1449:
73:
1210:, the kings of Zhou had lost almost all political and military power, as even their remaining crown land was split into two states or factions, led by rival feudal lords: West Zhou, where the capital Wangcheng was located, and East Zhou, centered at Chengzhou and Kung. King Nan of Zhou managed to preserve his weakened dynasty through diplomacy and conspiracies for fifty-nine years until his deposition and death by Qin in 256 BCE. Seven years later, West Zhou was conquered by Qin.
1236:
1148:
from neighboring countries, the king of Zhou was not able to master the country. Constantly, he would have to turn to the powerful vassals for help. The most important vassals (known later as the twelve vassals) came together in regular conferences where they decided important matters, such as military expeditions against foreign groups or against offending nobles. During these conferences one vassal ruler was sometimes declared
1081:
1173:
1147:
After moving the capital east, the Zhou royal family fell into a state of decline. Also, King Ping's popularity fell as rumors went that he had killed his father. With vassals becoming increasingly powerful, strengthening their position through defeating other rival states, and increasing invasion
1226:
with a consecutive increase in population. There were constantly fights between vassals to scramble for lands or other resources. People started using copper coins. Education was made universal for civilians. The boundaries between the nobility and the civilians subsided. A revolutionary
1778:
1429:
During this period, the Zhou royal authority over the various feudal states started to decline, as more and more dukes and marquesses obtained de facto regional autonomy, defied the king's court in Luoyi, and waged wars amongst themselves. The gradual
1448:
1140:, during which more and more dukes and marquesses obtained regional autonomy, defying the king's court in Luoyi, and waging wars amongst themselves. The second half of the Eastern Zhou dynasty, from 475 to 221 BCE, was called the
45:
1168:
assembled the vassals to strike down the threat of barbarians from the country. During the
Warring States period, many of the leading vassals' clamoring for kingship further limited the Zhou royal family's influence.
1470:, 4th-3rd century BCE. This is the earliest known representation of a cavalryman in China. The outfit is of Central Asian style, probably Scythian, and the rider with his large nose appears to be a foreigner. King
1490:. Those wars resulted in the annexation of all other contender states, completed with the Qin state's victory in 221 BCE. That meant that the Qin state became the first unified Chinese empire, known as the
2295:
1188:
for help, who killed Prince Dai and was rewarded with rule over Henei and
Yangfan. In 632 BCE, King Xiang of Zhou was forced by Duke Wen of Jin to attend the conference of vassals in Jiantu.
2259:
1583:
1136:
people invaded
Haojing, spelling the end of the Western Zhou dynasty. The first half of the Eastern Zhou dynasty, from approximately 771 to 476 BCE, was called the
2326:
2291:
989:
929:
1915:
1072: – 221 BCE), which saw the consolidation of territory and escalation of interstate warfare and administrative sophistication.
619:
2275:
1758:
919:
1218:
The dominant material for making tools had become iron by the end of the
Eastern Zhou; as such, it is considered to be the beginning of the
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2243:
2235:
1642:
961:
123:
1884:
1626:
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1227:
transformation of the society was taking place, to which the patriarchal clan system made by the Zhou
Dynasty could no longer adapt.
790:
2319:
1434:, one of the most powerful states, marked the end of the Spring and Autumn period and the beginning of the Warring States period.
2239:
2231:
544:
2464:
1527:
1046:. The Eastern Zhou was characterised by the weakened authority of the Zhou royal house. It is subdivided into two parts: the
982:
934:
2529:
2271:
1596:"...Eastern Zhou period (770 BCE–256 BCE)" Early China - A Social and Cultural History, p. 10. Cambridge University Press.
956:
882:
817:
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1203:). Asking such a question was, at that time, a direct challenge to the power and authority of the reigning dynasty.
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1779:"Sino-Western Cultural Exchange as Seen through the Archaeology of the First Emperor's Necropolis"
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was an era in ancient
Chinese history following the Spring and Autumn period, concluding with the
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2534:
2096:
2086:
1986:
1879:
Reprinted by
University Press of the Pacific, 2002. Contains biographies of Confucius and Laozi.
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1144:, during which the King of Zhou gradually lost his power and ruled merely as a figurehead.
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2001:
1981:
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1422:, a chronicle of the state of Lu between 722 and 479 BCE, which tradition associates with
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37:"Dong Zhou" redirects here. For the warlord during the last years of the Han dynasty, see
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1474:(246–221 BCE) is known to have employed steppe cavalry men in his army, as seen in his
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Map of the Five
Hegemons during the Spring and Autumn period of Zhou Dynasty
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38:
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1132:. In the second year of his reign, he moved the capital east to Luoyi as
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1753:(1. Aufl ed.). Zürich: Neue Zürcher Zeitung. p. cat. no. 314.
