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Tylor argued that animism is the true natural religion that is the essence of religion; it answers the questions of which religion came first and which religion is essentially the most basic and foundation of all religions. For him, animism was the best answer to these questions, so it must be the true foundation of all religions. Animism is described as the belief in spirits inhabiting and animating beings, or souls existing in things. To Tylor, the fact that modern religious practitioners continued to believe in spirits showed that these people were no more advanced than primitive societies. For him, this implied that modern religious practitioners do not understand the ways of the universe and how life truly works because they have excluded science from their understanding of the world. By excluding scientific explanation in their understanding of why and how things occur, he asserts modern religious practitioners are rudimentary. Tylor perceived the modern religious belief in God as a "survival" of primitive ignorance. However, Tylor did not believe that
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accidental, on which the theorist has imposed a model that does not really fit. There is no uniform causality, but different causes might produce similar results. All cultural groups do not have the same stages of development. The theorists are arm-chair anthropologists; their data is insufficient to form realistic abstractions. They overlooked cultural diffusion. They overlooked cultural innovation. None of the critics claim definitive proof that their criticisms are less subjective or interpretive than the models they criticise.
1488:
1530:. His methods were comparative and historical ethnography. He believed that a "uniformity" was manifest in culture, which was the result of "uniform action of uniform causes." He regarded his instances of parallel ethnographic concepts and practices as indicative of "laws of human thought and action." He was an evolutionist. The task of cultural anthropology therefore is to discover "stages of development or evolution."
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society. The difference, Tylor asserts, is education, which he considers the cumulative knowledge and methodology that takes thousands of years to acquire. Tylor often likens primitive cultures to "children", and sees culture and the mind of humans as progressive. His work was a refutation of the theory of social
1690:, innovator of the terminology, "Paleolithic" and "Neolithic." A prominent banker and British liberal Parliamentarian, he was imbued with a passion for archaeology. The initial concepts of prehistory were his. Lubbock's works featured prominently in Tylor's lectures and in the Pitt Rivers Museum subsequently.
1537:, postulating the spread of items of culture from regions of innovation. A given apparent parallelism thus had at least two explanations: the instances descend from an evolutionary ancestor, or they are alike because one diffused into the culture from elsewhere. These two views are exactly parallel to the
449:
1648:
Unlike many of his predecessors and contemporaries, Tylor asserts that the human mind and its capabilities are the same globally, despite a particular society's stage in social evolution. This means that a hunter-gatherer society would possess the same amount of intelligence as an advanced industrial
1584:
There are some other classifications. Theorists of each classification each have their own criticisms of the
Classical/Neo Evolutionary lines, which despite them remains the dominant view. Some criticisms are in brief as follows. There is really no universality; that is, the apparent parallels are
1732:
Tylor argued that people had used religion to explain things that occurred in the world. He saw that it was important for religions to have the ability to explain why and for what reason things occurred in the world. For example, God (or the divine) gave us sun to keep us warm and give us light.
1548:
Two other classifications were proposed in 1993 by
Upadhyay and Pandey, Classical Evolutionary School and Neo Evolutionary School, the Classical to be divided into British, American, and German. The Classical British Evolutionary School, primarily at Oxford University, divided society into two
1702:
processes, customs, and opinions, and so forth, which have been carried on by force of habit into a new state of society different from that in which they had their original home, and they thus remain as proofs and examples of an older condition of culture out of which a newer has been
1450:
at Oxford in 1883, and, as well as serving as a lecturer, held the title of the first "Reader in
Anthropology" from 1884 to 1895. In 1896 he was appointed the first Professor of Anthropology at Oxford University. He was also closely involved in the early history of the
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2734:
The first sentence of
Chapter 1 states the founding definition of culture: "Culture, or Civilization, ... is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of
3466:
1717:, which lasted long after the medical theories on which it was based had faded from use and been replaced by more modern techniques. Critics argued that he identified the term but provided an insufficient reason as to why survivals continue. Tylor's
1673:"History, so far as it reaches back, shows arts, sciences, and political institutions beginning in ruder states, and becoming in the course of ages, more intelligent, more systematic, more perfectly arranged or organized, to answer their purposes."
2164:
1376:, but due to his Quaker faith and the death of his parents he left school at the age of 16 without obtaining a degree. After leaving school, he prepared to help manage the family business. This plan was put aside when he developed
1519:, a contemporary of Darwin, applied the term to the universe, including philosophy and what Tylor would later call culture. This view of the universe was generally termed evolutionism, while its exponents were evolutionists.
