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as "a tallish man, somewhat portly, with pale skin, white hands, a fringe of shinily white hair, and a short silver mustache clipped with sharp neatness", further stating that he "conveys that pleasant sense of benevolence which comes to an extremely successful man of affairs, after his major work is
460:
finally rescued it. You can get the story of that from Groves. Shipped a big bulk of it to the US, and stored in Staten Island. I think he realized it had a possible military significance, but also had a commercial significance. He was interested—I think he had some indications from other people that
429:
Nichols and
Sengier negotiated a contract, and the Staten Island stockpile was transferred to the United States Army. Since Tizard had informed him about uranium's potential a couple of years earlier, Sengier had a pretty good idea why Nichols had shown up to inquire about his ore deposits, something
586:
victory by
General Groves at a private ceremony in his Washington office, receiving the distinction of becoming the first non-American civilian to be awarded the medal. Due to restrictions on wartime information at the time, the initial citation merely mentioned his "services in supplying material".
455:
I think it was partly patriotic, partly commercial. Their main market at that time was radium, and they sold about 300 tons a year of uranium to the ceramics industry for coloring. I think his main interest was probably commercial, to have a radium supply in the US, in case Europe was overrun, as it
442:
He had been following some of the work done by the French scientists before the war, and he knew the importance of the uranium as a possibility. Sengier knew what the hell we were doing. He just said, "I think I know what you’re doing, but you don’t need to tell me. Just assure me it’s for military
601:
Despite official recognition, Sengier was content to remain unknown and successfully went to considerable lengths to preserve his anonymity. According to John
Gunther "probably not one American in a hundred thousand has ever heard the name Edgar Sengier, nor is he well known in Europe outside of a
591:
It was a distinct pleasure for me after the war to recommend the award of the Medal of Merit, the highest civilian award made by our government, to Edgar
Sengier for his great services to the United States, to Belgium and the free world in making available to us adequate supplies of Belgian Congo
374:
as early as 1915, and extraction began in 1921. Uranium ore from
Shinkolobwe was very rich (it contained up to 65% of uranium); in comparison, Canadian ore contained only 0.02%. In September 1940, Sengier ordered that half of the uranium stock available in Africa—about 1,050 tons—be secretly
533:
The agreement between the United States, the United
Kingdom, and Belgium lasted ten years and continued after the war. The uranium agreements in part explain Belgium's relative ease in rebuilding its economy after the war, as the country had no debt with the major financial powers.
524:
considered ore containing three-tenths of 1 percent as a good find. Without
Sengier’s foresight in stockpiling ore in the United States and aboveground in Africa, we simply would not have had the amounts of uranium needed to justify building the large separation plants and the
554:
Nichols described meeting
Sengier for the first time in 1942: "At that time he was in his sixties, and he always impressed me as very white. Sort of a plump man and very sparse hair" and "a very pale face", and that he was "a very abrupt guy", but "just as polite."
359:, who warned him that he held "something which may mean a catastrophe to your country and mine if this material were to fall into the hands of a possible enemy." Shortly thereafter, he was approached by a group of French scientists led by
410:. He asked if the Union Minière could supply uranium ore, and Sengier's answer became history: "You can have the ore now. It is in New York, a thousand tons of it. I was waiting for your visit." Nichols had heard of the ore from the
2020:
1828:
587:
However, the official statement made note of
Sengier's "sound judgment, initiative, resourcefulness and unfailing cooperation" which "contributed greatly to the success of the atomic bomb project". Groves noted:
596:
operations and the ceremony was private and unpublicized. It has always been a source of regret to me that
Sengier’s services, and particularly his foresight, could not receive full public recognition at the
363:, who asked whether Sengier would be willing to participate in their efforts to create a uranium fission bomb. Although he agreed to provide the necessary ore, the project floundered when France was
2010:
375:
dispatched to New York. At the start of the war, Sengier himself traveled to New York to conduct Union Minière worldwide operations from there. At first, the UMHK's uranium stockpile remained in a
697:
1890:
2035:
558:
Edgar Sengier remained director of the Société Générale and the Union Minière until 1949. He remained on the company's administrative board until 1960, before retiring in
2050:
508:, while the pitchblende aboveground in the Congo amounted to a thousand tons of 65 percent ore, and the waste piles of ore contained two thousand tons of 20 percent U
451:, Groves wrote that "as a Belgian, Sengier appreciated fully the absolute necessity of an Allied victory." Nichols, when questioned about Sengier's motives, stated:
592:
uranium. It was also my pleasure to present this award at a ceremony in my office in Washington. Security restrictions had not yet been lifted on this phase of the
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367:. Sengier understood that uranium, a by-product that had until then been stored without being used, could become a crucial resource in times of war.
