Headphones - Knowledge (XXG)

1855: 1747: 748:

used more commonly today as they provide higher levels of interaural attenuation, introduce less variability when testing 6,000 and 8,000 Hz, and avoid testing issues resulting from collapsed ear canals. A commonly used model of insert earphone is the Etymotic Research ER-3A. Circum-aural earphones are also used to establish hearing thresholds in the extended high frequency range (8,000 Hz to 20,000 kHz). Along with Etymotic Research ER-2A insert earphones, the Sennheiser HDA300 and Koss HV/1A circum-aural earphones are the only models that have reference equivalent threshold sound pressure level values for the extended high frequency range as described by

1708:

Pioneer, their two models used a flat sheet of film that limited the maximum volume of air movement. Currently, TakeT produces a piezoelectric film headphone shaped similarly to an AMT transducer but, which like the Precide driver, has a variation in the size of transducer folds over the diaphragm. It additionally incorporates a two way design by its inclusion of a dedicated tweeter/supertweeter panel. The folded shape of a diaphragm allows a transducer with a larger surface area to fit within smaller space constraints. This increases the total volume of air that can be moved on each excursion of the transducer given that radiating area.

1881:, especially in loud places such as subway stations, aircraft, and large crowds. Extended periods of exposure to high sound pressure levels created by headphones at high volume settings may be damaging to hearing; Nearly 50% of teenagers and young adults (12 to 35 years old) in middle and high income countries listen to unsafe levels of sound on their personal audio devices and smartphones. However, one hearing expert found in 2012 (before the worldwide adoption of smartphones as the main personal listening devices) that "fewer than 5% of users select volume levels and listen frequently enough to risk hearing loss." 1572:

Original electrets were also typically cheaper and lower in technical capability and fidelity than electrostatics. Patent applications from 2009 to 2013 have been approved that show by using different materials, i.e. a "Fluorinated cyclic olefin electret film", Frequency response chart readings can reach 50 kHz at 100 db. When these new improved electrets are combined with a traditional dome headphone driver, headphones can be produced that are recognised by the Japan Audio Society as worthy of joining the Hi Res Audio program. US patents 8,559,660 B2. 7,732,547 B2.7,879,446 B2.7,498,699 B2.

1360:. Headsets provide the equivalent functionality of a telephone handset with hands-free operation. Among applications for headsets, besides telephone use, are aviation, theatre or television studio intercom systems, and console or PC gaming. Headsets are made with either a single-earpiece (mono) or a double-earpiece (mono to both ears or stereo). The microphone arm of headsets is either an external microphone type where the microphone is held in front of the user's mouth, or a voicetube type where the microphone is housed in the earpiece and speech reaches it by means of a hollow tube. 396: 433: 142: 467:, with either single-ended or balanced armatures. The common single-ended type used voice coils wound around the poles of a permanent magnet, which were positioned close to a flexible steel diaphragm. The audio current through the coils varied the magnetic field of the magnet, exerting a varying force on the diaphragm, causing it to vibrate, creating sound waves. The requirement for high sensitivity meant that no damping was used, so the frequency response of the diaphragm had large peaks due to resonance, resulting in poor 1730:. Magnetostriction headphones though, are limited in their fidelity compared to conventional headphones that rely on the normal workings of the ear. Additionally, in the mid-1980s, a French company called Audio Reference tried to market the Plasmasonic plasma headphone invented by Henri Bondar. There are no known functioning examples left. Due to the small volume of air in a headphone, the plasma or ionic transducer can become a full range driver although the high temperatures and voltages needed makes them very rare. 810:, and undistorted sound, an amplifier should have an output impedance less than 1/8 that of the headphones it is driving (and ideally, as low as possible). If output impedance is large compared to the impedance of the headphones, significantly higher distortion is present. Therefore, lower impedance headphones tend to be louder and more efficient, but also demand a more capable amplifier. Higher impedance headphones are more tolerant of amplifier limitations, but produce less volume for a given output level. 1951:) recommends sound exposure not exceed 85 dB(A) over 8 hour work day as a time-weighted average. NIOSH uses the 3-dB exchange rate often referred to as "time-intensity tradeoff" which means if sound exposure level is increased by 3 decibels, the duration of exposure should be cut in half. NIOSH published several documents targeted at protecting the hearing of workers who must wear communication headsets such as call center operators, firefighters, and musicians and sound engineers. 1181: 1127:) have circular or ellipsoid earpads that encompass the ears. Because these headphones completely surround the ear, circumaural headphones can be designed to fully seal against the head to attenuate external noise. Because of their size, circumaural headphones can be heavy and there are some sets that weigh over 500 grams (1 lb). Ergonomic headband and earpad design is required to reduce discomfort resulting from weight. These are commonly used by drummers in recording. 456: 1136: 1469:

source, usually a battery, to drive their circuitry. Active noise cancelling headphones can attenuate ambient noise by 20 dB or more, but the active circuitry is mainly effective on constant sounds and at lower frequencies, rather than sharp sounds and voices. Some noise cancelling headphones are designed mainly to reduce low-frequency engine and travel noise in aircraft, trains, and automobiles, and are less effective in environments with other types of noise.

798:(typically measured at 1 kHz). Low-impedance headphones are in the range 16 to 32 ohms and high-impedance headphones are about 100-600 ohms. As the impedance of a pair of headphones increases, more voltage (at a given current) is required to drive it, and the loudness of the headphones for a given voltage decreases. In recent years, impedance of newer headphones has generally decreased to accommodate lower voltages available on battery powered 621: 1271:, ceramic and other metal alloys. Because in-ear headphones engage the ear canal, they can be prone to sliding out, and they block out much environmental noise. Lack of sound from the environment can be a problem when sound is a necessary cue for safety or other reasons, as when walking, driving, or riding near or in vehicular traffic. Some in-ear headphones utilize built-in microphones to allow some outside sound to be heard when desired. 1739: 1461:

and earbud headphones provide some passive noise isolation, but much less than the others. Typical closed-back headphones block 8 to 12 dB, and in-ears anywhere from 10 to 15 dB. Some models have been specifically designed for drummers to facilitate the drummer monitoring the recorded sound while reducing sound directly from the drums as much as possible. Such headphones claim to reduce ambient noise by around 25 dB.

4023: 346: 1429: 1490: 1369: 1346: 1453: 45: 1766:. They can also provide a level of sound fidelity greater than loudspeakers of similar cost. Part of their ability to do so comes from the lack of any need to perform room correction treatments with headphones. High-quality headphones can have an extremely flat low-frequency response down to 20 Hz within 3 dB. While a loudspeaker must use a relatively large (often 15" or 18") 1192: 1551:

that the low-midband distortion level is maintained to the top of the audible frequency band, which is generally not the case with moving coil drivers. Also, the frequency response peakiness regularly seen in the high-frequency region with moving coil drivers is absent. Well-designed electrostatic headphones can produce significantly better sound quality than other types.

1547:

a continuously changing electrical signal driving the membrane, a sound wave is generated. Electrostatic headphones are usually more expensive than moving-coil ones, and are comparatively uncommon. In addition, a special amplifier is required to amplify the signal to deflect the membrane, which often requires electrical potentials in the range of 100 to 1,000 volts.

1237: 1109: 4011: 684: 1684:

University. The as-produced CNT thin yarn earphone has a working element called CNT thin yarn thermoacoustic chip. Such a chip is composed of a layer of CNT thin yarn array supported by the silicon wafer, and periodic grooves with certain depth are made on the wafer by micro-fabrication methods to suppress the heat leakage from the CNT yarn to the substrate.

150: 452:. In 1910 he invented a prototype telephone headset due to his inability to hear sermons during Sunday service. He offered it for testing to the navy, which promptly ordered 100 of them because of their good quality. Wireless Specialty Apparatus Co., in partnership with Baldwin Radio Company, set up a manufacturing facility in Utah to fulfill orders. 4764: 1619: 1607: 1924:. The contact dermatitis would be caused by in-ear headphones that contain gold, rubber, dyes, acrylates, or methacrylates. However, there have been no studies done to prove that exposure to in-ear headphones will cause contact dermatitis, rather that there is a correlation between in-ear headphone use and contact dermatitis cases. 383:. The device created a listening system through the phone lines that allowed the customer to connect into live feeds of performances at theaters and opera houses across London. Subscribers to the service could listen to the performance through a pair of massive earphones that connected below the chin and were held by a long rod. 429:, were using two jointly head-mounted telephone receivers to hear the signal of the receiving circuit. The two head-mounted telephone receivers were called in the singular form "head telephones". By 1908 the headpiece began to be written simply as "head phones", and a year later the compound word "headphones" began to be used. 1898:

89 dB(A) for 5 hours per week and so on. Most major manufactures of smartphones now include some safety or volume limiting features and warning messaging in their devices. though such practices have received mixed response from some segments of the buying who favor the personal choice of setting their own volume levels.

1793:, there is subjective debate regarding the nature of their reproduction of stereo sound. Stereo recordings represent the position of horizontal depth cues (stereo separation) via volume and phase differences of the sound in question between the two channels. When the sounds from two speakers mix, they create the 1546:

membrane, suspended between two perforated metal plates (electrodes). The electrical sound signal is applied to the electrodes creating an electrical field; depending on the polarity of this field, the diaphragm is drawn towards one of the plates. Air is forced through the perforations; combined with

1087:

On some models both audio streams are transmitted to one earphone which forwards one stream to the other earphone. On other models each earphone receives its audio stream directly from the source device. The former arrangement has the advantage of being compatible with legacy systems while the latter

1027:

standard EN 50332-1:2013 recommends that volumes above 85 dB(A) include a warning, with an absolute maximum volume (defined using 40–4,000 Hz noise) of no more than 100 dB to avoid accidental hearing damage. Using this standard, headphones with sensitivities of 90, 100 and 110 dB

502:

circuit and carried dangerous voltages. It was normally connected directly to the positive high voltage battery terminal, and the other battery terminal was securely grounded. The use of bare electrical connections meant that users could be shocked if they touched the bare headphone connections while

1659:

The design is not mechanically stable; a slight imbalance makes the armature stick to one pole of the magnet. A fairly stiff restoring force is required to hold the armature in the 'balance' position. Although this reduces its efficiency, this design can still produce more sound from less power than

1571:

driver functions along the same electromechanical means as an electrostatic driver. However, the electret driver has a permanent charge built into it, whereas electrostatics have the charge applied to the driver by an external generator. Electret and electrostatic headphones are relatively uncommon.

