129:
Patent and
Trademark Office. The court rejected eCash.com's counterclaim saying a trademark applicant must disclose a third party's rights only if they are "clearly established." The court argued because the "mere registration of a domain name does not confer trademark rights, let alone "clearly established" rights, ECash Technologies had no duty to disclose defendant's registration of the “ecash.com” domain name to the PTO, however eCash Technologies subsequently went bankrupt and the domain "Ecash.com" remained in possession of the original owner.
128:
In 2000 eCash
Technologies sued eCash.com, alleging trademark infringement and unfair competition. eCash.com counterclaimed that eCash Technologies' trademark registration was fraudulently obtained, because it failed to disclose eCash.com's registration of the "ecash.com" domain name to the U.S.
46:
Chaum published the idea of anonymous electronic money in a 1983 paper; eCash software on the user's local computer stored money in a digital format, cryptographically signed by a bank. The user could spend the digital money at any shop accepting eCash, without having to open an account with the
79:
was its chairman. Yet, in the United States, only one bank — the Mark Twain bank in Saint Louis, MO — implemented ecash, testing it as micropayment system; Similar to credit cards, the system was free to purchasers, while merchants paid a transaction fee. After a three-year trial that signed up
54:
achieved unlinkability between withdrawal and spend transactions. Depending on the payment transactions, one distinguishes between on-line and off-line electronic cash: If the payee has to contact a third party (e.g., the bank or the credit-card company acting as an acquirer) before accepting a
84:, a large issuer of credit cards. David Chaum opined then “As the Web grew, the average level of sophistication of users dropped. It was hard to explain the importance of privacy to them”.
381:"eCash Technologies, Inc. v. Guagliardo d/b/a Ecash.com, Netconcept Interactive, Netconcept, & Netconcept Inc., Defendants & Counterclaimants. 127 F.Supp.2d 1069 (C.D. Cal. 2000)"
140:. As of 2015, the term eCash is used for the digital cash that can be stored on an electronically sensitive card including online or alternative payment portals and mobile applications.
431:
417:
87:
In Europe, with fewer credit cards and more cash transactions, micropayment technologies made more sense. In June 1998, ecash became available through
476:
191:
237:
509:
107:
of Norway, while in Japan Nomura
Research Institute marketed eCash to financial institutions. In Australia, ecash was implemented by
468:
453:
363:
552:
380:
562:
170:
122:
DigiCash went bankrupt in 1998, despite flourishing electronic commerce, but with credit cards as the "currency of choice".
492:
557:
47:
vendor first, or transmitting credit card numbers. Security was ensured by public key digital signature schemes. The
519:
81:
567:
523:
80:
merely 5,000 customers, the system was dissolved in 1998, one year after the bank had been purchased by
76:
532:
472:
464:
449:
359:
187:
395:
248:
482:
179:
27:
536:
513:
496:
104:
72:
51:
48:
280:
108:
546:
486:
92:
88:
59:
proposed the first off-line e-cash system, which was also based on blind signatures.
448:
Schneier, Bruce. Applied
Cryptography, Second Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1996.
96:
35:
183:
208:
23:
489:
149:
55:
payment, the system is called an on-line system. In 1990, Chaum together with
313:
216:
Computer
Security and Industrial Cryptography: State of the Art and Evolution
133:
111:
and
Advance Bank, but transactions were not free to purchasers. In Finland
100:
56:
30:
or electronic cash system in 1982. It was realized through his corporation
68:
31:
332:
137:
125:
DigiCash was sold to eCash
Technologies, including its eCash patents.
112:
71:
in 1989 with "ecash" as its trademark. He raised $ 10 million from
169:
Chaum, David (1983). "Blind
Signatures for Untraceable Payments".
116:
379:
United States
District Court; C.D. California (30 October 2000).
499:. Summer course on cryptography, MIT, 1996-2001. pp. 233.
247:. New York: Springer-Verlag. pp. 319–327. Archived from
432:"Mobile ecash payment for merchants now made easy by Ezetap"
529:
245:Advances in Cryptology – CRYPTO '88 Proceedings
418:"E-cash supersedes 'old school' pocket money"
396:"In Brief: InfoSpace Buys eCash Technologies"
8:
334:Elektra-projektin loppuraportti (conference)
209:"Basic security of the ecash payment system"
132:In 2002 eCash Technologies was acquired by
274:
272:
270:
268:
526:'s introduction to Chaumian digital cash)
38:system at one US bank from 1995 to 1998.
161:
307:
305:
303:
301:
236:Chaum, D.; Fiat, A.; Naor, M. (1990).
214:. In Preneel, B.; Rijmen, V. (eds.).
7:
91:in Switzerland, was available from
178:. Vol. 82. pp. 199–203.
14:
358:. Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö.
279:Pitta, Julie (1 November 1999).
516: (archived October 9, 1997)
490:"Lecture Notes on Cryptography"
461:RSA and Public-key Cryptography
312:Tim Clark (2 September 1998).
