4205:
this would have been a room with a barred window under the stairs leading from the cloister to the dormitory. The annals of the monastery at Durham, England, reveal the following entry: "Within the infirmary underneath the master of the infirmary's chamber, was the strong prison called the 'Lying House' which was ordained for such as were great offenders." One history of the
Benedictines notes the following: "If one were to visit one of the larger and older English monasteries ... the first building encountered would probably be a rectangular gatehouse set in the boundary wall and having a wide passage leading from the world outside into the monastic precinct ... he gatehouse sometimes had a prisoner's cell." In certain instances, particularly if the monastery was large, an entire prison would be erected for its captives. St. John Climacus (579-649) describes what may have been one of the first prisons of this type at his monastery in Egypt: "At a distance of a mile from the great monastery was a place deprived of every comfort ... Here the pastor shut up, without permission to go out, those who fell into sin after entering the brotherhood; and not all together, but each in a separate and special cell ... And he kept them there until the Lord gave him assurance of the amendment of each one." The monastery at Iona in Ireland had a dwelling for its wayward brothers, as did the Carthusian abbey at Mount Grace, the latter a two-story house with a covered walk along one wall and a garden.
4514:, according to the story of Peter the Venerable, who informs us that this superior, a good man otherwise, but extremely severe against those who committed some error, caused the construction of a subterranean cave in the form of a grave where he placed, for the rest of his days, a miserable wretch who seemed incorrigible to him. other superiors, less charitable than zealous, did not fail to use it with respect to guilty monks, and this harshness, inhuman as it appears, went so far and became so common that it caused Etienne, Archbishop of Toulouse, to lodge a complaint, through his grand vicar, with King John. The king was horrified by this inhumanity. Touched by compassion for these wretches, he ordered priors and superiors to visit them twice a month and to give, in addition, their permission to two monks of their choice to visit them twice a month This we learn from the Registers of the Parliament of Languedoc in the year 1350.
4371:
the stern penal order with a pastoral injunction that intuits much of what we have discussed with regard to the sacral dimension of both confinement and the confined: "The abbot should focus all his attention on the care of the wayward brother, for it is not the healthy but the sick who need a physician. Thus he should use all the means that a wise physician would." Benedict also recommends that respected "elderly brothers who know how to comfort the wavering brother" be sent to "console him so that he be not devoured by too much sorrow." He further adds a quote from St. Paul: "et love for him be reaffirmed and let everyone pray for him." Finally, Benedict charges the abbot to imitate Christ, the good shepherd, who "left the ninety nine sheep ... looking for the one who had strayed ... placed it on his sacred shoulders and carried it back to the flock."
6028:
their errors. Such people were rarely genuine converts to orthodoxy. Therefore they should be imprisoned, for life if necessary, to prevent them from infecting others. For the same reason visitors should be restricted. Prisoners should not be allowed visits either by women, who are 'weak, and easily perverted,' or by simple individuals. Only
Catholic men, zealous for the faith and beyond all suspicion of heresy, should have access to them. Eymerich's Languedocian predecessors may have shared his suspicions about the genuineness of their prisoners' conversion. Yet they seem to have done little to restrict visiting privileges. Spouses had the right to visit their mates. Even visitors who the jailers should have known were suspicious characters had little trouble gaining access to the murs.
5484:
be held, preferably in isolation, while awaiting the proper forms of interrogation, and that those who under interrogation did not at once confess and perform penance would be held until they did. The patient interrogation over several months of captured Cathar perfecti demanded lengthy imprisonment; Pierre Autier, the last of the great Cathar missionaries, was kept for a whole year before being burned in April 1310, so that as much as possible could be established about the beliefs he had been propagating and the various people who had assisted him. Lesser men, once confessed, recanted and restored to communion with the church, were not freed from jail until they had implicated others with whom they had allegedly shared their heretical views.
3077:), came an increasing need for ecclesiastical prisons to hold suspects during a potentially lengthy investigation. Instead of being incarcerated merely for a brief period of time between arrest and trial, the captives of the Inquisition were routinely held until they confessed to the satisfaction of their interrogators and implicated others; in some cases this process took years, sometimes spent in solitary confinement. Imprisonment served as an interrogation technique in itself, sometimes in place of torture; if simple imprisonment (and the expense of being required to pay for it) was insufficient to extract a confession, interrogators had the option of subjecting the prisoner to solitary confinement, inadequate food,
2971:
4736:
weapons must be incarcerated for thirty days on a diet of bread and water. In the
Gelasian Sacramentary (early eighth century), there is a prescription that penitents are to be confined during Lent, beginning on Ash Wednesday, and kept in custody until Holy Thursday. An eighth-century collection of canons written by the Archbishop of York contains a warning that those who question the church's authority to both baptize and forgive sins shall 'feel the pain of excommunication, or long bear the confinement of a gaol.'
6288:
1310 eight men escaped. 22 April 1310 was a particularly bad month. On the 19th
Guillaume Falqueti escaped; five days later, on the 24th, there was a mass breakout, when five prisoners made off. After this escape, security was evidently improved. Nevertheless, one other person, Pierre Gilbert the elder of Ferrus, escaped-not from the mur itself but from the looser form of detention at the prison's gatehouse. Bernard Cui's register contains the story of a man who escaped from the inquisitors not once, but twice.
26:
4680:
the
Salamanca jail, they were kept chained to a post in the middle of the building. Four ecclesiastical judges examined Ignatius's copy of the Spiritual Exercises and questioned him on a variety of theological issues. The only fault they found was his inadequate preparation, as they thought, to treat the difference between venial and mortal sin. Having warned him to speak of the matter no more until he had studied theology for four more years, they released him from jail after twenty-two days.
2808:(confinement in a monastery), which could consist either of simply living in a monastery or of being incarcerated in a monastic prison. Secular European rulers of the fifth through eleventh centuries, who generally lacked facilities of their own for keeping prisoners, also made use of monastic prisons. These secular prisoners in monastic prisons were sometimes criminals, but often they were simply political adversaries, such as in the cases of
3653:, stated that delinquent monks and nuns should be separated from their fellows and confined in an ergastulum, a disciplinary cell within the monastery in which forced labor took place, thus moving the old Roman punitive domestic work cell for slaves and household dependents into the institutional setting of the monastery. The letter of Siricius was reissued in 895 at the Synod of Tribur, and it made its way into Gratian's Decretum in 1140.
3296:
3153:
light. In other cells there are kept miserable wretches laden with shackles, some of wood, some of iron. These cannot move, but defecate and urinate on themselves. Nor can they lie down except on the frigid ground. They have endured torments like these day and night for a long time. In other miserable places in the prison, not only is there no light or air, but food is rarely distributed, and that only bread and water.
3157:
constantly heard an immense wailing, weeping, groaning, and gnashing of teeth. What more can one say? For these prisoners life is a torment and death a comfort. And thus coerced they say that what is false is true, choosing to die once rather than to endure more torture. As a result of these false and coerced confessions not only do those making the confessions perish, but so do the innocent people named by them.
4342:
They are often given sermons and exhortations in common, or individually in the case of those kept in deep dungeons. But the prisoners of some monastic orders have none of that. Few or no visits or consolations, rarely a mass, never an exhortation; in other words, a perpetual solitude and seclusion without promenades in the open, without movement, without amelioration, briefly, without consolation.
3282:
2593:
3051:. Young offenders could be sentenced to San Michele by the courts, and parents or guardians could voluntarily send recalcitrant boys to the prison. Although the young inmates often endured conditions such as corporal punishment and being chained to their desks, San Michele was considered by contemporaries to be a model of an enlightened penal system.
5397:, which was one of the first buildings to be added to the original complex, was designed to accommodate two categories of young boys: juvenile offenders who were sent by Roman courts or during hearings or because they were sentenced to the galleys; and disobedient boys who were put away at the request of their father or guardian.
2836:. Ecclesiastical reforms in the late eleventh century largely suppressed the practice of confining political opponents to monasteries, but secular authorities continued to make use of monastic prisons; in the case of female prisoners, confining them to a convent rather than a secular prison could be a means of avoiding rape.
6141:
In those cases where decisive proof was lacking and the suspicions entertained as to the defendant's conduct were not 'vehement,' the suspect was to be released upon providing suitable sureties until such time as new, more convincing evidence was found against him. Such individuals, however, were not
5282:
In 1539 Clement's successor Pope Paul III (Alessandro
Farnese, ruled 1534–49) imprisoned Cellini in Castel Sant'Angelo on charges of stealing jewels from the papal coffers during the Sack of Rome a decade earlier. The artist escaped but was caught and incarcerated again. The Pope finally released him
4679:
His second incarceration took place in
Salamanca. A Dominican confessor invited him to dinner, though he warned him that the prior would question him and Calixto, his companion, about their preaching. After the meal, the two were confined to the Dominican monastery for three days. Transferred then to
4204:
With the widespread employment of imprisonment as a disciplinary and reformative technique, individual prison cells were created in monasteries for this specific purpose. A directive in 1229 to the
Cistercian monasteries in France ordered the placement of a "solid and secure prison" in each; normally
5681:
When the inquisitors imposed a penance entailing the confiscation of property, that property passed into the hands of the condemned person's lord. In turn, the lords were expected to use the revenues from these confiscations to defray the inquisitors' expenses. Even the prisons used by the
Dominican
5483:
Because the chief aim of inquisitors was to extort confessions from those suspected of heresy, a necessary preliminary to reconciling them (where possible) with the community of the faithful, they took it for granted that arrested suspects against whom there was circumstantial evidence would need to
5134:
Rulings, such as the one enacted at the
Council of Rheims (1157) that those young women swayed by the influence of a heretical Manichaean group were to be put to the ordeal of the hot iron and, if found guilty, branded on the forehead and cheek and then banished, were by no means rare. The warden of
4938:
In 1298 Boniface VIII formally introduced imprisonment into canon law as a fitting punishment: 'Although it is evident that the use of prison is authorized for the prisoner's custody and not for punishment, we have no objection if you send members of the clergy who are under your discipline, after a
4603:
In the case of Jeanne, widow of B. de la Tour, a nun of Lespenasse, in 1246, who had committed acts of both Catharan and Waldensian heresy, and had prevaricated in her confession, the sentence was confinement in a separate cell in her own convent, where no one was to enter or see her, her food being
6427:
When in 1306 one of the cardinals charged by Pope Clement V to investigate the complaints of the people of Albi inspected the mur at Carcassonne, he discovered that many prisoners whose trials had not yet been completed were being kept shackled and housed in 'narrow and very dark prisons.' Some had
5512:
When in 1306 one of the cardinals charged by Pope Clement V to investigate the complaints of the people of Albi inspected the mur at Carcassonne, he discovered that many prisoners whose trials had not yet been completed were being kept shackled and housed in 'narrow and very dark prisons.' Some had
5454:
By the second half of the twelfth century, as the inquisitorial process of enquiry became normal in the church courts, a delay between the arrest of a cleric and his trial became necessary, in serious cases at least, in order to find witnesses and permit all appropriate enquiries to be conducted by
5253:
Perhaps the most famous ecclesiastical prison to be used by the Roman Catholic Church itself was the Castel Sant'Angelo in Rome. It was there that Clement XIV, under political pressure from the Bourbons and other enemies of the Society, ordered the incarceration of the general, Lorenzo Ricci, after
4542:
Mabillon writes that "a frightful kind of prison, where daylight never entered, was invented, and since it was designed for those who would finish their lives in it, it received the name Vade in pace ." A similar fate in a prison with the same title awaited a monk of St. Alban's who was "solitarily
4370:
First, Benedict orders that the continually defiant brother must bear the pain of isolation: "Let him work alone at what he is told to do, maintaining all the while a penitential sorrow ... He must take his meals alone ... No one passing by should bless him, nor food given him." He then complements
3881:
Nor were monks the only religious subject to confinement. The twelfth-century Cistercian writer Ailred of Rievaulx told the story of the nun of Watton, who, around 1160, became pregnant by another religious, was discovered, and was chained by fetters on each leg and placed in a cell with only bread
6287:
Even after someone had fallen into the hands of the inquisitors, escape from custody does not seem to have been extraordinarily difficult. In the first decade of the fourteenth century, the custodians of the mur at Toulouse had considerable difficulty in maintaining effective security. In 1309 and
6027:
However, at times the prison authorities restricted free access of visitors to prisoners. Writing at the end of the fourteenth century, Nicholas Eymerich noted that inquisitors should be suspicious of the sincerity of penitents who during the initial stages of their investigation doggedly clung to
5311:
After a career of wandering Europe and writing books, Bruno was imprisoned by the Inquisition in 1592, first in Venice then in Rome, and burned at the stake in 1600 By the time of his imprisonment Bruno's books had already been written, and as he languished in prison at Castel Sant'Angelo in Rome
4735:
Some early examples of ecclesiastical imprisonment can be found in the laws of Theodosius, where one finds a ruling that clerical deserters were to be arrested and placed in church custody. A decree from the first Council of Matison (581) rules that senior clergy charged with indecency or carrying
4147:
In many instances, notably the early Benedictine foundations, the monks slept in cubicles and so various types of rooms, often makeshift ones, were utilized for this specific purpose. We already saw in the case of Pachomius that the sullen and malicious gossip was to be locked up in the infirmary.
6687:
The most feared punishment meted out by the Manx Ecclesiastical Courts up to about the beginning of the last century was imprisonment in the ecclesiastical prison under the medieval cathedral of St. German's in Peel Island (now in ruins since the seventeenth century) near the Town of Peel. Craine
5941:
For the most part, suspects were apparently not kept under lock and key or isolated from one another. Instead, they were allowed to wander around, almost at pleasure, within the walls of the prison. Just as little was normally done to keep prisoners separate from one another, so was little effort
4877:
The decisive pronouncement, however, was issued in 1298 by Pope Boniface VIII within the 'Liber Sextus,' a document that was appended to the first code of canon law. The directive states: 'In regard to the detention of the guilty, prison should be primary understood not as punishment. At the same
4341:
No care is taken to console them in their prison, which is much harder than that of the laymen, because in the latter, people have usually the liberty to see each other at certain hours and even to receive visits from friends or other charitable persons. Usually they can hear Holy Mass every day.