1300:. He believed that there was a functional basis for the development of society and religion, which he determined was universal. Tylor maintained that all societies passed through three basic stages of development: from
1625:
Culture or
Civilization, taken in its wide ethnographic sense, is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of
1312:. Tylor is a founding figure of the science of social anthropology, and his scholarly works helped to build the discipline of anthropology in the nineteenth century. He believed that "research into the history and
1427:(1861), published after his return to England. Tylor continued to study the customs and beliefs of tribal communities, both existing and prehistoric (based on archaeological finds). He published his second work,
1435:(1871). This was important not only for its thorough study of human civilisation and contributions to the emergent field of anthropology, but for its undeniable influence on a handful of young scholars, such as
1669:, one of the first under that name. In the first chapter he uttered what would become a sort of constitutional statement for the new field, which he could not know and did not intend at the time:
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1581:. It brought the archaeology up-to-date and tended to omit the intervening society names, such as savagery; for example, Neolithic is both a tool tradition and a form of society.
1515:
of Darwin's. He took it from the cultural milieu, where it meant etymologically "unfolding" of something heterogeneous and complex from something simpler and more homogeneous.
1423:
Tylor's first publication was a result of his 1856 trip to Mexico with
Christy. His notes on the beliefs and practices of the people he encountered were the basis of his work
1569:, as well as Tylor. Marett was the last man standing, dying in 1943. By the time of his death, Lubbock's archaeology had been updated. The American School, beginning with
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1403:. Tylor's association with Christy greatly stimulated his awakening interest in anthropology, and helped broaden his inquiries to include prehistoric studies.
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Studying survivals assists ethnographers in reconstructing earlier cultural characteristics and possibly reconstructing the evolution of culture.
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1466:, formally presented to Tylor on his 75th birthday, contains essays by 20 anthropologists, a 15-page appreciation of Tylor's work by
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82:
64:
1621:, Tylor provides a definition which is one of his most widely recognised contributions to anthropology and the study of religion:
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of historical linguistics, which are instances of evolutionism and diffusionism, language features being instances of culture.
294:
53:
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Papers and
Proceedings: Sixteenth Annual Meeting, American Sociological Society, Held at Pittsburgh, Pa., December 27â30, 1921
1384:. The experience proved to be an important and formative one, sparking his lifelong interest in studying unfamiliar cultures.
671:
31:
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The view was a restatement of ideas first innovated in the early 1860s. The theorist perhaps most influential on Tylor was
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444:
1721:-like concept of survivals explains the characteristics of a culture that are linked to earlier stages of human culture.
379:
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2426:
2139:
1503:, which professes, among other things, that man as a species developed diachronically from some ancestor among the
1500:
1456:
1455:, built adjacent to the University Museum. Tylor acted as anthropological consultant on the first edition of the
1380:
at age 23. Following medical advice to spend time in warmer climes, Tylor left
England in 1855, and travelled to
1120:
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1411:
1288:
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1296:(1881), he defined the context of the scientific study of anthropology, based on the evolutionary theories of
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1002:
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404:
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997:
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824:
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419:
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manifestations) into common use. He regarded animism as the first phase in the development of religions.
2899:
Stringer, Martin D. (December 1999). "Rethinking
Animism: Thoughts from the Infancy of Our Discipline".
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2251:
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1527:
1230:
1012:
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741:
736:
691:
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184:
2157:"On a Method of Investigating the Development of Institutions; applied to Laws of Marriage and Descent"
3359:
3426:
3421:
2849:
2390:
1159:
884:
769:
329:
279:
211:
156:
3191:
Culture in
Comparative and Evolutionary Perspective: E. B. Tylor and the Making of Primitive Culture
3155:
Primitive Culture: Research into the Development of Mythology, Philosophy, Religion, Art, and Custum
3146:
Primitive Culture: Research into the Development of Mythology, Philosophy, Religion, Art, and Custum
1880:
1737:
was the logical end of cultural and religious development, but instead a highly minimalist form of
1650:
1566:
1283:
1226:
1066:
844:
776:
666:
3135:
Strenski, Ivan (2006). "The Shock of the 'Savage': Edward Burnett Tylor, Evolution, and Spirits".
