192:...the absorption appeared to me to be trivial in pails used by women and children. Widely different degrees of sloppiness existed, obviously dependent upon differences in the families using the pails; but the extent of sloppiness noticed in Salford, in 1869, was rarely observed in Halifax, greater care being apparently taken in the latter town to avoid the emptying of chamber utensils into the pails. Probably the more regular locking of the doors of the closets, which is practiced in Halifax, contributes not a little to the exclusion of the contents of chamber utensils from the pails, less trouble being experienced in casting them into the yard drain. At any rate the aspect of the lined pails in use in Halifax generally, was less offensive to the eye than that of the simple pail, and the casting down of a portion of the lining, as I noticed in several instances, sufficed effectually to hide the offense and diminish the odor from the pail.
253:
top of the pail carried a cast iron rim about 3 inches deep to receive a tight-fitting inner lid. The pails were collected on a weekly basis during the day. Each pail was secured by its lid and loaded onto a sealed 24-bay wagon to be taken to a depot where they were emptied, cleaned and returned. While the pail was removed from the closet, a replacement was installed in its place. In 1874, Rochdale
Corporation employed five such wagons in full-time service, collecting from 3,354 privies spread across the town. By contrast, with a much larger population, Manchester Corporation employed 73 wagons. By 1875, 4,741 pails were in use, and in 1876 the number was 5,566. A separate cart accompanied the wagon to collect other household refuse which was collected from a separate chamber in the pail closet.
377:, where the implementation of water closets had been hindered by the refusal of the water company to provide adequate supplies. The use of pail closets reduced the demand placed upon the area's inadequate sewerage system, but the town suffered with difficulties in the collection and treatment of the night soil. Initially, night soil was collected by contractors, but after 1873 the local authority became responsible. The authority found dealing with the night soil an expensive and difficult business and, following legal proceedings against the corporation in 1878, transport of night soil was transferred from the railway system to canal barges. This, however, led to complaints that the canal was being polluted. In 1886, the authority found that the
322:, this system used a metal container as with the pail system, but small amounts of a mixture of peat, dry earth and ashes were used to cover the excreta, removing any smells almost immediately. These deodorisers were often applied with a small scoop or shovel, but more elaborate systems existed where the powder was kept in a box near the seat, with a small handle to control the amount deposited on the excrement. Charcoal—which could be obtained cheaply from street-sweepings—and sawdust were also used to good effect. The process was more expensive than the simpler pail system. The mixture of earth and excreta could often be dried and re-used, but the fear of infections meant that it was sometimes used instead as a garden fertiliser.
359:
to permit the breeding of flies. To keep flies away from the receptacle is a difficult matter. The hinged door at the rear, being exposed to weather, soon warps, leaving openings around the edges, the self-closing seat cover fails to operate properly due to rusty hinges and the front door is seldom kept closed ... The lack of proper attention in regard to cleaning is perhaps the principal drawback to this style of privy and one which makes it practically a failure for general use. In towns it is becoming more and more difficult to find anyone willing to do this kind of work and in rural districts the privy is usually neglected.
311:
237:
182:, used a brick-raised seat above a concave receptacle to direct excreta toward the centre of the pit—which was lined with cement to prevent leakage into the surrounding soil. This closet was also designed with a special opening through which deodorising material could be scattered over the top of the pit. A special ventilation shaft was also installed. The design offered a significant improvement over the less advanced midden privy, but the problems of emptying and cleaning such pits remained and thus the pail system, with its easily removable container, became more popular.
162:
most towns and cities chose more labour-intensive dry conservancy systems. Manchester was one such city and by 1877 its authorities had replaced about 40,000 middens with pail and midden closets, rising to 60,000 by 1881. The soil surrounding the old middens was cleared out, connections with drains and sewers removed and dry closets erected over each site. A contemporary estimate stated that the installation of about 25,000 pail closets removed as much as 3,000,000 imperial gallons (14,000,000 L) of
33:
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293:, where it was used in more than 3,000 closets after 1870. The wooden pails used in Halifax were oval in cross-section (about 24 by 19 inches) and 16 inches deep. Each was lined at the sides and bottom with a mixture of refuse, such as straw, grass, street sweepings, wool, hair, and even seaweed. This lining, which was formed by a special
289:, a landowner near Paris, and widely used in France, overcame some of the more common problems associated with pail closets by lining the pail with an absorbent material. The Rochdale Corporation experimented with Goux's design for several months but settled instead on a system which used smaller pails. Goux's system did, however, find a home in
175:
and even years". The 1868 Rivers
Pollution Commission reported two years later: "privies and ashpits are continually to be seen full to overflowing and as filthy as can be... These middens are cleaned out whenever notice is given that they need it, probably once half-yearly on an average, by a staff of night-men with their attendant carts."
