340:(EGLE) took oversight of the dam. EGLE determined that the dam was structurally sound. Edenville and the other former Boyce dams were taken over in 2019 by the Four Lakes Task Force, a county delegated authority, with title to transfer in early 2022. The State of Michigan appropriated $ 5 million for the purchase. The Four Lakes Task Force operates under the Four Lakes Assessment District in the State of Michigan, created in May 2019 by Judge Stephen Carras. In 2019, Michigan's 42nd Circuit Court was involved in determining if only the lakefront owners or all area residents would pay tax to the Four Lakes Assessment District.
409:
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38:
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333:(FERC) terminated Boyce Hydro Power's license in 2018, because of its "inability to pass the Probable Maximum Flood (PMF)", as well as seven other failures. The Commission was concerned that "the dam may not have the ability to pass enough water, if a severe flood were to hit, among other issues and violations."
1153:
The company twice lowered Wixom Lake's level without permission after the federal license was revoked, said Nick
Assendelft, spokesman for the Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes and Energy, which has overseen the Edenville barrier since its federal license was withdrawn A lawsuit filed
1068:
Boyce says it asked EGLE for permission to lower Wixom Lake last fall "due to concern for the safety of its operators and the downstream community." EGLE and the
Michigan Department of Natural Resources denied the request. Boyce lowered the lake without approval in mid-November "believing its safety
486:
The IFT found that neither internal erosion nor overtopping caused the failure. Instead the IFT believes loose sands, inside a portion of the dam, became saturated with water, which led to their static liquefaction which is a sudden loss of strength. The use of sand in the original construction was
443:
The
Tittabawassee River crested at 35.05 feet (10.68 m) late on May 20, resulting in extensive flooding throughout eastern Midland and low-lying parts of its downtown district, and severely damaging most of the village of Sanford. The extent of the floodwaters could be clearly seen in satellite
476:
appointed an
Independent Forensic Team (IFT) of expert engineers to examine the failure and issue an expert opinion on the cause. Their final report was issued on 4 May 2022, and determined that the cause was “foreseeable and preventable,” and resulted from multiple errors committed over nearly a
363:
In
October 2022, however, a federal judge accepted as basic facts that Boyce had conducted what the Michigan Attorney General called a "propaganda" campaign trying to blame the State of Michigan for keeping water levels high, when in fact, Boyce had continually touted the structural safety of the
343:
In
October 2018, and again in mid-November 2019, the dam's operator lowered the water level, in what it called a safety move. It said it had requested a permit to lower the level from Michigan's EGLE, a permit that was not issued. The operator said it acted “due to concern for the safety of its
481:
The IFT understands the natural desire to place 'blame' for the failure. However, the IFT found that the failure cannot reasonably be attributed to any one individual, group, or organization. Instead, it was the overall system for financing, designing, constructing, operating, evaluating, and
506:
A somewhat unexpected side effect of the dam failure was the creation of a waterfall downstream of the dam breach along the new river path. At 5-10 feet tall, Edenville Falls was the tallest waterfall in the Lower
Peninsula. As part of the dam reconstruction, the Tittabawassee River has been
795:
After its license was revoked by FERC, regulation of the
Edenville dam was taken over by the Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes and Energy in 2018. Spokesman Nick Assendelft said the agency inspected the dam in October 2018 and found it structurally
456:
In the wake of the flooding, three class-action lawsuits were filed by the victims, of which two named
Michigan's EGLE as defendant and two named the dam's operator as defendant. Michigan's Attorney General Dana Nessel is also being sued.
435:
declared a state of emergency, and announced an investigation into the dam's operators for alleged neglect. Over 10,000 local residents were ultimately evacuated, as officials cautioned residents to maintain social distancing during the
356:
confirmed EGLE had directed the operator to raise the water level, stating: "Michigan EGLE directed Boyce to follow the court-ordered lake level requirements," but challenged that the operator had lowered it for safety reasons.
351:
The dam's operator said it began to raise the lake's water level in April 2020, under threat of being sued by
Michigan's EGLE, and that it reached "normal pond level" in the first week of May 2020. Michigan's Attorney General
494:
During multiple inspections of the dam, and analyses of the current structural integrity of the dam, over a period spanning more than 90 years, these two major flaws were not reported. Both could have been fixed.
347:
In December 2019, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission issued a permit to investigate expanding the hydropower plant with a second powerhouse containing one 1.2 MW turbine-generator unit for a total of 6 MW.
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320:
The dam is privately owned and operated by Boyce Hydro Power, a company based in Edenville, which also owned three other hydroelectric facilities on the Tittabawassee: the Secord, Smallwood, and Sanford Dams.
