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263:. Because the plasticization of the cuticles makes the wings of the moths inextensible until three to four hours before emergence, scientists are able to study the cuticles in order to ultimately study eclosion. In these studies, wing extensibility is measured by observing the increase of two marks on the wing, and eclosion hormone activity is measured through bioassays. Thus, the combination of these two measurements allows for conclusions regarding how an eclosion hormone is related to eclosion, along with the plasticization of wing cuticle.
136:, to measure the time that adult drosophilids emerged from pupae populations in a controlled light and temperature environment. This original model works by securing pupae on plastic boxes that can be temperature controlled. The pupae are harvested and attached to a brass holding plate. The holding plate is then secured to face a brass mounting plate that can be temperature-controlled and then covered with an
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of detergent. Researchers counted the number of flies in each vial to determine the times of day where eclosion activity was highest. Pittendrigh used this model to demonstrate that the circadian clock in drosophila is temperature-compensated (meaning its period is stable over a broad range of temperatures) and to design an early theoretical model for phase response curves.
253:, the number of emerging adults was pooled together in daily recordings in order to analyze the eclosion rhythms of the moths. The number of insects that emerged at different time points was recorded when the larvae were exposed to various temperatures, and thus, this method was used to conclude that eclosion rhythms of the Indian meal moths are temperature-compensated.
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Some modern eclosion monitors employ infrared counting electronics. In these systems, the pupae are glued to an elevated disk just as in the original bang box, and emerging flies fall into one tube due to gravity. The flies fall through infrared lasers in the base, which contain electronics to record
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The bang box allows for visualization of what happens to circadian rhythms when a gene gets knocked out. Using this method, the researchers were able to collect a large data sample on the number of eclosed individuals every fixed time period. Furthermore, the bang box was used by
Pittendrigh earlier
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Simplified bang box schematic. Pupae (green) are held on a plate, and the container holding them is shaken at regular intervals to cause any eclosed flies (black) to fall into vials containing detergent. These vials are on a stage that also rotates at regular intervals (represented by the red arrow),
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in the environment. Cameras above the eclosion plate record images of the flies when they emerge from their pupae. This monitor can also track eclosion by recording the increase in light intensity when the dark pupae is split open during eclosion, which allows light from below the plate to reach the
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activated every 30 minutes. The vials of detergent are placed in a circular tray that is rotated at a rate of one vial per hour. The activation allows the mounting plate to be lifted and dropped against a rubber stopper that shakes out all of the emerging flies from the last 30 minutes into the vial
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The purpose of an eclosion assay is to count the number of flies that emerge over time from a developing population, which provides information on the circadian clock in the experimentally manipulated drosophila. For example, with an eclosion monitor, scientists can study how knocking out a certain
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regulates the timing of adult emergence. The daily rhythm of adult emergence in these insects was among the first circadian rhythms to be investigated. The circadian clock in these insects enforces a daily pattern of emergence by permitting or triggering eclosion during specific time frames and
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Some scientists have argued that this model, while more advanced than the former bang box construct, fails to account for changes in temperature and light exposure present in most flies’ natural environments. To address these issues, scientists at the
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gene changes the behavioral expression of a drosophila's biological clock. Additionally, the circadian rhythm of adult insect emergence was among the earliest chronobiological phenomena to be examined, significantly impacting the field of
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Moths were also used in experiments studying the effects of eclosion hormones on chronobiology. These experiments indirectly studied eclosion by looking at the plasticization of the wing cuticles of tobacco hornworm moths,
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larvae of the Indian meal moth have been used to study eclosion rhythms by counting the number of adults emerging from the food within a few minutes at one-hour intervals. In a 2012 study conducted by researchers at the
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Kikukawa, Shigeru; Hashizume, Ryou; Honda, Miho; Inoue, Yuka; Maekawa, Tatsuya; Miyabayashi, Mina; Mori, Natsuko; Sakata, Risa; Takahashi, Nanako; Takigaura, Yuki; Tanaka, Kuniaki; Uchida, Yu (September 2012).