106:, from which the system commonly took its name. The pail closet was not without its own problems; if the pail was not emptied on a regular basis, it overflowed and became unhygienic. Some manufacturers lined the pail with absorbent materials, and other designs used mixtures of dry earth or ash to disguise the smell.
381:
was badly polluted by sewage and so they built a sewage farm at
Beaumont Leys. By the end of the 19th century, this and the construction of a new sewer system enabled all pail closets to be phased out and replaced by water closets. In Manchester, faced with phenomenal population growth, the council
273:
and water. The night soil was then dried in revolving cylinders, using furnace heat from other borough refuse, before being transferred to so-called drying plates. Gases were burnt in a furnace, the fumes escaping up a 250-foot (76 m) chimney. Clinker from the remains of burnt refuse was used
161:
and middensteads both refer to dunghills, ash pits, or refuse heaps.) Such problems forced the city authorities to consider other methods of dealing with human excretion. Although the water closet was used in wealthy homes, concerns over river pollution, costs and available water supplies meant that
325:
Earth closets were usually housed in a separate building from the main structure and were well ventilated. As with the pail system, earth closet containers were designed to be emptied frequently. The earth closet was popular and was used in private houses, military camps, hospitals and extensively
358:
Any of these should be provided with handles and be held in place by guide pieces nailed to the floor. Too often no mention is made of the latter in the specifications. Wooden boxes are unsatisfactory for they soon become leaky due to warping, are too heavy to handle and hold excreta long enough
346:
commented: "In every instance where a pail had been in use over two or three days, the capacity of absorption of the liquid dejections, claimed by the patentee for the absorbent material, had been exceeded; and whenever a pail had been four or five days a week in use, it was filled to the extent of
252:
The
Rochdale system was first used in 1869. It used a wooden tub, or pail (sometimes half of a petroleum barrel), which was placed under the closet seat. The pails were often circular (to aid cleaning), and were designed to be easily handled and of a size that encouraged regular collections. The
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in 1876, said that the midden closet represented "... the standard of all that is utterly wrong, constructed as it is of porous materials, and permitting free soakage of filth into the surrounding soil, capable of containing the entire dejections from a house, or from a block of houses, for months
301:
and keep the excreta dry. Pails were collected between 7 am and 5:30 pm. Members of the public occasionally complained about the smell, which usually occurred when a pail was left to overflow, such as in winter 1875 when severe weather conditions prevented the horse-pulled collection
91:) was popular in wealthy homes, the lack of an adequate water supply and poor sewerage meant that in 19th-century England, in working-class neighbourhoods, towns and cities often chose dry conservancy methods of waste disposal. The pail closet was an evolution of the
129:
Pail closets were used to dispose of human excreta, dirty water, and general household waste such as kitchen refuse and sweepings. The pail closet system was one of several methods of waste disposal in common use in the 19th century, others of which were the
169:
The midden closet was a development of the privy, which had evolved from the primitive "fosse" ditch. Midden closets were still used in the latter part of the 19th century but were rapidly falling out of favour. A Mr
Redgrave, in a speech to the
268:
were collected in
Rochdale each year, from a population of about 64,000—roughly 313 lb (142 kg) per person. At the depot, the night soil was emptied into a storage tank. The pails were washed in a large trough using a mixture of
394:
rivers at their Holt Town sewage works, the council was forced to change their plans. Originally they had intended to build incinerators, but public objections to the dumping of waste into rivers forced the council instead to purchase
338:
From a sanitary perspective, the pail system of waste removal was imperfect. Excreta and other general waste were often left above ground for hours, sometimes even days at a time. In his report on the Goux system used in
Salford, the
470:
against the back fence, so that the pan could be collected from the dunny lane through a trap-door". Pail toilets with municipal collection was common in cities such as
Colombo and Kandy in Ceylon into the late 1950s and 1960s.