1671:

Today they are typically used only in in-ear headphones and hearing aids, where their high efficiency and diminutive size is a major advantage. They generally are limited at the extremes of the hearing spectrum (e.g. below 20 Hz and above 16 kHz) and require a better seal than other types

1210:, facing but not inserted in the ear canal. Earphones are portable and convenient, but many people consider them uncomfortable. They provide hardly any acoustic isolation and leave room for ambient noise to seep in; users may turn up the volume dangerously high to compensate, at the risk of causing 1154:

during the 1980s. This type of headphone generally tends to be smaller and lighter than circumaural headphones, resulting in less attenuation of outside noise. Supra-aural headphones can also lead to discomfort due to the pressure on the ear as compared to circumaural headphones that sit around the

2158:

The transmitter is placed on an upright rod at his right and the receiver is held constantly at his ear by means of a steel band passed over the head which band serves also as the magnet of the telephone He is therefore always in readiness to receive an order without the necessity of a preliminary

1631:

A balanced armature is a sound transducer design primarily intended to increase the electrical efficiency of the element by eliminating the stress on the diaphragm characteristic of many other magnetic transducer systems. As shown schematically in the left diagram, it consists of a moving magnetic

1587:

A planar magnetic driver consists of a relatively large membrane that contains an embedded wire pattern. This membrane is suspended between two sets of permanent, oppositely aligned, magnets. A current passed through the wires embedded in the membrane produces a magnetic field that reacts with the

1460:

Passive noise isolation is essentially using the body of the earphone, either over or in the ear, as a passive earplug that simply blocks out sound. The headphone types that provide most attenuation are in-ear canal headphones and closed-back headphones, both circumaural and supra aural. Open-back

805:

The impedance of headphones is of concern because of the output limitations of amplifiers. A modern pair of headphones is driven by an amplifier, with lower impedance headphones presenting a larger load. Amplifiers are not ideal; they also have some output impedance that limits the amount of power

1550:

Due to the extremely thin and light diaphragm membrane, often only a few micrometers thick, and the complete absence of moving metalwork, the frequency response of electrostatic headphones usually extends well above the audible limit of approximately 20 kHz. The high-frequency response means

747:

Supra-aural style headphones are historically the most commonly used in audiology as they are the easiest to calibrate and were considered the standard for many years. Commonly used models are the Telephonics Dynamic Headphone (TDH) 39, TDH-49, and TDH-50. In-the-ear or insert style earphones are

1468:

use a microphone, amplifier, and speaker to pick up, amplify, and play ambient noise in phase-reversed form; this to some extent cancels out unwanted noise from the environment without affecting the desired sound source, which is not picked up and reversed by the microphone. They require a power

1436:

Communication headsets are used for two-way communication and typically consist of a headphone and attached microphone. Such headsets are used in a variety of professions as aviation, military, sports, music, and many service-oriented sectors. They come in all shapes and sizes, depending on use,

1683:

The thermoacoustic effect generates sound from the audio frequency Joule heating of the conductor, an effect that is not magnetic and does not vibrate the speaker. In 2013 a carbon nanotube thin-yarn earphone based on the thermoacoustic mechanism was demonstrated by a research group in Tsinghua

1317:

They have a design that can be considered as a compromise between open-back headphones and closed-back headphones. Some believe the term "semi-open" is purely there for marketing purposes. There is no exact definition for the term semi-open headphone. Where the open-back approach has hardly any

1897:

have also set a similar limit for users of personal listening devices (80 dB(A) for no more than 40 hours per week) and for each additional increase of 3-dB in sound exposure, the duration should be cut in half (83 dB(A) for no more than 20 hours, 86 dB(A) for 10 hours per week,

1707:

headphone was marketed by ESS Laboratories and was essentially an ESS AMT tweeter from one of the company's speakers being driven at full range. Since the turn of the century, only Precide of Switzerland have manufactured an AMT headphone. Piezoelectric film headphones were first developed by

391:

at this time was also selling headpieces for telephone operators which had two earpieces, although placed outside the ear. These headpieces by Siemens Brothers looked fairly similar to modern headphones. The majority of headgear used by telephone operators continued to have only one earpiece.

1901:

The usual way of limiting sound volume on devices driving headphones is by limiting output power. This has the additional undesirable effect of being dependent of the efficiency of the headphones; a device producing the maximum allowed power may not produce adequate volume when paired with

372:. The receiver was mounted on the head by a clamp which held it next to the ear. The head mount freed the switchboard operator's hands, so that they could easily connect the wires of the telephone callers and receivers. The head-mounted telephone receiver in the singular form was called a 817:. In contrast, modern transistor amplifiers can have very low output impedance, enabling lower-impedance headphones. Unfortunately, this means that older audio amplifiers or stereos often produce poor-quality output on some modern, low-impedance headphones. In this case, an external 1282:, or foam. Such plugs in lower-end devices may be interchangeable, which increases the risk of them falling off and getting lodged in the ear canal. Custom in-ear headphones use castings of the ear canal to create custom-molded plugs that provide added comfort and noise isolation. 680:. The larger 6.35 mm connector is more common on fixed location home or professional equipment. The 3.5 mm connector remains the most widely used connector for portable application today. Adapters are available for converting between 6.35 mm and 3.5 mm devices. 998: 1652: 1318:

measure to block sound at the outer side of the diaphragm and the closed-back approach really has a closed chamber at the outer side of the diaphragm, a semi-open headphone can have a chamber to partially block sound while letting some sound through via openings or vents.

1905:

Some studies have found that people are more likely to raise volumes to unsafe levels while performing strenuous exercise. A Finnish study recommended that exercisers should set their headphone volumes to half of their normal loudness and only use them for half an hour.

1672:

of drivers to deliver their full potential. Higher-end models may employ multiple armature drivers, dividing the frequency ranges between them using a passive crossover network. A few combine an armature driver with a small moving-coil driver for increased bass output.

386:

French engineer Ernest Mercadier in 1891 patented a set of in-ear headphones. He was awarded U.S. Patent No. 454,138 for "improvements in telephone-receivers...which shall be light enough to be carried while in use on the head of the operator." The German company

3342: 846:(dB (SPL) / V). Unfortunately, both definitions are widely used, often interchangeably. As the output voltage (but not power) of a headphone amplifier is essentially constant for most common headphones, dB/mW is often more useful if converted into dB/V using 1003:

Once the sensitivity per volt is known, the maximum volume for a pair of headphones can be easily calculated from the maximum amplifier output voltage. For example, for a headphone with a sensitivity of 100 dB (SPL)/V, an amplifier with an output of 1

1517:, a light coil of wire, is suspended in the magnetic field of the magnet, attached to a diaphragm, typically fabricated from lightweight, high-stiffness-to-mass-ratio cellulose, polymer, carbon material, paper or the like. When the varying current of an 1521:

is passed through the coil, it creates a varying magnetic field that reacts against the static magnetic field, exerting a varying force on the coil causing it and the attached diaphragm to vibrate. The vibrating diaphragm pushes on the air to produce

1415:

for the microphone as well as the loudspeakers. Most models of telephone amplifiers offer volume control for loudspeaker as well as microphone, mute function and switching between headset and handset. Telephone amplifiers are powered by batteries or

774:

that is intended to mimic the transfer function of the outer ear. Because specific headphones are used in the initial audiometer calibration process, they cannot be replaced with any other set of headphones, even from the same make and model.

1632:

armature that is pivoted so it can move in the field of the permanent magnet. When precisely centered in the magnetic field there is no net force on the armature, hence the term 'balanced'. As illustrated in the right diagram, when there is

1812:. They can produce a surprisingly lifelike spatial impression through headphones. Commercial recordings almost always use stereo recording, rather than binaural, because loudspeaker listening is more common than headphone listening. 659:

while monitoring their own voice. In studio recordings, musicians and singers use headphones to play or sing along to a backing track or band. In military applications, audio signals of many varieties are monitored using headphones.

447:

in 1909. They were also makers of head receivers for telephone operators and normal telephone receivers for the home. Another early manufacturer of headphones was Nathaniel Baldwin. He was the first major supplier of headsets to the

1304:

Headphones having the back of the earcups open. This leaks more sound out of the headphone and also lets more ambient sounds into the headphone, but gives a more natural or speaker-like sound, due to including sounds from the

1410:

is different from that of the original handset, requiring a telephone amplifier for the telephone headset. A telephone amplifier provides basic pin-alignment similar to a telephone headset adaptor, but it also offers sound

829:

Sensitivity is a measure of how effectively an earpiece converts an incoming electrical signal into an audible sound. It thus indicates how loud the headphones are for a given electrical drive level. It can be measured in

1554:

Electrostatic headphones require a voltage source generating 100 V to over 1 kV, and are on the user's head. Since the invention of insulators, there is no actual danger. They do not need to deliver significant

1535: 802:-based portable electronics. This has resulted in headphones that can be more efficiently driven by battery-powered electronics. Consequently, newer amplifiers are based on designs with relatively low output impedance. 1777:

Marketed claims such as 'frequency response 4 Hz to 20 kHz' are usually overstatements; the product's response at frequencies lower than 20 Hz is typically very small. Headphones are also useful for

2423:

Listening in --. Keep the head phones on the head and at end of every sentence throw up listening key with fingers or thumb of right hand to assure yourself that the other party hears you clearly and answers

1330:

Closed-back (or sealed) styles have the back of the earcups closed. They usually block some of the ambient noise. Closed-back headphones usually can produce stronger low frequencies than open-back headphones.

545:, which is the most commonly used in portable application today, has been used at least since the Sony EFM-117J transistor radio, which was released in 1964. Its popularity was reinforced with its use on the 1797:

difference the brain uses to locate direction. Through most headphones, because the right and left channels do not combine in this manner, the illusion of the phantom center can be perceived as lost. Hard

1655:

A custom in-ear monitor which uses 8 balanced armatures in a triple crossover configuration (4 low/2 mid/2 high). Headphone designs often use multiple balanced armatures to provide a higher fidelity sound.

856: 317:, beginning in the 1980s, headphones started to be used in public places such as sidewalks, grocery stores, and public transit. Headphones are also used by people in various professional contexts, such as 1815:

It is possible to change the spatial effects of stereo sound on headphones, to better approximate the presentation of speaker reproduction, by using frequency-dependent cross-feed between the channels.

3659: 2119: 1782:

that use 3D positional audio processing algorithms, as they allow players to better judge the position of an off-screen sound source (such as the footsteps of an opponent or their gunfire).

3131: 724:, which splits the audio signal to share with another participant, but can also be used to hear audio from two inputs simultaneously. An external audio splitter can retrofit this ability. 2963: 537:. The most popular audio device in history, the transistor radio changed listening habits, allowing people to listen to radio anywhere. The earbud uses either a moving iron driver or a 1770:

to reproduce low frequencies, headphones can accurately reproduce bass and sub-bass frequencies with speaker drivers only 40-50 millimeters wide (or much smaller, as is the case with

1080:

Modern wireless or cordless earphones have no cord connecting the two earphones to the source device or to each other; they receive audio by means of a wireless technology such as

2893: 1774:

headphones). Headphones' impressive low-frequency performance is possible because they are so much closer to the ear that they only need to move relatively small volumes of air.

