1326:, in relation to engineering economics, is the proper usage and utilization of capital to achieve project objectives. It can be fully defined by the statement; "... as the series of decisions by individuals and firms concerning how much and where resources will be obtained and expended to meet future objectives." This definition almost perfectly explains capital and its general relation to engineering, though some special cases may not lend themselves to such a concise explanation. The actual acquisition of that capital has many different routes, from equity to bonds to retained profits, each having unique strengths and weakness, especially when in relation to income taxation. Factors such as risk of capital loss, along with possible or expected returns must also be considered when capital budgeting is underway. For example, if a company has $ 20,000 to invest in a number of high, moderate, and low risk projects, the decision would depend upon how much risk the company is willing to take on, and if the returns offered by each category offset this perceived risk. Continuing with this example, if the high risk offered only 20% return, while the moderate offered 19% return, engineers and managers would most likely choose the moderate risk project, as its return is far more favorable for its category. The high risk project failed to offer proper returns to warrant its risk status. A more difficult decision may be between a moderate risk offering 15% while a low risk offering 11% return. The decision here would be much more subject to factors such as company policy, extra available capital, and possible investors.
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nonetheless important, and allows engineers to properly manage new and existing systems/processes to make them more simple and save money and time. Further, value analysis helps combat common "roadblock excuses" that may trip up managers or engineers. Sayings such as "The customer wants it this way" are retorted by questions such as; has the customer been told of cheaper alternatives or methods? "If the product is changed, machines will be idle for lack of work" can be combated by; can management not find new and profitable uses for these machines? Questions like these are part of engineering economy, as they preface any real studies or analyses.
1209:. Equity capital is money already at the disposal of the business, and mainly derived from profit, and therefore is not of much concern, as it has no owners that demand its return with interest. Debt capital does indeed have owners, and they require that its usage be returned with "profit", otherwise known as interest. The interest to be paid by the business is going to be an expense, while the capital lenders will take interest as a profit, which may confuse the situation. To add to this, each will change the income tax position of the participants.
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engineers have little interaction with. Therefore, the studies conducted in engineering economics are for specific companies and limited projects inside those companies. At most one may expect to find some feasibility studies done by private firms for the government or another business, but these again are in stark contrast to the overarching nature of true economic studies. Studies have a number of major steps that can be applied to almost every type of situation, those being as follows;
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The compound interest tables yield a different factor for different types of analysis in this scenario. If the company wishes to know the Net
Present Benefit (NPB) of these benefits; then the factor is the P/A of 8 yrs at 5%. This is 6.463. If the company wishes to know the future worth of these benefits; then the factors is the F/A of 8 yrs at 5%; which is 9.549. The former gives a NPB of $ 16,157.50, while the latter gives a future value of $ 23,872.50.
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capital movements in a specific project. The most critical of these "paths" are determined to be those that have an effect upon the outcome both in time and cost. Therefore, the critical paths must be determined and closely monitored by engineers and managers alike. Engineering economics helps provide the Gantt charts and activity-event networks to ascertain the correct use of time and resources.
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1270:. The idea and existence of depreciation becomes especially relevant to engineering and project management is the fact that capital equipment and assets used in operations will slowly decrease in worth, which will also coincide with an increase in the likelihood of machine failure. Hence the recording and calculation of depreciation is important for two major reasons.
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1304:. The first method being perhaps the easiest to calculate, while the remaining have varying levels of difficulty and utility. Most situations faced by managers in regards to depreciation can be solved using any of these formulas, however, company policy or preference of individual may affect the choice of model.
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A much more applicable example is one with a certain piece of equipment that will yield benefit for a manufacturing operation over a certain period of time. For instance, the machine benefits the company $ 2,500.00 every year, and has a useful life of 8 years. The MARR is determined to be roughly 5%.