209:
A full pail, complete with lid (left), and an empty pail, ready to be returned. These are
Rochdale pails, made from wood. Manchester's pails were made from galvanised iron, with India-rubber beading around the lids to seal
285:. Manchester Corporation attempted to remove the smell of putrefaction by attaching cinder-sifters to their closets so that fine ash could be poured on top of the excrement. The Goux system, invented in the 1860s by
157:) and 38,000 middensteads. An investigation of the condition of the city's sewer network revealed that it was "choked up with an accumulation of solid filth, caused by overflow from the middens." (
462:
carts" until the 1950s (one source says until the 1970s); because the population was so dispersed, it was difficult to install sewerage. Tar, creosote, and disinfectant kept the smell down. Academic
854:
Messer, Richard (7 September 1915), "Designs for
Privies (read before the Public Health Administration and Sanitary Engineering Sections, American Public Health Association, Rochester, NY",
403:
in 1895, which were both developed as refuse disposal sites. But by the 1930s neither site was still receiving night soil, the water closet having replaced dry conservancy in Manchester.
521:
Holt Town was an area to the east of Manchester, along the River Medlock. The "sanitary works" are visible on late 19th-century Ordnance Survey maps, along Upper Helena Street
109:
Improved water supplies and sewerage systems in England led directly to the replacement of the pail closet during the early 20th century. Municipal collection of pail toilets (
1210:
117:, the pail closet has now been almost completely replaced by the flush toilet. However, similar systems still exist in less developed countries, and are discussed at
95:(privy midden), an impractical and unsanitary amenity considered a nuisance to public health. The pail system was popular in France and England, particularly in the
578:
Middenstead: The place where a dunghill is formed; a dunghill, a midden. Midden: 1. a. A dunghill, a dung heap; a refuse heap. Also: a domestic ash-pit.
178:
Midden closets were, therefore, generally insanitary and were also difficult to empty and clean. Later improvements, such as a midden closet built in
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278:, firemen 6½d, and general labourers 4½d. The fertiliser was transported from the works via railway to local filtration plots for disposal.
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claimed that "the typical Australian back yard in the cities and country towns" had, throughout the first half of the twentieth century, "a
36:
A Rochdale Corporation pail closet. The seated area is on the right. The chamber on the left was for the disposal of common household waste.
1987:
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attempted to retain the pail closet system, but following the exposure of the dumping of 30–60 long tons (30–61 t) of
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Pail toilets with municipal collection persisted in Australia well into the second half of the twentieth century.
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By 1869, Manchester had a population of about 354,000 people who were served by about 10,000 water closets (
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76:, was removed and emptied by the local authority on a regular basis. The contents, known euphemistically as
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Following the successes seen in various northern towns, about 7,000 pail closets were introduced in 1871 in
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499:, a historical term to describe someone who dug out and removed human excrement from privies and cesspits
447:, the number of pail closets in use declined from about 712 in 1907, to 92 in 1912, and only 16 by 1926.
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1977:
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435:, from which the Rochdale system of pail collection took its name. It was widespread in Australia too.
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two thirds or more of its cavity, with liquid dejections, in which the solid excrement was floating."
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to make mortar. The manure works was a filthy environment, filled with dust. Enginemen were paid
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and to which sulphate of lime was added, was designed to help remove the smell of urine, slow
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The pail closet contained several important design considerations. In his 1915 essay to the
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956:, vol. 8, Victoria County History, hosted at british-history.ac.uk, pp. 275–298
906:, vol. 4, Victoria County History, hosted at british-history.ac.uk, pp. 251–302
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68:(privy) which contained a seat, underneath which a portable receptacle was placed. This
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56:, under the "pail system" (or Rochdale system) of waste removal. The "
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Power, W.A. (1877), "The pail closet system: progress at Manchester",
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The pail system was used throughout Europe, in French cities such as
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1085:(illustrated ed.), Manchester: Manchester University Press ND,
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The City of Leicester: Social and administrative history since 1835
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and accompanying faeces from the city's drains, sewers and rivers.
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Essays in the Political Economy of Australian Capitalism, Volume 2
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Henry Moule's dry earth closet. This example is from around 1875.
1158:
The designing, Construction, and Maintenance of Sewerage Systems
1192:
1037:
Craven, Ian; George Seddon (1994). "The Australian Back Yard".
200:(May 1874), commenting on the use of the Goux system in Halifax
1011:. Australia and New Zealand Book Company. 1978. p. 115.
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The principles and practice of modern house-construction
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In some areas, an earth closet was used. Invented by
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134:system, the pail system, and the dry-earth system.