483:. Those used with early wireless radio had more turns of finer wire to increase sensitivity. Impedance of 1,000 to 2,000 ohms was common, which suited both crystal sets and 1028:(SPL)/V should be driven by an amplifier capable of no more than 3.162, 1.0 and 0.3162 RMS volts at maximum volume setting, respectively to reduce the risk of hearing damage. 3601: 4692: 783: 1580:

Planar magnetic (also known as orthodynamic) headphones use similar technology to electrostatic headphones, with some fundamental differences. They operate similarly to

2819: 2762: 2068: 1445:

Unwanted sound from the environment can be reduced by excluding sound from the ear by passive noise isolation, or, often in conjunction with isolation, by active

191:. Circumaural (around the ear) and supra-aural (over the ear) headphones use a band over the top of the head to hold the drivers in place. Another type, known as 2188:

Upper right image: A New York City central office in the '80s, showing "beehive" as well as early desk type switchboards, and both young women and boy operators

1020: 277:

Headphones exhibit a range of different audio reproduction quality capabilities. Headsets designed for telephone use typically cannot reproduce sound with the

3238: 3253: 744:. Specific models of headphones have been adopted as the standard due to the ease of calibration and ability to compare results between testing facilities. 4682: 2111: 3651: 2268:

Referring to the illustrations on page 251, A is the switchboard, B is the inclined shelf usually employed in upright switchboards and C is the headphone.

1909:

Other than hearing risk, there is a general danger that listening to loud music in headphones can distract the listener and lead to injury and accidents.

4818: 4272: 4062: 1039:

Headphone size can affect the balance between fidelity and portability. Generally, headphone form factors can be divided into four separate categories:

3499: 3369:

Even the flimsiest, cheap headphones routinely boast extremely low bass-response performance—15 or 20Hz—but almost always sound lightweight and bright.

1754:

etc. to headphones. Used for example to compensate a built-in volume limit in smartphones, the higher volume levels could, however, lead to ear damage.

1746: 758:

and headphones must be calibrated together. During the calibration process, the output signal from the audiometer to the headphones is measured with a

4097: 3107: 1218:, earphones have commonly been bundled with personal music devices. They are sold at times with foam or rubber pads for comfort. (The use of the term 165: 2610: 2183: 1095:, offering longer battery life and complete transmission on left and right channels, avoiding possible source signal omission if only one is worn. 695:

As active component, wireless headphones tend to be costlier due to the necessity for internal hardware such as a battery, a charging controller, a

3681:

Lichenstein, R; Smith, DC; Ambrose, JL; Moody, LA (October 2012). "Headphone use and pedestrian injury and death in the United States: 2004-2011".

2733:. Hutchison, Thomas L., Schulz, Theresa Y., Council for Accreditation in Occupational Hearing Conservation. (Fifth ed.). Milwaukee, WI. 2014. 1854: 1391:

commonly called an RJ-9 connector. Headsets are also available with 2.5 mm jack sockets for many DECT phones and other applications. Cordless

1808:

use a different microphone technique to encode direction directly as phase, with very little amplitude difference below 2 kHz, often using a

3124: 2301: 2971: 1932:

Hearing risk from headphones' use also applies to workers who must wear electronic or communication headsets as part of their daily job (i.e.,

1668:. Some of these achieved astonishing electro-acoustic conversion efficiencies, in the range of 20% to 40%, for narrow bandwidth voice signals. 207:

headphones, which typically wrap around the back of the head and rest in front of the ear canal, leaving the ear canal open. In the context of

3279:

Yang Wei; Xiaoyang Lin; Kaili Jiang; Peng Liu; Qunqing Li; Shoushan Fan (2013). "Thermoacoustic Chips with Carbon Nanotube Thin Yarn Arrays".

3014: 4743: 3386: 2795: 2738: 1882: 749: 609:. These are battery-powered receiver systems, of which the headphone is only a component. Cordless headphones are used with events such as a 2994: 2133: 3403: 2919: 1505:

element affixed to the frame of the headphone, which sets up a static magnetic field. The magnet in headphones is typically composed of

732:

Various types of specially designed headphones or earphones are also used to evaluate the status of the auditory system in the field of

2886: 993:{\displaystyle \mathrm {dB(SPL)} /\mathrm {V} =\mathrm {dB(SPL)} /\mathrm {mW} -10\cdot \log _{10}{\frac {\mathrm {Impedance} }{1000}}} 717: 2790:. Katz, Jack, Chasin, Marshall, English, Kristina M., 1951-, Hood, Linda J., Tillery, Kim L. (Seventh ed.). Philadelphia. 2015. 813:

Historically, many headphones had relatively high impedance, often over 500 ohms so they could operate well with high-impedance

4292: 3263: 2047: 380: 313:

connectivity to receive the audio signal by radio waves from source devices like cellphones and digital players. As a result of the

128: 1902:

low-efficiency, high-impedance equipment, while the same amount of power can reach dangerous levels with very efficient earphones.

3593: 1660:

any other. Popularized in the 1920s as Baldwin Mica Diaphragm radio headphones, balanced armature transducers were refined during

1015:

Pairing high-sensitivity headphones with power amplifiers can produce dangerously high volumes and damage headphones. The maximum

4107: 628: 3464: 3433: 3364: 2017: 4277: 2670: 4055: 2861: 1222:, which has been around since at least 1984, did not hit its peak until after 2001, with the success of Apple's MP3 player.) 1019:

level is a matter of preference, with some sources recommending no higher than 110 to 120 dB. In contrast, the American

66: 4803: 4462: 4087: 1543: 1501:, more commonly referred to as a "dynamic" driver is the most common type used in headphones. It consists of a stationary 395: 247: 2941: 109: 4657: 4482: 4399: 4323: 4161: 3623: 741: 2328: 2060: 81: 4677: 4092: 2437: 1990: 1910: 1640:

the armature one way or the other, causing it to rotate slightly one way or the other about the pivot thus moving the

1465: 1446: 62: 31: 3230: 3045: 1947:, etc.) and hearing damage depends on the exposure time. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ( 1068:

Wired headphones make a direct electrical connection to the source device using a cable, typically connected with a

432: 4798: 4424: 4333: 2823: 2766: 2200: 361: 141: 2686: 88: 55: 4647: 4545: 4525: 4366: 4191: 4130: 4048: 1885:

recently published "Guidelines for safe listening devices/systems" recommended that sound exposure not exceed 80

1169: 1088:

arrangement has the advantage of causing less power drain in the earphone that has to forward one audio stream.

1031:

The sensitivity of headphones is usually between about 80 and 125 dB/mW and usually measured at 1 kHz.

3636:

Airo, Erkko; J. Pekkarinen; P. Olkinuora. "Listening to music with earphones: an assessment of noise exposure,"

4768: 4738: 2375: 2289:

For the first week she does nothing but attach her headphone to an experienced operator's position and listen.

1913:

add extra risk. Several countries and states have made it illegal to wear headphones while driving or cycling.

1844: 1084:. In historical usage, 'wireless' referred to a connection to a radio receiver, which was known as a wireless. 455: 270:, to keep their hands free. Initially, the audio quality was mediocre and a step forward was the invention of 175:

to a corresponding sound. Headphones let a single user listen to an audio source privately, in contrast to a

4156: 3491: 3180: 1665: 677: 542: 414: 306: 95: 3340:, Henri Bondar, "Process and device for converting a periodic LF electric voltage into sound waves" 3099: 2640: 2333: 1704: 1696: 1214:. On the other hand, they let the user be better aware of their surroundings. Since the early days of the 663:

Wired headphones are attached to an audio source by a cable. The most common connectors are 6.35 mm (

4015: 3046:"Output Levels of Commercially Available Portable Compact Disc Players and the Potential Risk to Hearing" 2602: 4808: 4414: 4328: 2194: 1722:. This is particularly helpful in situations where the ears must be unobstructed, or for people who are 1641: 235: 3337: 2837: 2153:

Bell's Electric Speaking Telephone: Its Invention, Construction, Application, Modification, and History

655:

use a pair of headphones when talking to the microphone while the speakers are turned off to eliminate

77: 3380: 4813: 4555: 4520: 4166: 4141: 3288: 1965: 1809: 1407: 795: 703:, whereas wired headphones are a passive component, outsourcing speaker driving to the audio source. 598: 574: 472: 365: 349: 267: 3923: 3895: 3867: 1403:

workers. They are also used by anyone wishing to hold telephone conversations with both hands free.

1180: 4788: 4239: 3022: 2478: 1975: 1023:

recommends an average SPL of no more than 85 dB(A) to avoid long-term hearing loss, while the

818: 558: 464: 410: 399: 3951:

McGinnity, Siobhan; Beach, Elizabeth Francis; Cowan, Robert S. C.; Mulder, Johannes (2020-10-22).

3569: 2707: 2566: 2171: 1293:

Both circumaural and supra-aural headphones can be further differentiated by the type of earcups:

1135: 471:. These early models lacked padding, and were often uncomfortable to wear for long periods. Their 4823: 4606: 4409: 4224: 4219: 4125: 3988: 3821: 3766: 3706: 3411: 3181:"WF-1000XM3 | Help Guide | Listening to ambient sound during music playback (Ambient Sound Mode)" 3073: 2986: 2813: 2756: 2506: 2498: 2461: 1917: 1870: 1805: 1786: 1211: 636: 525:

Smaller earbud type earpieces, which plugged into the user's ear canal, were first developed for

402: 369: 243: 161: 1150:

have pads that press against the ears, rather than around them. They were commonly bundled with

345: 2172:"The Telephone Problem in the World's Largest Metropolitan Area: A Summary of Past and Present" 4793: 4477: 4361: 4338: 4199: 3980: 3972: 3813: 3805: 3758: 3750: 3698: 3617: 3304: 3259: 3065: 2801: 2791: 2744: 2734: 2574: 2525: 2416: 2397: 2379: 2280: 2255: 2234: 2151: 2043: 1675:

The earliest loudspeakers for radio receivers used balanced armature drivers for their cones.

1267:

The outer shells of in-ear headphones are made up of a variety of materials, such as plastic,

786:

may be readily applied to headphones, because most headphones are small dynamic loudspeakers.

759: 656: 620: 570: 422: 208: 179:, which emits sound into the open air for anyone nearby to hear. Headphones are also known as 172: 2927: 2356: 2215: 4652: 4591: 4550: 4457: 4434: 4404: 4249: 4209: 4079: 4071: 3964: 3931: 3903: 3875: 3847: 3797: 3742: 3690: 3296: 3057: 2490: 1878: 1859: 1711: 1633: 1556: 1542:

Electrostatic drivers consist of a thin, electrically charged diaphragm, typically a coated

1510: 1506: 1396: 1215: 1005: 771: 721: 538: 530: 388: 1738: 740:, identifying other hearing related disease, and monitoring hearing status in occupational 337:

employees. The latter two types of employees use headphones with an integrated microphone.