648:
In 1893, Wixom sold his circus for $ 25,000. He hadn't forgotten his dream of bringing prosperity back to the lumbering towns like Edenville, Sanford, Averill and Coleman but he needed money to build dams.
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State officials alleged Boyce's dams lowered the lake without permission in 2018 and 2019, and sued the company in April alleging the actions killed "thousands if not millions" of endangered freshwater
490:
The part of the embankment that failed was constructed with steep slopes on the downstream side. These steep slopes violated safety requirements that were in place for many years prior to the failure.
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448:'s Midland operations were threatened by the flooding, but reportedly suffered no serious damage. As of the morning of May 20, no casualties had been reported as a result of the flooding.
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On May 19, 2020, 5:46 p.m., due to massive inflow from heavy rains in the area, the eastern side of the dam collapsed, prompting immediate evacuations in the towns of Edenville and
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A $ 4.8 billion infrastructure plan was approved by Michigan Gov. Gretchen Whitmer in March 2022. A portion of the approved funds are to be used to repair the dam.
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A lawsuit filed April 30 says the lengthy drawdowns in 2018 and 2019 killed "thousands, if not millions" of freshwater mussels, many listed as endangered species.
1602:
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century. They reported the dam was improperly designed, and that it was also improperly constructed, resulting in built-in flaws that doomed it from the start.
482:
upgrading the four dams, involving many parties during the nearly 100 years of project history, which fell short in ensuring a safe dam at the Edenville site.
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The dam was built in 1924 by Frank Isaac Wixom, after whom the reservoir formed by the dam is named. Wixom used to own a circus before he built the dam.
1384:
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On September 8, 2023 a state of Michigan court of appeals refused to dismiss the lawsuits, noting a 2020 ruling concerning the state’s liability in the
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In April 2020, EGLE sued Boyce, alleging it had lowered the water level without permission in 2018 and 2019, killing thousands of freshwater mussels.
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The Michigan Attorney General's office issued this statement: " Michigan EGLE directed Boyce to follow the court-ordered lake level requirements."
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April 30 says the lengthy drawdowns in 2018 and 2019 killed "thousands, if not millions" of freshwater mussels, many listed as endangered species
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Wednesday the task force announced it agreed to buy the Wixom, Sanford, Secord and Smallwood dams from Boyce for nearly $ 9.5 million.
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operators and the downstream community,” and went on to sue EGLE in federal court, alleging "its safety concerns were paramount."
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the Four Lakes Task Force, in its capacity as the County Delegated Authority for the Four Lakes Special Assessment District
830:
The Four Lakes Task Force agreed to buy Wixom, Sanford, Secord and Smallwood dams from Boyce Hydro for nearly $ 9.5 million
737:
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and flood control. The dam was equipped with two 2.4 MW turbines capable of generating 4.8 MW of electricity in total.
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Damage to Midland County bridges and roadways totaled $ 17 million, according to the Midland County Road Commission.
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596:"'Do not hesitate': Michigan governor urges evacuations, warns Midland could be under 9 feet of water"
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redirected back through the spillway and the old river path, resulting in Edenville Falls drying up.
412:
427:, about 10 miles (16 km) downstream, subsequently overflowed, requiring evacuations in much of
272:
256:
183:
1574:
France, Jonn; Alvi, Irfan; Miller, Arthur; Williams, Jennifer; Higinbotham, Steve (May 4, 2022).
880:"Four Lakes Task Force, as Delegated Authority for the Counties of Midland and Gladwin, Michigan"
461:
1361:"Michigan dam failures force 10,000 to evacuate and could leave one city under 9 feet of water"
1135:
428:
420:
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291:. Its height was 54 feet (16 m), the length was 6,600 feet (2,000 m) at its crest.
1055:
432:
415:
image of the dam after failure, showing the new river channel east of the original spillway.
305:
downstream overflowed, which caused major flooding in Midland County, including the city of
295:
264:
1102:"Dam owner raised lake levels just before dam failures; claims state AG threatened lawsuit"
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765:
581:
1544:"Victims of Michigan dam collapse win key ruling in lawsuits against state - CBS Detroit"
1226:"Did state pressure to keep Wixom Lake level high contribute to Edenville Dam's failure?"
1069:
concerns were paramount." Boyce sued the state on April 29 in Grand Rapids federal court
391:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
1081:
FERC issues preliminary permit for 6-MW Edenville Dam Hydroelectric Project in Michigan
575:
FERC issues preliminary permit for 6-MW Edenville Dam Hydroelectric Project in Michigan
248:
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a significant deviation from the construction specifications in the original plans.