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In May 1939, Sengier, then director of both the Société Générale and the UMHK, learned about the potential of uranium from English chemist Sir
466:
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limited circle. So far as I know, no photograph of him has ever appeared in an American newspaper or magazine of wide circulation ..."
465:
The Shinkolobwe mine had been closed since 1937, and had fallen into disrepair and flooded. The United States Army sent a squad from its
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485:. The army also secured the remaining ore (3000 tons) in Shinkolobwe, which was shipped to the United States. In his 1987 book,
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Our best source, the Shinkolobwe mine, represented a freak occurrence in nature. It contained a tremendously rich lode of uranium
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warehouse due to his foresight to stockpile the ore to prevent it from falling into a possible enemy's hands.
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497:. Nothing like it has ever again been found. The ore already in the United States contained 65 percent
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this project was continuing in the US, so I think he was interested in getting it into the right hands.
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was. He had shipped some stuff from the Congo to Belgium, which was captured by the Germans and
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met Sengier in his New York office. Nichols had been ordered to find uranium by the head of the
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Helmreich, J. (1990). "The Negotiation of the Belgian Uranium Export Tax of 1951".
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Sengier is credited with giving the American government access to much of the
608:, a radioactive mineral discovered in Congo in 1948, was named in his honor.
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For his actions he became the first non-American civilian to be awarded the
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1940:
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1307:
516:. To illustrate the uniqueness of Sengier's stockpile, after the war the
347:, a Belgian investment company, and the government of the Belgian Congo.
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1930:
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Gathering Rare Ores: The Diplomacy of Uranium Acquisition, 1943–1954
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In 1946, Sengier returned to the United States and was awarded the
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1878:
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1252:
926:
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18:
2021:
Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
1201:
Spies in the Congo: America's Atomic Mission in World War II
698:
Honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire
619:
616:
Sengier received numerous awards for his accomplishments.
323:, Sengier graduated in 1903 as a mining engineer from the
248:
Commander of the Order of the Belgian Crown
1227:
Uranium: War, Energy and the Rock That Shaped the World
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Now It Can Be Told: The Story of the Manhattan Project
254:
Grand Officer of the Royal Order of the Lion
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273:(9 October 1879 – 26 July 1963) was a Belgian
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2011:Catholic University of Leuven (1834–1968) alumni
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1000:"General Kenneth Nichols's Interview – Part 2"
657:Commander of the Order of the Legion of Honour
469:to restore the mine, expand the aerodromes in
447:In his 1962 book about the Manhattan Project,
331:(UMHK) in 1911 as it was beginning to exploit
1264:
682:Commander of the Order of the Star of Romania
8:
2036:Officers of the Order of the Crown (Belgium)
1111:(in French). Brussels: De Boeck Université.
634:Grand Officer of the Royal Order of the Lion
574:Sengier receiving the Medal for Merit, 1946
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109:Learn how and when to remove this message
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644:Officer of the Order of the African Star
300:, much of which was already stored in a
1154:"Sengierite. A Preliminary Description"
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903:
879:
840:
823:
741:
674:Commander of the Order of the Oak Crown
855:
398:In September 1942, Lieutenant Colonel
45:Please improve this article by adding
7:
1109:Dictionnaire des patrons en Belgique
690:Commander of the Royal Order of Vasa
430:Nichols elaborated on during a 1965
343:. The UMHK was owned jointly by the
1976:20th-century Belgian businesspeople
629:Commander of the Order of the Crown
16:Belgian mining director (1879–1963)
2046:Royal Order of the Lion recipients
2016:Commanders of the Legion of Honour
1736:Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
1188:Acad. Roy. des Scienc. d'Outre-Mer
14:
1107:Kurgan-van Hentenryk, G. (1996).
649:Silver Medal of Belgian Gratitude
311:by the United States government.
1952:
1951:
542:Sengier was described by author
281:mining company that operated in
234:Manhattan Project uranium supply
23:
1004:Voices of the Manhattan Project
639:Officer of the Order of Leopold
432:Voices of the Manhattan Project
2006:Belgian people of World War II
1981:20th-century Belgian engineers
1183:"Biographie Belge d'Outre-Mer"
1:
1181:Van der Straeten, E. (1973).
726:Belgian Congo in World War II
329:Union Minière du Haut Katanga
279:Union Minière du Haut Katanga
271:Edgar Edouard Bernard Sengier
223:Union Minière du Haut Katanga
146:Edgar Edouard Bernard Sengier
47:secondary or tertiary sources
2051:Société Générale de Belgique
1896:Oppenheimer security hearing
1191:(in French). VII–A: 429–437.