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Eclosion (the process during which insects emerge from their pupae) is regulated by circadian clocks. Thus, chronobiologists use different assays to measure eclosion timing and circadian rhythms in insects.
184:. Later research builds on this relationship in order to use eclosion assays to study circadian rhythms. For example, the bang box was used to measure eclosion activity in order to determine
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is the species that has traditionally been studied in chronobiology experiments, there have been similar experiments conducted with other organisms. The eclosion of the Indian meal moth
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the timing of eclosion. This technique has been used as recently as 2021 to evaluate how the central circadian clock regulates eclosion by coupling to an endocrine pacemaker in the
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Seong, Ki-Hyeon; Matsumura, Taishi; Shimada-Niwa, Yuko; Niwa, Ryusuke; Kang, Siu (2020-11-10). Bellen, Hugo J; VijayRaghavan, K; Andrews, Jonathan; O'Connor, Michael B (eds.).
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The bang box was the primary means of investigation in chronobiology in the 1960s and 1970s. The application of this technique includes, but is not limited to:
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cover that has a tapered mouth. The tapered mouth is aligned above a vial containing detergent solution. The mounting plate is then placed atop a
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The bang box is the first experimental assay developed to measure eclosion in fruit flies. The first model of the bang box was developed at a
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544:"WEclMon – A simple and robust camera-based system to monitor Drosophila eclosion under optogenetic manipulation and natural conditions"
120:, and reactions to skeleton photoperiods. The eclosion assay serves as a vital tool for researchers delving into chronobiology studies.
663:"Effects of photoperiod and temperature on the rhythm and free-running of adult eclosion in the Indian meal moth Plodia interpunctella"
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Ruf, Franziska; Fraunholz, Martin; Öchsner, Konrad; Kaderschabek, Johann; Wegener, Christian (2017-06-28). Oster, Henrik (ed.).
348:"Temperature compensation of the circadian oscillation in Drosophila pseudoobscura and its entrainment by temperature cycles"
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has been studied with tools similar to the bang box in order to examine the effects of temperature on circadian rhythms.
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is the process in which an adult insect emerges from its pupal case, or a larval insect hatches from its egg. In
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Mark, Brandon; Bustos-González, Liliana; Cascallares, Guadalupe; Conejera, Felipe; Ewer, John (2021-07-06).
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284:"The circadian clock gates Drosophila adult emergence by controlling the timecourse of metamorphosis"
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organisms have been used in various studies to study chronobiology and circadian rhythms. While
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which enables researchers to count the number of flies eclosed at each time interval.
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Zimmerman, William F.; Pittendrigh, Colin S.; Pavlidis, Theodosius (1968-05-01).
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camera. Similar imaging systems have been used to measure eclosion as well other
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that drastically change the period of the traditional 24-hour circadian rhythm.
603:"The Drosophila Individual Activity Monitoring and Detection System (DIAMonDS)"
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determining the impact of external stimuli on flies' internal biological clock,
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designed an open eclosion monitor where pupae and flies are exposed to
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through its contributions to understanding temperature compensation,
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at the Time of
Eclosion: Effects of Eclosion Hormone And Bursicon"
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to conclude that the oscillation phase assay is affected by the
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are experimental procedures used to study the process of
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Procedure to study insect hatching or emergence from pupa
702:"Control of Cuticle Extensibility in the Wings of Adult
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may be too technical for most readers to understand
454:Konopka, Ronald J.; Benzer, Seymour (1971-09-01).
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460:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
400:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
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164:measuring the circadian rhythm of eclosion, and
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456:"Clock Mutants of Drosophila melanogaster"
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167:defining how gene alleles such as
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514:"DEM Drosophila Eclosion Monitor"
132:laboratory, mainly accredited to
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230:Measurements of eclosion in non-
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710:Journal of Experimental Biology
393:Pittendrigh, C S (1967-10-01).
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188:on the X chromosome of
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211:University of Würzburg
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118:phase response curves
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182:phase response curve
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620:10.7554/eLife.58630
294:(27): e2023249118.
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