4290:
In one case, that of a monk accused of conspiring against the abbot's authority, excommunication was followed by chaining for a whole day and night in the infirmary. In the text, the severity of this sentence was drawn to the reader's attention, suggesting that most instances of imprisonment were
4061:
Pepin the Short, in 751, locked up the last Merovingian king in a monastery. Charlemagne ordered his son, Pepin the Hunchback, as well as his cousin, the Duke of Tassilo, to accept the tonsure and live out their days as monks. Louis the Pious followed a similar course of action with those who had
3974:
Aristocratic dwellings of the early tenth century, especially those in northern Europe, were not designed to be solid and lasting. The great families were itinerant, stopping in turn at their estates spread over vast tracts of land. Only bishops, charged with the defence of their walled diocesan
2966:
was becoming increasingly standard, the specifics of the prisons themselves and their keeping were largely left up to local authorities. The severity of the penalties imposed varied widely: in some cases a brief period of incarceration might serve as a penalty for a cleric lying under oath, while
6484:
Some sentences were feared far more than imprisonment in a monastery or religious convent. One was relegation to the papal galleys or, far worse, those of the king. Some convicts were so terrified of this latter sentence that we have evidence of them accusing themselves of heresy or even, in one
5425:
Arguably, the most notable of the numerous ecclesiastical penal facilities was St. Michael's in Rome. It opened in 1703 under the aegis of Pope Clement XI and became a revered system of enlightened penal practice. It was a house of detention exclusively focused on seeking the reform of troubled
4706:
According to one anecdote, when Ignatius sought approval for the Formula of the Institute, the first sketch of what would eventually become the Constitutions of the Society, he was asked why it included no provisions for confinement. Ignatius, it is said, replied that none were necessary because
4032:
So Charlemagne forced his cousin Duke Tassilo of Bavaria to accept the tonsure and retire to a monastery, he treated his rebellious son Pepin the Hunchback likewise, and Louis the Pious followed the same policy with a number of opponents. The practice was continued by the Ottonians. For example,
3152:
Truly this could be called with good cause a hell. For in it you have constructed little cells for the purpose of tormenting and torturing people. Some of these cells are dark and airless, so that those lodged there cannot tell if it is day or night, and they are continuously deprived of air and
3131:
The prison sentences imposed by the Inquisition varied by time, place, the judgement of the inquisitor, and how convincingly a given heretic recanted; some sentences were as short as one year, but most were for life, a sentence which included confiscation of the convict's property. However, some
6773:
The priests' protest against the 'ecclesiastical prison' set off a widespread campaign, particularly strong in the Basque country, in which bishops joined priests in urging the Government to shut the prison and move the seven to a monastery as provided for by the concordat between Spain and the
6398:
The inquisitors' frequent use of imprisonment also increased officials' awareness of prison conditions. Early in the fourteenth century, Pope Clement sent a commission of inspectors into the inquisitorial prisons of southern France; finding these prisons to be in great disrepair, the inspectors
5364:
The result was that on the evening of December 27, 1789, the couple was arrested by the Inquisition for attempting to found an Egyptian lodge. Cagliostro was accused of impiety and heresy. The convicted heretic was kept first in the Castel Sant' Angelo, the Roman citadel, and then moved to the
4820:
The historian of the years 1000–1300 cannot afford so easily to pigeonhole prisons under the heading 'penal system'. This is not because imprisonment was never in that period imposed as a judicial punishment; as we shall see, it had always been used punitively at least occasionally; it became a
4625:
At Lodi in 1662 Sister Antonia Margherita Limera stood trial for having introduced a man into her cell and entertained him for a few days; she was sentenced to be walled in alive on a diet of bread and water. In the same year, the trial for breach of enclosure and sexual intercourse against the
5105:
In practice, by 1298 brief incarceration was already well established also for a small number of minor clerical offences. For example, clerics whose testimony in a court of law had proved to be mendacious might find themselves in jail for a short period, as a forceful expression of the court's
3188:
to investigate the conditions in the inquisitorial prisons of southern France. The delegation reported haphazard management, buildings in disrepair, and shocking conditions, and ordered immediate reforms. These reforms, once implemented, left inquisitorial prisons among the best-run in Europe,
3156:
Many prisoners have been put in similar situations, in which several, because of the severity of their tortures, have lost limbs and have been completely incapacitated. Many, because of the unbearable conditions and their great suffering, have died a most cruel death. In these prisons there is
6716:
When clergy or those in Religious Orders are detained or arrested they will be treated with the consideration due to their state and position. Prison sentences will be served in a Church or religious house which, in the judgement of the local Ordinary and the relevant State authority, offers
4261:
Dom Jean Mabillon, the seventeenth-century Benedictine historian and reformer, reveals that the priors of the Benedictine order gathered at Aix-la-Chapelle in 817 to discuss a response to the frightening abuses of prisoners that had occurred within several of their abbeys. The priors used the
3784:
But if any one of them, either through former license, or through an evil custom of impunity, has been seduced, or should in future be led, into the gulph of adulterous lapse, we will that, after enduring the severity of adequate punishment, she be consigned for penance to some other stricter
2839:
Early monastic imprisonment often simply involved confining the offending monk to his cell, or to some other room temporarily designated as a prison; with the growing use of incarceration as a punishment, however, monasteries increasingly built dedicated prison facilities. These were usually
5998:
The most striking feature of life in the inquisitorial prisons was its largely unstructured nature. The inquisitors seem to have made virtually no effort to establish a special penitential regime. Unlike prison authorities in early modern and modern Europe, they set up no system of labor. If
5048:
In 1261, Boniface, the Archbishop of Canterbury, decreed the following: 'We do with special injunction ordain that every bishop have one or two prisons in his bishopric (he is to take care of the sufficient largeness and security thereof) for the safekeeping of clerks according to canonical
4878:
time we do not reject prison for clerics ... if they have been convicted of crimes. Taking the nature of their crimes and their persons and other circumstances into prudent consideration, such malefactors could either be confined for a time or for life as you may judge appropriate.'
6056:
As a prisoner, however, Adhemar proved less than exemplary. On 7 March 1316 Gui took the unusual step of sentencing him to the much more severe form of imprisonment known as murum strictum, in which a prisoner was kept confined in a cell and could also be burdened with fetters and
5883:
There were two classes of inquisitorial prisons, what were termed murus largus and murus strictus. The former, patterned on monastic life, established a precisely regulated daily regimen within the penal enclosure. The latter called for a much more severe confinement in a single
3112:, which allowed them to wander freely within the prison and socialize with their fellow prisoners of both sexes; no organized program of work or prayer was imposed, and outside visitors were often unrestricted. Prisoners under a higher degree of suspicion were instead kept in
5912:
This cooperation earned Adhemar the relatively lenient, in the circumstances, sentence of imprisonment ad murum largum in Toulouse. Under the terms of such a sentence, prisoners enjoyed a large degree of freedom, often being allowed to wander around the mur rather as they
4652:
By the fourteenth century, virtually all religious orders had facilities of one kind or another in which to incarcerate troublemakers The Constitutions of Ignatius therefore were a notable exception to those of other religious orders in that they did not include such
839:
6688:
tells us that: 'imprisonment in the ecclesiastical prison was a most unpleasant ordeal and that in 1812 William Faragher refused on some point of principle to pay his accustomed tithes and was committed to St. German's until he found sureties for his compliance.'
4003:
Among the Franks of the Merovingian and Carolingian periods, the prison within the monastic walls slowly spread its shadow. Monasteries came to be perceived by powerful laymen as suitable places in which to detain political prisoners too important to be done to
3620:
By 1206 the Cistercian order had licensed prisons for the enclosure of fugitives and evil-doers among the brothers. By the thirteenth century, Carthusian and Carmelite houses incarcerated those who first ran away and then sought to return to the monastic way of
3440:
Fructuosus (d. 670) states that the excommunicated brother should be sent alone into a dark cell and fed a diet of bread and water. There he must dwell in silence and separation from the community, conferring with no one save the monk dispatched to counsel
5254:
the promulgation of Dominus ac Redemptor, the bull that dissolved the Jesuit order. Ricci was seventy years old. His advanced age, coupled with the harsh circumstances of his confinement, undoubtedly hastened his death in Castel Sant'Angelo two years later.
2851:, sometimes mitigated by visits from superiors. Inmates in monastic prisons were sometimes kept in chains, and their sentences often included deprivation of food, corporal punishment, various forms of ritual humiliation, or ecclesiastical penalties such as
5426:
adolescents. Parents or guardians of the young people petitioned the pope directly to have them confined there. The young men were chained to their desks. The daily regimen at St. Michael's was marked by prayer, work, and, frequently, corporal punishment.
2910:
while being interrogated about his theological teachings. An anecdote tells of Ignatius, asked why the charter of his order did not call for the use of incarceration, answering that it was unnecessary when expulsion from the Society was always available.
6717:
suitable guarantees. Sentences will not be served in facilities where there are lay people unless the relevant Church authorities have demoted the person concerned to the lay state. They will be allowed bail and any other benefits established in law.
6198:
But when she was sentenced to life imprisonment because her judges believed that she had recanted only out of fear of death (a common reason for sentences of life imprisonment in inquisitorial courts), Joan revoked her confession and was burned at the
6230:
The length of a heretic's prison sentence depended on the judgement of the inquisitor. While a few got away with just 1 year, most had a life sentence imposed on them. As nowadays, this only sometimes meant life. Inquisitors could and did free some
4033:
Thietmar of Merseberg, describing the treatment meted out to three men who had plotted against Henry II, recorded that one escaped from custody, the second was sent to the great monastery of Fulda, and the third was held for a long time in a castle.
3852:
The nun of Watton in Yorkshire, made pregnant by a young canon, was punished by being shackled as she lay in prison which, if the shackles should be taken literally rather than metaphorically, suggests that nuns were not necessarily accorded gentle
3135:
In the 13th century, the conditions in some inquisitorial prisons, especially those of southern France, were considered inhumane even by contemporaries (although wealthy prisoners were sometimes able to escape the worst of the treatment). The
2491:
6743:
The concordat signed in 1953 between Spain and the Vatican established that priests could not go to jail. Instead, sanctions had to be served inside 'an ecclesiastical or religious home or at least in a different location from secular
6316:
The terrible conditions the consuls complained of were not, however, universally experienced in the mur of Carcassonne. While waiting for and during interrogation, things could be more comfortable, at least for those born of well-known
4118:
In thirteenth-century Venice, where male debtors were sent to prison, female ones were commended to monasteries or nunneries to persuade them to pay up, a sign that the city authorities did not wish to be involved in allegations of
5623:
In 1252 Innocent IV licensed the use of torture to obtain evidence from suspects; by 1256 inquisitors were allowed to absolve each other if they used the instruments of torture themselves, rather than relying on lay agents for the
2947:, which endorsed the use of imprisonment as a legal penalty. At this point, the already-common practice of ecclesiastical prisons was becoming near-universal, with each bishopric expected to maintain its own prison; for example,
3816:
Punishments among nuns were not far different. The Carmelite Constitutions concerning a grave fault such as repeated conversation about "the affairs of the world" mandate nine days of confinement including a "discipline" in the
6513:
Monastic prisons and their severities survived into early modern times, and the great Benedictine monk and scholar Jean Mabillon criticized them in a short tract written around 1690, 'Reflections on the Prisons of the Monastic
3132:
prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment who demonstrated repentance and cooperation with their captors could hope to be freed on parole, and others took advantage of the loosely managed prison system to simply escape.
5135:
a house of detention for women wrote that there must be chains, bolts, gags, and various sorts of discipline because if the jail is meant to terrorize and cause fear then it stands to reason that it should be rigorous.
5455:
the judge appointed to the case. In the meantime, the accused could not be allowed to escape. The church, possessing few prisons and even fewer guards, often found itself unequal to the task of detaining him or her.
3411:
Pachomius (292-346) orders different forms of enforced seclusion for those monks who, having been several times admonished by the superior in the format recommended in the Gospels, steadfastly cling to proscribed
5652:
Despite the prohibition against the shedding of blood by clerics, exceptions in defense of torture are found in the Corpus Iuris Canonici both in the decretals of Gratian and in the 'Liber Extra' of Pope Gregory
3942:"Criminal sins," as the most severe sins were called, required public exclusion from the church and the sacraments, and they required public penance of various kinds, including penitential confinement, the same
6113:
In some cases, if there was only mild suspicion against a person, the equivalent of a modern probation order might be issued, requiring the suspect to turn up each day and report, though not to be incarcerated.
1592:
5594:
Nor should we forget that, in 1256, despite the ancient tradition condemning the shedding of blood by clerics, inquisitors were permitted to absolve each other of sin if they participated in torturing their
5970:
Aside from lodging men and women in separate rooms, no effort was made to keep the sexes apart. Similarly, no effort was made to segregate prisoners awaiting trial from those who had already been condemned.
5794:
From the mid-thirteenth century on, both the confiscated property of convicted heretics and grants from the royal treasury, especially in France and Sicily, led to the construction of special inquisitorial
4575:
In fourteenth-century Toulouse, monks lodged a protest against a monastic prison called Vade in pace ("Go in peace"), which seems to have been far more severe than the usual place of monastic confinement.
5851:
The only alternative available was the construction of inquisitorial prisons solely for the custody of alleged heretics. These began to appear in the south of France in the second half of the thirteenth
4764:
The one sphere within the Church in which imprisonment was an accepted punishment by 1000 was in monasteries. In the course of the eleventh and twelfth centuries, resort to imprisonment grew commoner.