4626: 4601: 4586: 4487: 4472: 4447: 4176: 4171: 3390: 1960: 1799: 1727: 1719: 1340: 1151: 814: 499: 488: 439:

telephone operator head receiver, wireless operator receiver, and telephone receiver, 1909

322: 212: 204: 3156: 1588:

field of the permanent magnets to induce movement in the membrane, which produces sound.

3785: 3730: 3292: 3204: 1785:

Although modern headphones have been particularly widely sold and used for listening to

1651: 379:

By the 1890s a listening device with two earpieces was developed by the British company

102: 4662: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4571: 4389: 4384: 4120: 1980: 1941: 1933: 1894: 1828: 1771: 1767: 1700: 1257: 1231: 1069: 1024: 1016: 835: 807: 763: 716:

Wired headphones may be equipped with a non-detachable cable or a detachable auxiliary

707: 696: 648: 376:. These head-mounted phone receivers, unlike modern headphones, only had one earpiece. 318: 314: 309:

for plugging the headphones into the audio source. Some headphones are wireless, using

4022: 3468: 1428: 720:

plug, as well as some with two ports to allow connecting another wired headphone in a

4782: 4749: 4718: 4419: 4353: 4297: 4267: 4204: 4181: 4115: 3992: 3839: 3825: 3770: 3356: 3061: 2510: 2112:"It's True: Apple Will Drop Headphone Jack To Make The iPhone 7 Slimmer, Says Source" 2089: 2013: 1794: 1637: 1372: 710: 688: 515: 468: 444: 436: 426: 278: 4027: 3710: 3441: 3381:

United States Department of Labor. Occupational Safety & Health Administration.

3255:

A History of Engineering and Science in the Bell System: The early years (1875-1925)

3077: 1489: 1368: 1252:, are small headphones with similar portability to earbuds that are inserted in the 4492: 4452: 4394: 4287: 4257: 4214: 4136: 3694: 2662: 1661: 1518: 1387:

of a telephone. Headsets for standard corded telephones are fitted with a standard

1345: 737: 610: 582: 534: 526: 507: 239: 184: 3968: 3521: 1240:

In-ear monitors extend into the ear canal, providing isolation from outside noise.

847: 425:

of the wireless receiving circuit. By 1902 wireless telegraph innovators, such as

3801: 2708:"How To Use Two Or More Headphones On PC or Mac (Wired/Bluetooth) - Headphonesty" 589:

headphones are not connected to their source by a cable. Instead, they receive a

417:. Some early wireless telegraph developers chose to use the telephone receiver's 4733: 4728: 4687: 4672: 4596: 4581: 4540: 4497: 4313: 3729:

Hayakawa, Michitaro; Suzuki, Chihiro; Zhu, Yingyao; Anzai, Hidemi (April 2022).

2446:

My headphones are of the single pole type wound to the resistance of 3,000 ohms.

1985: 1944: 1937: 1832: 1824: 1581: 1498: 1452: 1400: 700: 640: 566: 495: 443:

One of the earliest companies to make headphones for wireless operators was the

418: 334: 330: 176: 44: 1692:

Transducer technologies employed much less commonly for headphones include the

1091:

Connection between the two earphones also being wireless may be referred to as

4723: 4713: 4530: 4282: 4151: 2541: 2260:

Illustrated Electrical Review: A Journal of Scientific and Electrical Progress

1890: 1779: 1751: 1693: 1523: 1514: 1478: 1417: 1380: 1357: 1350: 1191: 755: 624: 614: 578: 562: 511: 282: 216: 168: 3976: 3936: 3908: 3880: 3809: 3754: 2949: 2805: 2748: 2578: 1559:, which further limits the electrical hazard to the wearer in case of fault. 356:

Headphones grew out of the need to free up a person's hands when operating a

4343: 4262: 3786:"Allergic Contact Dermatitis to (Meth)Acrylates in Apple AirPods Headphones" 2942:"BS EN 50332 tests for headphones and earphones with portable music players" 2479:"Nathaniel Baldwin, Utah inventor and patron of the fundamentalist movement" 2287:. Vol. II. Library Publishing Company. October 1903. pp. 390–401. 1820: 1412: 1392: 1279: 1253: 1207: 1081: 767: 733: 602: 519: 476: 357: 310: 255: 231: 223: 200: 3984: 3952: 3852: 3817: 3762: 3702: 3308: 3069: 1236: 762:

to ensure that the signal is accurate to the reading on the audiometer for

4010: 2785: 2728: 2404:. Vol. 29. Electrical Age Publishing Company. July 1902. p. 181. 1399:. Headsets are widely used for telephone-intensive jobs, in particular by 1108: 683: 266:. The first headphones were developed in the late 19th century for use by 4535: 4512: 4502: 4442: 4229: 3874:. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. September 2011. 1970: 1874: 1866: 1568: 1275: 1268: 1261: 644: 594: 586: 487:

receivers. Some very sensitive headphones, such as those manufactured by

263: 251: 17: 4035: 2502: 1699:(AMT); Piezoelectric film; Ribbon planar magnetic; Magnetostriction and 149: 4631: 4376: 3731:"Allergic contact dermatitis to gold in the parts of in-ear headphones" 1921: 1886: 1790: 1763: 1759: 1758:

Headphones can prevent other people from hearing the sound, either for

1384: 1009: 831: 546: 449: 3746: 3300: 2061:"Headphones : The Ultimate buying guide - Hi-fidelity headphones" 2494: 2306:

Collection of historical scientific instruments -- Harvard University

2266:. Electrical Review Publishing Company: 251, 254. November 21, 1894. 2217:

The Telephone System of the British Post Office: A Practical Handbook

1718:, work by vibrating against the side of head, transmitting sound via 1502: 484: 3930:. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. June 2015. 3846:. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. June 1998. 2159:

call or signal and both his hands are left free to fill the orders.

1618: 1206:

Earphones are very small headphones that are fitted directly in the

597:

signal encoded using a radio or infrared transmission link, such as

409:

Modern headphones subsequently evolved out of the emerging field of

4040: 3902:. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. May 2013. 2323: 2321: 1606: 1112:

Circumaural headphones have large pads that surround the outer ear.

533:, which commercially appeared in 1954 with the introduction of the 333:

up the next song without the audience hearing, aircraft pilots and

4697: 4667: 3840:"Occupational noise exposure; criteria for a recommended standard" 2386:. Vol. 4. Telephone Publishing Corporation. pp. 279–288. 1948: 1853: 1745: 1737: 1650: 1645: 1534: 1533: 1488: 1451: 1437:

required noise attenuation, and fidelity of communication needed.

1427: 1367: 1344: 1256:

itself. IEMs are higher-quality in-ear headphones and are used by

1235: 1134: 1107: 682: 619: 606: 590: 454: 431: 394: 344: 271: 227: 148: 140: 3868:"Reducing Noise Hazards for Call & Dispatch Center Operators" 1802:

sounds are also heard only in one ear rather than from one side.

1383:

telephone system. A telephone headset functions by replacing the

806:

they can provide. To ensure an even frequency response, adequate

352:

with a single head-mounted telephone-receiver ("headphone"), 1898

4467: 2632: 1723: 1388: 843: 839: 799: 585:), as long as these devices are equipped with a headphone jack. 259: 4044: 3545: 2527:

History of Communications Electronics in the United States Navy

405:

with two head-mounted telephone-receivers, ("headphones"), 1906

4234: 480: 38: 3784:

Chan, Justin; Rabi, Sina; Adler, Brandon L. (November 2021).

1762:

or to prevent disturbing others, as in listening in a public

3522:"H.870 : Guidelines for safe listening devices/systems" 4576: 2444:. Vol. II. Modern electrics publication. p. 102. 652: 326: 2987:"An Introduction to True Wireless Stereo (TWS) Technology" 2398:"The De Forest Wireless Telegraph Station at Coney Island" 736:

for establishing hearing thresholds, medically diagnosing

3492:"Five Myths in Assessing the Effects of Noise on Hearing" 3205:"Lightspeed Aviation 30 3G Discontinued Aviation Headset" 2466:. McGraw-Hill Publishing Company. April 1909. p. 10. 1823:

benefits over traditional telephone handsets. They allow

1750:

A micro audio amplifier for boosting the output power of

199:, consists of individual units that plug into the user's 3924:"Reducing the risk of hearing disorders among musicians" 3015:"Custom-Made Headphones: Listen Up Before It's Too Late" 2355:

Preece, Sir William Henry; Stubbs, Arthur James (1893).

1726:

for reasons that do not affect the nervous apparatus of

1274:

Generic or custom-fitting ear canal plugs are made from

164:

worn on or around the head over a user's ears. They are

2683:

Description of 3.5mm earphone jack in described model:

2090:"The Ultimate Headphones Buying Guide - Audio Inspects" 1406:

For older models of telephones, the headset microphone

494:

In early powered radios, the headphone was part of the

222:

Headphones connect to a signal source such as an audio

842:(dB (SPL)/mW) or decibels of sound pressure level per 491:

around 1919, were commonly used for early radio work.

3130:. The Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents. 1877:. The headphone volume often has to compete with the 859: 285:. Headphones that use cables typically have either a 2838:"ANSI/ASA S3.6-2018 - Specification for Audiometers" 2530:. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 148–149. 1612:

Armature balanced and exerting no force on diaphragm

4706: 4640: 4564: 4511: 4433: 4375: 4352: 4306: 4248: 4190: 4106: 4078: 3957:

Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health

3594:"Can Loud Noise during Exercise Damage my Hearing?" 2380:"Review of wireless telegraph engineering practice" 1920:due to exposure to in-ear headphones such as Apple 281:of expensive units designed for music listening by 69:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3953:"The hearing health of live-music sound engineers" 3044:Fligor, Brian J.; Cox, L. Clarke (December 2004). 1624:Armature torqued and exerting a force on diaphragm 1155:ear. Comfort may vary due to the earcup material. 992: 784:Electrical characteristics of dynamic loudspeakers 639:sector, headphones are used in live situations by 2964:"Understanding Earphone/Headphone Specifications" 1456:In-ears are among those good for noise isolation. 1285:Some wireless earphones include a charging case. 651:for monitoring signal sources. In radio studios, 1742:Sony MDR-7506 headphones in stowed configuration 2633:"Founded 1958 - World's First SP/3 Stereophone" 1168:"Earphone" redirects here. For other uses, see 770:. Calibration is done with the earphones in an 479:and telephone work had an impedance of 75 3231:"How Balanced Armature Receivers/Drivers Work" 2421:. United States Naval Institute. p. 927. 2134:"Rewind: How the Walkman changed the world..." 1893:dB(A) for a maximum of 40 hours per week. The 4056: 3896:"Promoting Hearing Health among Firefighters" 2256:"Polk's Busy Test For Telephone Switchboards" 2241:. Vol. XII. November 1898. p. 194. 2239:Electrical Engineering and Telephone Magazine 1021:Occupational Safety and Health Administration 8: 3465:"1.1 billion people at risk of hearing loss" 2920:"Understanding Headphone Power Requirements" 2235:"Some new Bell type switchboard accessories" 1395:headsets are available, and often used with 541:to produce sound. The 3.5 mm radio and 27:Device placed near the ears that plays sound 4683:Professional Lighting and Sound Association 3157:"Use Ambient sound on your Samsung earbuds" 3008: 3006: 3004: 2596: 2594: 1714:headphones, sometimes sold under the label 368:began to use head apparatuses to mount the 4273:Comparison of analog and digital recording 4063: 4049: 4041: 2818:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2761:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2603:"Now hear this: the history of headphones" 1835:or tilt their head sideways to cradle it. 1493:A typical moving-coil headphone transducer 1012:produces a maximum volume of 100 dB. 794:Headphones are available with high or low 3935: 3907: 3879: 3851: 3463:World Health Organization (15 Mar 2018). 2926:. Northwestern University. Archived from 2542:"Great Falls Tribune 03 Jan 1930, page 7" 1916:There have also been numerous reports of 1883:The International Telecommunication Union 1356:A headset is a headphone combined with a 1139:A pair of supra-aural (on-ear) headphones 956: 954: 945: 924: 919: 896: 888: 883: 860: 858: 706:Some headphone cords are equipped with a 250:, either directly using a cord, or using 129:Learn how and when to remove this message 3119: 3117: 2361:. Whittaker and Company. pp. 55–58. 2184:American Telephone and Telegraph Company 1865:Using headphones at a sufficiently high 1481:to convert electrical signals to sound. 1349:A typical example of a headset used for 522:, produced the first stereo headphones. 3652:"Deaf to Danger: The Perils of Earbuds" 2463:Electrical Construction and Maintenance 2002: 1869:level may cause temporary or permanent 557:Headphones may be used with stationary 3615: 3502:from the original on 24 September 2012 3137:from the original on 15 September 2017 2811: 2754: 2643:from the original on 13 September 2017 2613:from the original on 13 September 2017 2415:Bullard, William Hannum Grubb (1908). 2192: 4744:New Interfaces for Musical Expression 3724: 3722: 3720: 3662:from the original on 14 December 2013 3125:"Headphones as a Driving Distraction" 2899:from the original on 10 February 2013 2780: 2778: 2776: 2456: 2454: 2370: 2368: 415:beginning stage of radio broadcasting 7: 3604:from the original on 9 November 2014 2687:"Vintage Sony 1960'S EFM-117J Radio" 2378:, Archie Frederick (December 1902). 2020:from the original on 19 January 2014 2008: 2006: 728:Applications for audiometric testing 503:adjusting an uncomfortable headset. 459:Brandes radio headphones, circa 1920 215:is a combination of a headphone and 67:adding citations to reliable sources 1858:Product testing - headphones in an 3650:Greenfield, Paige (25 June 2011). 3404:"Causes of Hearing Loss in Adults" 2565:Heffernan, Virginia (2011-01-07). 2150:Prescott, George Bartlett (1884). 981: 978: 975: 972: 969: 966: 963: 960: 957: 928: 925: 912: 909: 906: 900: 897: 889: 876: 873: 870: 864: 861: 321:mixing sound for live concerts or 25: 4819:Audiovisual introductions in 1910 4293:Reel-to-reel audio tape recording 3367:from the original on 2011-08-20. 2887:"The "0-Ohm" Headphone Amplifier" 2601:Smith, Caspar (30 October 2011). 2329:"A Partial History of Headphones" 2110:Sullivan, Mark (7 January 2016). 1538:Electrostatic loudspeaker diagram 1244:In-ear headphones, also known as 4762: 4021: 4009: 3383:Computer Workstation. Checklist. 3241:from the original on 2015-09-14. 3110:from the original on 2017-02-02. 3062:10.1097/00003446-200412000-00001 2997:from the original on 2024-01-18. 2673:from the original on 2016-02-05. 2436:McCaskey, E. L. (May 22, 1909). 2281:"Behind the scenes at "Central"" 2220:. Page & Pratt. p. 85. 2122:from the original on 2016-08-29. 1617: 1605: 1477:Headphones use various types of 1379:Telephone headsets connect to a 1190: 1179: 43: 4278:Experimental musical instrument 2948:. 2 August 2018. Archived from 2214:Herbert, Thomas Ernest (1898). 2071:from the original on 2016-03-07 1831:without needing to hand-hold a 1200:Earphones sit in the outer ear. 687:Headphone cord with integrated 529:. They became widely used with 360:. By the 1880s, soon after the 54:needs additional citations for 3695:10.1136/injuryprev-2011-040161 3640:, pp. 82, 885–894. (1996) 3326:. FR. March 1984. p. 100. 3098:Engber, Daniel (16 May 2014). 2787:Handbook of clinical audiology 2302:"Head Clamp Receiver (c.1883)" 1928:Occupational health and safety 915: 903: 879: 867: 549:portable tape player in 1979. 1: 4463:Electronic musical instrument 4026:The dictionary definition of 3969:10.1080/19338244.2020.1828241 3229:Hertsens, Tyll (2014-12-15). 2418:Naval Electricians' Text Book 1688:Other transducer technologies 742:hearing conservation programs 573:, or portable devices (e.g., 248:electronic musical instrument 4769:Record production portal 4658:Institute of Broadcast Sound 3802:10.1097/DER.0000000000000735 3434:"Noise-Induced Hearing Loss" 2985:Telink Staff (19 Aug 2020). 2156:. D. Appleton. p. 137. 1599:Balanced armature transducer 1582:planar magnetic loudspeakers 463:These early headphones used 4678:Musical Electronics Library 3574:Samsung Electronics America 3161:Samsung Electronics America 3104:The New York Times Magazine 3013:Ha, Peter (26 April 2010). 2730:Hearing conservation manual 2706:Arce, Nicole (2020-07-22). 2524:Howeth, Linwood S. (1963). 1991:Noise-cancelling headphones 1911:Noise-cancelling headphones 1466:noise-cancelling headphones 627:HD 555 headphones, used in 475:varied; headphones used in 32:Headphones (disambiguation) 4840: 4425:Sound reinforcement system 4334:Sound reinforcement system 3393:Accessed February 2, 2009. 1842: 1827:agents to maintain better 1375:Cordless bluetooth headset 1338: 1229: 1167: 1093:true wireless stereo (TWS) 779:Electrical characteristics 362:invention of the telephone 29: 4758: 4648:Audio Engineering Society 4546:Software effect processor 4526:Digital audio workstation 4367:Digital signal processing 4131:Digital audio workstation 2483:Utah Historical Quarterly 2285:The Book Lover's Magazine 1789:since the release of the 1679:Thermoacoustic technology 1170:Earphone (disambiguation) 4739:Professional audio store 4641:People and organizations 4627:Sound recording engineer 3937:10.26616/NIOSHPUB2015184 3909:10.26616/NIOSHPUB2013142 3881:10.26616/NIOSHPUB2011210 3622:: CS1 maint: location ( 3324:La Nouvelle Revue Du Son 1940:and dispatch operators, 1845:Automatic volume limiter 1734:Benefits and limitations 1666:sound powered telephones 1264:as well as audiophiles. 421:as the detector for the 329:, who use headphones to 4157:Microphone preamplifier 3357:"How to buy headphones" 3100:"Who Made That Earbud?" 2970:. Shure. Archived from 2477:Singer, Merril (1979). 2176:Bell Telephone Magazine 1441:Ambient noise reduction 4098:Electronic and digital 3853:10.26616/NIOSHPUB98126 3638:Acustica–Acta Acustica 3252:Joel, Amos E. (1975). 3209:lightspeedaviation.com 2199:: CS1 maint: others ( 1862: 1755: 1743: 1697:Air Motion Transformer 1656: 1539: 1494: 1457: 1433: 1424:Communication headsets 1376: 1353: 1246:in-ear monitors (IEMs) 1241: 1159:Ear-fitting headphones 1144:Supra-aural headphones 1140: 1117:Circumaural headphones 1113: 1041:circumaural (over-ear) 994: 692: 676:inch) and 3.5 mm 632: 460: 440: 406: 353: 295:inch (6.4 mm) or 154: 146: 2822:) CS1 maint: others ( 2765:) CS1 maint: others ( 2667:Sony official website 2358:A Manual of Telephony 2186:: 248. October 1934. 2182:. Prelinger Library. 1857: 1749: 1741: 1654: 1636:through the coil, it 1537: 1492: 1473:Transducer technology 1455: 1431: 1371: 1348: 1239: 1138: 1111: 995: 686: 623: 539:piezoelectric crystal 458: 445:Holtzer-Cabot Company 435: 398: 366:switchboard operators 348: 268:switchboard operators 236:portable media player 152: 145:Headphones on a stand 144: 4804:Consumer electronics 4556:Software synthesizer 4521:Digital audio editor 4307:Playback transducers 4167:Multitrack recording 4018:at Wikimedia Commons 3570:"Limit Media Volume" 3471:on February 27, 2015 3258:. The Laboratories. 