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488:, also known in some countries as a "honey bucket"
240:Industrially produced "sanitary ware", now in the
281:Some pails were supplied with deodorants such as
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667:
1102:Hygiene: A Manual of Personal and Public Health
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190:
1082:A history of water in modern England and Wales
1063:, New York: The Engineering News Publishing Co
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8:
808:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
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330:. It remained in use well into the 1930s.
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1180:The sanitary drainage of houses and towns
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616:
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87:Although the more advanced water closet (
1125:, Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
805:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
534:
514:
419:, and English towns and cities such as
1983:History of water supply and sanitation
1869:Sulabh International Museum of Toilets
1183:, Boston: Houghton, Osgood and company
1074:, Providence: Providence press company
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841:
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481:History of water supply and sanitation
1105:, London: George Gill & Sons Ld,
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218:Cutaway section of a Goux pail, with
27:Room used to dispose of human excreta
7:
1026:. Boolarong Press. pp. 183–184.
720:
431:, but it was popular in the town of
52:was a room used for the disposal of
2038:Workers' right to access the toilet
1988:Human right to water and sanitation
1071:Proposed plan for a sewerage system
1024:Shadows of War on the Brisbane Line
1620:Toilet-related injuries and deaths
1166:Sutcliffe, G. Lister, ed. (1899),
954:A History of the County of Warwick
352:American Public Health Association
302:wagons from reaching the closets.
72:(pail), into which the user would
25:
1834:Madison Museum of Bathroom Tissue
1161:, New York: John Wiley & Sons
576:. Oxford University Press. 1939.
80:, would either be incinerated or
1998:Infection prevention and control
60:" (a word which had long meant "
1586:Privatization of public toilets
172:Institution of Civil Engineers
146:Diagram of a midden closet in
1:
1177:Waring, George Edwin (1879),
1155:Prescott Folwell, A. (1901),
1141:Manchester Selected Pamphlets
1068:Gray, Samuel Merrill (1884),
948:Stephens, W. B., ed. (1969),
1854:Public toilets in Bratislava
1057:Baker, Moses Nelson (1904),
898:McKinley, R.A., ed. (1958),
829:UK public library membership
64:" in one usage) was a small
1524:(combined toilet and bidet)
2077:
1625:Toilet Revolution in China
1099:Newsholme, Arthur (1902),
1039:Australian Popular Culture
799:"Moule, Henry (1801–1880)"
796:; Brock, Rev W.H. (2004).
229:A wagon used to transport
1119:Platt, Harold L. (2005),
573:Oxford English Dictionary
1889:Toilets in New York City
1839:Modern Toilet Restaurant
1571:Islamic toilet etiquette
456:third most populous city
242:Gladstone Pottery Museum
1793:Fecal sludge management
1752:Urine collection device
1737:Urinal deodorizer block
1702:Female urination device
900:"The City of Leicester"
2023:Sustainable sanitation
2008:Reuse of human excreta
1022:Smith, Graham (2011).
814:10.1093/ref:odnb/19426
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244:
233:
222:
211:
194:
150:
125:Before the pail closet
37:
1978:Ecological sanitation
1879:Toilet History Museum
1829:Hundertwasser Toilets
1771:Feces-related aspects
1690:Urine-related aspects
1591:Swachh Bharat Mission
1079:Hassan, John (1998),
709:Prescott Folwell 1901
668:Prescott Folwell 1901
344:John Netten Radcliffe
313:
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198:John Netten Radcliffe
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35:
1894:Bryant Park restroom
1742:Urinal (health care)
1561:Honeywagon (vehicle)
868:10.2105/AJPH.7.2.190
287:Pierre Nicholas Goux
1993:Improved sanitation
1844:National Poo Museum
1788:Defecation postures
1649:Jobs and activities
1551:Bathroom privileges
1507:Urine-diverting dry
977:Pebbles in the Road
974:Paul, Ryll (2012).
306:Earth closet system
248:The Rochdale system
1942:Groom of the Stool
1707:Interactive urinal
1661:Restroom attendant
926:, pp. 397–400
856:Am J Public Health
759:, pp. 265–270
682:, pp. 273–274
643:, pp. 266–267
549:, pp. 194–195
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1666:Sanitation worker
1656:Manual scavenging
1284:Toilet seat riser
1172:, London: Blackie
1132:978-0-226-67076-8
1112:978-1-113-42922-3
1092:978-0-7190-4308-6
827:(Subscription or
492:Composting toilet
407:Geographic spread
84:into fertiliser.