4452:
All the priors of the order, assembled at Aix-la-Chapelle, in 817 forbade the exposure of these poor creatures in a naked state, to be whipped before the rest of the monks, as had previously been the
3469:
The Dominican Constitutions urge priors to "punish freely" their lapsed brothers since the "rigor of incarceration is not the same as banishment since it might incite improvement in the delinquent."
3946:
that applied to secular clergy. For some particularly offensive criminal sins -- incest, magic, divination -- several eighth- and ninth-century councils insisted on actual punitive incarceration.
3100:, generally had no prisons of their own to use. It became necessary to build new prisons especially for the Inquisition, funded partly by local lords, partly by property seized from convicted
2847:
Incarceration in monastic prisons was sometimes for periods as short as a day; other sentences lasted indefinitely, or for life. Monastic prisons, unlike secular prisons, typically involved
2304:
4506:
In the course of time, a frightful kind of prison, where daylight never entered, was invented, and since it was designed for those who should finish their lives in it, it received the name
4262:
opportunity not only to offer guidelines for prisons within the various communities, but also to mandate that facilities conforming to those guidelines be constructed in each foundation.
4090:
Because the practice of forcing defeated political opponents to become monks was disapproved of by the ecclesiastical reformers of the later eleventh century, it died out fairly rapidly.
6259:
This was not the way of the inquisitors, who operated something akin to a parole system. Those who cooperated with the inquisitors could look forward to a relaxation of their sentences.
3216:
the abbey was closed and converted entirely into a prison; it was not until 1863 that the prison was closed altogether, so that the building could be restored and, in 1874, declared a
5020:
Unwillingness to cooperate with the prévot of Paris almost certainly explained the decision of the chapter of Notre Dame cathedral to build prisons in its cloister, as it had by 1285.
2003:
1993:
6428:
apparently endured these conditions for five years and more. Evidently shocked by what he found, the cardinal ordered that the prisoners should be held under less harsh conditions.
5513:
apparently endured these conditions for five years and more. Evidently shocked by what he found, the cardinal ordered that the prisoners should be held under less harsh conditions.
3128:("strictest imprisonment"). Conversely, those under only minor suspicion were often allowed out on probation, allowed to return home on condition of reporting in on a daily basis.
4148:
However, with the widespread employment of imprisonment as a disciplinary and reformative technique, individual prison cells were created in monasteries for this specific purpose.
5541:
Languedocian inquisitors only rarely used torture to extract confessions. Instead, uncooperative witnesses were simply locked away for long periods of time to think things over.
5999:
prisoners worked, they did so of their own volition and on their own schedule. Even more surprising is the lack of any special program of religious education or indoctrination.
1998:
5766:
But the mendicant friars who from 1231 until 1311 comprised the main body of inquisitors, had never previously had need of such amenities; nor could their houses supply them.
4062:
become a political liability. A church council in Rome in 826 stated that entry into a monastery should be voluntary, except in the case of those being punished for a crime.
3528:
The Mercedarians and Trinitarians, orders founded to raise funds to redeem and care for captives, required that prison facilities be erected in each of their communities."
2935:. It was not, however, until the eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth centuries that ecclesiastical prisons began to grow increasingly common. As part of the codification of
1177:
1129:
1026:
132:
1689:
834:
829:
3243:, ecclesiastical prisons were in active use up through the early 19th century, with records of one William Faragher being imprisoned in 1812 for refusing to pay a
2202:
2685:
Some of the earliest uses of imprisonment as a penalty in itself, rather than as a practical means of detaining accused criminals, took place in the context of
1535:
956:
5191:
The records of papal courts sitting in Avignon in the fourteenth century indicate that papal judges not infrequently used imprisonment as a form of punishment.
4906:
The episcopal use of imprisonment as punishment was regularized in an executive order entitled 'Quamvis' and issued by Pope Boniface VIII in his lawbook, the
6661:
Farrant, P. W. S. (July 1995). "Some Observations on the History of and the Role and Duties of the Manx Vicar General, Chancellor & Official Principal".
3148:
We feel ourselves aggrieved in that you, contrary to the use and custom observed by your predecessors in the Inquisition, have made a new prison, called the
2621:
605:
3093:
gave permission for inquisitors to absolve each other for violating the tradition against clerical shedding of blood by performing the torture themselves.
2227:
3212:
suffer severe physical consequences from his treatment there. Mont-Saint-Michel continued in use as an ecclesiastical prison until 1791, when, during the
4821:
commoner sentence in the ecclesiastical courts during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries; and towards 1300 lay courts were increasingly imitating this.
2474:
2085:
2919:
The use of incarceration as an ecclesiastical penalty dates back well before the beginning of the second millennium, with examples attested in the 438
6821:
5077:
The pontifical and synodal decrees demanding the construction of prisons in each diocese provided no guidelines as to how they were to be constructed.
576:
34:
6370:
In 1296, the citizens of Carcassonne revolted against such conditions; in 1303 Philip IV feared a more general rising across the whole of Languedoc.
5334:
Yet soon after Greogry's death De Dominis was seized, confined to the Castle Sant'Angelo, and died in the course of the Inquisition's investigation.
3649:
The Benedictine Rule does not mention a term for prison, but an earlier canon law source, a letter of Pope Siricius (384-98) to Himerius, bishop of
3019:
2844:
before the seventh century AD. Some orders, such as the Cistercians and Benedictines, explicitly required that each monastery contain prison cells.
2022:
2017:
1751:
1746:
1731:
1516:
1491:
1455:
774:
6142:
given complete liberty. Every day they were to present themselves at the gate of the inquisition's house in Toulouse and remain there until supper.
3267:
1170:
612:
4319:
Most agreed that such confinement might continue solely at the discretion of the abbot, in the most severe cases entailing confinement for life.
3914:("confinement in a monastery"), and it might entail either living as a monk under normal monastic discipline or being held in a monastic prison.
6649:
Built in 1732 for the detention of disobedient priests, the Aljube became a civil prison in 1808 when the Portuguese crown relocated to Brazil.
1574:
740:
550:
86:
4619:
Medioli, Francesca (1 September 2001). "Dimensions of the Cloister". In Schutte, Anne Jacobson; Kuehn, Thomas; Menchi, Silvana Seidel (eds.).
6596:
6420:
6363:
6338:
6309:
6280:
6252:
6223:
6163:
6134:
6106:
6078:
6049:
6020:
5991:
5963:
5934:
5905:
5844:
5759:
5674:
5616:
5562:
5534:
5505:
5476:
5447:
5304:
5275:
5184:
5156:
5098:
5013:
4960:
4931:
4813:
4785:
4757:
4474:
4283:
4111:
4083:
4025:
3996:
3967:
3845:
3674:
3613:
3490:
2171:
1790:
1466:
1413:
556:
2936:
200:
6614:""A storehouse of prisoners": Rio de Janeiro's Correction House (Casa de Correção) and the birth of the penitentiary in Brazil, 1830–1906"
3189:
according to historian Edward M. Peters; prisoners convicted on other charges were known to confess to heresy in order to be sent there.
2986:
in Rome served as a papal prison from 1367 to 1870 while under the control of the Papal States. Notable figures confined there included:
1511:
1436:
6572:
4481:
Ritual humiliation and temporary loss of influence in the abbey were apparently of the essence of these terrible-sounding punishments.
1448:
1055:
752:
6831:
6497:
Peters, Edward M. (1995). "Prison before the Prison: The Ancient and Medieval Worlds". In Morris, Norval; Rothman, David J. (eds.).
6477:
6440:
Peters, Edward M. (1995). "Prison before the Prison: The Ancient and Medieval Worlds". In Morris, Norval; Rothman, David J. (eds.).
6382:
Peters, Edward M. (1995). "Prison before the Prison: The Ancient and Medieval Worlds". In Morris, Norval; Rothman, David J. (eds.).
6182:
Peters, Edward M. (1995). "Prison before the Prison: The Ancient and Medieval Worlds". In Morris, Norval; Rothman, David J. (eds.).
6085:
Of these, four were sentenced ad strictissimum carcerem, that is, to be kept bound in chains and fed on nothing but bread and water.
5876:
5816:
5778:
Peters, Edward M. (1995). "Prison before the Prison: The Ancient and Medieval Worlds". In Morris, Norval; Rothman, David J. (eds.).
5731:
5694:
Peters, Edward M. (1995). "Prison before the Prison: The Ancient and Medieval Worlds". In Morris, Norval; Rothman, David J. (eds.).
5645:
5587:
5418:
5386:
5127:
5070:
5041:
4976:
Peters, Edward M. (1995). "Prison before the Prison: The Ancient and Medieval Worlds". In Morris, Norval; Rothman, David J. (eds.).
4890:
Peters, Edward M. (1995). "Prison before the Prison: The Ancient and Medieval Worlds". In Morris, Norval; Rothman, David J. (eds.).
4870:
4842:
4728:
4559:
Peters, Edward M. (1995). "Prison before the Prison: The Ancient and Medieval Worlds". In Morris, Norval; Rothman, David J. (eds.).
4535:
4414:
Peters, Edward M. (1995). "Prison before the Prison: The Ancient and Medieval Worlds". In Morris, Norval; Rothman, David J. (eds.).
4383:
Peters, Edward M. (1995). "Prison before the Prison: The Ancient and Medieval Worlds". In Morris, Norval; Rothman, David J. (eds.).
4363:
4303:
Peters, Edward M. (1995). "Prison before the Prison: The Ancient and Medieval Worlds". In Morris, Norval; Rothman, David J. (eds.).
4254:
4226:
4197:
4160:
Peters, Edward M. (1995). "Prison before the Prison: The Ancient and Medieval Worlds". In Morris, Norval; Rothman, David J. (eds.).
4140:
4054:
3926:
Peters, Edward M. (1995). "Prison before the Prison: The Ancient and Medieval Worlds". In Morris, Norval; Rothman, David J. (eds.).
3894:
Peters, Edward M. (1995). "Prison before the Prison: The Ancient and Medieval Worlds". In Morris, Norval; Rothman, David J. (eds.).
3865:
Peters, Edward M. (1995). "Prison before the Prison: The Ancient and Medieval Worlds". In Morris, Norval; Rothman, David J. (eds.).
3809:
3733:
Peters, Edward M. (1995). "Prison before the Prison: The Ancient and Medieval Worlds". In Morris, Norval; Rothman, David J. (eds.).
3701:
Peters, Edward M. (1995). "Prison before the Prison: The Ancient and Medieval Worlds". In Morris, Norval; Rothman, David J. (eds.).
3633:
Peters, Edward M. (1995). "Prison before the Prison: The Ancient and Medieval Worlds". In Morris, Norval; Rothman, David J. (eds.).
3580:
3552:
3521:
3462:
3433:
3404:
3348:
1988:
1736:
1545:
1477:
746:
712:
2970:
4849:
Ecclesiastical prisons as the formal apparatus for dealing with serious 'crimes' make their appearance in the thirteenth century.
2614:
2147:
872:
803:
256:
42:
4430:
Monastic imprisonment was used in conjunction with other disciplinary measures, including restricted diet and beating with rods.
3266:, where clergy convicted under secular law would serve their sentences in monasteries or other dedicated institutions. In 1976,
2896:
intervened, at the request of the Archbishop of Toulouse, to require the monasteries to allow imprisoned monks weekly visitors.
3910:
Monastic prisons also served for the confinement of secular clergy under discipline by their bishops. The process was known as
2840:
purpose-built cells, but in some cases might be free-standing prisons; one of the earliest examples of the latter was built at
2119:
1741:
1501:
1404:
1207:
1045:
983:
757:
263:
3753:("a wall") came to be used as a designation for the room "appropriate for imprisonment" that the Benedictine Rule called for."
6506:
6449:
6391:
6191:
5942:
made to isolate them from outsiders. People who had been arrested and were in transit to the mur were not kept incommunicado.
5787:
5738:
Particularly in France and Spain, the large number of prisoners overwhelmed monastic and ecclesiastical centers of detention.
5703:
4985:
4899:
4568:
4423:
4392:
4312:
4169:
3935:
3903:
3874:
3742:
3717:
Not all monastic constitutions became part of canon law, but from the sixth century on, a number of them used the Latin term
3710:
3642:
3376:
2881:
2484:
1706:
277:
270:
3096:
This increased incarceration quickly overwhelmed the existing ecclesiastical prisons. Inquisitors, being largely members of
2967:
other prisons kept chains, bolts, and gags expressly in order to "terrorize and cause fear" in their young female captives.
2841:
2802:
The use of monastic prisons was not restricted to the monks themselves. Nonmonastic clergy and laymen could be sentenced to
4992:
During the twelfth century, bishops were expected to have their own diocesan prisons for the punishment of criminal clergy.
3383:
The Catholic Church was the first institution to use imprisonment consistently for any avowed purpose other than detention.
4626:
cleric Domenico Cagianella and Sister Vincenza Intanti of the convent of San Salvatore in Ariano had an identical outcome.
3228:
2497:
1711:
1651:
1506:
1349:
1050:
473:
250:
6756:
4233:
A directive in 1229 to the Cistercian monasteries in France ordered the placement of a "solid and secure prison" in each.
5823:
By the middle of the thirteenth century, there were inquisitorial prisons in France at Carcassone, Bezier, and Toulouse.
4792:
In the course of the thirteenth century, they tended to favour punitive imprisonment for serious offences by the clergy.
2833:
2821:
2334:
1962:
1423:
925:
6547:
La Bastille des Mers – Les Prisons du Mont-Saint-Michel – Les Exilés de l'ordre Du Roi au Mont-Saint-Michel – 1685–1789
25:
2673:. The use of ecclesiastical prisons began as early as the third or fourth century AD, and remained common through the
2607:
2469:
1919:
1877:
1850:
1775:
1701:
1696:
1684:
1523:
1460:
1343:
127:
3227:
During the early modern era, ecclesiastical prisons in many places gradually fell out of use or became secularized.