2991:Telink Semiconductor 2663:"Sony history 1960s" 2567:"Against Headphones" 1966:Digital audio player 1664:for use in military 1289:Open- or closed-back 1121:full size headphones 1045:supra-aural (on-ear) 857: 713:for volume control. 575:digital audio player 400:Wireless telegrapher 160:are a pair of small 63:improve this article 30:For other uses, see 3546:"Sound and Hearing" 3414:on 13 December 2010 3293:2013NanoL..13.4795W 2968:Shure Customer Help 1976:Headphone amplifier 1806:Binaural recordings 1125:over-ear headphones 821:may be beneficial. 819:headphone amplifier 631:environments (2007) 465:moving iron drivers 411:wireless telegraphy 305:inch (3.2 mm) 254:technology such as 203:. A third type are 171:, which convert an 162:loudspeaker drivers 153:Wireless headphones 4607:Re-recording mixer 4410:Keyboard amplifier 4126:Binaural recording 3735:Contact Dermatitis 3490:William W. Clark. 3389:2009-02-02 at the 3185:helpguide.sony.net 2571:The New York Times 1918:contact dermatitis 1871:hearing impairment 1863: 1819:Headsets can have 1756: 1744: 1657: 1540: 1499:moving coil driver 1495: 1458: 1447:noise cancellation 1434: 1377: 1364:Telephone headsets 1354: 1242: 1141: 1119:(sometimes called 1114: 990: 693: 691:for volume control 637:professional audio 633: 571:personal computers 461: 441: 407: 370:telephone receiver 354: 350:Telephone operator 244:video game console 155: 147: 4799:Audio engineering 4776: 4775: 4582:Guitar technician 4478:Music workstation 4362:Digital recording 4339:Speaker enclosure 4258:8-track cartridge 4200:Phonograph record 4014:Media related to 3747:10.1111/cod.14036 3683:Injury Prevention 3301:10.1021/nl402408j 3025:on 17 August 2013 2993:(Press release). 2842:webstore.ansi.org 2797:978-1-4511-9163-9 2740:978-0-9863038-0-7 2038:Stanley R. Alten 1850:Dangers and risks 1839:Health and safety 1787:stereo recordings 1592:Balanced armature 1397:mobile telephones 1226:In-ear headphones 1148:on-ear headphones 988: 760:sound level meter 699:, and a wireless 657:acoustic feedback 531:transistor radios 423:electrical signal 209:telecommunication 173:electrical signal 139: 138: 131: 113: 16:(Redirected from 4831: 4767: 4766: 4765: 4653:Goji Electronics 4592:Monitor engineer 4551:Software sampler 4458:Electronic drums 4435:Electronic music 4405:Guitar amplifier 4250:Analog recording 4210:Compact cassette 4172:Music production 4080:Music technology 4072:Music technology 4065: 4058: 4051: 4042: 4025: 4013: 3997: 3996: 3948: 3942: 3941: 3939: 3920: 3914: 3913: 3911: 3892: 3886: 3885: 3883: 3864: 3858: 3857: 3855: 3836: 3830: 3829: 3796:(6): e111–e112. 3781: 3775: 3774: 3726: 3715: 3714: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3647: 3641: 3634: 3628: 3627: 3621: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3590: 3584: 3583: 3581: 3580: 3566: 3560: 3559: 3557: 3556: 3542: 3536: 3535: 3533: 3532: 3518: 3512: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3487: 3481: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3467:. Archived from 3460: 3454: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3440:. Archived from 3430: 3424: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3410:. Archived from 3400: 3394: 3378: 3372: 3371: 3353: 3347: 3346: 3345: 3341: 3334: 3328: 3327: 3319: 3313: 3312: 3287:(10): 4795–801. 3276: 3270: 3269: 3249: 3243: 3242: 3226: 3220: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3201: 3195: 3194: 3192: 3191: 3177: 3171: 3170: 3168: 3167: 3153: 3147: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3136: 3129: 3121: 3112: 3111: 3095: 3089: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3041: 3035: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3021:. Archived from 3010: 2999: 2998: 2982: 2976: 2975: 2960: 2954: 2953: 2938: 2932: 2931: 2915: 2909: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2898: 2891: 2882: 2876: 2875: 2873: 2872: 2862:"ISO 389-2:1994" 2858: 2852: 2851: 2849: 2848: 2834: 2828: 2827: 2817: 2809: 2782: 2771: 2770: 2760: 2752: 2725: 2719: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2703: 2697: 2696: 2694: 2693: 2681: 2675: 2674: 2659: 2653: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2629: 2623: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2598: 2589: 2588: 2586: 2585: 2562: 2556: 2555: 2553: 2552: 2538: 2532: 2531: 2521: 2515: 2514: 2495:10.2307/45060660 2474: 2468: 2467: 2458: 2449: 2448: 2442:Modern Electrics 2438:"Correspondence" 2433: 2427: 2426: 2412: 2406: 2405: 2394: 2388: 2387: 2372: 2363: 2362: 2352: 2346: 2345: 2343: 2342: 2325: 2316: 2315: 2313: 2312: 2298: 2292: 2291: 2277: 2271: 2270: 2252: 2246: 2245: 2231: 2225: 2224: 2211: 2205: 2204: 2198: 2190: 2168: 2162: 2161: 2147: 2141: 2140: 2130: 2124: 2123: 2107: 2101: 2100: 2098: 2097: 2086: 2080: 2079: 2077: 2076: 2057: 2051: 2036: 2030: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2010: 1879:background noise 1860:anechoic chamber 1712:Magnetostriction 1634:electric current 1621: 1609: 1557:electric current 1432:Aviation headset 1327: 1326: 1314: 1313: 1301: 1300: 1216:transistor radio 1194: 1183: 1152:personal stereos 1006:root mean square 999: 997: 996: 991: 989: 984: 955: 950: 949: 931: 923: 918: 892: 887: 882: 772:acoustic coupler 722:parallel circuit 678:phone connectors 675: 672: 671: 667: 629:audio production 413:, which was the 389:Siemens Brothers 323:sound recordings 304: 303: 299: 294: 293: 289: 134: 127: 123: 120: 114: 112: 71: 47: 39: 21: 4839: 4838: 4834: 4833: 4832: 4830: 4829: 4828: 4779: 4778: 4777: 4772: 4763: 4761: 4754: 4702: 4636: 4602:Record producer 4587:Mixing engineer 4560: 4507: 4473:MIDI controller 4448:Circuit bending 4429: 4371: 4348: 4324:Monitor speaker 4302: 4244: 4192:Recording media 4186: 4177:Music sequencer 4162:Monitor speaker 4108:Sound recording 4102: 4074: 4069: 4006: 4001: 4000: 3950: 3949: 3945: 3922: 3921: 3917: 3894: 3893: 3889: 3866: 3865: 3861: 3838: 3837: 3833: 3783: 3782: 3778: 3728: 3727: 3718: 3680: 3679: 3675: 3665: 3663: 3649: 3648: 3644: 3635: 3631: 3614: 3607: 3605: 3598:Healthy Hearing 3592: 3591: 3587: 3578: 3576: 3568: 3567: 3563: 3554: 3552: 3544: 3543: 3539: 3530: 3528: 3520: 3519: 3515: 3505: 3503: 3496:AudiologyOnline 3489: 3488: 3484: 3474: 3472: 3462: 3461: 3457: 3447: 3445: 3432: 3431: 3427: 3417: 3415: 3402: 3401: 3397: 3391:Wayback Machine 3379: 3375: 3355: 3354: 3350: 3343: 3336: 3335: 3331: 3322:"Plasmasonic". 3321: 3320: 3316: 3278: 3277: 3273: 3266: 3251: 3250: 3246: 3228: 3227: 3223: 3213: 3211: 3203: 3202: 3198: 3189: 3187: 3179: 3178: 3174: 3165: 3163: 3155: 3154: 3150: 3140: 3138: 3134: 3127: 3123: 3122: 3115: 3097: 3096: 3092: 3082: 3080: 3050:Ear and Hearing 3043: 3042: 3038: 3028: 3026: 3012: 3011: 3002: 2984: 2983: 2979: 2962: 2961: 2957: 2946:ISVR Consulting 2940: 2939: 2935: 2917: 2916: 2912: 2902: 2900: 2896: 2889: 2884: 2883: 2879: 2870: 2868: 2860: 2859: 2855: 2846: 2844: 2836: 2835: 2831: 2810: 2798: 2784: 2783: 2774: 2753: 2741: 2727: 2726: 2722: 2712: 2710: 2705: 2704: 2700: 2691: 2689: 2685: 2684: 2682: 2678: 2661: 2660: 2656: 2646: 2644: 2631: 2630: 2626: 2616: 2614: 2600: 2599: 2592: 2583: 2581: 2564: 2563: 2559: 2550: 2548: 2540: 2539: 2535: 2523: 2522: 2518: 2476: 2475: 2471: 2460: 2459: 2452: 2435: 2434: 2430: 2414: 2413: 2409: 2396: 2395: 2391: 2374: 2373: 2366: 2354: 2353: 2349: 2340: 2338: 2327: 2326: 2319: 2310: 2308: 2300: 2299: 2295: 2279: 2278: 2274: 2254: 2253: 2249: 2233: 2232: 2228: 2213: 2212: 2208: 2191: 2170: 2169: 2165: 2149: 2148: 2144: 2139:. 15 July 2009. 2132: 2131: 2127: 2109: 2108: 2104: 2095: 2093: 2088: 2087: 2083: 2074: 2072: 2059: 2058: 2054: 2037: 2033: 2023: 2021: 2012: 2011: 2004: 1999: 1961:Bone conduction 1957: 1942:sound engineers 1930: 1852: 1847: 1841: 1736: 1720:bone conduction 1701:Plasma or Ionic 1690: 1681: 1629: 1628: 1627: 1626: 1625: 1622: 1614: 1613: 1610: 1601: 1600: 1594: 1578: 1576:Planar magnetic 1565: 1532: 1487: 1475: 1443: 1426: 1366: 1343: 1341:Headset (audio) 1337: 1324: 1323: 1311: 1310: 1298: 1297: 1291: 1258:audio engineers 1234: 1228: 1204: 1203: 1202: 1201: 1197: 1196: 1195: 1186: 1185: 1184: 1173: 1166: 1161: 1133: 1106: 1101: 1078: 1066: 1061: 1037: 941: 855: 854: 838:level per milli 827: 815:tube amplifiers 792: 781: 730: 673: 669: 665: 664: 649:sound engineers 555: 543:phone connector 343: 319:audio engineers 301: 297: 296: 291: 287: 286: 205:bone conduction 166:electroacoustic 135: 124: 118: 115: 72: 70: 60: 48: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4837: 4835: 4827: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4781: 4780: 4774: 4773: 4759: 4756: 4755: 4753: 4752: 4747: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4710: 4708: 4707:Related topics 4704: 4703: 4701: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4663:Lejaren Hiller 4660: 4655: 4650: 4644: 4642: 4638: 4637: 4635: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4622:Sound operator 4619: 4617:Sound follower 4614: 4612:Sound designer 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4572:Audio engineer 4568: 4566: 4562: 4561: 4559: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4517: 4515: 4509: 4508: 4506: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4439: 4437: 4431: 4430: 4428: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4390:Bass amplifier 4387: 4385:Mixing console 4381: 4379: 4373: 4372: 4370: 4369: 4364: 4358: 4356: 4350: 4349: 4347: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4310: 4308: 4304: 4303: 4301: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4254: 4252: 4246: 4245: 4243: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4196: 4194: 4188: 4187: 4185: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4128: 4123: 4121:Mixing console 4118: 4112: 4110: 4104: 4103: 4101: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4084: 4082: 4076: 4075: 4070: 4068: 4067: 4060: 4053: 4045: 4039: 4038: 4033: 4019: 4005: 4004:External links 4002: 3999: 3998: 3963:(6): 301–312. 3943: 3915: 3887: 3859: 3831: 3776: 3741:(4): 328–330. 