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of Qi initiated a policy "Revere the king, expel the barbarians" (
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1897:
1462:
terracotta figurine from a tomb in the Taerpo cemetery near
1518:
1515:
1104:, the last king of the Western Zhou Dynasty, Crown Prince
1195:
inquired for the first time regarding the "weight of the
27:
Second half of the
Chinese Zhou dynasty (770 BCE–256 BCE)
1199:" only to be rebuffed by the Zhou minister Wangsun Man (
1862:許倬雲 著，鄒水傑 譯：《中國古代社會史論——春秋戰國時期的社會流動》（桂林：廣西師範大學出版社，2006）.
1643:"Eastern Zhou Dynasty (770 BC-221 BC) in China History"
1751:
Qin: the eternal emperor and his terracotta warriors
1038:
following the Zhou capital's relocation eastward to
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1972:
1932:
1239:Gold sword hilt, Eastern Zhou, 6-5th century BCE.
1222:in China. There was a considerable development in
30:For a state during the Warring States period, see
1821:"China and the steppe: reception and resistance"
1180:In 635 BCE, the Chaos of Prince Dai took place.
1735:"From wooden attendants to terracotta warriors"
2320:
1909:
1742:Bernisches Historisches Museum the Newsletter
983:
8:
1584:Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary
1088:In 770 BCE, the Zhou capital was moved from
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1894:
990:
976:
806:
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1257:— Ji Yuchen (770–760 BCE or 771–750 BCE)
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1079:
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1550:
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63:
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1723:
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1416:The period's name derives from the
1092:(Chang'an County in Xi'an City) to
1084:Map of major states in Eastern Zhou
1034:comprising the latter half of the
25:
1621:. China Books & Periodicals.
1744:. No. 65. p. 2, Fig.4.
1733:Khayutina, Maria (Autumn 2013).
1511:
1164:). Adopting and adhering to it,
71:
1876:. Hong Kong: Commercial Press.
1108:was proclaimed the new king by
1819:Rawson, Jessica (April 2017).
1540:
1531:
1157:
930:Science and technology history
1:
2260:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms
1066:
1051:
1030:771 – 256 BC) is a period in
300:
259:
235:
212:
188:
129:
1777:Duan Qingbo (January 2023).
1710:"The British Museum Images"
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1786:Journal of Chinese History
1677:World History Encyclopedia
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1409:
1293:— Ji Renchen (618–613 BCE)
36:
29:
2209:
1963:
1874:Records of the Historians
1749:Khayutina, Maria (2013).
1619:Records of the Historians
1317:— Ji Xiexin (571–545 BCE)
1200:
804:
726:
606:
539:
469:
343:
1419:Spring and Autumn Annals
1412:Spring and Autumn period
1406:Spring and Autumn period
1287:— Ji Zheng (651–619 BCE)
1251:— Ji Yijiu (772–720 BCE)
1138:Spring and Autumn period
1048:Spring and Autumn period
1395:— Ji Ding (320–315 BCE)
1389:— Ji Bian (368–321 BCE)
1377:— Ji Jiao (401–376 BCE)
1281:— Ji Lang (676–652 BCE)
1275:— Ji Huqi (681–677 BCE)
48:The Eastern Zhou period
2336:Ancient Chinese states
1479:
1401:— Ji Yan (314–256 BCE)
1365:— Ji Wei (440–426 BCE)
1347:— Ji Jie (468–441 BCE)
1341:— Ji Ren (476–469 BCE)
1335:— Ji Gai (519–477 BCE)
1323:— Ji Gui (544–520 BCE)
1299:— Ji Ban (612–607 BCE)
1269:— Ji Tuo (696–682 BCE)
1263:— Ji Lin (719–697 BCE)
1244:
1177:
1085:
49:
1837:10.15184/aqy.2016.276
1714:British Museum Images
1617:Chien, Szuma (1979).
1484:Warring States period
1451:
1444:Warring States period
1438:Warring States period
1393:King Shenjing of Zhou
1383:— Ji Xi (375–369 BCE)
1371:— Ji Wu (425–402 BCE)
1345:King Zhending of Zhou
1311:— Ji Yi (585–572 BCE)
1305:— Ji Yu (606–586 BCE)
1238:
1197:Nine Tripod Cauldrons
1175:
1142:Warring States period
1100:.. With the death of
1083:
1063:Warring States period
795:(mainland, 1912–1949)
47:
1647:www.warriortours.com
1488:Qin wars of conquest
1124:and the Marquess of
32:Eastern Zhou (state)
18:Eastern Zhou dynasty
1798:10.1017/jch.2022.25
1792:(1): 26 Fig.1, 27.