582:for his contribution to the
434:interview by the journalist
420:Eldorado Mining and Refining
345:Société Générale de Belgique
1152:Vaes, J.; Kerr, P. (1949).
2067:
2031:Medal for Merit recipients
1068:Princeton University Press
370:Uranium was discovered in
1949:
1839:Bismuth phosphate process
1834:Atomic Energy Act of 1946
1286:
662:Medal of French Gratitude
562:, where he died in 1963.
132:
2026:Manhattan Project people
2001:Belgian mining engineers
1088:Rev. Belge Philol. Hist.
1916:S-1 Executive Committee
1864:Einstein–Szilard letter
1358:Salt Wells Pilot Plant
1100:10.3406/rbph.1990.3713
1062:Helmreich, J. (1986).
612:Awards and decorations
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575:
531:
477:, and build a port in
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445:
395:
34:relies excessively on
1936:X-10 Graphite Reactor
1891:Nobel Prize laureates
1761:509th Composite Group
573:
390:
361:Frédéric Joliot-Curie
2041:People from Kortrijk
1996:Belgian Congo people
1844:British contribution
1746:Operation Peppermint
1741:Operation Crossroads
1600:Maria Goeppert Mayer
967:Vaes & Kerr 1949
325:University of Leuven
277:and director of the
199:University of Leuven
1605:George Kistiakowsky
1560:Charles Critchfield
1131:The Road to Trinity
969:, pp. 109–120.
933:, pp. 435–437.
894:, pp. 320–351.
487:The Road to Trinity
1670:Henry DeWolf Smyth
1449:Robert Oppenheimer
1404:Priscilla Duffield
576:
467:Corps of Engineers
449:Now It Can Be Told
424:Port Hope, Ontario
396:
365:invaded by Germany
296:necessary for the
1963:
1962:
1885:Los Alamos Primer
1874:Interim Committee
1829:African Americans
1781:The Great Artiste
1640:Isidor Isaac Rabi
1635:Norman Ramsey Jr.
1434:Franklin Matthias
1373:Heavy water sites
1280:Manhattan Project
981:, pp. 77–79.
882:, pp. 44–47.
716:
715:
489:, Nichols wrote:
404:Manhattan Project
383:Manhattan Project
298:Manhattan Project
268:
267:
119:
118:
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93:
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1955:
1954:
1906:Quebec Agreement
1690:John von Neumann
1630:George B. Pegram
1439:Dorothy McKibbin
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1168:(1–2): 109–120.
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412:State Department
337:Katanga Province
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1911:RaLa Experiment
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1751:Project Alberta
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1715:Chien-Shiung Wu
1645:James Rainwater
1580:Richard Feynman
1570:John R. Dunning
1545:Norris Bradbury
1508:
1494:Stafford Warren
1464:William Purnell
1444:Kenneth Nichols
1424:Ernest Lawrence
1399:James B. Conant
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400:Kenneth Nichols
392:Kenneth Nichols
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327:and joined the
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309:Medal for Merit
275:mining engineer
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209:Mining engineer
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187:Alpes-Maritimes
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58:"Edgar Sengier"
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40:primary sources
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1094:(2): 320–351.
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979:Helmreich 1986
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957:, p. 669.
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918:, p. 437.
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906:, p. 678.
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892:Helmreich 1990
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179:(aged 83)
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1705:Robert Wilson
1703:
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1700:Eugene Wigner
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1419:John Lansdale
1417:
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1414:Leslie Groves
1412:
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1389:Vannevar Bush
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1240:9780670020645
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1054:9780836981971
1050:
1046:
1042:
1041:Inside Africa
1038:
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1028:9780786748228
1024:
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948:
945:, p. 79.
944:
939:
936:
932:
931:Straeten 1973
927:
925:
921:
917:
916:Straeten 1973
912:
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873:
869:
868:Williams 2016
864:
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850:
846:
842:
837:
835:
833:
829:
826:, p. 45.
825:
820:
817:
814:, p. 45.
813:
812:Zoellner 2009
808:
805:
801:
800:Williams 2016
796:
793:
789:
788:Straeten 1973
784:
781:
777:
772:
769:
765:
764:Williams 2016
760:
758:
754:
750:
749:Straeten 1973
745:
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702:United States
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548:Inside Africa
545:
538:Personal life
537:
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409:
408:Leslie Groves
405:
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393:
389:
382:
380:
378:
377:Staten Island
373:
368:
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348:
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341:Belgian Congo
338:
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302:Staten Island
299:
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283:Belgian Congo
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205:Occupation(s)
203:
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174:
170:
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164:West Flanders
161:
144:
140:
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127:Edgar Sengier
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99:December 2020
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
42:
41:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
1941:Y-12 Project
1926:Smyth Report
1921:S-50 Project
1883:
1879:K-25 Project
1808:Pumpkin bomb
1779:
1772:
1765:
1695:John Wheeler
1665:Louis Slotin
1660:Emilio Segrè
1610:George Koval
1590:James Franck
1575:Enrico Fermi
1520:Luis Alvarez
1479:Paul Tibbets
1454:Deak Parsons
1231:Viking Press
1229:. New York:
1226:
1223:Zoellner, T.