3716: 3673: 3642: 3629: 3585: 3561: 3537: 3513: 3482: 3455: 3425: 3395: 3373: 3348: 3329: 3314: 3271: 3264: 3244: 3221: 3196: 3172: 3148: 3113: 3090: 3036: 3000: 2977: 2974:on 2016-06-18. 2955: 2952:on 2018-08-21. 2933: 2930:on 2011-06-08. 2918:Bohn, Dennis. 2910: 2877: 2853: 2829: 2796: 2772: 2739: 2720: 2698: 2676: 2654: 2624: 2590: 2557: 2546:Newspapers.com 2533: 2516: 2469: 2450: 2428: 2407: 2402:Electrical Age 2389: 2364: 2347: 2317: 2293: 2272: 2247: 2226: 2206: 2163: 2142: 2125: 2102: 2081: 2052: 2031: 2001: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1994: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1981:In-ear monitor 1978: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1956: 1953: 1945:, firefighters 1929: 1926: 1895:European Union 1851: 1848: 1840: 1837: 1772:in-ear monitor 1768:speaker driver 1735: 1732: 1689: 1686: 1680: 1677: 1623: 1616: 1615: 1611: 1604: 1603: 1602: 1598: 1597: 1596: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1577: 1574: 1564: 1561: 1531: 1528: 1486: 1483: 1474: 1471: 1442: 1439: 1425: 1422: 1365: 1362: 1339:Main article: 1336: 1333: 1332: 1331: 1328: 1320: 1319: 1315: 1307: 1306: 1302: 1290: 1287: 1232:In-ear monitor 1230:Main article: 1227: 1224: 1199: 1198: 1189: 1188: 1187: 1178: 1177: 1176: 1175: 1174: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1132: 1129: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1077: 1074: 1070:headphone jack 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1036: 1035:Specifications 1033: 1025:European Union 1017:sound pressure 1001: 1000: 987: 983: 980: 977: 974: 971: 968: 965: 962: 959: 953: 948: 944: 940: 937: 934: 930: 927: 922: 917: 914: 911: 908: 905: 902: 899: 895: 891: 886: 881: 878: 875: 872: 869: 866: 863: 836:sound pressure 826: 823: 808:damping factor 791: 788: 780: 777: 764:sound pressure 729: 726: 697:speaker driver 554: 551: 342: 339: 315:Walkman effect 137: 136: 51: 49: 42: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4836: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4771: 4770: 4757: 4751: 4750:Vehicle audio 4748: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4719:High fidelity 4717: 4715: 4712: 4711: 4709: 4705: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4645: 4643: 4639: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4569: 4567: 4563: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4518: 4516: 4514: 4510: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4432: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4374: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4354:Digital audio 4351: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4311: 4309: 4305: 4299: 4298:Tape recorder 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4268:Cassette deck 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4247: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4205:Magnetic tape 4203: 4201: 4198: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4189: 4183: 4182:Outboard gear 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4116:Audio channel 4114: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4105: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4066: 4061: 4059: 4054: 4052: 4047: 4046: 4043: 4037: 4034: 4032:at Wiktionary 4031: 4030: 4024: 4020: 4017: 4012: 4008: 4007: 4003: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3947: 3944: 3938: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3919: 3916: 3910: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3891: 3888: 3882: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3863: 3860: 3854: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3835: 3832: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3780: 3777: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3717: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3689:(5): 287–90. 3688: 3684: 3677: 3674: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3646: 3643: 3639: 3633: 3630: 3625: 3619: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3589: 3586: 3575: 3571: 3565: 3562: 3551: 3547: 3541: 3538: 3527: 3523: 3517: 3514: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3486: 3483: 3470: 3466: 3459: 3456: 3444:on 9 May 2016 3443: 3439: 3435: 3429: 3426: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3399: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3385: 3384: 3377: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3352: 3349: 3339: 3333: 3330: 3325: 3318: 3315: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3275: 3272: 3267: 3265:9780608080666 3261: 3257: 3256: 3248: 3245: 3240: 3236: 3235:InnerFidelity 3232: 3225: 3222: 3210: 3206: 3200: 3197: 3186: 3182: 3176: 3173: 3162: 3158: 3152: 3149: 3133: 3126: 3120: 3118: 3114: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3094: 3091: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3056:(6): 513–27. 3055: 3051: 3047: 3040: 3037: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3009: 3007: 3005: 3001: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2981: 2978: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2959: 2956: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2937: 2934: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2914: 2911: 2895: 2888: 2881: 2878: 2867: 2863: 2857: 2854: 2843: 2839: 2833: 2830: 2825: 2821: 2815: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2793: 2789: 2788: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2773: 2768: 2764: 2758: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2736: 2732: 2731: 2724: 2721: 2709: 2702: 2699: 2688: 2680: 2677: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2658: 2655: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2628: 2625: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2597: 2595: 2591: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2561: 2558: 2547: 2543: 2537: 2534: 2529: 2528: 2520: 2517: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2473: 2470: 2465: 2464: 2457: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2432: 2429: 2425: 2420: 2419: 2411: 2408: 2403: 2399: 2393: 2390: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2371: 2369: 2365: 2360: 2359: 2351: 2348: 2337: 2335: 2330: 2324: 2322: 2318: 2307: 2303: 2297: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2276: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2251: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2230: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2218: 2210: 2207: 2202: 2196: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2167: 2164: 2160: 2155: 2154: 2146: 2143: 2138: 2135: 2129: 2126: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2106: 2103: 2091: 2085: 2082: 2070: 2066: 2065:StereoCompare 2062: 2056: 2053: 2049: 2048:0-495-91356-1 2045: 2042:Cengage 2011 2041: 2035: 2032: 2019: 2015: 2009: 2007: 2003: 1996: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1958: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1946: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1927: 1925: 1923: 1919: 1914: 1912: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1861: 1856: 1849: 1846: 1838: 1836: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1817: 1813: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1801: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1783: 1781: 1775: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1753: 1748: 1740: 1733: 1731: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1695: 1687: 1685: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1669: 1667: 1663: 1653: 1649: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1620: 1608: 1591: 1589: 1585: 1583: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1562: 1560: 1558: 1552: 1548: 1545: 1536: 1530:Electrostatic 1529: 1527: 1525: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1491: 1484: 1482: 1480: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1462: 1454: 1450: 1448: 1440: 1438: 1430: 1423: 1421: 1419: 1414: 1413:amplification 1409: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1374: 1373:Sony Ericsson 1370: 1363: 1361: 1359: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1334: 1329: 1322: 1321: 1316: 1309: 1308: 1303: 1296: 1295: 1294: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1277: 1272: 1270: 1265: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1238: 1233: 1225: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1193: 1182: 1171: 1163: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1137: 1130: 1128: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1110: 1103: 1098: 1096: 1094: 1089: 1085: 1083: 1075: 1073: 1071: 1063: 1058: 1056: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1013: 1011: 1007: 985: 951: 946: 942: 938: 935: 932: 920: 893: 884: 853: 852: 851: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 824: 822: 820: 816: 811: 809: 803: 801: 797: 789: 787: 785: 778: 776: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 751: 745: 743: 739: 735: 727: 725: 723: 719: 714: 712: 711:potentiometer 709: 704: 702: 698: 690: 689:potentiometer 685: 681: 679: 661: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 630: 626: 622: 618: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 552: 550: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 523: 521: 517: 516:jazz musician 513: 509: 504: 501: 497: 492: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 469:sound quality 466: 457: 453: 451: 446: 438: 437:Holtzer-Cabot 434: 430: 428: 427:Lee de Forest 424: 420: 416: 412: 404: 401: 397: 393: 390: 384: 382: 377: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 351: 347: 340: 338: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 284: 280: 279:high fidelity 275: 273: 272:high fidelity 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 220: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 167: 163: 159: 151: 143: 133: 130: 122: 111: 108: 104: 101: 97: 94: 90: 87: 83: 80: – 79: 75: 74:Find sources: 68: 64: 58: 57: 52:This article 50: 46: 41: 40: 37: 33: 19: 4809:Loudspeakers 4760: 4493:Sound module 4453:Drum machine 4395:Effects unit 4318: 4288:Player piano 4215:Compact disc 4146: 4137:Effects unit 4028: 3960: 3956: 3946: 3927: 3918: 3899: 3890: 3871: 3862: 3843: 3834: 3793: 3789: 3779: 3738: 3734: 3686: 3682: 3676: 3664:. Retrieved 3655: 3645: 3637: 3632: 3606:. Retrieved 3597: 3588: 3577:. Retrieved 3573: 3564: 3553:. Retrieved 3549: 3540: 3529:. Retrieved 3525: 3516: 3504:. Retrieved 3495: 3485: 3473:. Retrieved 3469:the original 3458: 3446:. Retrieved 3442:the original 3437: 3428: 3416:. Retrieved 3412:the original 3407: 3398: 3382: 3376: 3368: 3360: 3351: 3332: 3323: 3317: 3284: 3281:Nano Letters 3280: 3274: 3254: 3247: 3234: 3224: 3212:. Retrieved 3208: 3199: 3188:. Retrieved 3184: 3175: 3164:. Retrieved 3160: 3151: 3141:14 September 3139:. Retrieved 3103: 3093: 3081:. Retrieved 3053: 3049: 3039: 3027:. Retrieved 3023:the original 3018: 2990: 2980: 2972:the original 2967: 2958: 2950:the original 2945: 2936: 2928:the original 2923: 2913: 2901:. Retrieved 2885:Siau, John. 2880: 2869:. Retrieved 2865: 2856: 2845:. Retrieved 2841: 2832: 2786: 2729: 2723: 2711:. Retrieved 2701: 2690:. Retrieved 2679: 2666: 2657: 2647:13 September 2645:. Retrieved 2636: 2627: 2617:13 September 2615:. Retrieved 2607:The Guardian 2606: 2582:. Retrieved 2570: 2560: 2549:. Retrieved 2545: 2536: 2526: 2519: 2489:(1): 42–53. 