2290:
57:
that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
3308:
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2613:
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2120:
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1984:
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1903:
1829:
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1032:
923:
681:
456:
319:
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1606:, deals with ethnography including social evolution, linguistics, and myth. The second volume,
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651:
641:
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2181:
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2112:
2070:
2015:
1976:
1934:
1895:
1821:
1807:"Phenomena of the Higher Civilisation: Traceable to a Rudimental Origin among Savage Tribes"
1578:
1487:
1184:
943:
928:
879:
711:
3289:
Dawson, Hugh J. (1993). "E. B. Tylor's Theory of Survivals and Veblen's Social Criticism".
1806:
1208:
3320:
2587:
1574:
1516:
1317:
1179:
1169:
992:
813:
676:
631:
586:
576:
374:
364:
289:
3163:
2210:
2041:
1439:, who were to become Tylor's disciples and contribute greatly to the scientific study of
2853:
2156:
3243:
2804:
2512:
Lewis, Herbert S (1998). "The Misrepresentation of Anthropology and its Consequences".
2421:
2097:
1961:
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A term ascribed to Tylor was his theory of "survivals". His definition of survivals is
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1189:
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1400:
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646:
540:
2291:"Remarks on Totemism, with Especial Reference to Some Modern Theories Respecting It"
120:
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2186:
1744:. Tylor thus posited an anthropological description of "the gradual elimination of
1714:
1440:
1436:
1377:
1362:
1357:, and was the son of Joseph Tylor and Harriet Skipper, part of a family of wealthy
1309:
1027:
960:
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636:
399:
394:
304:
201:
3343:
3324:
3258:
Ratnapalan, Laavanyan (2008). "E. B. Tylor and the Problem of Primitive Culture".
3225:
3208:
2861:
2608:
1145:
3108:
The Myth of Disenchantment: Magic, Modernity, and the Birth of the Human Sciences
3106:
2670:
2331:
2275:
American Lot-Games as Evidence of Asiatic Intercourse Before the Time of Columbus
2273:
1863:
1847:
1789:
2431:
1791:
Researches into the Early History of Mankind and the Development of Civilization
1467:
1429:
Researches into the Early History of Mankind and the Development of Civilization
1396:
1140:
1086:
1017:
972:
621:
535:
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414:
384:
344:
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17:
3487:
Presidents of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
3368:
3273:
2527:
1938:
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1313:
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864:
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359:
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284:
274:
137:
3128:
Visions of Culture: an Introduction to Anthropological Theories and Theorists
1713:"Survivals" can include outdated practices, such as the European practice of
3407:
American Ethnography â Edward B. Tylor's obituary written by Robert H. Lowie
1657:
Tylor writes, "The science of culture is essentially a reformers' science."
1549:
evolutionary stages, savagery and civilization, based on the archaeology of
1512:
1508:
1373:
1305:
1203:
1105:
1091:
1022:
987:
967:
948:
933:
478:
389:
299:
259:
3467:
Fellows of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
3137:
Thinking About Religion: An Historical Introduction to Theories of Religion
2877:
503:
3173:
Upadhyay, Vijay S; Pandey, Gaya (1993). "Chapter 1. Evolutionary School".
1636:
Also, the first chapter of the work gives an outline of a new discipline,
3395:
2298:
The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
2218:
The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
2105:
The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
2063:
The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
2008:
The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
1969:
The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
1888:
The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
1745:
1598:
Tylor's notion is best described in his most famous work, the two-volume
1381:
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1125:
1115:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1059:
982:
913:
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894:
513:
473:
468:
3083:. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 498.
1773:
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2920:
2869:
2367:
2317:
2237:
2195:
2124:
2082:
2027:
1988:
1946:
1907:
1833:
1734:
1611:
1504:
1470:, and a comprehensive bibliography of Tylor's publications compiled by
1358:
1325:
1215:
1196:
1152:
1047:
938:
264:
2617:
2535:
2211:"Notes on the Modern Survival of Ancient Amulets Against the Evil Eye"
2646:
Words of the World: A Global History of the Oxford English Dictionary
2403:
1392:
1354:
1338:
1135:
889:
874:
854:
508:
369:
349:
269:
3391:
3304:
2912:
2591:
2349:"Professor Adolf Bastian: Born June 26, 1826; Died February 3, 1905"
2309:
2229:
2177:
2116:
2074:
2058:
2019:
2003:
1980:
1922:
1899:
1825:
3126:
Moore, Jerry D. (1997). "Edward Tylor: The Evolution of Culture".
3064:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1741:
1495:
The word evolution is forever associated in the popular mind with
1486:
1410:
1110:
1098:
834:
493:
483:
409:
3165:
Anthropology an introduction to the study of man and civilization
2043:
Anthropology an introduction to the study of man and civilization
1718:
1330:
1275:(2 October 1832 – 2 January 1917) was an English
839:
498:
2144:. Vol. I. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1884. pp. lxâlxv.