16:(Redirected from
2068:
2033:World Toilet Day
2028:Waste management
2018:Sewage treatment
1905:Historical terms
1884:Toilets in Japan
1566:Incontinence pad
1556:Bathroom reading
1318:Toilet rim block
1306:Holder/dispenser
1269:Electronic bidet
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336:
308:
250:
203:
196:
188:
140:
127:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2074:
2072:
2064:
2063:
2053:
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2044:
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2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1965:
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1924:
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1617:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1607:Skibidi Toilet
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1537:
1535:
1534:policy aspects
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1308:
1298:
1296:Toilet cleaner
1293:
1288:
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1111:
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1000:
987:978-0987105219
986:
966:
940:
928:
916:
890:
846:
834:
785:
781:Sutcliffe 1899
773:
769:Sutcliffe 1899
761:
749:
737:
725:
713:
711:, pp. 4–5
696:
684:
672:
657:
655:, pp. 2–3
645:
633:
629:Sutcliffe 1899
621:
617:Sutcliffe 1899
609:
607:, pp. 1–2
597:
582:
563:
551:
547:Newsholme 1902
533:
532:
524:
523:
513:
512:
505:
502:
501:
500:
494:
489:
483:
476:
473:
440:
437:
408:
405:
370:
367:
361:
341:epidemiologist
335:
332:
307:
304:
249:
246:
189:
187:
184:
139:
136:
126:
123:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2073:
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2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2003:Public health
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
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1903:
1895:
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1887:
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1880:
1877:
1875:
1874:Toilet (room)
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
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1857:
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1847:
1845:
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1799:
1798:Flying toilet
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1698:
1697:Female urinal
1695:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
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1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
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1653:
1651:
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1638:
1636:
1635:Unisex public
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1601:Toilet humour
1599:
1597:
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1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
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1340:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1324:
1323:Trap (U-bend)
1321:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1302:
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1297:
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1128:
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1123:
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1103:
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1040:
1033:
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1018:
1015:
1010:
1004:
1001:
989:
983:
979:
978:
970:
967:
955:
951:
944:
941:
938:, p. 274
937:
932:
929:
925:
920:
917:
905:
901:
894:
891:
887:
883:
878:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
850:
847:
844:, p. 270
843:
838:
835:
830:
815:
811:
807:
806:
800:
795:
789:
786:
782:
777:
774:
770:
765:
762:
758:
753:
750:
746:
741:
738:
734:
729:
726:
722:
717:
714:
710:
705:
703:
701:
697:
693:
688:
685:
681:
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673:
669:
664:
662:
658:
654:
649:
646:
642:
637:
634:
630:
625:
622:
618:
613:
610:
606:
601:
598:
594:
589:
587:
583:
579:
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574:
567:
564:
560:
555:
552:
548:
543:
541:
539:
535:
531:
530:
518:
515:
511:
510:
503:
498:
495:
493:
490:
487:
486:Bucket toilet
484:
482:
479:
478:
474:
472:
469:
465:
464:George Seddon
461:
458:, relied on "
457:
453:
448:
446:
438:
436:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
406:
404:
402:
399:in 1886, and
398:
393:
389:
385:
380:
376:
368:
360:
355:
353:
348:
345:
342:
334:Disadvantages
333:
331:
329:
323:
321:
312:
305:
303:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
283:iron sulphate
279:
277:
272:
267:
263:
259:
254:
247:
243:
238:
232:
227:
221:
216:
207:
202:
199:
193:
185:
183:
181:
176:
173:
167:
165:
160:
156:
155:flush toilets
149:
144:
137:
135:
133:
124:
122:
120:
116:
115:western world
112:
107:
105:
101:
98:
94:
93:midden closet
90:
85:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
54:human excreta
51:
47:
43:
34:
30:
19:
2061:Toilet types
2048:
1957:Privy midden
1951:
1778:Anal hygiene
1671:Slopping out
1640:Vacuum truck
1615:Toilet plume
1605:
1546:Adult diaper
1532:Cultural and
1416:Incinerating
1301:Toilet paper
1249:Bidet shower
1179:
1168:
1157:
1140:
1122:Shock Cities
1121:
1101:
1081:
1070:
1059:
1050:Bibliography
1049:
1048:
1038:
1032:
1023:
1017:
1008:
1003:
991:. Retrieved
976:
969:
958:, retrieved
953:
943:
931:
919:
908:, retrieved
903:
893:
862:(2): 190–6,
859:
855:
849:
837:
817:. Retrieved
803:
788:
783:, p. 62
776:
764:
752:
740:
728:
723:, p. 16
716:
687:
675:
648:
636:
624:
612:
600:
595:, p. 26
577:
572:
566:
554:
528:
527:
517:
508:
507:
449:
442:
410:
384:human faeces
372:
357:
349:
337:
324:
317:
299:putrefaction
280:
260:(9,100
256:About 9,000
255:
251:
195:
191:
177:
168:
152:
132:privy midden
128:
108:
89:flush toilet
86:
49:
45:
41:
39:
29:
18:Earth closet
1952:Pail closet
1937:Gong farmer
1922:Close stool
1917:Chamber pot
1864:Shit Museum
1517:Vermifilter
1421:Intelligent
1311:Orientation
1274:Flushometer
960:31 December
936:Waring 1879
910:31 December
842:Waring 1879
819:31 December
794:Boase, G.C.
