
population. The high contribution from Ancient North Eurasians is also visible in a subtle affinity of the EHG to the 40,000-year-old
3638:
3565:
3347:
3342:
2575:"Ancient DNA from mastics solidifies connection between material culture and genetics of mesolithic hunter–gatherers in Scandinavia"
291:
3681:
3013:
2353:
3437:
3388:
3332:
2404:"Population genomics of Mesolithic Scandinavia: Investigating early postglacial migration routes and high-latitude adaptation"
572:
3691:
3613:
3449:
3337:
62:
3696:
3523:
2942:"Ancient human genome-wide data from a 3000-year interval in the Caucasus corresponds with eco-geographic regions Eurasia"
3628:
3598:
3583:
3533:
3199:
693:, suggesting that this allele originated in the Ancient North Eurasian population, before spreading to western Eurasia.
252:
154:
3538:
3518:
3263:
3241:
603:
3555:
3471:
3256:
686:
from Siberia dated to around 17,000 BP, is found in three Eastern Hunter-Gatherers from Samara, Motala and Ukraine
579:
333:
EHGs may have mixed with "an Armenian-like Near Eastern source", which formed the Yamnaya culture, as early as the
388:
345:, which significantly altered the genetic landscape of the continent. The expansion gave rise to cultures such as
150:
3528:
3400:
3327:
3307:
3037:(2019b). "Ancient DNA, Mating Networks, and the Anatolian Split". In Serangeli, Matilde; Olander, Thomas (eds.).
2377:(2019b). "Ancient DNA, Mating Networks, and the Anatolian Split". In Serangeli, Matilde; Olander, Thomas (eds.).
3578:
3573:
3548:
3425:
3393:
3040:
Dispersals and Diversification: Linguistic and Archaeological Perspectives on the Early Stages of Indo-European
2380:
Dispersals and Diversification: Linguistic and Archaeological Perspectives on the Early Stages of Indo-European
607:
595:
205:
193:
2726:
Mathieson, Iain; Alpaslan-Roodenberg, Songül; Posth, Cosimo; Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna; et al. (March 2018).
2210:
Damgaard et al., 2018).", "Mesolithic, northern Russian Plain, Yuzhny Oleny Ostrov (Alekseyev, Gokhman, 1984)
3659:
3560:
3543:
3454:
3410:
3381:
3270:
3192:
619:
591:
502:
350:
209:
158:
135:
3459:
3442:
3405:
3295:
794:
705:
643:
411:
Scandinavia from the south, and EHGs who had later migrated into Scandinavia from the northeast along the
271:
225:
197:
127:
1686:"Bronze age Northern Eurasian genetics in the context of development of metallurgy and Siberian ancestry"
196:(CHGs) with the resulting population, almost half-EHG and half-CHG, forming the genetic cluster known as
3513:
3280:
2946:
2785:
611:
533:
319:
315:
311:
79:
Hunter-gatherers in Europe between 14 ka and 9 ka, with the main area of Eastern Hunter-Gatherers (EHG,
240:
Haak et al. (2015) identified the EHG as a distinct genetic cluster in two males only. The EHG male of
3121:
1401:
696:
Many remains of East Hunter-Gatherers dated to circa 8,100 BP (6,100 BCE) have also been excavated at
3476:
3251:
3234:
3076:
2955:
2910:
2851:
2794:
2741:
2688:
2635:
2535:
2478:
2132:
1627:
1561:
1489:
1348:
1197:
1131:
888:
799:
602:(or closely related groups), which are associated with speakers of Proto-Indo-European, the EHG-rich
575:
were found to harbor about 20% hunter-gatherer ancestry, which was intermediate between EHG and WHG.
565:
561:
557:
526:
522:
518:
514:
495:
491:
487:
467:
404:
400:
396:
381:
327:
323:
299:
267:
255:
2189:"Patterns in the population history of Northern Eurasia from the Mesolithic to the Early Bronze Age"
161:(WHG), the EHGs constituted one of the three main genetic groups in the postglacial period of early
3500:
3300:
804:
380:
for a period of 4,000 years. The Ukrainian samples belonged exclusively to the maternal haplogroup
346:
1724:
We then modeled gene flow from the lineage leading to CHB to the EEHG at 9.4% (95% CI 4.4%–14.7%).
540:
were estimated to be of 85% WHG and 15% EHG descent. The males at these sites carried exclusively
3165:
3139:
3108:
2468:
2089:
1982:
1933:
1479:
1447:
1413:
1289:
1121:
1018:
439:
376:
were found to cluster tightly together between WHG and EHG, suggesting genetic continuity in the
2518:"The Neolithic Transition in the Baltic Was Not Driven by Admixture with Early European Farmers"
330:. Geneflow from an East Asian-like source towards the EHG contributed around 9.4% (4.4%–14.7%).