2744:, prescribed imprisonment as a penalty for various forms of misbehavior among the monks. In the late fourth century,
2795:
Penal imprisonment was also practiced in similar forms among female religious orders. One notable such case was the
3185:
2952:
2690:
2513:
2389:
2033:
1389:
1354:
542:
295:
4291:
even shorter; it was apparently little more than a symbolic reinforcement of the real punishment, excommunication.
2571:
2262:
1197:
1088:
458:
6730:
3120:, which meant solitary confinement; when combined with shackles and a diet of bread and water, this was called
3319:
3009:
2956:
2216:
2104:
1244:
1237:
1232:
1082:
862:
2982:, where the civic power of the Catholic Church was uniquely strong, ecclesiastical prisons saw heavy use. The
4588:
4511:
5365:
gloomy fortress of St. Leo in the territory of Urbino. There he remained until his death on August 28, 1795.
3209:
3082:
2902:
were notable among religious orders for not using imprisonment as a disciplinary tool. The order's founder,
2314:
2176:
2142:
1968:
1306:
1270:
912:
312:
300:
235:
165:
107:
6786:
5379:
Institutions of Confinement: Hospitals, Asylums, and Prisons in Western Europe and North America, 1500-1950
5207:
6456:
From the fourteenth century on, inquisitorial prisons were probably the best-maintained prisons in Europe.
5682:
inquisitors were built at royal expense and the prisoners lodged there supported out of the royal coffers.
3201:, a French monk and scholar, criticized them in his "Reflections on the Prisons of the Monastic Orders",
2562:
2508:
2269:
2080:
1980:
1862:
1812:
1275:
1095:
1014:
970:
877:
846:
821:
779:
699:
646:
625:
600:
504:
489:
400:
242:
187:
179:
138:
61:
3025:
2974:
Alessandro Farnese, later Pope Paul III, at one time an inmate of the papal prison of Castel Sant'Angelo
2944:
2928:
2686:
2662:
2518:
2255:
2038:
1899:
1855:
1603:
660:
653:
358:
222:
172:
114:
2983:
6700:
3314:
3309:
2848:
2379:
2340:
2114:
2065:
1974:
1934:
1579:
1443:
1332:
1326:
1313:
1165:
1159:
1040:
856:
810:
688:
524:
332:
290:
2799:, a twelfth-century figure confined in an ecclesiastical prison after her pregnancy was discovered.
6560:
5240:
4693:
4666:
4639:
4176:
By the late twelfth century each monastery was expected to contain a prison of one sort or another.
3219:
3173:
2948:
2871:
2817:
2705:
2694:
2503:
2384:
2351:
2324:
2319:
2181:
2156:
2070:
1761:
1264:
1250:
1225:
1220:
1060:
793:
674:
4604:
pushed in through an opening left for the purpose—in fact, the living tomb known as the "in pace."
3355:
It is understandable that religious establishments pioneered the use of imprisonment as a penalty.
6678:
6633:
3287:
3078:
3044:
3040:
2940:
2920:
2903:
2638:
2597:
2222:
1819:
1766:
1550:
1399:
1394:
1147:
951:
851:
815:
632:
518:
325:
100:
3497:
Men were similarly punished: under the rule of Fontevrault, rebellious brothers were imprisoned.
3104:. These prisons were often rather loosely run, with most prisoners kept under conditions called
4510:
It appears that the first person to invent this horrible form of torture was Matthew, Prior of
3587:
The Norbertines ordered that at least one, if not two, jails be established in every residence.
3559:
Each Augustinian priory was to have a facility secure on all sides and equipped with leg irons.
6592:
6568:
6502:
6473:
6445:
6416:
6387:
6359:
6334:
6305:
6276:
6248:
6219:
6187:
6159:
6130:
6102:
6074:
6045:
6016:
5987:
5959:
5930:
5901:
5872:
5840:
5812:
5783:
5755:
5727:
5699:
5670:
5641:
5612:
5583:
5558:
5530:
5501:
5472:
5443:
5414:
5382:
5300:
5271:
5180:
5152:
5123:
5094:
5066:
5037:
5009:
4981:
4956:
4927:
4895:
4866:
4838:
4809:
4781:
4753:
4724:
4564:
4531:
4470:
4419:
4388:
4359:
4308:
4279:
4250:
4222:
4193:
4165:
4136:
4107:
4079:
4050:
4021:
3992:
3963:
3931:
3899:
3870:
3841:
3805:
3738:
3706:
3670:
3638:
3609:
3576:
3548:
3517:
3486:
3458:
3429:
3400:
3372:
3344:
3251:
3213:
3090:
2997:
2924:
2893:
2757:
2753:
2542:
2399:
2394:
2364:
2249:
2135:
1867:
1598:
1584:
1483:
1362:
1318:
1282:
1212:
1113:
1108:
1065:
1020:
1007:
940:
785:
681:
498:
365:
121:
77:
6170:
Imprisonment was almost invariably for life, and entailed the confiscation of one's property.
5710:
The new work of the inquisitors at first greatly overloaded the capacity of existing prisons.
6826:
6670:
6625:
6526:
Sellin, Thorsten (1724). "Dom Jean Mabillon--A Prison Reformer of the Seventeenth Century".
5355:
3259:
3236:
3097:
3086:
2749:
2713:
2674:
2548:
2528:
2479:
2452:
2436:
2369:
1957:
1795:
1103:
1075:
734:
727:
453:
307:
144:
93:
70:
5295:
Dick, Steven J. (12 May 2020). "The Consolations of Astronomy and the Cosmic Perspective".
3172:
After a 1296 uprising in Carcassonne over the conditions of the inquisitorial prison, King
3048:
2932:
2885:
2852:
2829:
2813:
2709:
2642:
2578:
2555:
2533:
2426:
2416:
1929:
1924:
1611:
1367:
840:
Note on the importance of the internal forum and the inviolability of the Sacramental Seal
767:
617:
529:
285:
6485:
case, sodomy with boys and animals in order to be sent to the prisons of the Inquisition.
3341:
The Prison Experience: Disciplinary Institutions and Their Inmates in Early Modern Europe
414:
3765:
3181:
3003:
2870:("go in peace"), so named because inmates were expected to remain in them until death.
2670:
2523:
2464:
2243:
2095:
1842:
1782:
1726:
1721:
935:
930:
639:
581:
428:
377:
318:
158:
5163:
Papal rectors were lavish in their use of imprisonment, often causing trouble thereby.
3081:, or other harsh conditions. Canon law, as set down in the Decretium Gratiani and the
6815:
6682:
6637:
6613:
5268:
Benvenuto Cellini: Sexuality, Masculinity, and Artistic Identity in Renaissance Italy
3255:
3198:
3015:
2991:
2809:
2796:
2745:
2646:
2431:
2421:
2404:
2276:
2189:
1666:
1645:
1568:
1418:
1257:
421:
151:
5359:
2979:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2374:
2283:
2165:
1893:
1656:
1618:
1556:
1292:
1192:
892:
667:
207:
6629:
3769:
4939:
confession of crime or a conviction, to prison for the performance of penitence.'
3681:
By the second half of the seventh century, such isolation was being secured in a
6413:
Inquisition and Medieval Society: Power, Discipline, and Resistance in Languedoc
6331:
Inquisition and Medieval Society: Power, Discipline, and Resistance in Languedoc
6273:
Inquisition and Medieval Society: Power, Discipline, and Resistance in Languedoc
6245:
Inquisition and Medieval Society: Power, Discipline, and Resistance in Languedoc
6156:
Inquisition and Medieval Society: Power, Discipline, and Resistance in Languedoc
6127:
Inquisition and Medieval Society: Power, Discipline, and Resistance in Languedoc
6071:
Inquisition and Medieval Society: Power, Discipline, and Resistance in Languedoc
6042:
Inquisition and Medieval Society: Power, Discipline, and Resistance in Languedoc
6013:
Inquisition and Medieval Society: Power, Discipline, and Resistance in Languedoc
5984:
Inquisition and Medieval Society: Power, Discipline, and Resistance in Languedoc
5956:
Inquisition and Medieval Society: Power, Discipline, and Resistance in Languedoc
5927:
Inquisition and Medieval Society: Power, Discipline, and Resistance in Languedoc
5898:
Inquisition and Medieval Society: Power, Discipline, and Resistance in Languedoc
5667:
Inquisition and Medieval Society: Power, Discipline, and Resistance in Languedoc
5555:
Inquisition and Medieval Society: Power, Discipline, and Resistance in Languedoc
5527:
Inquisition and Medieval Society: Power, Discipline, and Resistance in Languedoc
5498:
Inquisition and Medieval Society: Power, Discipline, and Resistance in Languedoc
5177:
Inquisition and Medieval Society: Power, Discipline, and Resistance in Languedoc
4953:
Inquisition and Medieval Society: Power, Discipline, and Resistance in Languedoc
3295:
3240:
3141:
3060:
2825:
2741:
2733:
2729:
2237:
1914:
1904:
1379:
962:
900:
798:
406:
393:
3281:
3089:
specifically licensed the use of torture on Inquisition prisoners, and in 1256
2592:
2492:
Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life
6674:
5324:
Bracewell, C. W. (1984). "Marc'Antonio de Dominis: the Making of a Reformer".
3774:. Translated by Barmby, James. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co
3301:
3277:
2859:
2760:. These monastic prisons were referred to with various Latin terms, including
2737:
2459:
2075:
1952:
1909:
1887:
1835:
1828:
1540:
1472:
1372:
906:
384:
6787:"Agreements Between the Spanish State and the Holy See [Selections]"
4496:
Mabillon, Jean (1724). "Reflections on the prisons of the monastic orders".
4442:
Mabillon, Jean (1724). "Reflections on the prisons of the monastic orders".
4331:
Mabillon, Jean (1724). "Reflections on the prisons of the monastic orders".
3650:
3177:
3064:
2907:
2012:
1872:
1384:
1186:
1001:
882:
762:
719:
561:
371:
5346:
Koenig, Duane (1945). "Count Cagliostro, Grand Cophta of the Enlightment".
5283:
in 1540, thanks, in part, to the intervention of the French King Francis I.
3208:, after seeing a young friend sentenced to fifteen years in the prison at
3197:
Ecclesiastical prisons remained commonplace through the early modern era.
4544:
3101:
2889:
2099:
1882:
1661:
1639:
887:
694:
6358:. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 155.
6304:. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 155.
6218:. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 157.
6101:. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 154.
5839:. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 154.
5754:. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 154.
5611:. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 153.
5471:. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 154.
5442:. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 149.
5151:. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 147.
5093:. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 152.
4926:. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 161.
4780:. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 151.
4752:. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 145.
4469:. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 145.
4278:. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 145.
4106:. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 118.
3840:. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 145.
3608:. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 155.
3485:. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 145.
3074:
2963:
2899:
2196:
1529:
1301:
1287:
1070:
1032:
994:
566:
466:
228:
5312:
and elsewhere for 8 years, one wonders what occupied his fertile mind.
5008:. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 43.
4078:. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 25.
4020:. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 25.
3991:. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 25.
3962:. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 30.
3669:. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 24.
3343:. Amsterdam Academic Archive: Amsterdam University Press. p. 14.
4808:. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 2.
3232:
3137:
2654:
2650:
1562:
1496:
571:
3263:
3244:
2969:
2666:
2658:
1593:
Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law
6528:
Journal of the American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology
4498:
Journal of the American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology
4444:
Journal of the American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology
4333:
Journal of the American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology
2962:
Although the practice of keeping ecclesiastical prisons in each
1142:
6399:
issued strict and apparently successful orders for improvement.
6333:. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. pp. 64–65.
5557:. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. pp. 54–55.
4707:
there was always the door, that is, expulsion from the Society.
4409:
4407:
3975:
towns, could occasionally offer places suitable for detention.
3039:
Another notable ecclesiastical prison in the Papal States was
2906:, had himself spent time incarcerated in a monastic prison in
6803:
1. Article XVI of the current Concordat is hereby abolished.
2884:. The practice spread, being attested in locations including
2874:, writing in the early twelfth century, attributed the first
6275:. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. p. 101.
6073:. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. p. 163.
5669:. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. p. 194.
4399:
Other abbots imposed chains and fetters on imprisoned monks.
6589:
Convict Labor in the Portuguese Empire 1740-1932, volume 13
6501:. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 29.
6444:. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 31.
6415:. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. p. 65.
6386:. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 31.
6247:. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. p. 84.
6186:. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 32.
6158:. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. p. 69.
6129:. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. p. 61.
6044:. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. p. 31.
6015:. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. p. 83.
5986:. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. p. 82.
5958:. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. p. 82.
5929:. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. p. 62.
5900:. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. p. 31.
5782:. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 31.
5698:. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 31.
5640:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 100.
5582:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 102.
5529:. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. p. 54.
5500:. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. p. 52.
5179:. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. p. 52.
5122:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 102.
4980:. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 29.
4955:. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. p. 52.
4894:. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 29.
4563:. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 29.
4530:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 101.
4418:. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 29.
4387:. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 29.
4307:. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 28.
4164:. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 30.
3930:. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 30.
3898:. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 29.
3869:. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 29.
3768:(1895). Schaff, Philip; Wace, Henry; Knight, Kevin (eds.).
3737:. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 28.
3705:. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 28.
3637:. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 28.
2959:, made the practice mandatory in his jurisdiction in 1261.
6472:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 91.
5871:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 99.
5811:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 98.
5726:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 98.
5413:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 94.
5065:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 93.
5036:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 90.
4865:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 90.
4837:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 90.
4723:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 89.
4358:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 84.
4249:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 86.
4221:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 86.
4192:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 86.
4135:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 86.
4049:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 85.
3804:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 96.
3575:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 95.
3547:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 95.
3516:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 95.
3457:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 95.
3428:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 85.
3399:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 82.