757:Waring 1879
747:, p. 3
694:, p. 2
680:Waring 1879
670:, p. 6
641:Waring 1879
593:Hassan 1998
561:, p. 1
497:Gong farmer
320:Henry Moule
50:dirt closet
42:pail closet
2013:Sanitation
1962:Reredorter
1947:Night soil
1783:Defecation
1596:Toilet god
1581:Latrinalia
1541:Accessible
1497:Telescopic
1412:(Scouting)
1384:Dual flush
1369:Composting
924:Platt 2005
831:required.)
745:Power 1877
733:Baker 1904
692:Power 1877
653:Power 1877
605:Power 1877
559:Power 1877
504:References
429:Manchester
425:Birmingham
379:River Soar
369:Popularity
266:night soil
231:night soil
180:Nottingham
148:Nottingham
119:sanitation
100:Lancashire
78:night soil
46:pail privy
1932:Garderobe
1859:Rest area
1824:Haewoojae
1808:Scatology
1747:Urination
1727:Sanistand
1681:Toileting
1476:Sanisette
1431:Low-flush
1227:Equipment
721:Gray 1884
509:Footnotes
413:Marseille
401:Chat Moss
386:into the
375:Leicester
258:long tons
82:composted
2055:Category
1971:See also
1912:Aphedron
1849:Outhouse
1717:Pee curl
1461:Portable
1436:On-board
1399:Freezing
1364:Chemical
1344:Arborloo
1339:Aircraft
1234:Ballcock
1149:60237862
886:18009627
475:See also
452:Brisbane
445:Coventry
433:Rochdale
417:Le Havre
362:—
104:Rochdale
102:town of
97:historic
74:defecate
66:outhouse
1927:Dansker
1712:Pissoir
1576:Istinja
1522:Washlet
1502:Treebog
1426:Latrine
1389:EToilet
1359:Cathole
1264:Commode
1259:Cistern
1220:Toilets
993:11 June
877:1361922
388:Medlock
291:Halifax
159:Middens
138:Middens
111:dunnies
1817:Places
1732:Urinal
1722:Pollee
1512:Vacuum
1471:Public
1406:(boat)
1354:Bucket
1291:Toilet
1239:Bedpan
1147:
1129:
1109:
1089:
984:
884:
874:
825:
454:, its
427:, and
392:Irwell
70:bucket
62:toilet
58:closet
1492:Squat
1487:Space
1466:Potty
1394:Flush
1349:Blair
1332:Types
1254:Brush
1244:Bidet
1145:JSTOR
529:Notes
468:dunny
460:dunny
421:Leeds
328:India
295:mould
264:) of
220:mould
210:them.
186:Types
164:urine
1482:Sink
1410:Hudo
1404:Head
1279:Seat
1127:ISBN
1107:ISBN
1087:ISBN
995:2016
982:ISBN
962:2009
912:2009
882:PMID
821:2009
415:and
390:and
1456:Pit
1451:Pig
1446:Pay
1379:Dry
872:PMC
864:doi
810:doi
443:In
326:in
276:7¼d
48:or
44:or
2057::
1143:,
952:,
902:,
880:,
870:,
858:,
802:.
699:^
660:^
585:^
537:^
423:,
121:.
40:A
1212:e
1205:t
1198:v
1041:.
997:.
866::
860:7
823:.
812::
262:t
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