17:
1186:"Pleistocene North African genomes link Near Eastern and sub-Saharan African human populations"
3488:
3464:
3369:
3290:
3285:
3157:
3100:
3092:
3048:
2983:
2928:
2879:
2838:
2820:
2767:
2714:
2661:
2608:
2561:
2504:
2441:
2388:
2318:
2300:
2261:
2243:
2166:
2148:
2081:
2073:
1974:
1925:
1884:
1866:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
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1705:
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1505:
1439:
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1364:
1281:
1263:
1221:
1213:
1165:
1147:
1053:
1010:
922:
904:
819:
582:(WSHG). WSHGs contained about 20% EHG ancestry, 73% ANE ancestry, and 6% East Asian ancestry.
549:
545:
510:
483:
479:
303:
189:
3149:
3084:
3044:
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2626:
2598:
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2551:
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2431:
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2008:
1964:
1915:
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1858:
1713:
1697:
1651:
1635:
1585:
1569:
1513:
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1423:
1372:
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1271:
1253:
1205:
1155:
1139:
1045:
1002:
966:
912:
896:
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3317:
2897:
2586:
2522:
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338:
201:
116:
97:
2204:
971:
940:
522 (7555): 207–211. doi:10.1038/nature14317. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 5048219. PMID 25731166.
3080:
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1879:
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1718:
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1377:
1352:
1336:
1276:
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1201:
1135:
892:
44:
3215:
2978:
2941:
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2833:
2815:
2780:
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2727:
2709:
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2656:
2621:
2603:
2574:
2556:
2517:
2499:
2454:
2436:
2403:
2313:
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2223:
2161:
2120:
1518:
1467:
1160:
1109:
917:
876:
814:
541:
506:
475:
471:
392:
377:
283:
263:
248:
120:
2455:"Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe"
2013:
1468:"Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe"
1185:
1110:"Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe"
3675:
2893:"Extensive Farming in Estonia Started through a Sex-Biased Migration from the Steppe"
1986:
1937:
1685:
1293:
1022:
954:
683:
639:
454:
EHGs, like SHGs and Baltic hunter-gatherers, carried high frequencies of the derived
361:
357:
295:
275:
241:
50:
Artifacts and forensic reconstruction of an eastern hunter-gatherer from the site of
3169:
2281:"The transmission of pottery technology among prehistoric European hunter-gatherers"
2224:"The transmission of pottery technology among prehistoric European hunter-gatherers"
2093:
1451:
3229:
3112:
2408:
733:
697:
415:
coast. SHGs displayed higher frequences of genetic variants that cause light skin (
368:
were a mix of WHG and EHG, showing the closest affinity with WHG. Samples from the
279:
245:
51:
1006:
751:
depicting 5 skiers and a reindeer. These petroglyphs date to 7,000~6,000 years BP.
3038:
2426:
2378:
769:-or possibly from beyond the Ural area-, to final diffusion circa 5500 BC in the
1847:"The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and Europe"
1242:"The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and Europe"
778:
766:
2968:
2806:
2296:
2239:
2144:
2106:
1744:
1701:
1639:
1573:
1360:
900:
3153:
3064:
2923:
2906:
2892:
2594:
2547:
2531:
1427:
782:
770:
701:
671:
651:
459:
365:
334:
185:
174:
142:
113:
3096:
2304:
2247:
2152:
2077:
2053:
1870:
1709:
1647:
1581:
1509:
1435:
1368:
1267:
1217:
1151:
908:
877:"Palaeogenomics of Upper Palaeolithic to Neolithic European hunter-gatherers"
2865:
1862:
1258:
1209:
424:
373:
181:
3161:
3104:
2987:
2932:
2883:
2824:
2771:
2718:
2665:
2612:
2565:
2508:
2445:
2322:
2265:
2170:
2085:
1978:
1929:
1888:
1665:
1599:
1527:
1443:
1386:
1285:
1225:
1169:
1057:
1014:
926:
3009:"Archaeology, Genetics, and Language in the Steppes: A Comment on Bomhard"
2349:"Archaeology, Genetics, and Language in the Steppes: A Comment on Bomhard"
3135:
809:
162:
3088:
2753:
2700:
2647:
2490:
2119:
Mittnik, Alissa; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Pfrengle, Saskia (January 30, 2018).
1501:
1143:
590:
The EHG have been argued by some to represent a possible source for the
384:, which is found in around 80% of all European hunter-gatherer samples.
2069:
1049:
675:
537:
455:
369:
259:
236:
Genetically, the EHG (red) were most closely related to the ANE (pink).