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Interest and money time relationships come into play when the capital required to complete a project must be either borrowed or derived from reserves. To borrow brings about the question of interest and value created by the completion of the project. While taking capital from reserves also denies its
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in that it studies the behavior of individuals and firms in making decisions regarding the allocation of limited resources. Thus, it focuses on the decision making process, its context and environment. It is pragmatic by nature, integrating economic theory with engineering practice. But, it is also a
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Engineers often utilize compound interest tables to determine the future or present value of capital. These tables can also be used to determine the effect annuities have on loans, operations, or other situations. All one needs to utilize a compound interest table is three things; the time period of
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Some examples of engineering economic problems range from value analysis to economic studies. Each of these is relevant in different situations, and most often used by engineers or project managers. For example, engineering economic analysis helps a company not only determine the difference between
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Both of these reasons, however, cannot make up for the "fleeting" nature of depreciation, which make direct analysis somewhat difficult. To further add to the issues associated with depreciation, it must be broken down into three separate types, each having intricate calculations and implications.
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Using the compound interest tables mentioned above, an engineer or manager can quickly determine the value of capital over a certain time period. For example, a company wishes to borrow $ 5,000.00 to finance a new machine, and will need to repay that loan in 5 years at 7%. Using the table, 5 years
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Being one of the most important and integral operations in the engineering economic field is the minimization of cost in systems and processes. Time, resources, labor, and capital must all be minimized when placed into any system, so that revenue, product, and profit can be maximized. Hence, the
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Each of the previous components of engineering economics is critical at certain junctures, depending on the situation, scale, and objective of the project at hand. Critical path economy, as an example, is necessary in most situations as it is the coordination and planning of material, labor, and
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is the use of mathematical methods to find optimized solutions, whether they be minimized or maximized in nature. This method uses a series of lines to create a polygon then to determine the largest, or smallest, point on that shape. Manufacturing operations often use linear programming to help
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Proper value analysis finds its roots in the need for industrial engineers and managers to not only simplify and improve processes and systems, but also the logical simplification of the designs of those products and systems. Though not directly related to engineering economy, value analysis is
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seek solutions to problems, and along with the technical aspects, the economic viability of each potential solution is normally considered from a specific viewpoint that reflects its economic utility to a constituency. Fundamentally, engineering economics involves formulating, estimating, and
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Economic studies, which are much more common outside of engineering economics, are still used from time to time to determine feasibility and utility of certain projects. They do not, however, truly reflect the "common notion" of economic studies, which is fixated upon macroeconomics, something
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Considering the prevalence of capital to be lent for a certain period of time, with the understanding that it will be returned to the investor, money-time relationships analyze the costs associated with these types of actions. Capital itself must be divided into two different categories,
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and 7% gives the factor of 1.403, which will be multiplied by $ 5,000.00. This will result in $ 7,015.00. This is of course under the assumption that the company will make a lump payment at the conclusion of the five years, not making any payments prior.
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These scenarios are extremely simple in nature, and do not reflect the reality of most industrial situations. Thus, an engineer must begin to factor in costs and benefits, then find the worth of the proposed machine, expansion, or facility.
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simplified application of microeconomic theory in that it assumes elements such as price determination, competition and demand/supply to be fixed inputs from other sources. As a discipline though, it is closely related to others such as
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the analysis, the minimum attractive rate of return (MARR), and the capital value itself. The table will yield a multiplication factor to be used with the capital value, this will then give the user the proper future or present value.
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There are a great number of cost analysis formulas, each for particular situations and are warranted by the policies of the company in question, or the preferences of the engineer at hand.
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of making one choice over another must also be considered. There are also non-economic factors to be considered, like color, style, public image, etc.; such factors are termed
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concerned with the use and "...application of economic principles" in the analysis of engineering decisions. As a discipline, it is focused on the branch of economics known as
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fixed and incremental costs of certain operations, but also calculates that cost, depending upon a number of variables. Further uses of engineering economics include:
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Comparison between actual and projected performance - Verify savings, review failures, to ensure that proposals were valid, and to add to future studies.