2665:; prisoners were sometimes held in custody while awaiting
4590:
A History of The Inquisition of The Middle Ages; volume I
6356:
Captivity and Imprisonment in Medieval Europe, 1000–1300
6302:
Captivity and Imprisonment in Medieval Europe, 1000–1300
6216:
Captivity and Imprisonment in Medieval Europe, 1000–1300
6099:
Captivity and Imprisonment in Medieval Europe, 1000–1300
5837:
Captivity and Imprisonment in Medieval Europe, 1000–1300
5752:
Captivity and Imprisonment in Medieval Europe, 1000–1300
5609:
Captivity and Imprisonment in Medieval Europe, 1000–1300
5469:
Captivity and Imprisonment in Medieval Europe, 1000–1300
5440:
Captivity and Imprisonment in Medieval Europe, 1000–1300
5149:
Captivity and Imprisonment in Medieval Europe, 1000–1300
5091:
Captivity and Imprisonment in Medieval Europe, 1000–1300
5006:
Captivity and Imprisonment in Medieval Europe, 1000–1300
4924:
Captivity and Imprisonment in Medieval Europe, 1000–1300
4806:
Captivity and Imprisonment in Medieval Europe, 1000–1300
4778:
Captivity and Imprisonment in Medieval Europe, 1000–1300
4750:
Captivity and Imprisonment in Medieval Europe, 1000–1300
4467:
Captivity and Imprisonment in Medieval Europe, 1000–1300
4276:
Captivity and Imprisonment in Medieval Europe, 1000–1300
4104:
Captivity and Imprisonment in Medieval Europe, 1000–1300
4076:
Captivity and Imprisonment in Medieval Europe, 1000–1300
4018:
Captivity and Imprisonment in Medieval Europe, 1000–1300
3989:
Captivity and Imprisonment in Medieval Europe, 1000–1300
3960:
Captivity and Imprisonment in Medieval Europe, 1000–1300
3838:
Captivity and Imprisonment in Medieval Europe, 1000–1300
3667:
Captivity and Imprisonment in Medieval Europe, 1000–1300
3606:
Captivity and Imprisonment in Medieval Europe, 1000–1300
3483:
Captivity and Imprisonment in Medieval Europe, 1000–1300
3239:
in 1783; it would become a civil prison in 1808. In the
2748:
instructed monasteries to use penal imprisonment in his
5251:(4). St. Louis, MO: Seminar on Jesuit Spirituality: 4.
4704:(4). St. Louis, MO: Seminar on Jesuit Spirituality: 4.
4677:(4). St. Louis, MO: Seminar on Jesuit Spirituality: 3.
4650:(4). St. Louis, MO: Seminar on Jesuit Spirituality: 4.
3262:
established a separate ecclesiastical prison system in
2004:
List of cardinals excommunicated by the Catholic Church
3771:
Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 12
1994:
List of excommunicable offences in the Catholic Church
4621:
Time, Space, and Women's Lives in Early Modern Europe
3369:
Forms of constraint: a history of prison architecture
1999:
List of people excommunicated by the Catholic Church
6793:. International Center for Law and Religion Studies
4623:. Truman State University Press. pp. 170–171.
3006:, philosopher and cosmologist (periods 1592–1600)
1027:Matrimonial Nullity Trial Reforms of Pope Francis
133:Matrimonial nullity trial reforms of Pope Francis
1690:Formal act of defection from the Catholic Church
3146:
5377:Finzsch, Norbert; Jütte, Robert, eds. (1996).
4593:. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 487
2858:Some medieval monasteries practiced permanent
2203:Beatification and canonization process in 1914
3176:began to fear more such uprisings throughout
2931:, and the writings of the 8th-century bishop
2615:
8:
5208:"The Fortress of Castel Sant'Angelo in Rome"
3721:as a designation of penitential confinement.
3371:. University of Illinois Press. p. 17.
3217:
3163:
3085:, also allowed the use of torture; in 1252,
606:Ranking of liturgical days in the Roman Rite
5381:. Cambridge University Press. p. 313.
5270:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 8.
3121:
3113:
3105:
3068:
2875:
2864:
2803:
2786:
2778:
2770:
2762:
2645:. At various times, they were used for the
2071:Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura
6209:
6207:
5241:"Jesuits in Jail, Ignatius to the Present"
5201:
5199:
4694:"Jesuits in Jail, Ignatius to the Present"
4667:"Jesuits in Jail, Ignatius to the Present"
4640:"Jesuits in Jail, Ignatius to the Present"
4504:(4). Translated by Sellin, Thorsten: 585.
4450:(4). Translated by Sellin, Thorsten: 584.
4339:(4). Translated by Sellin, Thorsten: 586.
2622:
2608:
2475:Canonical erection of a house of religious
2086:Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith
20:
5862:
5860:
3059:With the twelfth-century founding of the
577:Ordinariate for Eastern Catholic faithful
16:Prisons maintained by the Catholic Church
6470:Criminal Justice and the Catholic Church
5869:Criminal Justice and the Catholic Church
5809:Criminal Justice and the Catholic Church
5724:Criminal Justice and the Catholic Church
5638:Criminal Justice and the Catholic Church
5580:Criminal Justice and the Catholic Church
5411:Criminal Justice and the Catholic Church
5234:
5232:
5120:Criminal Justice and the Catholic Church
5063:Criminal Justice and the Catholic Church
5034:Criminal Justice and the Catholic Church
4863:Criminal Justice and the Catholic Church
4835:Criminal Justice and the Catholic Church
4721:Criminal Justice and the Catholic Church
4614:
4612:
4528:Criminal Justice and the Catholic Church
4356:Criminal Justice and the Catholic Church
4247:Criminal Justice and the Catholic Church
4219:Criminal Justice and the Catholic Church
4190:Criminal Justice and the Catholic Church
4133:Criminal Justice and the Catholic Church
4047:Criminal Justice and the Catholic Church
3802:Criminal Justice and the Catholic Church
3795:
3793:
3573:Criminal Justice and the Catholic Church
3545:Criminal Justice and the Catholic Church
3514:Criminal Justice and the Catholic Church
3455:Criminal Justice and the Catholic Church
3426:Criminal Justice and the Catholic Church
3397:Criminal Justice and the Catholic Church
3020:Superior General of the Society of Jesus
1517:Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts
6757:"IMPRISONED PRIESTS ARE MOVED BY SPAIN"
6701:"Franco's concordat (1953) : Text"
4491:
4489:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3538:
3536:
3507:
3505:
3331:
2892:, Lespinasse, Lodi, and San Salvatore.
2752:, an instruction renewed in 895 at the
613:General Instruction of the Roman Missal
41:
6729:Junquera, Natalia (28 November 2013).
5245:Studies in the Spirituality of Jesuits
5239:Anderson, George M. (September 1995).
4698:Studies in the Spirituality of Jesuits
4692:Anderson, George M. (September 1995).
4671:Studies in the Spirituality of Jesuits
4665:Anderson, George M. (September 1995).
4644:Studies in the Spirituality of Jesuits
4638:Anderson, George M. (September 1995).
2990:Alessandro Farnese, prior to becoming
2828:); and various political opponents of
551:Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches
87:Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches
5266:Gallucci, Margaret (20 August 2003).
3367:Johnston, Norman (29 December 2006).
2172:Congregation for the Causes of Saints
1467:Delegata potestas non potest delegari
1414:Association of the Christian faithful
557:Eastern Canonical Reforms of Pius XII
7:
3231:, an early prison reformer, visited
2330:Journals and Professional Societies
2062:(tribunals & ministers/parties)
6567:, Éditions du Rocher, p. 318,
5215:Fasciculi Archaelogicae Historicae
2669:, sometimes as part of an imposed
1154:Supra-diocesan/eparchal structures
14:
2994:(late 15th or early 16th century)
6822:Canon law of the Catholic Church
5299:. Springer Nature. p. 761.
4547:, and dying was buried in them."
3294:
3280:
3000:, author and artisan (1539–1540)
2591:
1551:Resignation of the Roman Pontiff
804:Approbation (Catholic canon law)
257:Collectiones canonum Dionysianae
24:
6565:Les romans du Mont-Saint-Michel
1742:Incardination and excardination
1405:Types of membership of Opus Dei
1138:Supreme authority of the Church
758:Impediment (Catholic canon law)
264:Collectio canonum quadripartita
6612:Jean, Martine (October 2016).
5360:10.1080/00220973.1937.11017111
2951:built its prison in 1285, and
2687:Christian monastic communities
2299:Legal practice and scholarship
2208:Election of the Roman Pontiff
2034:Lifetime of prayer and penance
990:Canonical form (Latin Church)
278:Collectio canonum Wigorniensis
271:Collectio canonum Quesnelliana
1:
6630:10.1080/14788810.2016.1240915
3202:
3029:
2698:
2498:Institute of consecrated life
474:Apostolicae Sedis moderationi
443:
347:
251:Collections of ancient canons
213:
6499:Oxford History of the Prison
6442:Oxford History of the Prison
6384:Oxford History of the Prison
6184:Oxford History of the Prison
5780:Oxford History of the Prison
5696:Oxford History of the Prison
4978:Oxford History of the Prison
4892:Oxford History of the Prison
4561:Oxford History of the Prison
4416:Oxford History of the Prison
4385:Oxford History of the Prison
4305:Oxford History of the Prison
4162:Oxford History of the Prison
3928:Oxford History of the Prison
3896:Oxford History of the Prison
3867:Oxford History of the Prison
3735:Oxford History of the Prison
3703:Oxford History of the Prison
3635:Oxford History of the Prison
3339:Spierenburg, Pieter (2007).
3012:, bishop and reformer (1624)
2880:to a prior named Matthew of
2335:Canon Law Society of America
2228:Reforms of Pope Benedict XVI
1963:Censure (Catholic canon law)
1791:Associations of the faithful
1776:Juridic and physical persons
1424:Quinquennial visit ad limina
780:Nullity of Sacred Ordination
6587:Coates, Timothy J. (2014).
4587:Lea, Henry Charles (1887).
3749:In monastic usage the term
3144:wrote of the local prison:
2939:in the thirteenth century,
2712:Constitutions, the rule of
2470:Manifestation of Conscience
2305:List of legal abbreviations
1685:Person (Catholic canon law)
835:Internal and external forum
313:Lay investiture controversy
236:The Apostolic Constitutions
6848:
6663:Ecclesiastical Law Journal
6468:Skotnicki, Andrew (2008).
5867:Skotnicki, Andrew (2008).
5807:Skotnicki, Andrew (2008).
5722:Skotnicki, Andrew (2008).
5636:Skotnicki, Andrew (2008).
5578:Skotnicki, Andrew (2008).
5409:Skotnicki, Andrew (2008).
5206:Terenzi, Marcello (1986).
5118:Skotnicki, Andrew (2008).
5061:Skotnicki, Andrew (2008).
5032:Skotnicki, Andrew (2008).
4861:Skotnicki, Andrew (2008).
4833:Skotnicki, Andrew (2008).
4719:Skotnicki, Andrew (2008).
4526:Skotnicki, Andrew (2008).
4354:Skotnicki, Andrew (2008).
4245:Skotnicki, Andrew (2008).
4217:Skotnicki, Andrew (2008).
4188:Skotnicki, Andrew (2008).
4131:Skotnicki, Andrew (2008).
4045:Skotnicki, Andrew (2008).
3800:Skotnicki, Andrew (2008).
3571:Skotnicki, Andrew (2008).
3543:Skotnicki, Andrew (2008).
3512:Skotnicki, Andrew (2008).
3453:Skotnicki, Andrew (2008).
3424:Skotnicki, Andrew (2008).
3395:Skotnicki, Andrew (2008).
3268:revisions to the Concordat
3047:facility built in 1703 by
2413:Modern & Contemporary
2076:Tribunal of the Roman Rota
1747:Laicization (dispensation)
1536:Obreption & subreption
1449:Canonically crowned images
1134:, and canonical structures
296:Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals
6731:"The great priest escape"
6675:10.1017/S0956618X00000417
2842:the Mount Sinai Monastery
2756:and again in 1140 in the
2572:Society of apostolic life
2263:Romano Pontifici eligendo
1737:Clerics and public office
1634:Temporal goods (property)
1204:Local particular churches
1198:Eastern Catholic Churches
1089:Ratum sed non consummatum
6832:Catholic penal canon law
6411:Given, James B. (1997).
6329:Given, James B. (1997).
6271:Given, James B. (1997).
6243:Given, James B. (1997).
6154:Given, James B. (1997).
6125:Given, James B. (1997).
6069:Given, James B. (1997).
6040:Given, James B. (1997).
6011:Given, James B. (1997).
5982:Given, James B. (1997).
5954:Given, James B. (1997).
5925:Given, James B. (1997).
5896:Given, James B. (1997).
5665:Given, James B. (1997).
5553:Given, James B. (1997).
5525:Given, James B. (1997).
5496:Given, James B. (1997).
5175:Given, James B. (1997).
4951:Given, James B. (1997).
3320:Ecclesiastical ordinance
3010:Marco Antonio de Dominis
2957:Archbishop of Canterbury
2923:, the canons of the 581
2661:accused of specifically
2217:Universi Dominici gregis
1233:Apostolic administration
1083:Matrimonial dispensation
957:Fast days and abstinence
863:Sacramentum Poenitentiae
830:Seal of the Confessional
6545:Étienne Dupont (1913),
6354:Dunbabin, Jean (2002).
6300:Dunbabin, Jean (2002).
6214:Dunbabin, Jean (2002).
6097:Dunbabin, Jean (2002).
5835:Dunbabin, Jean (2002).
5750:Dunbabin, Jean (2002).
5607:Dunbabin, Jean (2002).
5467:Dunbabin, Jean (2002).
5438:Dunbabin, Jean (2002).
5297:Space, Time, and Aliens
5147:Dunbabin, Jean (2002).
5089:Dunbabin, Jean (2002).