170:
131:
2622:"Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East"
2054:"Genetic determinants of hair, eye and skin pigmentation in Europeans"
1969:
1952:
1920:
1903:
141:
During the Mesolithic, the EHGs inhabited an area stretching from the
663:
412:
342:
166:
3008:
2348:
2188:
638:
The mutation for blond hair is thought to have originated among the
165:
Europe. The border between WHGs and EHGs ran roughly from the lower
3144:
2856:
2473:
1484:
1418:
1126:
126:
The eastern hunter-gatherer genetic profile is mainly derived from
760:
679:
633:
553:
438:
Residual genetic ancestry of European hunter-gatherers during the
433:
231:
219:
146:
3184:
1337:"The selection landscape and genetic legacy of ancient Eurasians"
395:. The four samples of mtDNA extracted constituted two samples of
2417:
428:
3188:
732:
Artifacts and reconstruction of Eastern Hunter-Gatherers from
2834:"The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia"
2675:"Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians"
578:
Narasimshan et al. (2019) coined a new ancestral component,
224:
Schematic formation of the EHGs, through a main ancestry of
200:(WSH). WSH populations closely related to the people of the
85:). Individual numbers correspond to calibrated sample dates.
2279:
Dolbunova, Ekaterina; Lucquin, Alexandre (February 2023).
2222:
Dolbunova, Ekaterina; Lucquin, Alexandre (February 2023).
3122:"The evolutionary history of human populations in Europe"
1402:"The evolutionary history of human populations in Europe"
622:
were initially spoken by EHGs living in Eastern Europe.
1779:
1777:
875:
Posth, Cosimo; Yu, He; Ghalichi, Ayshin (March 2023).
27:
Archaeogenetic name for an ancestral genetic component
1550:"Population genomics of post-glacial western Eurasia"
349:, and was possibly the source of the distribution of
134:, with a secondary and smaller admixture of European
959:
Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia
486:). Mitochondrial DNA belonged almost exclusively to
112:, is a distinct ancestral component that represents
3499:
3316:
3222:
2848:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
1317:
1315:
2193:Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia
2781:"The genetic prehistory of the Baltic Sea region"
2121:"The genetic prehistory of the Baltic Sea region"
1902:Hanel, Andrea; Carlberg, Carsten (July 3, 2020).
262:(dated to ca. 5500-5000 BC) carried Y-haplogroup
626:components and historical language dispersals.
458:for SLC24A5 and SLC45A2, which are codings for
3200:
3127:Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
2832:Narasimhan, Vagheesh M. (September 6, 2019).
1999:
1997:
1406:Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
586:Possible association with Early Indo-European
192:EHGs on the Pontic–Caspian steppe mixed with
169:, northward along the western forests of the
8:
2728:"The genomic history of southeastern Europe"
32:
3065:"Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia"
870:
868:
866:
3207:
3193:
3185:
1807:
650:The EHGs are suggested to have had mostly
532:Forty individuals from three sites of the
130:(ANE) ancestry, which was introduced from
3143:
2977:
2967:
2922:
2873:
2855:
2814:
2761:
2708:
2655:
2602:
2555:
2498:
2472:
2435:
2425:
2312:
2255:
2160:
2012:
1968:
1951:Hanel, Andrea; Carlberg, Carsten (2020).
1919:
1878:
1717:
1655:
1589:
1517:
1483:
1417:
1376:
1306:
1275:
1257:
1159:
1125:
988:
986:
970:
916:
2187:Kozintsev, Alexander (January 1, 2021).
1831:
1819:
1094:
1070:
948:
946:
2038:
2026:
1795:
1783:
1082:
851:
831:
710:
655:
501:A large number of individuals from the
228:(ANE), and a smaller admixture of WHGs
1953:"Skin Colour and Vitamin D: An update"
1904:"Skin colour and vitamin D: An update"
482:haplotypes (particularly subclades of
470:haplotypes (particularly subclades of
31:
2940:Wang, Chuan-Chao (February 4, 2019).
2673:Mathieson, Iain (November 23, 2015).
2516:Jones, Eppie R. (February 20, 2017).
2402:GĂĽnther, Thorsten (January 1, 2018).
2182:
2180:
1756:
1542:
1540:
1400:Lazaridis, Iosif (December 1, 2018).
646:(ANE) cline of south-central Siberia.
7:
2205:10.17746/1563-0110.2021.49.4.140-151
1768:
1321:
972:10.17746/1563-0110.2021.49.4.140-151
953:Kozintsev, A. G. (January 4, 2022).
678:synthesis, which is associated with
513:. The mtDNA belonged exclusively to
244:(dated to ca. 5650–5550 BC) carried
2779:Mittnik, Alisa (January 30, 2018).
1671:contributed substantially to EHG55.
1038:Journal of Anthropological Sciences
212:throughout large parts of Eurasia.
204:are supposed to have embarked on a
3276:Blood type distribution by country
3120:Lazaridis, Iosif (December 2018).