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The fact that assets and material in the real world eventually wear down, and thence break, is a situation that must be accounted for.
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Morris, W. Thomas. (1960). Engineering economy: the analysis of management decisions. Homewood, Ill.: R. D. Irwin.
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Estimating - Speculating as to the magnitude of costs and other variables.
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life is fulfilled, just that it can no longer be used for tax deductions.
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Undergraduate
Programs Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering
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Reference to standard economic studies - Consultation of standard forms.
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Various economic studies in relation to both public and private ventures
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DeGarmo E., Canada J., Engineering
Economy, fifth edition, 1973.
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For the application of engineering economics in the practice of
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Calculation of depreciation also comes in a number of forms;
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Normal depreciation, due to physical or functional losses.
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Engineering product markets and demand influences; and
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Optimal
Switching Times for Season and Single Tickets
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Depletion, due to the use of all available resources.
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usage on other projects that may yield more results.
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1625:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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1520:. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
1516:20 November 2018 at the
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1447:
1418:
1397:is total cost,
1344:
1343:
1337:
1321:
1252:
1235:
1198:
1186:
1177:
1127:
1107:economic trends
1042:analysis period
960:cost accounting
932:
917:
879:
877:
865:
858:
857:
828:
818:
817:
816:
815:
579:von Böhm-Bawerk
467:
456:
455:
217:
209:
208:
164:Economic growth
154:
146:
145:
87:
85:classifications
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3480:
3478:
3470:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3439:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3416:
3404:
3392:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3355:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3333:
3331:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3242:social science
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3174:Global studies
3171:
3169:Gender studies
3166:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3154:
3152:social science
3148:Environmental
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3006:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2847:macroeconomics
2844:
2842:microeconomics
2834:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2761:
2754:
2746:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2680:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2312:
2310:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2197:
2192:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2135:Disequilibrium
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2052:
2050:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1948:Organizational
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1759:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1713:Macroeconomics
1710:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1681:Microeconomics
1677:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1661:
1660:
1653:
1646:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1611:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1575:
1555:
1534:
1522:
1503:
1478:
1469:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1417:
1414:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1336:
1333:
1320:
1317:
1302:service output
1294:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1268:original value
1251:
1248:
1234:
1231:
1203:equity capital
1197:
1194:
1185:
1182:
1176:
1175:Value Analysis
1173:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1135:
1134:Value analysis
1126:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1103:
1094:sector of the
947:microeconomics
919:
918:
916:
915:
908:
901:
893:
890:
889:
888:
887:
875:
860:
859:
856:
855:
850:
840:
835:
829:
824:
823:
820:
819:
814:
813:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
470:
469:
468:
462:
461:
458:
457:
454:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
372:Organizational
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
218:
216:By application
215:
214:
211:
210:
207:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
155:
152:
151:
148:
147:
144:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
109:
104:
99:
94:
88:
82:
81:
78:
77:
76:
75:
70:
65:
57:
56:
48:
47:
41:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3479:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3427:
3426:
3421:
3417:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3381:
3380:
3377:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3365:Human science
3363:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3344:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3322:
3321:Vegan studies
3319:
3317:
3314:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3284:Public health
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3218:Philosophies
3217:
3215:
3214:Media studies
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3189:Human ecology
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3099:Anthrozoology
3097:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3039:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3024:developmental
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3007:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2997:public policy
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2975:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2963:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2948:legal systems
2946:
2944:
2943:legal history
2941:
2939:
2938:jurisprudence
2936:
2935:
2934:
2931:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2835:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2774:
2767:
2762:
2760:
2755:
2753:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2316:de Mandeville
2314:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2302:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2258:New classical
2256:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2214:Malthusianism
2212:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2175:Institutional
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1978:Public choice
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1953:Participation
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1913:Institutional
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1863:Expeditionary
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1853:Environmental
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1659:
1654:
1652:
1647:
1645:
1640:
1639:
1636:
1628:
1622:
1614:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1586:
1579:
1576:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1507:
1504:
1499:
1492:
1490:
1482:
1479:
1473:
1470:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1341:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1325:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1219:interest rate
1216:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1183:
1181:
1174:
1172:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1092:manufacturing
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1046:salvage value
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1004:
1003:interest rate
1000:
999:
994:
990:
985:
983:
979:
975:
970:
967:
963:
961:
957:
953:
948:
944:
940:
936:
930:
926:
914:
909:
907:
902:
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3104:Area studies
2857:mathematical
2852:econometrics
2810:Anthropology
2727:Publications
2683:Publications
2650:
2246:Neoclassical
2236:Mercantilism
2145:Evolutionary
2007:Sociological
1980: /
1878:Geographical
1858:Evolutionary
1835:Digitization
1800:Agricultural
1763:Econometrics
1691:Price theory
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431:Sociological
404: /
302:Geographical
282:Evolutionary
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257:Digitization
222:Agricultural
126:Mathematical
97:Econometrics
29:
3425:Wikiversity
3316:Social work
3204:Linguistics
3129:Criminology
3046:criminology
3029:personality
2987:comparative
2965:Linguistics
2958:private law
2815:archaeology
2521:von Neumann
2290:Supply-side
2275:Physiocracy
2219:Marginalism
1908:Information
1849:Engineering
1830:Development
1825:Demographic
1696:Game theory
1673:Theoretical