1369:King Weilie of Zhou
1353:— Ji Quji (441 BCE)
1329:— Ji Meng (520 BCE)
1267:King Zhuang of Zhou
1112:from the states of
1096:, near present-day
1059: 481 BCE
1042:, near present-day
1480:
1359:— Ji Shu (441 BCE)
1297:King Kuang of Zhou
1285:King Xiang of Zhou
1245:
1193:King Zhuang of Chu
1182:King Xiang of Zhou
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1086:
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547:Southern dynasties
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374:Chu–Han Contention
366:(206 BCE – 220 CE)
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1760:978-3-038-23838-6
1455:Taerpo horserider
1387:King Xian of Zhou
1339:King Yuan of Zhou
1333:King Jing of Zhou
1321:King Jing of Zhou
1315:King Ling of Zhou
1309:King Jian of Zhou
1303:King Ding of Zhou
1291:King Qing of Zhou
1261:King Huan of Zhou
1249:King Ping of Zhou
1130:King Ping of Zhou
1000:
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957:Transport history
883:Education history
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818:People's Republic
791:Republic of China
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159:Liao civilization
16:(Redirected from
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1327:King Dao of Zhou
1279:King Hui of Zhou
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1208:King Nan of Zhou
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1166:Duke Huan of Qi
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925:Naval history
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908:Music history
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903:Media history
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842:1949–present)
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657:Southern Song
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378:(206–202 BCE)
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353:(221–207 BCE)
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346:
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318:(475–221 BCE)
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291:(771–256 BCE)
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284:
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40:
33:
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2872:Zhou dynasty
2817:Western Zhou
2792:Eastern Zhou
2770:Minor states
2723:Seven states
2438:Minor states
2352:Major states
2344:Zhou dynasty
2248:N. Dynasties
2244:S. Dynasties
2193:Eastern Zhou
2191:Remnants at
2054:Eastern Zhou
2053:
2031:
1974:Western Zhou
1926:Zhou dynasty
1873:
1831:(356): 386.
1828:
1824:
1814:
1789:
1785:
1772:
1750:
1741:
1713:
1704:
1692:
1681:. Retrieved
1675:
1666:
1655:. Retrieved
1651:the original
1646:
1637:
1618:
1592:
1582:
1574:
1549:
1539:
1506:
1481:
1472:Zheng of Qin
1453:
1428:
1417:
1415:
1217:
1205:
1190:
1179:
1146:
1128:. He became
1087:
1036:Zhou dynasty
1023:
1015:
1004:Eastern Zhou
1003:
1001:
898:LGBT history
834:
816:
789:
756:
743:
730:
700:
687:
674:
655:
645:
633:
622:Ten Kingdoms
618:
571:
558:
545:Northern and
543:
513:
491:
481:
449:
439:
433:
427:
421:(220–280 CE)
415:
402:
392:
382:
372:
360:
347:
287:Eastern Zhou
286:
285:
277:Western Zhou
275:
252:
228:
205:
181:
157:
151:
145:
122:
112:
2877:Rump states
2485:Western Guo
2480:Eastern Guo
2240:16 Kingdoms
1870:Gladys Yang
1492:Qin dynasty
1224:agriculture
945:Discoveries
940:Cartography
935:Archaeology
873:Art history
762:(1644–1912)
749:(1368–1644)
736:(1271–1368)
706:(1115–1234)
693:(1038–1227)
689:Western Xia
661:(1127–1279)
493:Eastern Jin
483:Western Jin
408:(25–220 CE)
404:Eastern Han
384:Western Han
263: 1046
243: 1046
239: 1250
216: 1600
192: 2070
133: 8500
114:Paleolithic
105:Prehistoric
2866:Categories
2232:3 Kingdoms
1683:2017-04-07
1657:2017-04-07
1561:References
1546:Wade–Giles
1184:turned to
1154:Guan Zhong
1110:the nobles
1070: 481
1057: – c.
1055: 771
1020:Wade–Giles
950:Inventions
680:(916–1125)
651:(960–1127)
639:(960–1279)
306: – c.
304: 770
265: – c.
241: – c.
230:Late Shang
218: – c.
194: – c.
135: – c.