2620:Lazaridis, Iosif (July 25, 2016).
2573:Kashuba, Natalija (May 15, 2019).
859:National Museum of Karelia exhibit
337:(5200-4000 BC). The people of the
25:
2014:10.1371/journal.pbio.2003703.s013
3654:
3653:
3014:Journal of Indo-European Studies
2453:Haak, Wolfgang (June 11, 2015).
2354:Journal of Indo-European Studies
741:
725:
713:
592:Pre-Proto-Indo-European language
258:. The other EHG male, buried in
110:eastern European hunter-gatherer
72:
43:
18:Eastern European Hunter-Gatherer
80:
1620:Nature Ecology & Evolution
442:, between 7.5 ka and 5 ka BP (
1:
3702:Mesolithic cultures of Europe
2891:Saag, Lehti (July 24, 2017).
1408:. Genetics of Human Origins.
1007:10.1080/03014460.2021.1949039
687:
604:Dnieper–Donets culture people
580:West Siberian Hunter-Gatherer
443:
356:The people of the Mesolithic
155:Scandinavian hunter-gatherers
106:east European hunter-gatherer
102:eastern hunter-gatherer (EHG)
65:. National Museum of Karelia.
55:
2427:10.1371/journal.pbio.2003703
1548:Schjellerup (January 2024).
298:, with a lower frequency of
560:(particularly subclades of
517:(particularly subclades of
490:(particularly subclades of
3718:
3257:Neanderthal genome project
2969:10.1038/s41467-018-08220-8
2807:10.1038/s41467-018-02825-9
2297:10.1038/s41562-022-01491-8
2240:10.1038/s41562-022-01491-8
2145:10.1038/s41467-018-02825-9
1702:10.1038/s42003-024-06343-x
1640:10.1038/s41559-023-01987-0
1574:10.1038/s41586-023-06865-0
1361:10.1038/s41586-023-06705-1
901:10.1038/s41586-023-05726-0
573:Cucuteni–Trypillia culture
3687:Genetic history of Europe
3649:
3154:10.1016/j.gde.2018.06.007
2924:10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.022
2595:10.1038/s42003-019-0399-1
2548:10.1016/j.cub.2016.12.060
1428:10.1016/j.gde.2018.06.007
618:, this suggests that the
308:mitochondrial chromosomes
208:leading to the spread of
194:Caucasus hunter-gatherers
37:
3394:Caucasus hunter-gatherer
1957:Experimental Dermatology
1908:Experimental Dermatology
682:hair and first found in
608:Caucasus Hunter-Gatherer
596:Father Tongue hypothesis
159:western hunter-gatherers
136:western hunter-gatherers
3682:Archaeogenetic lineages
3455:Ancient Northeast Asian
3431:Eastern hunter-gatherer
3411:Western hunter-gatherer
3382:Early Anatolian farmers
2866:10.1126/science.aat7487
2347:(Spring–Summer 2019a).
1863:10.1126/science.abm4247
1259:10.1126/science.abm4247
1210:10.1126/science.aar8380
995:Annals of Human Biology
620:Indo-European languages
503:Zvejnieki burial ground
431:), than WHGs and EHGs.
351:Indo-European languages
272:Ancient North Eurasians
226:Ancient North Eurasians
210:Indo-European languages
33:Eastern hunter-gatherer
3460:Ancient Paleo-Siberian
3443:Ancient North Eurasian
3406:Early European Farmers
3007:(Spring–Summer 2019).
2579:Communications Biology
2285:Nature Human Behaviour
2228:Nature Human Behaviour
1690:Communications Biology
795:Dnieper-Donets culture
774:
706:Ancient North Eurasian
647:
644:Ancient North Eurasian
600:Yamnaya culture people
450:
310:belonged primarily to
237:
229:
128:Ancient North Eurasian
3692:Peopling of the world
3281:Genealogical DNA test
3242:Evolutionary genetics
2947:Nature Communications
2786:Nature Communications
2125:Nature Communications
2107:Mathieson et al. 2018
1745:Mathieson et al. 2018
764:
637:
612:Early European Farmer
548:(mostly subclades of
534:Iron Gates Mesolithic
447: 5,500~3,000 BC
437:
389:Pit–Comb Ware culture
235:
223:
198:Western Steppe Herder
151:Pontic–Caspian steppe
149:and downwards to the
3697:Last Glacial Maximum
3252:Neanderthal genetics
3235:Human Genome Project
800:Comb Ceramic culture
736:island by Gerasimov.