953:
101:
36:
1511:, as they are popularly termed, and yet this term was not a
54:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
3252:
Fare, dire, sentire: l'identico e il diverso nelle culture
2691:
edited by W. H. R. Rivers, R. R. Marett, and N. W. Thomas"
2098:"Old Scandinavian Civilisation Among the Modern Esquimaux"
1431:, in 1865. Following this came his most influential work,
3024:
3022:
3020:
3007:
3005:
3003:
3209:"Matthew Arnold, E. B. Tylor, and the Uses of Invention"
2689:
Anthropological Essays presented to Edward Burnett Tylor
2672:
Anthropological Essays presented to Edward Burnett Tylor
2582:
2580:
1775:
Anahuac: or, Mexico and the Mexicans, Ancient and Modern
1464:
Anthropological Essays presented to Edward Burnett Tylor
3200:, London: Pickering and Chatto, 2013, pp. 147â176.
2389:
1875: Honorary degree of Doctor of Civil Laws from the
1425:
Anahuac: Or Mexico and the Mexicans, Ancient and Modern
60:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2059:"Notes on the Asiatic Relations of Polynesian Culture"
1573:, was likewise superseded, both being replaced by the
1361:
who owned a London brass factory. His elder brother,
3090:"Four Phases Of Anthropological Thought: An Outline"
1778:. London: Longman, Green, Longman and Roberts. 1861.
3325:"The doctrine of survivals: the history of an idea"
2840:Leslie A. White (21 November 1958). "Culturology".
2141:
Scientific Papers and Addresses by George Rolleston
1962:"Remarks on the Geographical Distribution of Games"
1533:Evolutionism was distinguished from another creed,
1316:of man could be used as a basis for the reform of
207:
197:
180:
172:
164:
145:
130:
99:
2957:Braun, Willi and Russel T. McCutcheon, eds. 2000.
2901:The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute
1415:One of the last portraits of the aged Tylor; from
2809:L'antropologia evoluzionistica di Edward B. Tylor
2004:"On the Origin of the Plough, and Wheel-Carriage"
2474:University of Alabama Department of Anthropology
3040:
1700:
1671:
1653:, which was popular at the time. At the end of
1623:
3248:Tre saggi sull'antropologia dell'etĂ coloniale
2792:
2780:
2768:
2756:
2502:(New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1969)
2417:List of important publications in anthropology
2165:Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute
3482:People associated with the Pitt Rivers Museum
3198:The Making of British Anthropology, 1813â1871
1553:. Upadhyay and Pandey list its adherents as
1491:Herbert Spencer, evolutionist par excellence.
1248:
244:Two ancient anthropomorphic figures from Peru
8:
2744:
2707:
1921:Spencer, Herbert; Tylor, Edward B. (1877).
1610:, deals mainly with his interpretation of
1255:
1241:
222:
119:
96:
30:For other people named Edward Taylor, see
3342:
3235:"Edward B. Tylor: The Science of Culture"
3224:
2607:
2185:
1868:. Vol. 2. London: John Murray. 1871.
1852:. Vol. 1. London: John Murray. 1871.
1665:In 1881 Tylor published a work he called
83:Learn how and when to remove this message
3177:. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company.
3111:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
3028:
3011:
2994:
2571:
763:Anthropological Perspectives on Religion
3193:(Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag, 1980).
2442:
1923:"Review of The Principles of Sociology"
230:
3383:Works by or about Edward Burnett Tylor
2675:. Oxford at the Clarendon Press. 1907.
2982:
2970:
2945:
2933:
2827:
1678:
7:
1933:(7). With Herbert Spencer: 415â429.
452:Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants
3088:Goldenweiser, Alexander A. (1922).
2457:. Vol. 59. 1907. p. 1785.
3175:History of Anthropological Thought
1446:Tylor was appointed Keeper of the
1282:Tylor's ideas typify 19th-century
582:Archaeology of religion and ritual
27:English anthropologist (1832â1917)
25:
2697:(4174): 522â523. 26 October 1907.
2631:"Edward Burnett Tylor: biography"
2046:. London: Macmillan and Co. 1881.
1279:, and professor of anthropology.
3399:
3358:
3148:. New York: J. P. Putnamâs Sons.
3057:
238:
41:
3292:Journal of the History of Ideas
3139:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
3105:Josephson-Storm, Jason (2017).