1109:and issues;
1073:tax credits
1057:uncertainty
1036:as well as
956:mathematics
679:von Neumann
332:Information
272:Engineering
252:Development
247:Demographic
189:Game theory
131:Methodology
3441:Categories
3370:Humanities
3304:historical
3237:psychology
3209:Management
3051:demography
3009:Psychology
2992:philosophy
2953:public law
2884:integrated
2678:Economists
2551:Schumacher
2456:Schumpeter
2426:von Wieser
2346:von ThĂĽnen
2306:Economists
2205:Circuitism
2170:Humanistic
2165:Historical
2140:Ecological
2130:Democratic
2103:Chartalism
2093:Behavioral
2056:Mainstream
2017:Statistics
2012:Solidarity
1933:Managerial
1898:Humanistic
1893:Historical
1840:Ecological
1805:Behavioral
1445:References
1077:accounting
1028:attributes
998:discounted
993:Cash flows
952:statistics
838:Economists
709:Schumacher
614:Schumpeter
584:von Wieser
504:von ThĂĽnen
465:economists
441:Statistics
436:Solidarity
357:Managerial
322:Humanistic
317:Historical
262:Ecological
227:Behavioral
121:Mainstream
3248:Planning
3227:economics
3144:Education
3041:Sociology
3019:cognitive
2970:semiotics
2921:political
2879:technical
2864:Geography
2837:Economics
2596:Greenspan
2561:Samuelson
2541:Galbraith
2511:Tinbergen
2451:von Mises
2446:Heckscher
2406:Edgeworth
2285:Stockholm
2280:Socialist
2180:Keynesian
2160:Happiness
2120:Classical
2081:Mutualism
2076:Anarchist
2061:Heterodox
1958:Personnel
1918:Knowledge
1883:Happiness
1873:Financial
1845:Education
1820:Democracy
1755:Empirical
1665:Economics
1621:cite book
1260:Valuation
1223:annuities
1053:inflation
1016:, is the
1001:using an
966:Engineers
943:economics
754:Greenspan
719:Samuelson
699:Galbraith
669:Tinbergen
609:von Mises
604:Heckscher
564:Edgeworth
382:Personnel
342:Knowledge
307:Happiness
297:Financial
267:Education
242:Democracy
136:Political
102:Heterodox
45:Economics
3389:Category
3257:regional
3252:land use
3087:business
3056:internet
3014:abnormal
2916:military
2906:economic
2896:cultural
2869:physical
2830:physical
2820:cultural
2707:Category
2687:journals
2673:Glossary
2626:Stiglitz
2591:Rothbard
2571:Buchanan
2556:Friedman
2546:Koopmans
2536:Leontief
2516:Robinson
2401:Marshall
2251:Lausanne
2155:Georgism
2150:Feminist
2098:Buddhist
2088:Austrian
1987:Regional
1963:Planning
1938:Monetary
1868:Feminist
1815:Cultural
1810:Business
1514:Archived
1215:Interest
1038:revenues
847:journals
833:Glossary
784:Stiglitz
749:Rothbard
729:Buchanan
714:Friedman
704:Koopmans
694:Leontief
674:Robinson
559:Marshall
463:Notable
411:Regional
387:Planning
362:Monetary
292:Feminist
237:Cultural
232:Business
37:a series
35:Part of
3401:Commons
3232:history
3222:science
3157:studies
2891:History
2803:Primary
2789:History
2784:Outline
2722:Outline
2693:Schools
2685: (
2646:Piketty
2641:Krugman
2506:Kuznets
2496:Kalecki
2471:Polanyi
2361:Cournot
2356:Bastiat
2341:Ricardo
2331:Malthus
2321:Quesnay
2224:Marxian
2115:Chicago
2045:history
2040:Schools
2027:Welfare
1997:Service
1790:Applied
1096:economy
1020:. The
853:Schools
845: (
804:Piketty
799:Krugman
664:Kuznets
654:Kalecki
629:Polanyi
519:Cournot
514:Bastiat
499:Ricardo
489:Malthus
479:Quesnay
451:Welfare
421:Service
92:Applied
68:Outline
63:History
3092:public
3034:social
2926:social
2825:social
2631:Thaler
2611:Ostrom
2606:Becker
2601:Sowell
2581:Baumol
2486:Myrdal
2481:Sraffa
2476:Frisch
2466:Knight
2461:Keynes
2436:Fisher
2431:Veblen
2416:Pareto
2396:Menger
2391:George
2386:Jevons
2381:Walras
2371:Gossen
2295:Thermo
1973:Public
1968:Policy
1923:Labour
1888:Health
1609:
1550:
1393:where
1014:choice
927:, see
789:Thaler
769:Ostrom
764:Becker
759:Sowell
739:Baumol
644:Myrdal
639:Sraffa
634:Frisch
624:Knight
619:Keynes
594:Fisher
589:Veblen
574:Pareto
554:Menger
549:George
544:Jevons
539:Walras
529:Gossen
397:Public
392:Policy
347:Labour
312:Health
169:Market
3262:urban
3066:urban
3061:rural
2911:human
2874:human
2794:Index
2717:Lists
2712:Index
2663:Lists
2636:Hoppe
2621:Lucas
2586:Solow
2576:Arrow
2566:Simon
2531:Lange
2526:Hicks
2501:Röpke
2491:Hayek
2441:Pigou
2411:Clark
2326:Smith
2241:Mixed
2200:Post-
2022:Urban
2002:Socio
1992:Rural
1494:(PDF)
1313:MACRS
1309:MACRS
1264:value
1069:taxes
1034:Costs
826:Lists
794:Hoppe
779:Lucas
744:Solow
734:Arrow
724:Simon
689:Lange
684:Hicks
659:Röpke
649:Hayek
599:Pigou
569:Clark
484:Smith
446:Urban
426:Socio
416:Rural
116:Macro
112:Micro
73:Index
3330:List
2652:more
2376:Marx
2366:Mill
2351:List
2229:Neo-
2185:Neo-
1627:link
1607:ISBN
1548:ISBN
1401:and
1300:and
1205:and
995:are
958:and
810:more
534:Marx
524:Mill
509:List
2933:Law
2616:Sen
2336:Say
2195:New
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494:Say
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