606:show no evidence of
403:, and one sample of
188:, likely during the
173:towards the western
3635:Sub-Saharan Africa
3604:Tamils (Sri Lankan)
3501:Population genetics
3308:Genetic enhancement
3301:Surname DNA project
3089:10.1038/nature14507
3081:2015Natur.522..167A
2960:2019NatCo..10..590W
2915:2017CBio...27E2185S
2799:2018NatCo...9..442M
2754:10.1038/nature25778
2746:2018Natur.555..197M
2701:10.1038/nature16152
2693:2015Natur.528..499M
2648:10.1038/nature19310
2640:2016Natur.536..419L
2540:2017CBio...27..576J
2491:10.1038/nature14317
2483:2015Natur.522..207H
2137:2018NatCo...9..442M
1632:2023NatEE...7..597V
1566:2024Natur.625..301A
1502:10.1038/nature14317
1494:2015Natur.522..207H
1353:2024Natur.625..312I
1202:2018Sci...360..548V
1144:10.1038/nature14317
1136:2015Natur.522..207H
893:2023Natur.615..117P
805:Sredny Stog culture
749:Karelian Petroglyph
670:gene that controls
630:Physical appearance
556:belonged mostly to
52:Yuzhny Oleny island
34:
3047:. pp. 21–54.
2387:. pp. 21–54.
2070:10.1038/ng.2007.13
1857:(6609): eabm4247.
1252:(6609): eabm4247.
1050:10.4436/jass.10017
775:
648:
642:population of the
507:haplogroup R1b1a1a
451:
440:European Neolithic
387:The people of the
292:human Y-chromosome
238:
230:
3669:
3668:
3489:Ancient Beringian
3291:Race and genetics
3286:Genetic genealogy
3271:Genetic variation
3075:(7555): 167–172.
3035:Anthony, David W.
2740:(7695): 197–203.
2687:(7583): 499–503.
2634:(7617): 419–424.
2467:(7555): 207–211.
2375:Anthony, David W.
2064:(12): 1443–1452.
1970:10.1111/exd.14142
1921:10.1111/exd.14142
1834:, pp. 7, 14.
1560:(7994): 301–311.
1478:(7555): 207–211.
1347:(7994): 312–320.
1196:(6388): 548–552.
1120:(7555): 207–211.
887:(7950): 117–126.
820:Khvalynsk culture
266:and mt-haplogoup
206:massive migration
190:4th millennium BC
94:
93:
16:(Redirected from
3709:
3657:
3656:
3358:African diaspora
3348:Eastern Africa‎‎
3296:Recent evolution
3247:Human-chimp MRCA
3209:
3202:
3195:
3186:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3147:
3116:
3058:
3030:
3028:
3026:
2991:
2981:
2971:
2936:
2926:
2887:
2877:
2859:
2828:
2818:
2775:
2765:
2722:
2712:
2669:
2659:
2616:
2606:
2569:
2559:
2512:
2502:
2476:
2449:
2439:
2429:
2398:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2331:
2330:
2316:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2259:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2184:
2175:
2174:
2164:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2001:
1992:
1990:
1972:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1923:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1882:
1841:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1659:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1593:
1544:
1535:
1534:
1521:
1487:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1421:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1380:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1279:
1261:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1163:
1129:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1044:(100): 193–230.
1033:
1027:
1026:
990:
981:
980:
974:
950:
941:
937:
931:
930:
920:
872:
861:
856:
840:
836:
757:Material culture
745:
729:
717:
692:
691: 10,000 BP
689:
674:development and
616:David W. Anthony
448:
445:
399:, one sample of
117:hunter-gatherers
84:
83:
76:
60:
57:
47:
35:
21:
3717:
3716:
3712:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3672:
3671:
3670:
3665:
3645:
3625:Southeast Asia
3503:
3495:
3353:Southern Africa
3320:
3318:Genetic history
3312:
3218:
3213:
3183:
3174:
3172:
3119:
3061:
3055:
3033:
3024:
3022:
3003:
2999:
2997:Further reading
2994:
2939:
2898:Current Biology
2890:
2831:
2778:
2725:
2672:
2619:
2587:Nature Research
2572:
2523:Current Biology
2515:
2452:
2401:
2395:
2373:
2364:
2362:
2343:
2339:
2334:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2186:
2185:
2178:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2105:
2101:
2058:Nature Genetics
2050:
2049:
2045:
2037:
2033:
2025:
2021:
2003:
2002:
1995:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1830:
1826:
1818:
1814:
1808:Narasimhan 2019
1806:
1802:
1794:
1790:
1782:
1775:
1767:
1763:
1755:
1751:
1743:
1730:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1546:
1545:
1538:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1320:
1313:
1305:
1301:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1093:
1089:
1081:
1077:
1069:
1065:
1035:
1034:
1030:
992:
991:
984:
952:
951:
944:
938:
934:
874:
873:
864:
857:
853:
849:
844:
843:
837:
833:
828:
791:
759:
752:
746:
737:
730:
721:
718:
690:
662:The rs12821256
632:
588:
446:
372:Mesolithic and
364:of the eastern
339:Yamnaya culture
218:
202:Yamnaya culture
98:archaeogenetics
90:
89:
88:
87:
86:
81:
77:
68:
67:
66:
63:M. M. Gerasimov
59: 8,100 BP
58:
48:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3715:
3713:
3705:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3674:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3633:
3632:
3631:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3507:
3505:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3491:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3472:Southeast Asia
3469:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3386:
3385:
3384:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3343:Central Africa
3340:
3335:
3324:
3322:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3249:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3219:
3216:Human genetics
3214:
3212:
3211:
3204:
3197:
3189:
3182:
3181:
3117:
3059:
3054:978-9004416192
3053:
3031:
3005:Anthony, David
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2937:
2888:
2857:10.1101/292581
2829:
2776:
2723:
2670:
2617:
2570:
2513:
2450:
2399:
2394:978-9004416192
2393:
2371:
2345:Anthony, David
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2291:(2): 171–183.