2252:"The Matriarchal Family System"
1881:"Remarks on Japanese Mythology"
1688:John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury
1551:John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury
295:Evolutionary origin of religion
3162:Tylor, Edward Burnett (1881).
2959:Guide to the Study of Religion
2649:. Cambridge University Press.
1640:, later known as culturology.
1387:During his travels, Tylor met
450:Treatise on the Apparitions of
32:Edward Taylor (disambiguation)
1:
3432:19th-century Mesoamericanists
3392:Works by Edward Burnett Tylor
3374:Works by Edward Burnett Tylor
3344:10.1525/aa.1931.33.3.02a00010
3226:10.1525/aa.1963.65.4.02a00010
3130:. Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira.
2862:10.1126/science.128.3333.1246
2609:10.1525/aa.1917.19.2.02a00050
1608:Religion in Primitive Culture
1526:, becoming the originator of
1507:who was also ancestor to the
1483:Classification and criticisms
900:Traditional African religions
445:Coral Gardens and Their Magic
3477:Mesoamerican anthropologists
3472:Fellows of the Royal Society
3254:(Nuoro, Il Maestrale, 2011).
3250:(Palermo, Flaccovio, 1973);
2336:. London: Harrison and Sons.
1794:. London: John Murray. 1865.
1660:
1323:Tylor reintroduced the term
3437:Anthropologists of religion
3398:(public domain audiobooks)
3168:. London: Macmillan and Co.
2553:Online Etymology Dictionary
2384:Fellow of the Royal Society
2278:. Leiden: E.J. Brill. 1896.
1349:Tylor was born in 1832, in
3503:
2793:Upadhyay & Pandey 1993
2781:Upadhyay & Pandey 1993
2769:Upadhyay & Pandey 1993
2757:Upadhyay & Pandey 1993
2555:, accessed 2 October 2007.
29:
3274:10.1080/02757200802320934
2961:. London: Continuum. 160.
2528:10.1525/aa.1998.100.3.716
2347:Tylor, Edward B. (1905).
2289:Tylor, Edward B. (1899).
2155:Tylor, Edward B. (1889).
2138:"Life of Dr. Rolleston".
2057:Tylor, Edward B. (1882).
1960:Tylor, Edward B. (1880).
1879:Tylor, Edward B. (1877).
1805:Tylor, Edward B. (1867).
1457:Oxford English Dictionary
1329:(faith in the individual
978:Armenian Apostolic Church
217:
190:
159:, England, United Kingdom
118:
3457:Cultural anthropologists
3447:British Mesoamericanists
3261:History and Anthropology
1602:. The first volume, The
1559:Henry James Sumner Maine
1522:In 1871 Tylor published
1345:Early life and education
1268:Sir Edward Burnett Tylor
870:Native American religion
525:Revitalization movements
380:Sacredâprofane dichotomy
232:Anthropology of religion
3442:British anthropologists
3330:American Anthropologist
3239:Truman State University
3213:American Anthropologist
3153:Tylor, Edward (1920) .
3080:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
2643:Ogilvie, Sarah (2012).
2596:American Anthropologist
2515:American Anthropologist
2451:"Tylor, Edward Burnett"
2377:Awards and achievements
2187:2027/hvd.32044097779680
1939:10.1093/mind/os-2.7.415
1577:School, beginning with
784:The Journal of Religion
405:Theories about religion
3452:Cross-cultural studies
3157:. London: John Murray.
3144:Tylor, Edward (1871).
2406:for his contributions.
1814:Anthropological Review
1711:
1684:
1634:
1563:John Ferguson McLennan
1492:
1472:Barbara Freire-Marreco
1462:The 1907, festschrift
1420:
1365:, became a geologist.
830:Alaska Native religion
825:Afro-American religion
420:Veneration of the dead
63:by rewriting it in an
3075:Tylor, Edward Burnett
2722:The American Educator
2470:"Social Evolutionism"
2398:Huxley Memorial Medal
2209:Tylor, E. B. (1890).
2096:Tylor, E. B. (1884).
2002:Tylor, E. B. (1881).
1728:Evolution of religion
1617:On the first page of
1555:Robert Ranulph Marett
1528:cultural anthropology
1490:
1414:
1284:cultural evolutionism
1231:cultural anthropology
850:Chinese folk religion
742:Anthony F. C. Wallace
737:Daniel Martin Varisco
662:E. E. Evans-Pritchard
564:of the Religious Life
185:Cultural evolutionism
3365:Edward Burnett Tylor
3041:Josephson-Storm 2017
2830:, p. 1, Vol. 1.