2486: 2482: 2472: 2462: 2445: 2441: 2431: 2422: 2417: 2410: 2401: 2392: 2383: 2357: 2350: 2339:. Retrieved 2332: 2309:. Retrieved 2305: 2296: 2288: 2284: 2275: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2250: 2242: 2238: 2229: 2221: 2216: 2209: 2195:cite journal 2187: 2179: 2175: 2166: 2157: 2152: 2145: 2136: 2128: 2116:Fast Company 2115: 2105: 2094:. Retrieved 2092:. 2022-06-20 2084: 2073:. Retrieved 2064: 2055: 2050:page 63 2040:Audio Basics 2039: 2034: 2022:. Retrieved 1931: 1915: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1864: 1818: 1814: 1804: 1784: 1776: 1757: 1715: 1710: 1703:. The first 1691: 1682: 1674: 1670: 1662:World War II 1658: 1630: 1586: 1579: 1566: 1553: 1549: 1541: 1519:audio signal 1496: 1476: 1463: 1459: 1444: 1435: 1405: 1378: 1355: 1305:environment. 1292: 1284: 1273: 1266: 1249: 1245: 1243: 1219: 1212:hearing loss 1205: 1147: 1143: 1142: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1115: 1099:Ear adaption 1092: 1090: 1086: 1079: 1067: 1059:Connectivity 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1038: 1030: 1014: 1002: 828: 812: 804: 793: 782: 754: 746: 738:hearing loss 731: 718:male-to-male 715: 705: 694: 662: 641:disc jockeys 634: 611:Silent disco 583:mobile phone 567:home theater 556: 553:Applications 535:Regency TR-1 527:hearing aids 524: 508:John C. Koss 505: 493: 462: 442: 408: 385: 381:Electrophone 378: 373: 364:, telephone 355: 276: 274:headphones. 240:mobile phone 221: 196: 192: 188: 185:colloquially 180: 157: 156: 125: 116: 106: 99: 92: 85: 78:"Headphones" 73: 61:Please help 56:verification 53: 36: 4814:Transducers 4734:Music store 4729:Home cinema 4688:Robert Moog 4673:Max Mathews 4597:Piano tuner 4565:Professions 4541:Scorewriter 4498:Synthesizer 4314:Loudspeaker 3526:www.itu.int 3338:US 4460809A 2334:Smithsonian 2137:independent 1986:Loudspeaker 1938:call center 1825:call center 1780:video games 1752:smartphones 1524:sound waves 1485:Moving-coil 1418:AC adaptors 1401:call centre 1351:voice chats 1325:Closed-back 1250:canalphones 1131:Supra-aural 1104:Circumaural 825:Sensitivity 756:Audiometers 752:standards. 701:transceiver 563:DVD players 496:vacuum tube 335:call center 283:audiophiles 177:loudspeaker 169:transducers 4789:Headphones 4783:Categories 4724:Home audio 4714:Audiophile 4531:GarageBand 4377:Live music 4319:Headphones 4283:Phonograph 4152:Microphone 4147:Headphones 4093:Electrical 4088:Mechanical 4016:Headphones 3790:Dermatitis 3608:8 November 3600:. Item 4. 3579:2019-02-28 3555:2019-02-28 3531:2019-02-28 3190:2021-08-13 3166:2021-08-13 2871:2020-11-13 2847:2020-11-13 2692:2016-01-25 2584:2023-05-06 2551:2023-04-30 2341:2020-12-27 2311:2023-05-06 2096:2022-07-15 2075:2016-03-03 2014:"earphone" 1997:References 1891:A-weighted 1843:See also: 1810:dummy head 1716:Bonephones 1638:magnetizes 1515:voice coil 1479:transducer 1381:fixed-line 1358:microphone 766:level and 625:Sennheiser 615:Silent Gig 579:MP3 player 512:audiophile 307:phone jack 217:microphone 158:Headphones 119:April 2017 89:newspapers 4824:Audiology 4488:Sequencer 4415:PA system 4344:Subwoofer 4329:PA system 4263:Amplifier 4225:Hard disk 4142:Equalizer 3993:224821849 3977:2154-4700 3826:233923350 3810:2162-5220 3771:245651803 3755:0105-1873 2814:cite book 2806:877024342 2757:cite book 2749:940449158 2579:0362-4331 2511:254434880 2384:Telephony 2222:Figure 73 2024:4 January 1821:ergonomic 1642:diaphragm 1511:neodymium 1408:impedance 1393:bluetooth 1312:Semi-open 1299:Open-back 1280:elastomer 1262:musicians 1254:ear canal 1208:outer ear 1164:Earphones 1082:Bluetooth 952:⁡ 939:⋅ 933:− 848:Ohm's law 796:impedance 790:Impedance 768:frequency 734:audiology 603:Bluetooth 520:Milwaukee 506:In 1958, 477:telegraph 473:impedance 450:U.S. Navy 403:Fessenden 374:headphone 358:telephone 311:Bluetooth 256:Bluetooth 232:CD player 224:amplifier 201:ear canal 197:earpieces 181:earphones 18:Earphones 4794:Headgear 4536:ProTools 4513:Software 4503:Theremin 4443:Chiptune 4400:Foldback 4230:MiniDisc 4029:earphone 3985:33089760 3818:34807535 3763:34978717 3711:25177965 3703:22248915 3660:Archived 3656:ABC News 3618:cite web 3602:Archived 3500:Archived 3408:asha.org 3387:Archived 3365:Archived 3309:24041369 3239:Archived 3132:Archived 3108:Archived 3078:11043107 3070:15604913 3019:TIME.com 2995:Archived 2924:HeadWize 2894:Archived 2671:Archived 2641:Archived 2637:koss.com 2611:Archived 2503:45060660 2336:Magazine 2243:Figure 1 2120:Archived 2069:Archived 2018:Archived 1971:Earmuffs 1955:See also 1887:decibels 1875:deafness 1705:Heil AMT 1644:to make 1569:electret 1563:Electret 1544:PET film 1278:rubber, 1276:silicone 1269:aluminum 1076:Wireless 832:decibels 645:DJ mixer 595:infrared 587:Cordless 264:FM radio 252:wireless 4632:Tape op 4483:Sampler 3666:20 June 3506:21 July 3448:21 July 3438:nih.gov 3418:21 July 3289:Bibcode 3083:21 July 3029:21 July 2903:26 June 2376:Collins 1922:AirPods 1833:handset 1829:posture 1791:Walkman 1764:library 1760:privacy 1728:hearing 1507:ferrite 1464:Active 1385:handset 1335:Headset 1220:earbuds 1010:voltage 668:⁄ 643:with a 635:In the 547:Walkman 489:Brandes 419:speaker 341:History 300:⁄ 290:⁄ 213:headset 193:earbuds 103:scholar 4746:(NIME) 4420:Reverb 4036:Earpad 3991: 3983: 3975: 3824: 3816: 3808: 3769: 3761: 3753: 3709: 3701: 3344: 3307: 3262: 3214:26 Dec 3076: 3068: 2804: 2794: 2747: 2737: 2713:29 May 2577: 2509: 2501: 2046: 1934:pilots 1867:volume 1800:panned 1503:magnet 1053:in-ear 1049:earbud 1008:(RMS) 708:serial 674: 647:, and 485:triode 105: 98: 91: 84: 76: 4698:STEIM 4693:SMPTE 4668:IRCAM 4133:(DAW) 3989:S2CID 3822:S2CID 3767:S2CID 3707:S2CID 3550:Apple 3475:2 Feb 3135:(PDF) 3128:(PDF) 3074:S2CID 2897:(PDF) 2890:(PDF) 2507:S2CID 2499:JSTOR 1949:NIOSH 1795:phase 1646:sound 1064:Wired 607:Wi-Fi 591:radio 518:from 510:, an 500:plate 246:, or 228:radio 110:JSTOR 96:books 4468:MIDI 4240:Opus 3981:PMID 3973:ISSN 3814:PMID 3806:ISSN 3759:PMID 3751:ISSN 3699:PMID 3668:2013 3624:link 3610:2014 3508:2015 3477:2019 3450:2015 3420:2015 3361:CNET 3305:PMID 3260:ISBN 3216:2020 3143:2017 3085:2015 3066:PMID 3031:2015 2905:2012 2824:link 2820:link 2802:OCLC 2792:ISBN 2767:link 2763:link 2745:OCLC 2735:ISBN 2715:2021 2649:2017 2619:2017 2575:ISSN 2201:link 2180:XIII 2044:ISBN 2026:2014 1724:deaf 1694:Heil 1513:. A 1497:The 1389:4P4C 1260:and 1051:and 986:1000 844:volt 840:watt 800:CMOS 750:ANSI 561:and 514:and 481:ohms 325:and 260:DECT 211:, a 189:cans 183:or, 82:news 4235:MP3 4220:DAT 3965:doi 3932:doi 3928:CDC 3904:doi 3900:CDC 3876:doi 3872:CDC 3848:doi 3844:CDC 3798:doi 3743:doi 3691:doi 3297:doi 3058:doi 2866:ISO 2491:doi 2424:you 1873:or 1567:An 1509:or 1248:or 1146:or 1123:or 943:log 834:of 653:DJs 613:or 605:or 593:or 498:'s 331:cue 327:DJs 262:or 195:or 65:by 4785:: 4577:DJ 3987:. 3979:. 3971:. 3961:76 3959:. 3955:. 3926:. 3898:. 3870:. 3842:. 3820:. 3812:. 3804:. 3794:32 3792:. 3788:. 3765:. 3757:. 3749:. 3739:86 3737:. 3733:. 3719:^ 3705:. 3697:. 3687:18 3685:. 3658:. 3654:. 3620:}} 3616:{{ 3596:. 3572:. 3548:. 3524:. 3498:. 3494:. 3436:. 3406:. 3363:. 3359:. 3303:. 3295:. 3285:13 3283:. 3237:. 3233:. 3207:. 3183:. 3159:. 3116:^ 3106:. 3102:. 3072:. 3064:. 3054:25 3052:. 3048:. 3017:. 3003:^ 2989:. 2966:. 2944:. 2922:. 2892:. 2864:. 2840:. 2816:}} 2812:{{ 2800:. 2775:^ 2759:}} 2755:{{ 2743:. 2669:. 2665:. 2639:. 2635:. 2609:. 2605:. 2593:^ 2573:. 2569:. 2544:. 2505:. 2497:. 2487:47 2485:. 2481:. 2453:^ 2440:. 2400:. 2382:. 2367:^ 2331:. 2320:^ 2304:. 2283:. 2264:25 2262:. 2258:. 2237:. 2197:}} 2193:{{ 2178:. 2174:. 2118:. 2114:. 2067:. 2063:. 2016:. 2005:^ 1936:, 1889:, 1648:. 1584:. 1526:. 1449:. 1420:. 1072:. 1055:. 1047:, 1043:, 947:10 936:10 850:: 617:. 601:, 599:FM 581:, 569:, 565:, 559:CD 258:, 242:, 238:, 234:, 230:, 226:, 219:. 187:, 4064:e 4057:t 4050:v 3995:. 3967:: 3940:. 3934:: 3912:. 3906:: 3884:. 3878:: 3856:. 3850:: 3828:. 3800:: 3773:. 3745:: 3713:. 3693:: 3670:. 3626:) 3612:. 3582:. 3558:. 3534:. 3510:. 3479:. 3452:. 3422:. 3311:. 3299:: 3291:: 3268:. 3218:. 3193:. 3169:. 3145:. 3087:. 3060:: 3033:. 2907:. 2874:. 2850:. 2826:) 2808:. 2769:) 2751:. 2717:. 2695:. 2651:. 2621:. 2587:. 2554:. 2513:. 2493:: 2344:. 2314:. 2203:) 2099:. 2078:. 2028:. 1172:. 982:e 979:c 976:n 973:a 970:d 967:e 964:p 961:m 958:I 929:W 926:m 921:/ 916:) 913:L 910:P 907:S 904:( 901:B 898:d 894:= 890:V 885:/ 880:) 877:L 874:P 871:S 868:( 865:B 862:d 670:4 666:1 577:/ 302:8 298:1 292:4 288:1 132:) 126:( 121:) 117:( 107:· 100:· 93:· 86:· 59:. 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index