2271:
2234:(2): 171–183.
2214:
2199:(4): 140–151.
2176:
2111:
2099:
2043:
2031:
2019:
1993:
1963:(9): 864–875.
1943:
1914:(9): 864–875.
1894:
1836:
1824:
1812:
1800:
1788:
1773:
1761:
1749:
1728:
1675:
1626:(4): 597–609.
1605:
1536:
1457:
1392:
1326:
1311:
1307:Lazaridis 2016
1299:
1231:
1175:
1099:
1087:
1075:
1063:
1028:
1001:(3): 191–202.
982:
942:
932:
862:
850:
848:
845:
842:
841:
830:
829:
827:
824:
823:
822:
817:
815:Samara culture
812:
807:
802:
797:
790:
787:
758:
755:
754:
753:
747:
740:
738:
731:
724:
722:
719:
712:
659:blond-haired.
656:GĂĽnther (2018)
631:
628:
598:). Unlike the
587:
584:
571:People of the
552:) haplotypes.
378:Dnieper Rapids
284:Northern China
217:
214:
121:Eastern Europe
92:
91:
78:
71:
70:
69:
49:
42:
41:
40:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3714:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3662:
3661:
3652:
3651:
3648:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3482:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3470:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3448:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3436:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3416:British Isles
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3387:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3375:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3363:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3338:West Africa‎‎
3336:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3309:
3306:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3269:
3265:
3262:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3240:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3210:
3205:
3203:
3198:
3196:
3191:
3190:
3187:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3060:
3056:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3032:
3020:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3006:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2989:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2909:: 2185–2193.
2908:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
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2580:
2576:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2549:
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2525:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2488:
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2480:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2461:
2456:
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2433:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2400:
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2390:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2372:
2360:
2356:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2329:
2324:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2302:
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2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2275:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2131:(1): Fig. 1.
2130:
2126:
2122:
2115:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1947:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1898:
1895:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1832:Anthony 2019a
1828:
1825:
1822:, p. 14.
1821:
1820:Anthony 2019a
1816:
1813:
1809:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1609:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1461:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1396:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1235:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1179:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1103:
1100:
1097:, p. 28.
1096:
1095:Anthony 2019b
1091:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1076:
1073:, p. 27.
1072:
1071:Anthony 2019b
1067:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1032:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
989:
987:
983:
979:
973:
968:
964:
960:
956:
949:
947:
943:
936:
933:
928:
924:
919:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
871:
869:
867:
863:
860:
855:
852:
846:
839:Switzerland."
835:
832:
825:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
792:
788:
786:
784:
780:
772:
768:
763:
756:
750:
744:
739:
735:
728:
723:
716:
711:
709:
707:
703:
699:
694:
685:
684:an individual
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
660:
657:
653:
645:
641:
640:Afontova Gora
636:
629:
627:
623:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
585:
583:
581:
576:
574:
569:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
530:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
463:
461:
457:
441:
436:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
362:Narva culture
359:
358:Kunda culture
354:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
331:
329:
325:
322:, as well as
321:
317:
313:
312:haplogroup U2
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
288:
285:
281:
277:
276:Epigravettian
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
254:
253:mt-haplogroup
250:
247:
243:
234:
227:
222:
215:
213:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
178:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
153:. Along with
152:
148:
144:
139:
137:
133:
129:
124:
122:
118:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
75:
64:
53:
46:
36:
30:
19:
3658:
3556:Azerbaijanis
3438:Central Asia
3430:
3333:North Africa
3230:Human genome
3173:. Retrieved
3131:
3125:
3072:
3068:
3039:
3023:. Retrieved
3018:
3012:
2951:
2945:
2902:
2896:
2850:: eaat7487.
2843:
2837:
2790:
2784:
2737:
2731:
2684:
2678:
2631:
2625:
2582:
2578:
2527:
2521:
2464:
2458:
2420:: e2003703.