2724:. Vol. 3. 1897.
2633:, Pitt Rivers Museum
2391:University of Oxford
1661:Tylor's evolutionism
885:Shamanism in Siberia
732:Edward Burnett Tylor
562:The Elementary Forms
330:Magic (supernatural)
280:Comparative religion
212:University of Oxford
157:Wellington, Somerset
125:Edward Burnett Tylor
106:Edward Burnett Tylor
3321:Hodgen, Margaret T.
3205:Stocking, George W.
3196:Efram Sera-Shriar,
2854:1958Sci...128.1246W
2590:(AprilâJune 1917).
2500:Social Anthropology
1567:James George Frazer
1501:Theory of Evolution
1407:Professional career
1368:He was educated at
1067:Hindu denominations
1008:Ethiopian Orthodoxy
777:The Hibbert Journal
687:Claude LĂ©vi-Strauss
672:Fustel de Coulanges
226:Part of a series on
3363:Works by or about
2256:Nineteenth Century
1820:(18/19): 303â314.
1655:Primitive Culture,
1638:science of culture
1604:Origins of Culture
1571:Lewis Henry Morgan
1493:
1453:Pitt Rivers Museum
1421:
1370:Grove House School
1337:of all things and
1121:Non-denominational
1033:Oriental Orthodoxy
587:Poles in mythology
320:Laying on of hands
65:encyclopedic style
52:is written like a
3378:Project Gutenberg
3118:978-0-226-40336-6
2745:Goldenweiser 1922
2708:Goldenweiser 1922
2592:"Edward B. Tylor"
1865:Primitive Culture
1849:Primitive Culture
1619:Primitive Culture
1600:Primitive Culture
1524:Primitive Culture
1448:University Museum
1433:Primitive Culture
1289:Primitive Culture
1265:
1264:
1053:Russian Orthodoxy
1003:Eastern Orthodoxy
652:Arnold van Gennep
571:Purity and Danger
221:
220:
192:Scientific career
140:, London, England
93:
92:
85:
16:(Redirected from
3494:
3403:
3402:
3387:Internet Archive
3362:
3348:
3346:
3316:
3285:
3230:
3228:
3178:
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2962:
2955:
2949:
2943:
2937:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2837:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2802:
2796:
2795:, pp. 65â68
2790:
2784:
2783:, pp. 53â62
2778:
2772:
2771:, pp. 33â53
2766:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2747:, pp. 55â59
2742:
2736:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2717:
2711:
2710:, pp. 50â55
2705:
2699:
2698:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2640:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2611:
2588:Lowie, Robert H.
2584:
2575:
2569:
2556:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2509:
2503:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2476:. Archived from
2465:
2459:
2458:
2447:
2382:1871: Elected a
2371:
2353:
2345:
2337:
2329:
2321:
2304:(1/2): 138â148.
2295:
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2161:
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2128:
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2094:
2086:
2055:
2047:
2039:
2031:
2000:
1992:
1966:
1958:
1950:
1919:
1911:
1885:
1877:
1869:
1861:
1853:
1845:
1837:
1811:
1803:
1795:
1787:
1779:
1771:
1709:
1682:
1632:
1579:V. Gordon Childe
1443:in later years.
1274:
1257:
1250:
1243:
998:Coptic Orthodoxy
712:Marshall Sahlins
554:Related articles
242:
223:
152:
123:
113:
97:
88:
81:
77:
74:
68:
45:
44:
37:
21:
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3462:English Quakers
3412:
3411:
3400:
3355:
3319:
3305:10.2307/2710025
3288:
3257:
3233:Robert Graber,
3203:
3186:
3184:Further reading
3181:
3172:
3161:
3152:
3143:
3134:
3125:
3119:
3104:
3087:
3073:, ed. (1911). "
3069:
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2928:
2913:10.2307/2661147
2898:
2897:
2893:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2826:
2822:
2817:Related Studies
2803:
2799:
2791:
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2775:
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2506:
2498:Paul Bohannan,
2497:
2493:
2483:
2481:
2480:on 7 March 2016
2468:Long, Heather.