5004:Dunbabin, Jean (2002).
4922:Dunbabin, Jean (2002).
4804:Dunbabin, Jean (2002).
4776:Dunbabin, Jean (2002).
4748:Dunbabin, Jean (2002).
4512:Saint Martin des Champs
4465:Dunbabin, Jean (2002).
4274:Dunbabin, Jean (2002).
4102:Dunbabin, Jean (2002).
4074:Dunbabin, Jean (2002).
4016:Dunbabin, Jean (2002).
3987:Dunbabin, Jean (2002).
3958:Dunbabin, Jean (2002).
3944:detrusio in monasterium
3912:detrusio in monasterium
3836:Dunbabin, Jean (2002).
3665:Dunbabin, Jean (2002).
3604:Dunbabin, Jean (2002).
3481:Dunbabin, Jean (2002).
3210:Mont-Saint-Michel Abbey
3083:Decretals of Gregory IX
2882:Saint-Martin-des-Champs
2805:detrusio in monasterium
2716:, and the rules of the
2347:Faculties of canon law
2315:Licentiate of Canon Law
2177:Maiorem hac dilectionem
2143:Appeal as from an abuse
1969:De delictis gravioribus
1238:Apostolic administrator
1046:Impediments to Marriage
913:Indulgentiarum doctrina
401:Decretals of Gregory IX
301:Donation of Constantine
166:Orientalium ecclesiarum
108:Indulgentiarum Doctrina
3218:
3170:
3164:
3124:strictissimus carceris
3122:
3114:
3106:
3069:
2975:
2876:
2865:
2804:
2787:
2779:
2771:
2763:
2693:, including the early
2635:Ecclesiastical prisons
2598:Catholicism portal
2563:Provida Mater Ecclesia
2270:Ingravescentem aetatem
2081:Apostolic Penitentiary
1981:Crimen sollicitationis
1863:Apostolic constitution
1813:Acta Apostolicae Sedis
1732:Obligation of celibacy
1276:Moderator of the Curia
1208:Appointment of bishops
1015:Declaration of Nullity
971:Holy day of obligation
878:Eucharistic discipline
847:Apostolic Penitentiary
822:Paenitentiale Theodori
799:Episcopal consecrators
775:Obligation of celibacy
721:Communicatio in sacris
700:Holy day of obligation
647:Scripturarum thesaurus
626:Sacrosanctum Concilium
601:General Roman Calendar
243:Canons of the Apostles
188:Precepts of the Church
180:Sacrosanctum concilium
139:Second Vatican Council
6591:. Brill. p. 17.
3882:and water to live on.
3785:monastery of virgins.
3184:sent a delegation of
3055:Inquisitorial prisons
3026:Alessandro Cagliostro
2973:
2929:Gelasian Sacramentary
2695:rule of St. Pachomius
2663:ecclesiastical crimes
2256:Aeterni Patris Filius
2092:Ministers of Justice
2044:Ecclesiastical prison
2039:Canonical admonitions
1856:Protonotary apostolic
1333:Anglicanorum Coetibus
1166:Conference of bishops
661:Quattuor abhinc annos
654:Liturgiam authenticam
359:Corpus Juris Canonici
223:Ancient Church Orders
173:Presbyterorum ordinis
115:Praedicate evangelium
3315:Ecclesiastical crime
3310:Ecclesiastical court
3270:removed Article 16.
2849:solitary confinement
2689:. The rules of many
2380:Raymond of Penyafort
2139:(matrimonial causes)
2115:Defender of the Bond
1975:Complicit absolution
1935:Ecclesiastical Latin
1575:Validity and liceity
1444:Canonical coronation
1327:Personal ordinariate
1314:Military ordinariate
1160:College of Cardinals
1041:Defender of the Bond
857:Complicit absolution
741:Validity and liceity
689:Traditionis custodes
525:Papal judge-delegate
333:Plenitudo potestatis
291:Symmachian forgeries
6733:. Ediciones EL PAÍS
6561:Patrice de Plunkett
3220:monument historique
3174:Philip IV of France
3165:Un Inquisiteur jugé
3079:physical restraints
2872:Peter the Venerable
2818:Pepin the Hunchback
2784:("workhouse"), and
2653:accused of various
2504:Religious institute
2390:Johannes Teutonicus
2352:School of Canon Law
2325:Doctor of both laws
2320:Doctor of Canon Law
2157:Vos estis lux mundi
2028:ferendae sententiae
2018:Laicization (penal)
1806:Canonical documents
1762:Canonical provision
1752:Canonical faculties
1456:Computation of time
1265:In persona episcopi
1251:Aeque principaliter
1245:Diocese/Archdiocese
1221:Apostolic vicariate
1178:Particular churches
1128:Supreme authority,
1061:Impediment of crime
794:Dimissorial letters
675:Summorum Pontificum
6763:. 19 November 1973
6761:The New York Times
5395:Casa di Correzione
5348:The Social Studies
3288:Catholicism portal
3250:Article 16 of the
3045:juvenile detention
3041:San Michele a Ripa
2984:Castel Sant'Angelo
2976:
2941:Pope Boniface VIII
2927:, the 8th-century
2921:Codex Theodosianus
2904:Ignatius of Loyola
2862:in prisons called
2641:maintained by the
2639:penal institutions
2223:Papal renunciation
2130:(trial procedure)
1820:Acta Sanctae Sedis
1767:Canonical election
1400:Personal prelature
1395:Pontifical council
1148:College of Bishops
852:Canon penitentiary
816:Penitential canons
633:Mysterii Paschalis
519:Contractum trinius
326:Libertas ecclesiae
101:Ex corde Ecclesiae
6598:978-90-04-25429-9
6422:978-0-8014-8759-0
6365:978-0-333-64715-8
6340:978-0-8014-8759-0
6311:978-0-333-64715-8
6282:978-0-8014-8759-0
6254:978-0-8014-8759-0
6225:978-0-333-64715-8
6165:978-0-8014-8759-0
6136:978-0-8014-8759-0
6108:978-0-333-64715-8
6080:978-0-8014-8759-0
6051:978-0-8014-8759-0
6022:978-0-8014-8759-0
5993:978-0-8014-8759-0
5965:978-0-8014-8759-0
5936:978-0-8014-8759-0
5907:978-0-8014-8759-0
5846:978-0-333-64715-8
5761:978-0-333-64715-8
5676:978-0-8014-8759-0
5618:978-0-333-64715-8
5564:978-0-8014-8759-0
5536:978-0-8014-8759-0
5507:978-0-8014-8759-0
5478:978-0-333-64715-8
5449:978-0-333-64715-8
5306:978-3-030-41613-3
5277:978-1-4039-6107-5
5186:978-0-8014-8759-0
5158:978-0-333-64715-8
5100:978-0-333-64715-8
5015:978-0-333-64715-8
4962:978-0-8014-8759-0
4933:978-0-333-64715-8
4815:978-0-333-64715-8
4787:978-0-333-64715-8
4759:978-0-333-64715-8
4476:978-0-333-64715-8
4285:978-0-333-64715-8
4113:978-0-333-64715-8
4085:978-0-333-64715-8
4027:978-0-333-64715-8
3998:978-0-333-64715-8
3969:978-0-333-64715-8
3847:978-0-333-64715-8
3766:Gregory the Great
3676:978-0-333-64715-8
3615:978-0-333-64715-8
3492:978-0-333-64715-8
3252:Concordat of 1953
3214:French Revolution
3091:Pope Alexander IV
2998:Benvenuto Cellini
2894:John II of France
2776:("hidden cell"),
2758:Decretum Gratiani
2754:Council of Tribur
2632:
2631:
2543:Secular institute
2400:Burchard of Worms
2395:Geoffrey of Trani
2310:Academic degrees
2250:Papal appointment
2183:Advocatus Diaboli
2136:Dignitas connubii
1585:Apostolic visitor
1484:Taxa Innocentiana
1363:Collegiate church
1114:Petrine privilege
1109:Pauline privilege
1096:Sanatio in radice
1066:Disparity of cult
1021:Dignitas connubii
1008:Banns of marriage
786:Apostolicae curae
682:Magnum principium
507:Code of Canon Law
499:Ecclesiae Sanctae
492:Code of Canon Law
366:Decretum Gratiani
137:Documents of the
122:Veritatis gaudium
78:Magnum principium
64:Code of Canon Law
6839:
6806:
6805:
6800:
6798:
6783:
6777:
6776:
6770:
6768:
6753:
6747:
6746:
6740:
6738:
6726:
6720:
6719:
6713:
6711:
6697:
6691:
6690:
6658:
6652:
6651:
6646:
6644:
6618:Atlantic Studies
6609:
6603:
6602:
6584:
6578:
6577:
6557:
6551:
6550:
6542:
6536:
6535:
6523:
6517:
6516:
6494:
6488:
6487:
6465:
6459:
6458:
6437:
6431:
6430:
6408:
6402:
6401:
6379:
6373:
6372:
6351:
6345:
6344:
6326:
6320:
6319:
6297:
6291:
6290:
6268:
6262:
6261:
6240:
6234:
6233:
6211:
6202:
6201:
6179:
6173:
6172:
6151:
6145:
6144:
6122:
6116:
6115:
6094:
6088:
6087:
6066:
6060:
6059:
6037:
6031:
6030:
6008:
6002:
6001:
5979:
5973:
5972:
5951:
5945:
5944:
5922:
5916:
5915:
5893:
5887:
5886:
5864:
5855:
5854:
5832:
5826:
5825:
5804:
5798:
5797:
5775:
5769:
5768:
5747:
5741:
5740:
5719:
5713:
5712:
5691:
5685:
5684:
5662:
5656:
5655:
5633:
5627:
5626:
5604:
5598:
5597:
5575:
5569:
5568:
5550:
5544:
5543:
5522:
5516:
5515:
5493:
5487:
5486:
5464:
5458:
5457:
5435:
5429:
5428:
5406:
5400:
5399:
5374:
5368:
5367:
5343:
5337:
5336:
5321:
5315:
5314:
5292:
5286:
5285:
5263:
5257:
5256:
5236:
5227:
5226:
5224:
5222:
5212:
5203:
5194:
5193:
5172:
5166:
5165:
5144:
5138:
5137:
5115:
5109:
5108:
5086:
5080:
5079:
5058:
5052:
5051:
5029:
5023:
5022:
5001:
4995:
4994:
4973:
4967:
4966:
4948:
4942:
4941:
4919:
4913:
4912:
4887:
4881:
4880:
4858:
4852:
4851:
4830:
4824:
4823:
4801:
4795:
4794:
4773:
4767:
4766:
4745:
4739:
4738:
4716:
4710:
4709:
4689:
4683:
4682:
4662:
4656:
4655:
4635:
4629:
4628:
4616:
4607:
4606:
4600:
4598:
4584:
4578:
4577:
4556:
4550:
4549:
4523:
4517:
4516:
4493:
4484:
4483:
4462:
4456:
4455:
4439:
4433:
4432:
4411:
4402:
4401:
4380:
4374:
4373:
4351:
4345:
4344:
4328:
4322:
4321:
4300:
4294:
4293:
4271:
4265:
4264:
4242:
4236:
4235:
4214:
4208:
4207:
4185:
4179:
4178:
4157:
4151:
4150:
4128:
4122:
4121:
4099:
4093:
4092:
4071:
4065:
4064:
4042:
4036:
4035:
4013:
4007:
4006:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3955:
3949:
3948:
3923:
3917:
3916:
3891:
3885:
3884:
3862:
3856:
3855:
3833:
3820:
3819:
3797:
3788:
3787:
3781:
3779:
3762:
3756:
3755:
3730:
3724:
3723:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3630:
3624:
3623:
3601:
3590:
3589:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3540:
3531:
3530:
3509:
3500:
3499:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3392:
3386:
3385:
3364:
3358:
3357:
3336:
3304:
3299:
3298:
3290:
3285:
3284:
3260:Francisco Franco
3237:Cadeia do Aljube
3223:
3207:
3204:
3168:
3167:
3127:
3119:
3111:
3098:mendicant orders
3087:Pope Innocent IV
3072:
3034:
3031:
2943:issued his 1298
2915:Diocesan prisons
2879:
2868:
2807:
2790:
2782:
2774:
2766:
2750:Directa Decretal
2714:Fontevraud Abbey
2703:
2700:
2691:religious orders
2681:Monastic prisons
2675:early modern era
2624:
2617:
2610:
2596:
2595:
2549:Cum Sanctissimus
2529:Mendicant orders
2480:Pontifical right
2453:consecrated life
2437:Edward N. Peters
2152:Penal procedure
2024:Latae sententiae
1796:Consecrated life
1355:Team of priests
1171:Synod of Bishops
1104:Natural marriage
1076:Public propriety
735:Omnium in mentem
728:Ex opere operato
454:Council of Trent
448:
445:
352:
349:
308:Gregorian Reform
218:
215:
145:Christus Dominus
94:Ad tuendam fidem
71:Omnium in mentem
43:Canon law of the
28:
21:
6847:
6846:
6842:
6841:
6840:
6838:
6837:
6836:
6812:
6811:
6810:
6809:
6796:
6794:
6785:
6784:
6780:
6766:
6764:
6755:
6754:
6750:
6736:
6734:
6728:
6727:
6723:
6709:
6707:
6705:Concordat Watch
6699:
6698:
6694:
6669:(17): 410–419.