2413:
2409:PLOS Biology
2407:
2379:
2363:. Retrieved
2358:
2352:
2337:Bibliography
2326:
2288:
2284:
2274:
2231:
2227:
2217:
2208:
2196:
2192:
2128:
2124:
2114:
2102:
2061:
2057:
2046:
2039:GĂĽnther 2018
2034:
2027:GĂĽnther 2018
2022:
2004:
1960:
1956:
1946:
1911:
1907:
1897:
1854:
1850:
1839:
1827:
1815:
1803:
1796:Mittnik 2018
1791:
1784:GĂĽnther 2018
1764:
1752:
1723:
1693:
1689:
1678:
1669:
1623:
1619:
1608:
1557:
1553:
1531:
1475:
1471:
1460:
1409:
1405:
1395:
1344:
1340:
1329:
1302:
1249:
1245:
1234:
1193:
1189:
1178:
1117:
1113:
1102:
1090:
1083:Kashuba 2019
1078:
1066:
1041:
1037:
1031:
998:
994:
976:
962:
958:
935:
884:
880:
854:
834:
776:
734:Yuzhny Oleny
698:Yuzhny Oleny
695:
661:
649:
624:
589:
577:
570:
531:
515:haplogroup U
500:
464:
452:
409:
386:
355:
332:
300:haplogroup J
294:haplogroups
289:
280:Tianyuan man
246:Y-haplogroup
239:
179:
140:
125:
109:
105:
104:, sometimes
101:
95:
29:
3614:Han Chinese
3590:South Asia
3377:Middle East
2534:: 576–582.
2328:communities
1696:(1): 1–12.
779:Caspian Sea
767:Caspian Sea
393:R1a15-YP172
353:in Europe.
347:Corded Ware
180:During the
3676:Categories
3639:Hutu/Tutsi
3610:East Asia
3524:Bulgarians
3365:South Asia
3223:Sub-topics
3145:1805.01579
3025:January 9,
2954:(1): 590.
2907:Cell Press
2793:(1): 442.
2532:Cell Press
2474:1502.02783
2365:January 9,
1757:Jones 2017
1485:1502.02783
1419:1805.01579
1127:1502.02783
965:(4): 141.
847:References
783:Baltic Sea
702:Lake Onega
700:island in
672:melanocyte
652:brown eyes
594:(see also
460:light skin
425:light eyes
335:Eneolithic
186:Eneolithic
184:and early
175:Baltic Sea
157:(SHG) and
143:Baltic Sea
114:Mesolithic
3629:Filipinos
3599:Sinhalese
3594:Gujaratis
3584:Moroccans
3579:Egyptians
3534:Romanians
3450:East Asia
3321:by region
3138:: 21–27.
3097:1476-4687
2305:2397-3374
2248:2397-3374
2153:2041-1723
2078:1546-1718
1987:220335539
1938:220335539
1871:0036-8075
1769:Saag 2017
1710:2399-3642
1648:2397-334X
1582:1476-4687
1510:1476-4687
1436:0959-437X
1412:: 21–27.
1369:1476-4687
1322:Haak 2015
1294:251843620
1268:0036-8075
1218:0036-8075
1152:1476-4687
1023:237348859
909:1476-4687
610:(CHG) or
429:OCA/Herc2
413:Norwegian
374:Neolithic
370:Ukrainian
182:Neolithic
3660:Category
3619:Japanese
3539:Russians
3519:Bosniaks
3504:by group
3477:Thailand
3389:Caucasus
3264:Timeline
3175:July 15,
3170:19158377
3162:29960127
3136:Elsevier
3105:26062507
2988:30713341
2933:28712569
2884:31488661
2846:(6457).
2825:29382937
2772:29466330
2719:26595274
2666:27459054
2613:31123709
2566:28162894
2509:25731166
2446:29315301
2323:36550220
2266:36550220
2171:29382937
2094:19313549
2086:17952075
1979:32621306
1930:32621306
1889:36007055
1880:10064553
1719:11166947
1666:36859553
1657:10089921
1600:38200295
1591:10781627
1528:25731166
1452:19158377
1444:29960127
1387:38200293
1378:10781624
1286:36007055
1277:10064553
1226:29545507
1170:25731166
1058:36576953
1015:34459345
927:36859578
810:Deriivka
789:See also
360:and the
306:. Their
249:R1b1a1a*
216:Research
163:Holocene
3514:Basques
3510:Europe
3484:America
3113:4399103
3077:Bibcode
2979:6360191
2956:Bibcode
2911:Bibcode
2875:6822619
2852:bioRxiv
2839:Science
2816:5789860
2795:Bibcode
2763:6091220
2742:Bibcode
2710:4918750
2689:Bibcode
2657:5003663
2636:Bibcode
2604:6520363
2589:: 185.