2467:
2466:
2462:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2427:Wilhelm Schmidt
2413:
2379:
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2310:10.2307/2842940
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2117:10.2307/2841897
2100:
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2075:10.2307/2841767
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2020:10.2307/2841649
2001:
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1981:10.2307/2841865
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1956:
1920:
1917:
1900:10.2307/2841246
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1826:10.2307/3024922
1809:
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1596:
1591:
1575:Neoevolutionist
1517:Herbert Spencer
1485:
1480:
1409:
1347:
1318:British society
1286:. In his works
1270:
1261:
1221:
1220:
1013:Greek Orthodoxy
993:Catholic Church
809:
808:
797:
796:
757:
756:
747:
746:
722:Stanley Tambiah
677:Clifford Geertz
632:Joseph Campbell
617:Augustin Calmet
612:
611:
610:Major theorists
602:
601:
577:Myth and ritual
563:
556:
555:
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375:Sacred language
365:Rite of passage
290:Divine language
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61:help improve it
58:
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18:Edward B. Tylor
15:
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3353:External links
3351:
3350:
3349:
3337:(3): 307â324.
3317:
3299:(3): 489â504.
3286:
3255:
3244:Giulio Angioni
3241:
3231:
3219:(4): 783â799.
3201:
3194:
3189:Joan Leopold,
3185:
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3180:
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3141:
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3071:Chisholm, Hugh
3053:
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3033:
3016:
2999:
2987:
2975:
2963:
2950:
2938:
2936:, p. 410.
2926:
2907:(4): 541â555.
2891:
2848:(3334): 1246.
2844:. New Series.
2832:
2820:
2805:Giulio Angioni
2797:
2785:
2773:
2761:
2749:
2737:
2727:
2712:
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2602:(2): 262â268.
2598:. New Series.
2576:
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2541:
2522:(3): 716â731.
2504:
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2422:Urmonotheismus
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2400:
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2262:: 81â96. 1896.
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1750:disenchantment
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1675:
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1628:
1595:
1592:
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1589:Basic concepts
1587:
1497:Charles Darwin
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1405:
1346:
1343:
1277:anthropologist
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153:(aged 84)
149:2 January 1917
147:
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3072:
3067:
3066:public domain
3055:
3054:
3049:
3043:, p. 99.
3042:
3037:
3034:
3031:, p. 99.
3030:
3029:Strenski 2006
3025:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3014:, p. 94.
3013:
3012:Strenski 2006
3008:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2997:, p. 93.
2996:
2995:Strenski 2006
2991:
2988:
2985:, p. 24.
2984:
2979:
2976:
2973:, p. 23.
2972:
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2947:
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2746:
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2738:
2731:
2728:
2723:
2720:"Evolution".
2716:
2713:
2709:
2704:
2701:
2696:
2695:The Athenaeum
2692:
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1401:archaeologist
1398:
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1389:Henry Christy
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1043:Protestantism
1041:
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727:Victor Turner
725:
723:
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718:
717:Melford Spiro
715:
713:
710:
708:
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702:Roy Rappaport
700:
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697:Steven Ozment
695:
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692:Robert Marett
690:
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541:Handsome Lake
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55:
50:This article
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
3334:
3328:
3296:
3290:
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3259:
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3107:
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2894:
2845:
2841:
2835:
2823:
2816:
2813:Tre saggi...
2812:
2808:
2800:
2788:
2776:
2764:
2759:, p. 23
2752:
2740:
2730:
2721:
2715:
2703:
2694:
2688:
2681:
2671:
2665:
2645:
2638:
2626:
2599:
2595:
2552:
2544:
2519:
2513:
2507:
2499:
2494:
2482:. Retrieved
2478:the original
2473:
2463:
2454:
2445:
2359:
2355:
2340:
2333:Three Papers
2332:
2324:
2301:
2297:
2282:
2274:
2266:
2259:
2255:
2244:
2221:
2217:
2202:
2169:
2163:
2148:
2140:
2131:
2108:
2104:
2089:
2066:
2062:
2050:
2042:
2034:
2011:
2007:
1995:
1972:
1968:
1953:
1930:
1926:
1914:
1891:
1887:
1872:
1864:
1856:
1848:
1840:
1817:
1813:
1798:
1790:
1782:
1774:
1766:
1731:
1723:
1715:bloodletting
1712:
1701:
1697:
1685:
1681:, p. 15
1672:
1667:Anthropology
1666:
1664:
1654:
1651:degeneration
1647:
1635:
1624:
1618:
1616:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1597:
1583:
1547:
1535:diffusionism
1532:
1523:
1521:
1494:
1463:
1461:
1445:
1441:anthropology
1437:J. G. Frazer
1432:
1428:
1424:
1422:
1416:
1386:
1382:the Americas
1378:tuberculosis
1367:
1363:Alfred Tylor
1348:
1334:
1324:
1322:
1310:civilization
1294:Anthropology
1293:
1287:
1281:
1267:
1266:
1160:Conservative
1028:Nestorianism
961:Christianity
789:
782:
775:
768:
761:
731:
707:Saba Mahmood
682:Robin Horton
667:James Frazer
637:Mary Douglas
569:
560:
457:Neo-Paganism
433:Case studies
400:Superstition
395:Soul dualism
305:Great Spirit
208:Institutions
202:Anthropology
191:
151:(1917-01-02)
94:
79:
70:
51:
3427:1917 deaths
3422:1832 births
2687:"Review of
2432:Andrew Lang
2362:: 138â143.