6660:
6659:
6655:
6642:
6640:
6611:
6610:
6606:
6599:
6586:
6585:
6581:
6575:
6559:
6558:
6554:
6544:
6543:
6539:
6525:
6524:
6520:
6509:
6496:
6495:
6491:
6480:
6467:
6466:
6462:
6452:
6439:
6438:
6434:
6423:
6410:
6409:
6405:
6394:
6381:
6380:
6376:
6366:
6353:
6352:
6348:
6341:
6328:
6327:
6323:
6312:
6299:
6298:
6294:
6283:
6270:
6269:
6265:
6255:
6242:
6241:
6237:
6226:
6213:
6212:
6205:
6194:
6181:
6180:
6176:
6166:
6153:
6152:
6148:
6137:
6124:
6123:
6119:
6109:
6096:
6095:
6091:
6081:
6068:
6067:
6063:
6052:
6039:
6038:
6034:
6023:
6010:
6009:
6005:
5994:
5981:
5980:
5976:
5966:
5953:
5952:
5948:
5937:
5924:
5923:
5919:
5908:
5895:
5894:
5890:
5879:
5866:
5865:
5858:
5847:
5834:
5833:
5829:
5819:
5806:
5805:
5801:
5790:
5777:
5776:
5772:
5762:
5749:
5748:
5744:
5734:
5721:
5720:
5716:
5706:
5693:
5692:
5688:
5677:
5664:
5663:
5659:
5648:
5635:
5634:
5630:
5619:
5606:
5605:
5601:
5590:
5577:
5576:
5572:
5565:
5552:
5551:
5547:
5537:
5524:
5523:
5519:
5508:
5495:
5494:
5490:
5479:
5466:
5465:
5461:
5450:
5437:
5436:
5432:
5421:
5408:
5407:
5403:
5389:
5376:
5375:
5371:
5345:
5344:
5340:
5326:Slovene Studies
5323:
5322:
5318:
5307:
5294:
5293:
5289:
5278:
5265:
5264:
5260:
5238:
5237:
5230:
5220:
5218:
5210:
5205:
5204:
5197:
5187:
5174:
5173:
5169:
5159:
5146:
5145:
5141:
5130:
5117:
5116:
5112:
5101:
5088:
5087:
5083:
5073:
5060:
5059:
5055:
5044:
5031:
5030:
5026:
5016:
5003:
5002:
4998:
4988:
4975:
4974:
4970:
4963:
4950:
4949:
4945:
4934:
4921:
4920:
4916:
4902:
4889:
4888:
4884:
4873:
4860:
4859:
4855:
4845:
4832:
4831:
4827:
4816:
4803:
4802:
4798:
4788:
4775:
4774:
4770:
4760:
4747:
4746:
4742:
4731:
4718:
4717:
4713:
4691:
4690:
4686:
4664:
4663:
4659:
4637:
4636:
4632:
4618:
4617:
4610:
4596:
4594:
4586:
4585:
4581:
4571:
4558:
4557:
4553:
4538:
4525:
4524:
4520:
4495:
4494:
4487:
4477:
4464:
4463:
4459:
4441:
4440:
4436:
4426:
4413:
4412:
4405:
4395:
4382:
4381:
4377:
4366:
4353:
4352:
4348:
4330:
4329:
4325:
4315:
4302:
4301:
4297:
4286:
4273:
4272:
4268:
4257:
4244:
4243:
4239:
4229:
4216:
4215:
4211:
4200:
4187:
4186:
4182:
4172:
4159:
4158:
4154:
4143:
4130:
4129:
4125:
4114:
4101:
4100:
4096:
4086:
4073:
4072:
4068:
4057:
4044:
4043:
4039:
4028:
4015:
4014:
4010:
3999:
3986:
3985:
3981:
3970:
3957:
3956:
3952:
3938:
3925:
3924:
3920:
3906:
3893:
3892:
3888:
3877:
3864:
3863:
3859:
3848:
3835:
3834:
3823:
3812:
3799:
3798:
3791:
3777:
3775:
3764:
3763:
3759:
3745:
3732:
3731:
3727:
3713:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3685:, later called
3677:
3664:
3663:
3659:
3645:
3632:
3631:
3627:
3616:
3603:
3602:
3593:
3583:
3570:
3569:
3565:
3555:
3542:
3541:
3534:
3524:
3511:
3510:
3503:
3493:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3465:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3436:
3423:
3422:
3418:
3407:
3394:
3393:
3389:
3379:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3351:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3328:
3300:
3293:
3286:
3279:
3276:
3205:
3195:
3169:
3161:
3057:
3049:Pope Clement XI
3032:
2933:Ecgbert of York
2917:
2886:St Albans Abbey
2853:excommunication
2830:Louis the Pious
2824:(imprisoned by
2814:Pepin the Short
2812:(imprisoned by
2704:), the rule of
2701:
2683:
2643:Catholic Church
2628:
2590:
2585:
2584:
2579:Decretum laudis
2556:Primo Feliciter
2534:Clerics regular
2455:
2444:
2443:
2427:Pietro Gasparri
2417:Eugenio Corecco
2300:
2292:
2291:
2057:
2049:
2048:
1989:Excommunication
1948:
1940:
1939:
1930:Parish register
1829:Censor librorum
1807:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1774:
1680:
1672:
1671:
1635:
1627:
1626:
1612:Treatise on Law
1439:
1429:
1428:
1368:Parish register
1344:Juridic persons
1226:Apostolic vicar
1162:
1135:
1131:
1121:
1120:
986:
984:Matrimonial law
976:
975:
768:Defect of birth
715:
713:Sacramental law
705:
704:
618:Code of Rubrics
595:
587:
586:
545:
535:
534:
530:Right of option
485:(1918-present)
460:Benedictus Deus
446:
350:
286:Gelasian Decree
216:
203:
193:
192:
57:
45:Catholic Church
44:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6845:
6843:
6835:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6814:
6813:
6808:
6807:
6778:
6748:
6721:
6692:
6653:
6604:
6597:
6579:
6574:978-2268071473
6573:
6552:
6537:
6518:
6507:
6489:
6478:
6460:
6450:
6432:
6421:
6403:
6392:
6374:
6364:
6346:
6339:
6321:
6310:
6292:
6281:
6263:
6253:
6235:
6224:
6203:
6192:
6174:
6164:
6146:
6135:
6117:
6107:
6089:
6079:
6061:
6050:
6032:
6021:
6003:
5992:
5974:
5964:
5946:
5935:
5917:
5906:
5888:
5877:
5856:
5845:
5827:
5817:
5799:
5788:
5770:
5760:
5742:
5732:
5714:
5704:
5686:
5675:
5657:
5646:
5628:
5617:
5599:
5588:
5570:
5563:
5545:
5535:
5517:
5506:
5488:
5477:
5459:
5448:
5430:
5419:
5401:
5387:
5369:
5338:
5316:
5305:
5287:
5276:
5258:
5228:
5195:
5185:
5167:
5157:
5139:
5128:
5110:
5099:
5081:
5071:
5053:
5042:
5024:
5014:
4996:
4986:
4968:
4961:
4943:
4932:
4914:
4900:
4882:
4871:
4853:
4843:
4825:
4814:
4796:
4786:
4768:
4758:
4740:
4729:
4711:
4684:
4657:
4630:
4608:
4579:
4569:
4551:
4543:imprisoned in
4536:
4518:
4485:
4475:
4457:
4434:
4424:
4403:
4393:
4375:
4364:
4346:
4323:
4313:
4295:
4284:
4266:
4255:
4237:
4227:
4209:
4198:
4180:
4170:
4152:
4141:
4123:
4112:
4094:
4084:
4066:
4055:
4037:
4026:
4008:
3997:
3979:
3968:
3950:
3936:
3918:
3904:
3886:
3875:
3857:
3846:
3821:
3810:
3789:
3757:
3743:
3725:
3711:
3693:
3675:
3657:
3643:
3625:
3614:
3591:
3581:
3563:
3553:
3532:
3522:
3501:
3491:
3473:
3463:
3445:
3434:
3416:
3405:
3387:
3377:
3359:
3349:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3291:
3275:
3272:
3194:
3191:
3182:Pope Clement V
3159:
3116:murus strictus
3056:
3053:
3037:
3036:
3023:
3013:
3007:
3004:Giordano Bruno
3001:
2995:
2925:Synod of Mâcon
2916:
2913:
2706:St. Fructuosus
2682:
2679:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2619:
2612:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2559:
2552:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2524:Canons regular
2521:
2511:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2485:Diocesan right
2482:
2472:
2467:
2465:Exclaustration
2462:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2355:
2354:
2345:
2344:
2337:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2308:
2307:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2280:
2273:
2266:
2259:
2252:
2247:
2244:Jus exclusivae
2240:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2193:
2186:
2179:
2174:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2096:Judicial Vicar
2090:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2058:
2056:Procedural law
2055:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2006:
1996:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1977:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1843:Imprimi potest
1839:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1787:
1786:
1783:Jus patronatus
1772:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1727:Regular clergy
1724:
1722:Secular clergy
1715:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1681:
1679:Law of persons
1678:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1642:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1577:
1572:
1565:
1560:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1526:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1512:Interpretation
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1475:
1470:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1440:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1373:Lay trusteeism
1370:
1365:
1360:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1324:
1316:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1307:Eparchal curia
1299:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1285:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1271:Diocesan Curia
1268:
1261:
1254:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1218:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1136:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1092:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1043:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1029:
1024:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1005:
998:
987:
982:
981:
978:
977:
974:
973:
968:
967:
966:
954:
945:
944:
938:
936:Minor basilica
933:
931:Major basilica
928:
921:Sacred places
919:
918:
917:
916:
898:
897:
896:
895:
890:
885:
880:
870:
869:
868:
867:
866:
854:
849:
844:
843:
842:
832:
827:
826:
825:
808:
807:
806:
801:
796:
791:
790:
789:
777:
772:
771:
770:
765:
744:
743:
738:
731:
724:
716:
711:
710:
707:
706:
703:
702:
697:
692:
685:
678:
671:
664:
657:
650:
643:
640:Musicam sacram
636:
629:
622:
621:
620:
610:
609:
608:
596:
594:Liturgical law
593:
592:
589:
588:
585:
584:
582:Protosyncellus
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
546:
541:
540:
537:
536:
533:
532:
527:
522:
511:
510:
502:
495:
478:
477:
470:
463:
456:
439:Jus novissimum
435:
434:
433:
432:
429:Liber Septimus
425:
418:
411:
410:
409:
397:
390:
389:
388:
381:
378:Canon Episcopi
374:
339:
338:
337:
336:
329:
322:
319:Dictatus papae
315:
305:
304:
303:
293:
288:
283:
282:
281:
274:
267:
260:
248:
247:
246:
239:
232:
204:
199:
198:
195:
194:
191:
190:
185:
184:
183:
176:
169:
162:
159:Optatam totius
155:
148:
135:
130:
125:
118:
111:
104:
97:
90:
83:
82:
81:
74:
58:
52:
51:
48:
47:
39:
38:
30:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6844:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6819:
6817:
6804:
6792:
6788:
6782:
6779:
6775:
6762:
6758:
6752:
6749:
6745:
6732:
6725:
6722:
6718:
6706:
6702:
6696:
6693:
6689:
6684:
6680:
6676:
6672:
6668:
6664:
6657:
6654:
6650:
6639:
6635:
6631:
6627:
6623:
6619:
6615:
6608:
6605:
6600:
6594:
6590:
6583:
6580:
6576:
6570:
6566:
6562:
6556:
6553:
6548:
6541:
6538:
6534:(4): 595–597.
6533:
6529:
6522:
6519:
6515:
6510:
6504:
6500:
6493:
6490:
6486:
6481:
6479:9780742552029
6475:
6471:
6464:
6461:
6457:
6453:
6447:
6443:
6436:
6433:
6429:
6424:
6418:
6414:
6407:
6404:
6400:
6395:
6389:
6385:
6378:
6375:
6371:
6367:
6361:
6357:
6350:
6347:
6342:
6336:
6332:
6325:
6322:
6318:
6313:
6307:
6303:
6296:
6293:
6289:
6284:
6278:
6274:
6267:
6264:
6260:
6256:
6250:
6246:
6239:
6236:
6232:
6227:
6221:
6217:
6210:
6208:
6204:
6200:
6195:
6189:
6185:
6178:
6175:
6171:
6167:
6161:
6157:
6150:
6147:
6143:
6138:
6132:
6128:
6121:
6118:
6114:
6110:
6104:
6100:
6093:
6090:
6086:
6082:
6076:
6072:
6065:
6062:
6058:
6053:
6047:
6043:
6036:
6033:
6029:
6024:
6018:
6014:
6007:
6004:
6000:
5995:
5989:
5985:
5978:
5975:
5971:
5967:
5961:
5957:
5950:
5947:
5943:
5938:
5932:
5928:
5921:
5918:
5914:
5909:
5903:
5899:
5892:
5889:
5885:
5880:
5878:9780742552029
5874:
5870:
5863:
5861:
5857:
5853:
5848:
5842:
5838:
5831:
5828:
5824:
5820:
5818:9780742552029
5814:
5810:
5803:
5800:
5796:
5791:
5785:
5781:
5774:
5771:
5767:
5763:
5757:
5753:
5746:
5743:
5739:
5735:
5733:9780742552029
5729:
5725:
5718:
5715:
5711:
5707:
5701:
5697:
5690:
5687:
5683:
5678:
5672:
5668:
5661:
5658:
5654:
5649:
5647:9780742552029
5643:
5639:
5632:
5629:
5625:
5620:
5614:
5610:
5603:
5600:
5596:
5591:
5589:9780742552029
5585:
5581:
5574:
5571:
5566:
5560:
5556:
5549:
5546:
5542:
5538:
5532:
5528:
5521:
5518:
5514:
5509:
5503:
5499:
5492:
5489:
5485:
5480:
5474:
5470:
5463:
5460:
5456:
5451:
5445:
5441:
5434:
5431:
5427:
5422:
5420:9780742552029
5416:
5412:
5405:
5402:
5398:
5396:
5390:
5388:0-521-56070-5
5384:
5380:
5373:
5370:
5366:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5342:
5339:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5320:
5317:
5313:
5308:
5302:
5298:
5291:
5288:
5284:
5279:
5273:
5269:
5262:
5259:
5255:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5235:
5233:
5229:
5216:
5209:
5202:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5182:
5178:
5171:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5154:
5150:
5143:
5140:
5136:
5131:
5129:9780742552029
5125:
5121:
5114:
5111:
5107:
5102:
5096:
5092:
5085:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5072:9780742552029
5068:
5064:
5057:
5054:
5050:
5045:
5043:9780742552029
5039:
5035:
5028:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5011:
5007:
5000:
4997:
4993:
4989:
4983:
4979:
4972:
4969:
4964:
4958:
4954:
4947:
4944:
4940:
4935:
4929:
4925:
4918:
4915:
4911:
4909:
4903:
4897:
4893:
4886:
4883:
4879:
4874:
4872:9780742552029
4868:
4864:
4857:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4844:9780742552029
4840:
4836:
4829:
4826:
4822:
4817:
4811:
4807:
4800:
4797:
4793:
4789:
4783:
4779:
4772:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4755:
4751:
4744:
4741:
4737:
4732:
4730:9780742552029
4726:
4722:
4715:
4712:
4708:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4688:
4685:
4681:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4661:
4658:
4654:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4634:
4631:
4627:
4622:
4615:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4592:
4591:
4583:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4566:
4562:
4555:
4552:
4548:
4546:
4539:
4537:9780742552029
4533:
4529:
4522:
4519:
4515:
4513:
4509:
4508:Vade in pace.