26:as an anonymous cryptographic
1:
314:"DigiCash loses U.S. toehold"
238:"Untraceable electronic cash"
394:Steve Bills (1 March 2002).
184:10.1007/978-1-4757-0602-4_18
520:"Detecting Double-Spending"
281:"Requiem for a Bright Idea"
207:Berry Schoenmakers (1998).
584:
354:Järvinen, Petteri (1996).
243:. In S. Goldwasser (ed.).
67:Chaum started the company
463:. p. 143-148. 2002,
510:An introduction to ecash
553:Cryptographic protocols
356:Internet - muutostekijä
563:Financial cryptography
172:Advances in Cryptology
119:made ecash available.
16:Electronic cash system
136:, currently known as
331:Salonharju, Inkeri.
459:Richard A. Mollin:
77:Nicholas Negroponte
558:Digital currencies
535:2023-08-21 at the
495:2012-04-21 at the
477:978-1-58488-338-8
398:. American Banker
193:978-1-4757-0604-8
22:was conceived by
575:
436:
435:
428:
422:
421:
414:
408:
407:
405:
403:
391:
385:
384:
376:
370:
369:
351:
345:
344:
342:
341:
328:
322:
321:
309:
296:
295:
293:
291:
276:
263:
262:
260:
259:
253:
242:
233:
227:
226:
224:
222:
213:
204:
198:
197:
177:
166:
52:blind signatures
28:electronic money
583:
582:
578:
577:
576:
574:
573:
572:
568:Payment systems
543:
542:
537:Wayback Machine
514:Wayback Machine
506:
497:Wayback Machine
445:
440:
439:
430:
429:
425:
416:
415:
411:
401:
399:
393:
392:
388:
378:
377:
373:
366:
353:
352:
348:
339:
337:
330:
329:
325:
311:
310:
299:
289:
287:
278:
277:
266:
257:
255:
251:
240:
235:
234:
230:
220:
218:
211:
206:
205:
201:
194:
175:
168:
167:
163:
158:
146:
105:Den norske Bank
82:Mercantile Bank
73:David Marquardt
65:
44:
17:
12:
11:
5:
581:
579:
571:
570:
565:
560:
555:
545:
544:
541:
540:
527:
517:
505:
504:External links
502:
501:
500:
483:Goldwasser, S.
480:
457:
444:
441:
438:
437:
423:
409:
386:
371:
364:
346:
323:
297:
264:
228:
199:
192:
160:
159:
157:
154:
153:
152:
145:
142:
109:St.George Bank
64:
61:
43:
40:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
580:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
550:
548:
538:
534:
531:
528:
525:
521:
518:
515:
511:
508:
507:
503:
498:
494:
491:
488:
484:
481:
478:
474:
470:
469:1-58488-338-3
466:
462:
458:
456:(Chapter 6.4)
455:
454:0-471-11709-9
451:
447:
446:
442:
433:
427:
424:
419:
413:
410:
397:
390:
387:
382:
375:
372:
367:
365:951-0-21704-2
361:
357:
350:
347:
336:
335:
327:
324:
319:
315:
308:
306:
304:
302:
298:
286:
282:
275:
273:
271:
269:
265:
254:on 2011-09-03
250:
246:
239:
232:
229:
217:
210:
203:
200:
195:
189:
185:
181:
174:
173:
165:
162:
155:
151:
148:
147:
143:
141:
139:
135:
130:
126:
123:
120:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
93:Deutsche Bank
90:
89:Credit Suisse
85:
83:
78:
74:
70:
62:
60:
58:
53:
50:
41:
39:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
539:-(eCash.com)
460:
426:
412:
400:. Retrieved
389:
374:
355:
349:
338:. Retrieved
333:
326:
317:
288:. Retrieved
284:
256:. Retrieved
249:the original
244:
231:
219:. Retrieved
215:
202:
171:
164:
131:
127:
124:
121:
97:Bank Austria
95:in Germany,
86:
75:and by 1997
66:
45:
36:micropayment
34:and used as
19:
18:
530:"eCash.com"
487:Bellare, M.
113:Merita Bank
99:, Sweden's
24:David Chaum
547:Categories
524:Hal Finney
443:Literature
402:30 October
340:2013-05-18
290:26 October
258:2012-10-10
221:30 October
156:References
150:E-commerce
134:InfoSpace
101:Posten AB
57:Moni Naor
533:Archived
493:Archived
144:See also
69:DigiCash
32:Digicash
512:at the
138:Blucora
63:History
475:
467:
452:
362:
285:Forbes
190:
103:, and
42:Design
252:(PDF)
241:(PDF)
212:(PDF)
176:(PDF)
117:EUnet
20:Ecash
485:and
473:ISBN
465:ISBN
450:ISBN
404:2014
360:ISBN
318:Cnet
292:2014
223:2014
188:ISBN
180:doi
49:RSA
549::
522:-(
471:,
316:.
300:^
283:.
267:^
186:.
479:.
434:.
420:.
406:.
383:.
368:.
343:.
320:.
294:.
261:.
225:.
196:.
182::
115:/
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.