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445:
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302:
810:"Wixom Lake Levels Expected to Return to Normal as Task Force Agrees to Buy Dams"
1708:
1516:"After Edenville Dam failure, lawsuits pour in against owners, state regulators"
1347:"'Long Ways to Go' Before Residents Can Return Home After Michigan Dam Failures"
543:
353:
268:
252:
1530:"Lawsuit Filed Against AG Nessel, County Officials for Edenville Dam Failure"
1168:"Feds revoked dam's license over safety issues. Then Michigan deemed it safe"
100:
87:
1696:
1166:
Riley Beggin; Mike Wilkinson; Kelly House, Bridge Magazine (May 20, 2020).
633:"Midland Remembers: Genius burning: The story of Frank Isaac Wixom, Part I"
1299:"Residents told to evacuate after Edenville Dam failure in Midland County"
914:
1630:"Part of $ 4.8B infrastructure plan going to fix Edenville, Sanford Dams"
1365:
532:
U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Edenville Dam
72:
1433:"Michigan floods: Evacuations after Edenville and Sanford dams breached"
1051:"Failed dam owner fought with state over Wixom Lake levels before flood"
1037:
Boyce said it lowered lake-water levels as a safety move in October 2018
613:
301:
In May 2020, following heavy rains, the Edenville Dam breached and the
1577:
FINAL REPORT Investigation of Failures of Edenville and Sanford Dams
1407:"Midland County communities assess flood damage after dam failures"
407:
844:"Task Force Agrees to Buy Dams, Restore Wixom Lake in Gladwin Co"
1451:"NASA Shares Satellite Images Of Historic Flooding In Michigan"
1498:"As Virus Lingers in Michigan, a New Crisis Arrives: Flooding"
956:
The state reportedly issued the task force a $ 5 million grant
371:
168:
1198:"Michigan dam had repeated safety violations before flooding"
1131:"Michigan dam had repeated safety violations before flooding"
1022:"Michigan Flood Puts Privately Owned Dams in Harsh Spotlight"
941:"Task Force wants Midland, Gladwin counties to help with dam"
1322:"Sanford Dam failure imminent; Midland residents evacuating"
1281:"Sanford Dam failure imminent; Midland residents evacuating"
557:
16:
Dam in Gladwin and Midland counties, Michigan, United States
1603:"Report says Michigan 2020 dam failures were 'preventable'"
1381:"Weather Service: Tittabawassee River crests at 35.05 feet"
338:
Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy
1656:"Flooding caused $ 14 million in damage to roads, bridges"
711:"Federal government orders dam owner to cease operations"
336:
Following the Commission's 2018 license revocation, the
970:"Boyce Hydro, Four Lakes Task Force sign dam agreement"
693:"FERC Denies Stay of Hydro Project License Termination"
1254:"Edenville Dam structure breaks; evacuate immediately"
1673:
996:"Some lakefront property owners want everyone to pay"
431:
six miles (9.7 km) farther downstream. Governor
329:
In an exercise of a rarely used legal authority, the
1745:
Buildings and structures in Gladwin County, Michigan
271:. The dam was about one mile (1.6 km) north of
234:
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116:
79:
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26:
874:
872:
666:. sanfordlakeassociation.org. 2011. Archived from
1628:Bleu, Rayvin; Paxson, James (March 31, 2022).
1496:Gray, Kathleen; Bosman, Julie (May 21, 2020).
768:, abc12 News, Rebecca Trylch, October 29, 2018
778:Erin Ailworth; John D. Stoll (May 20, 2020).
8:
1770:Bodies of water of Gladwin County, Michigan
780:"Failed Michigan Dam Lost License in 2018"
283:, with its southeastern end reaching into
23:
1583:. Independent Forensic Team. p. S-2
730:"FERC revokes license for Edenville Dam"
1730:Energy infrastructure completed in 1925
1680:
1471:"Dow shifts to clean-up, recovery mode"
524:
1755:Hydroelectric power plants in Michigan
1569:
1567:
1565:
968:Kukulka, Mitchell (January 3, 2020).
52:Location within the state of Michigan
44:
7:
1658:. Midland Daily News. ourmidland.com
1100:Stephanie Parkinson (May 21, 2020).
474:Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
331:Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
275:, mostly in the southeast corner of
222:66,200 acre-feet (81,700,000 m)
1609:. The Associated Press. May 6, 2022
885:. County Government. Archived from
1780:United States privately owned dams
1139:. Associated Press. Archived from
544:"Dam Information – Gladwin County"
14:
1775:Dam failures in the United States
759:Wixom Lake drops more than 7 feet
631:Virginia Florey (April 4, 2019).
1765:United States power company dams
1707:
1695:
1683:
1320:Schafer, Ashely (May 19, 2020).
1279:Schafer, Ashely (May 19, 2020).