2842:Zhongshan
2690:Zhongshan
1845:165092308
1825:Antiquity
1806:251690411
1697:Ray Huang
1566:Citations
1551:Tung-chou
1424:Confucius
1162:Sonnō jōi
1094:Chengzhou
1040:Chengzhou
1024:Tung Chou
626:(907–979)
587:(690–705)
577:(618–907)
564:(581–618)
551:(420–589)
519:(304–439)
497:(317–420)
487:(266–316)
455:(266–420)
398:(9–23 CE)
124:Neolithic
88:Dynasties
39:Dong Zhuo
2505:Han (SE)
2500:Han (NW)
2177:Shenjing
2137:Zhending
1872:(1974),
1699:：《中国大历史》
1541:Dōngzhōu
1464:Xianyang
1220:Iron Age
1214:Politics
1191:In 606,
1134:Quanrong
1016:Dōngzhōu
913:Timeline
840:(Taiwan,
820:of China
334:Imperial
83:Timeline
57:a series
55:Part of
2695:Zhoulai
2685:Zhongli
1856:Sources
1528:Chinese
1468:Shaanxi
1150:hegemon
1098:Luoyang
1090:Haojing
1076:History
1044:Luoyang
1008:Chinese
584:Wu Zhou
174:Ancient
153:Yangtze
2272:W. Xia
2157:Weilie
2072:Zhuang
1883:
1843:
1804:
1757:
1625:
1579:"Zhou"
1548::
1538::
1536:pinyin
1530::
1160:, see
1012:pinyin
1010:: 东周;
782:Modern
438:, and
156:, and
147:Yellow
59:on the
2837:Zheng
2550:Liang
2515:Huang
2495:Guzhu
2490:Gumie
2429:Zheng
2216:Shang
2097:Kuang
2087:Xiang
1987:Cheng
1841:S2CID
1802:S2CID
1782:(PDF)
1738:(PDF)
1498:Notes
1231:Kings
1114:Zheng
1106:Yijiu
207:Shang
2827:Yiqu
2812:Teng
2807:Song
2761:Zhao
2680:Zeng
2670:Yiqu
2665:Ying
2660:Yang
2645:Xing
2640:Xian
2630:Teng
2625:Tang
2610:Shěn
2605:Shēn
2590:Quan
2575:Peng
2555:Liao
2470:Deng
2455:Chao
2404:Song
2369:Chen
2288:Qing
2284:Ming
2280:Yuan
2268:Song
2264:Liao
2256:Tang
2220:Zhou
2172:Xian
2132:Yuan
2127:Jìng
2117:Jĭng
2112:Ling
2107:Jian
2102:Ding
2092:Qing
2067:Huan
2062:Ping
2039:Xuan
2017:Xiao
2007:Gong
1997:Zhao
1992:Kang
1881:ISBN
1868:and
1755:ISBN
1623:ISBN
1482:The
1458:, a
1452:The
1158:尊王攘夷
1126:Shen
1002:The
758:Qing
745:Ming
732:Yuan
676:Liao
635:Song
573:Tang
254:Zhou
245:BCE)
2847:Zou
2832:Yue
2822:Wey
2802:Shu
2787:Dai
2782:Cai
2756:Yan
2751:Wei
2746:Qin
2736:Han
2731:Chu
2700:Zou
2620:Tan
2615:Sui
2600:Ruo
2595:Rui
2565:Luo
2545:Lai
2535:Jia
2520:Huo
2510:Hua
2465:Dai
2460:Dao
2450:Bei
2424:Yue
2419:Yan
2409:Wey
2399:Shu
2394:Qin
2379:Jin
2374:Chu
2364:Cao
2359:Cai
2296:PRC
2292:ROC
2276:Jīn
2252:Sui
2236:Jìn
2228:Han
2224:Qin
2212:Xia
2201:Hui
2182:Nan
2167:Lie
2152:Kao
2122:Dao
2082:Hui
2044:You
2012:Yih
1952:Wen
1942:Tai
1833:doi
1794:doi
1466:in
1460:Qin
1201:王孫滿
1122:Qin
702:Jin
560:Sui
451:Jin
435:Shu
429:Wei
394:Xin
362:Han
349:Qin
183:Xia
2868::
2797:Lu
2777:Ba
2741:Qi
2675:Yu
2655:Xǔ
2650:Xu
2635:Xi
2585:Qǐ
2580:Pi
2570:Na
2560:Lü
2540:Ju
2530:Ji
2525:Ji
2445:Ba
2414:Wu
2389:Qi
2384:Lu
2294:/
2290:→
2286:→
2282:→
2278:→
2274:/
2270:/
2266:/
2262:→
2258:→
2254:→
2250:→
2246:/
2242:→
2238:/
2234:→
2230:→
2226:→
2222:→
2218:→
2214:→
2162:An
2147:Si
2142:Ai
2077:Xi
2027:Li
2022:Yi
2002:Mu
1982:Wu
1957:Wu
1947:Ji
1839:.
1829:91
1827:.
1823:.
1800:.
1788:.
1784:.
1740:.
1722:^
1712:.
1674:.
1645:.
1601:^
1581:.
1544:;
1534:;
1532:東周
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