4503:
4499:
4492:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4472:
4468:
4461:
4458:
4454:
4449:
4445:
4438:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4421:
4417:
4410:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4390:
4386:
4379:
4376:
4372:
4367:
4365:9780742552029
4361:
4357:
4350:
4347:
4343:
4338:
4334:
4327:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4310:
4306:
4299:
4296:
4292:
4287:
4281:
4277:
4270:
4267:
4263:
4258:
4256:9780742552029
4252:
4248:
4241:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4228:9780742552029
4224:
4220:
4213:
4210:
4206:
4201:
4199:9780742552029
4195:
4191:
4184:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4167:
4163:
4156:
4153:
4149:
4144:
4142:9780742552029
4138:
4134:
4127:
4124:
4120:
4115:
4109:
4105:
4098:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4081:
4077:
4070:
4067:
4063:
4058:
4056:9780742552029
4052:
4048:
4041:
4038:
4034:
4029:
4023:
4019:
4012:
4009:
4005:
4000:
3994:
3990:
3983:
3980:
3976:
3971:
3965:
3961:
3954:
3951:
3947:
3945:
3939:
3933:
3929:
3922:
3919:
3915:
3913:
3907:
3901:
3897:
3890:
3887:
3883:
3878:
3872:
3868:
3861:
3858:
3854:
3849:
3843:
3839:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3813:
3811:9780742552029
3807:
3803:
3796:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3773:
3772:
3767:
3761:
3758:
3754:
3752:
3746:
3740:
3736:
3729:
3726:
3722:
3720:
3714:
3708:
3704:
3697:
3694:
3690:
3688:
3684:
3683:cella obscura
3678:
3672:
3668:
3661:
3658:
3654:
3652:
3646:
3640:
3636:
3629:
3626:
3622:
3617:
3611:
3607:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3582:9780742552029
3578:
3574:
3567:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3554:9780742552029
3550:
3546:
3539:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3523:9780742552029
3519:
3515:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3488:
3484:
3477:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3464:9780742552029
3460:
3456:
3449:
3446:
3442:
3437:
3435:9780742552029
3431:
3427:
3420:
3417:
3413:
3408:
3406:9780742552029
3402:
3398:
3391:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3374:
3370:
3363:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3350:9789053569894
3346:
3342:
3335:
3332:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3297:
3292:
3289:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3256:Pope Pius XII
3253:
3248:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3215:
3211:
3200:
3199:Jean Mabillon
3192:
3190:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3166:
3162:J. M. Vidal,
3158:
3154:
3151:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3133:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3118:
3117:
3110:
3109:
3103:
3099:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3062:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3016:Lorenzo Ricci
3014:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2992:Pope Paul III
2989:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2972:
2968:
2965:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2869:
2867:
2861:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2845:
2843:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2810:Childeric III
2806:
2800:
2798:
2797:Nun of Watton
2793:
2791:
2789:
2783:
2781:
2775:
2773:
2772:cella obscura
2767:
2765:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2746:Pope Siricius
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2702: 300 AD
2696:
2692:
2688:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2647:incarceration
2644:
2640:
2636:
2625:
2620:
2618:
2613:
2611:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2588:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2432:Ladislas Orsy
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2422:John D. Faris
2420:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
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2358:
2353:
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2336:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2277:Ubi periculum
2274:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
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2241:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2190:Oblatio vitae
2187:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2128:Pars dynamica
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2053:
2052:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2005:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1958:Canon 1397 §2
1956:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1793:
1792:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1697:Canonical age
1695:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1668:
1667:Temporalities
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1646:Cathedraticum
1643:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1569:Vacatio legis
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1437:Jurisprudence
1433:
1432:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1419:Vicar general
1417:
1415:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1258:Cathedraticum
1255:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1143:Roman Pontiff
1141:
1140:
1139:
1133:
1125:
1124:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1056:Clandestinity
1054:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1003:
999:
997:
996:
992:
991:
989:
988:
985:
980:
979:
972:
969:
965:
964:
960:
959:
958:
955:
953:
950:
949:
948:
947:Sacred times
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
923:
922:
915:
914:
910:
909:
908:
905:
904:
903:
902:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
875:
874:
871:
865:
864:
860:
859:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
841:
838:
837:
836:
833:
831:
828:
824:
823:
819:
818:
817:
814:
813:
812:
809:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
788:
787:
783:
782:
781:
778:
776:
773:
769:
766:
764:
761:
760:
759:
756:
755:
754:
751:
750:
749:
748:
742:
739:
737:
736:
732:
730:
729:
725:
723:
722:
718:
717:
714:
709:
708:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
690:
686:
684:
683:
679:
677:
676:
672:
670:
669:
665:
663:
662:
658:
656:
655:
651:
649:
648:
644:
642:
641:
637:
635:
634:
630:
628:
627:
623:
619:
616:
615:
614:
611:
607:
604:
603:
602:
599:
598:
597:Latin Church
591:
590:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
552:
548:
547:
544:
539:
538:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
520:
516:
515:
514:
509:
508:
503:
501:
500:
496:
494:
493:
488:
487:
486:
484:
483:
476:
475:
471:
469:
468:
464:
462:
461:
457:
455:
452:
451:
450:
441:
440:
431:
430:
426:
424:
423:
422:Extravagantes
419:
417:
416:
412:
408:
405:
404:
403:
402:
398:
396:
395:
391:
387:
386:
382:
380:
379:
375:
373:
370:
369:
368:
367:
363:
362:
361:
360:
356:
355:
354:
345:
344:
335:
334:
330:
328:
327:
323:
321:
320:
316:
314:
311:
310:
309:
306:
302:
299:
298:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
280:
279:
275:
273:
272:
268:
266:
265:
261:
259:
258:
254:
253:
252:
249:
245:
244:
240:
238:
237:
233:
231:
230:
226:
225:
224:
221:
220:
211:
210:
209:
202:
201:Legal history
197:
196:
189:
186:
182:
181:
177:
175:
174:
170:
168:
167:
163:
161:
160:
156:
154:
153:
152:Lumen gentium
149:
147:
146:
142:
141:
140:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
123:
119:
117:
116:
112:
110:
109:
105:
103:
102:
98:
96:
95:
91:
89:
88:
84:
80:
79:
75:
73:
72:
68:
67:
66:
65:
60:
59:
56:(current law)
55:
50:
49:
46:
40:
36:
32:
31:
27:
23:
22:
19:
6802:
6795:. Retrieved
6790:
6781:
6772:
6765:. Retrieved
6760:
6751:
6742:
6735:. Retrieved
6724:
6715:
6708:. Retrieved
6704:
6695:
6686:
6666:
6662:
6656:
6648:
6641:. Retrieved
6621:
6617:
6607:
6588:
6582:
6564:
6555:
6546:
6540:
6531:
6527:
6521:
6512:
6498:
6492:
6483:
6469:
6463:
6455:
6441:
6435:
6426:
6412:
6406:
6397:
6383:
6377:
6369:
6355:
6349:
6330:
6324:
6315:
6301:
6295:
6286:
6272:
6266:
6258:
6244:
6238:
6229:
6215:
6197:
6183:
6177:
6169:
6155:
6149:
6140:
6126:
6120:
6112:
6098:
6092:
6084:
6070:
6064:
6055:
6041:
6035:
6026:
6012:
6006:
5997:
5983:
5977:
5969:
5955:
5949:
5940:
5926:
5920:
5911:
5897:
5891:
5882:
5868:
5850:
5836:
5830:
5822:
5808:
5802:
5793:
5779:
5773:
5765:
5751:
5745:
5737:
5723:
5717:
5709:
5695:
5689:
5680:
5666:
5660:
5651:
5637:
5631:
5622:
5608:
5602:
5593:
5579:
5573:
5554:
5548:
5540:
5526:
5520:
5511:
5497:
5491:
5482:
5468:
5462:
5453:
5439:
5433:
5424:
5410:
5404:
5394:
5392:
5378:
5372:
5363:
5351:
5347:
5341:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5319:
5310:
5296:
5290:
5281:
5267:
5261:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5219:. Retrieved
5214:
5190:
5176:
5170:
5162:
5148:
5142:
5133:
5119:
5113:
5104:
5090:
5084:
5076:
5062:
5056:
5047:
5033:
5027:
5019:
5005:
4999:
4991:
4977:
4971:
4952:
4946:
4937:
4923:
4917:
4908:Liber Sextus
4907:
4905:
4891:
4885:
4876:
4862:
4856:
4848:
4834:
4828:
4819:
4805:
4799:
4791:
4777:
4771:
4763:
4749:
4743:
4734:
4720:
4714:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4687:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4660:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4633:
4624:
4620:
4602:
4595:. Retrieved
4589:
4582:
4574:
4560:
4554:
4541:
4527:
4521:
4507:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4480:
4466:
4460:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4437:
4429:
4415:
4398:
4384:
4378:
4369:
4355:
4349:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4326:
4318:
4304:
4298:
4289:
4275:
4269:
4260:
4246:
4240:
4232:
4218:
4212:
4203:
4189:
4183:
4175:
4161:
4155:
4146:
4132:
4126:
4117:
4103:
4097:
4089:
4075:
4069:
4060:
4046:
4040:
4031:
4017:
4011:
4002:
3988:
3982:
3973:
3959:
3953:
3943:
3941:
3927:
3921:
3911:
3909:
3895:
3889:
3880:
3866:
3860:
3851:
3837:
3815:
3801:
3783:
3776:. Retrieved
3770:
3760:
3750:
3748:
3734:
3728:
3718:
3716:
3702:
3696:
3686:
3682:
3680:
3666:
3660:
3648:
3634:
3628:
3619:
3605:
3586:
3572:
3566:
3558:
3544:
3527:
3513:
3496:
3482:
3476:
3468:
3454:
3448:
3439:
3425:
3419:
3410:
3396:
3390:
3382:
3368:
3362:
3354:
3340:
3334:
3249:
3226:
3196:
3171:
3155:
3149:
3147:
3134:
3130:
3123:
3115:
3108:murus largus
3107:
3095:
3058:
3038:
3028:, magician (
2980:Papal States
2977:
2961:
2945:Liber Sextus
2918:
2898:
2877:Vade in pace
2866:Vade in pace
2863:
2857:
2846:
2838:
2801:
2794:
2792:("prison").
2785:
2777:
2769:
2761:
2726:Augustinians
2722:Trinitarians
2718:Mercedarians
2684:
2634:
2633:
2577:
2570:
2561:
2554:
2547:
2509:Congregation
2496:
2375:Jean Lemoine
2356:
2346:
2339:
2329:
2309:
2284:Quia propter
2282:
2275:
2268:
2261:
2254:
2242:
2215:
2212:Current law
2207:
2195:
2188:
2182:
2166:Canonization
2164:
2155:
2134:
2127:
2126:
2060:Pars statica
2059:
2043:
2027:
2023:
1979:
1967:
1920:Positive law
1894:Motu proprio
1892:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1818:
1811:
1788:
1781:
1773:
1756:
1716:
1702:Emancipation
1657:Mass stipend
1652:Contract law
1644:
1619:Determinatio
1617:
1610:
1604:Ecclesiology
1591:
1567:
1557:Sede vacante
1555:
1546:Promulgation
1528:
1524:Jurisdiction
1482:
1478:Dispensation
1465:
1390:Congregation
1356:
1342:
1331:
1320:
1293:Vicar forane
1263:
1256:
1249:
1214:
1193:Latin Church
1185:
1176:
1175:
1153:
1152:
1137:
1094:
1087:
1031:
1019:
1000:
993:
961:
946:
920:
911:
901:Sacramentals
899:
893:Mass stipend
861:
820:
784:
745:
733:
726:
720:
687:
680:
673:
668:Ecclesia Dei
666:
659:
652:
645:
638:
631:
624:
549:
517:
512:
506:
497:
491:
481:
480:
479:
472:
465:
459:
438:
437:
436:
427:
420:
415:Regulæ Juris
413:
399:
392:
383:
376:
364:
357:
342:
341:
340:
331:
324:
317:
276:
269:
262:
255:
241:
234:
227:
208:Jus antiquum
206:
205:
178:
171:
164:
157:
150:
143:
120:
113:
106:
99:
92:
85:
76:
69:
63:
53:
18:
6744:prisoners.'
4653:provisions.
3241:Isle of Man
3229:John Howard
3206: 1690
3180:. In 1306,
3142:Carcassonne
3067:process of
3061:Inquisition
3033: 1789
3022:(1773–1775)
2826:Charlemagne
2822:Tassilo III
2742:Cistercians
2734:Carthusians
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