2585:(105).
2557:5321670
2536:Bibcode
2500:5048219
2479:Bibcode
2437:5760011
2314:9957732
2257:9957732
2162:5789860
2133:Bibcode
1851:Science
1628:Bibcode
1562:Bibcode
1519:5048219
1490:Bibcode
1349:Bibcode
1246:Science
1198:Bibcode
1190:Science
1184:2018).
1161:5048219
1132:Bibcode
918:9977688
889:Bibcode
676:melanin
666:of the
538:Balkans
536:in the
456:alleles
423:), and
421:SLC24A5
417:SLC45A2
260:Karelia
171:Dnieper
145:to the
132:Siberia
82:
54:(dated
3529:Croats
3421:Iberia
3401:Europe
3328:Africa
3168:
3160:
3111:
3103:
3095:
3069:Nature
3051:
2986:
2976:
2931:
2905:(14).
2882:
2872:
2854:
2823:
2813:
2770:
2760:
2733:Nature
2717:
2707:
2680:Nature
2664:
2654:
2627:Nature
2611:
2601:
2564:
2554:
2507:
2497:
2460:Nature
2444:
2434:
2391:
2321:
2311:
2303:
2264:
2254:
2246:
2169:
2159:
2151:
2092:
2084:
2076:
1985:
1977:
1936:
1928:
1887:
1877:
1869:
1716:
1708:
1664:
1654:
1646:
1598:
1588:
1580:
1554:Nature
1526:
1516:
1508:
1472:Nature
1450:
1442:
1434:
1385:
1375:
1367:
1341:Nature
1292:
1284:
1274:
1266:
1224:
1216:
1168:
1158:
1150:
1114:Nature
1056:
1021:
1013:
925:
915:
907:
881:Nature
771:Baltic
704:. The
664:allele
478:) and
397:U5b1d1
366:Baltic
343:Europe
242:Samara
167:Danube
61:), by
3574:Arabs
3570:MENA
3566:Turks
3549:Serbs
3465:China
3426:Italy
3370:India
3166:S2CID
3140:arXiv
3109:S2CID
3045:BRILL
3021:(1–2)
2530:(4).
2469:arXiv
2416:(1).
2385:BRILL
2361:(1–2)
2090:S2CID
1983:S2CID
1934:S2CID
1480:arXiv
1448:S2CID
1414:arXiv
1290:S2CID
1122:arXiv
1019:S2CID
826:Notes
680:blond
668:KITLG
554:mtDNA
542:R1b1a
401:U5a2d
282:from
256:U5a1d
147:Urals
3561:Jews
3544:Sami
3177:2020
3158:PMID
3101:PMID
3093:ISSN
3049:ISBN
3027:2020
2984:PMID
2929:PMID
2880:PMID
2821:PMID
2768:PMID
2715:PMID
2662:PMID
2609:PMID
2562:PMID
2505:PMID
2442:PMID
2418:PLOS
2389:ISBN
2367:2020
2319:PMID
2301:ISSN
2262:PMID
2244:ISSN
2167:PMID
2149:ISSN
2082:PMID
2074:ISSN
1975:PMID
1926:PMID
1885:PMID
1867:ISSN
1706:ISSN
1662:PMID
1644:ISSN
1596:PMID
1578:ISSN
1524:PMID
1506:ISSN
1440:PMID
1432:ISSN
1383:PMID
1365:ISSN
1282:PMID
1264:ISSN
1222:PMID
1214:ISSN
1166:PMID
1148:ISSN
1054:PMID
1011:PMID
923:PMID
905:ISSN
564:and
544:and
525:and
511:I2a1
509:and
494:and
474:and
472:R1b1
419:and
326:and
302:and
264:R1a1
251:and
3150:doi
3085:doi
3073:522
2974:PMC
2964:doi
2919:doi
2870:PMC
2862:doi
2844:365
2811:PMC
2803:doi
2758:PMC
2750:doi
2738:555
2705:PMC
2697:doi
2685:528
2652:PMC
2644:doi
2632:536
2599:PMC
2591:doi
2552:PMC
2544:doi
2495:PMC
2487:doi
2465:522
2432:PMC
2422:doi
2309:PMC
2293:doi
2252:PMC
2236:doi
2201:doi
2157:PMC
2141:doi
2066:doi
2009:doi
1965:doi
1916:doi
1875:PMC
1859:doi
1855:377
1714:PMC
1698:doi
1652:PMC
1636:doi
1586:PMC
1570:doi
1558:625
1514:PMC
1498:doi
1476:522
1424:doi
1373:PMC
1357:doi
1345:625
1272:PMC
1254:doi
1250:377
1206:doi
1194:360
1156:PMC
1140:doi
1118:522
1046:doi
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