1090:, Hydro Review, December 3, 2019
594:Jackson, Angie; Spangler, Todd.
376:
230:5.7 sq mi (15 km)
43:
36:
1654:Kennett, John (June 22, 2018).
1049:Garret Ellison (May 21, 2020).
939:Tereasa Nims (March 14, 2019).
808:Lyden, David (April 25, 2019).
1473:. May 21, 2020. Archived from
1409:. May 21, 2020. Archived from
1383:. May 20, 2020. Archived from
1256:. May 19, 2020. Archived from
325:Safety and lake level disputes
294:The dam was built in 1924 for
21:Dam in Michigan, United States
1:
1129:JOHN FLESHER (May 20, 2020).
994:Nims, Tereasa (May 6, 2019).
842:Chris Clor (April 24, 2019).
1456:International Business Times
1020:David Welch (May 21, 2020).
915:"Frequently Asked Questions"
201:6,600 ft (2,000 m)
511:Midland roads & bridges
130:; 99 years ago
1796:
148:; 4 years ago
1086:December 8, 2020, at the
580:December 8, 2020, at the
385:This section needs to be
267:, United States, forming
31:
697:Washington Energy Report
238:676 ft (206 m)
784:The Wall Street Journal
1760:Dams completed in 1925
1740:Reservoirs in Michigan
484:
416:
193:54 ft (16 m)
919:Four Lakes Task Force
764:May 22, 2020, at the
479:
411:
235:Normal elevation
169:Type of dam
717:. November 22, 2017.
618:www.edenvilletwp.org
413:Copernicus Programme
158:(destroyed by flood)
143:Demolition date
1550:. September 8, 2023
1260:on November 6, 2020
1174:on January 18, 2021
699:. October 30, 2018.
661:"Compliance report"
444:imagery on May 22.
296:hydroelectric power
257:Tittabawassee River
219:Total capacity
184:Tittabawassee River
101:43.8141°N 84.3765°W
97: /
1502:The New York Times
1326:Midland Daily News
1285:Midland Daily News
1240:"The Detroit News"
1000:Midland Daily News
974:Midland Daily News
945:Midland Daily News
637:Midland Daily News
584:, December 3, 2019
462:Flint water crisis
417:
285:Edenville Township
1750:Earth-filled dams
1136:The Wichita Eagle
728:Trylch, Rebecca.
562:ww5.findlakes.com
438:COVID-19 pandemic
406:
405:
242:
241:
227:Surface area
163:Dam and spillways
125:Opening date
120:Power, recreation
106:43.8141; -84.3765
1787:
1735:Dams in Michigan
1714:Renewable energy
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1170:. Archived from
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816:. Archived from
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736:. Archived from
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673:on June 28, 2016
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433:Gretchen Whitmer
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1548:www.cbsnews.com
1542:
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1532:. May 28, 2020.
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1523:
1518:. May 26, 2020.
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1477:on May 25, 2020
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1459:. May 21, 2020.
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1439:. May 20, 2020.
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1413:on May 25, 2020
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1369:. May 21, 2020.
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1202:Washington Post
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1088:Wayback Machine
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558:"findlakes.com"
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468:Forensic Report
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364:Edenville Dam.
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247:was an earthen
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27:Edenville Dam
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1613:January 13,
1587:January 13,
1106:NBC 25 News
425:Sanford Dam
368:Dam failure
354:Dana Nessel
303:Sanford Dam
104: /
80:Coordinates
1724:Categories
519:References
397:March 2021
269:Wixom Lake
253:confluence
214:Wixom Lake
92:84°22′35″W
89:43°48′51″N
71:counties,
1026:Bloomberg
614:"History"
600:USA TODAY
273:Edenville
206:Reservoir
1690:Michigan
1662:July 15,
1639:April 2,
1437:BBC News
1366:CBS News
1185:mussels.
1084:Archived
762:Archived
578:Archived
452:Lawsuits
259:and the
180:Impounds
73:Michigan
61:Location
1676:Portals
1634:WNEM-TV
1481:May 23,
1417:May 23,
1391:May 23,
1331:May 20,
1305:May 19,
1264:May 23,
1207:May 21,
1178:May 21,
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1111:May 22,
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896:May 20,
858:May 20,
824:May 20,
789:May 21,
744:May 20,
677:May 20,
642:May 20,
429:Midland
421:Sanford
387:updated
313:History
307:Midland
255:of the
251:at the
211:Creates
151: (
133: (
117:Purpose
69:Midland
65:Gladwin
499:Repair
423:. The
198:Length
190:Height
1702:Water
1581:(PDF)
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883:(PDF)
796:sound
715:mlive
671:(PDF)
664:(PDF)
1664:2023
1641:2022
1615:2023
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1483:2020
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