1203:. New York:
1200:
1197:Williams, S.
1186:
1165:
1162:Am. Mineral.
1160:
1133:. New York:
1130:
1108:
1091:
1086:
1063:
1043:. New York:
1040:
1017:. New York:
1014:
1003:
988:Bibliography
974:
962:
955:Gunther 1955
950:
938:
911:
904:Gunther 1955
899:
887:
880:Nichols 1987
875:
863:
841:Groueff 1965
824:Nichols 1987
819:
807:
802:, p. 1.
795:
783:
778:, p. 7.
771:
766:, p. 2.
744:
710:
615:
604:
600:
590:
577:
557:
553:
547:
546:in his book
544:John Gunther
541:
532:
492:
486:
471:LĂ©opoldville
464:
454:
448:
446:
441:
431:
428:
397:
369:
357:Henry Tizard
354:
351:World War II
318:
306:
291:
287:World War II
270:
269:
177:(1963-07-26)
175:26 July 1963
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
33:
1991:1963 deaths
1986:1879 births
1756:Silverplate
1710:Leona Woods
1675:Leo Szilard
1650:Bruno Rossi
1595:Klaus Fuchs
1499:Ed Westcott
1489:Harold Urey
1127:Nichols, K.
1037:Gunther, J.
996:Groueff, S.
856:Groves 1962
566:Recognition
495:pitchblende
483:Congo River
416:Louis Rosen
379:warehouse.
372:Shinkolobwe
1970:Categories
1859:Demon core
1803:Little Boy
1724:Operations
1540:Niels Bohr
1530:Hans Bethe
1513:Scientists
1459:Boris Pash
1338:Los Alamos
1011:Groves, L.
732:References
670:Luxembourg
606:Sengierite
443:purposes."
406:, General
315:Early life
152:1879-10-09
69:newspapers
36:references
1901:Plutonium
1767:Enola Gay
1585:Val Fitch
1535:Aage Bohr
1484:Bud Uanna
1353:Oak Ridge
737:Footnotes
529:reactors.
527:plutonium
481:, on the
335:mines in
166:, Belgium
1957:Category
1813:Thin Man
1774:Bockscar
1368:Wendover
1348:New York
1343:Montreal
1333:Inyokern
1308:Berkeley
1289:Timeline
1225:(2009).
1205:Hachette
1199:(2016).
1129:(1987).
1039:(1955).
1013:(1962).
998:(1965),
720:See also
520:and the
321:Kortrijk
319:Born in
219:Employer
213:director
189:, France
160:Kortrijk
1931:Uranium
1798:Fat Man
1791:Weapons
1363:Trinity
1328:Hanford
1313:Chicago
1174:4402142
678:Romania
625:Belgium
551:done."
394:in 1945
339:in the
294:uranium
285:during
83:scholar
1323:Dayton
1317:Site A
1237:
1211:
1172:
1141:
1135:Morrow
1115:
1074:
1051:
1045:Harper
1025:
1019:Harper
711:
686:Sweden
653:France
584:Allied
560:Cannes
479:Matadi
458:Patton
333:copper
256:(1945)
250:(1945)
241:Awards
183:Cannes
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1296:Sites
1157:(PDF)
597:time.
90:JSTOR
76:books
1303:Ames
1235:ISBN
1209:ISBN
1170:OSTI
1139:ISBN
1113:ISBN
1072:ISBN
1049:ISBN
1023:ISBN
473:and
414:and
172:Died
142:Born
62:news
1096:doi
594:MED
522:AEC
518:MED
438::
422:in
289:.
38:to
1972::
1233:.
1207:.
1185:.
1166:34
1159:.
1137:.
1092:68
1070:.
1066:.
1047:.
1021:.
1002:,
923:^
848:^
831:^
756:^
426:.
211:,
185:,
162:,
49:.
1319:)
1315:(
1272:e
1265:t
1258:v
1243:.
1217:.
1176:.
1147:.
1121:.
1102:.
1098::
1080:.
1057:.
1031:.
843:.
514:8
512:O
510:3
505:8
503:O
501:3
499:U
154:)
150:(
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
43:.
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