2172:: 245â272.
2111:: 348â357.
2069:: 401â405.
1468:Andrew Lang
1397:ethnologist
1391:, a fellow
1292:(1871) and
1087:Vaishnavism
1018:Lutheranism
973:Anglicanism
657:René Girard
536:Ghost Dance
415:Transtheism
385:Sacred site
345:Nympholepsy
173:Citizenship
165:Nationality
3416:Categories
3369:Wikisource
3050:References
2983:Moore 1997
2971:Moore 1997
2946:Tylor 1920
2934:Tylor 1920
2828:Tylor 1871
1752:, but not
1739:monotheist
1679:Tylor 1881
1644:Universals
1543:wave model
1539:tree model
1509:Great Apes
1351:Camberwell
1314:prehistory
1304:, through
1209:ĆvetÄmbara
845:Böö mörgöl
627:Talal Asad
531:Cargo cult
360:Polytheism
355:Pilgrimage
340:Monotheism
325:Liminality
315:Initiation
310:Henotheism
285:Divination
275:Communitas
138:Camberwell
73:March 2022
3282:145769489
2886:239772878
2735:society."
2549:"Animism"
2455:Who's Who
2224:: 54â56.
2014:: 74â84.
1975:: 23â30.
1894:: 55â60.
1694:Survivals
1513:neologism
1417:Folk-Lore
1374:Tottenham
1306:barbarism
1204:Digambara
1146:YazdĂąnism
1126:Quranists
1106:Ahmadiyya
1092:Ayyavazhi
1023:Methodism
988:Calvinism
968:Adventism
949:Vajrayana
934:Theravada
924:Pure Land
806:Religions
479:Bobohizan
390:Shamanism
300:Fetishism
260:Afterlife
3396:LibriVox
3323:(1931).
3207:(1963).
3100:: 50â69.
2878:17751354
2815:cit. in
2411:See also
2404:Knighted
1746:paganism
1706:â
1703:evolved.
1676:â
1629:â
1626:society.
1505:Primates
1302:savagery
1185:Orthodox
1175:Haymanot
1116:Mahdavia
1082:Smartism
1077:Shaktism
1072:Shaivism
1060:Hinduism
983:Baptists
919:Nichiren
914:Mahayana
907:Buddhism
895:Tengrism
770:Folklore
755:Journals
514:Slametan
474:Babaylan
469:Angakkuq
3385:at the
3313:2710025
3068::
2921:2661147
2870:1754562
2850:Bibcode
2842:Science
2484:6 March
2368:2788004
2318:2842940
2238:2842533
2196:2842423
2125:2841897
2083:2841767
2028:2841649
1989:2841865
1947:2246921
1908:2841246
1834:3024922
1735:atheism
1612:animism
1594:Culture
1478:Thought
1419:, 1917.
1359:Quakers
1339:natural
1326:animism
1216:Sikhism
1197:Jainism
1180:Karaite
1170:Hasidic
1153:Judaism
1048:Quakers
944:Tibetan
939:Tiantai
929:Shingon
865:KejawĂšn
791:Oceania
265:Animism
176:British
168:English
59:Please
3311:
3280:
3115:
3062:
2919:
2884:
2876:
2868:
2653:
2618:660758
2616:
2536:682051
2534:
2402:1912:
2396:1907:
2366:
2344:
2328:
2316:
2286:
2270:
2248:
2236:
2206:
2194:
2152:
2135:
2123:
2093:
2081:
2054:
2038:
2026:
1999:
1987:
1957:
1945:
1918:
1906:
1876:
1860:
1844:
1832:
1802:
1786:
1770:
1748:" and
1565:, and
1393:Quaker
1355:London
1227:Social
1190:Reform
1165:Haredi
1136:Sufism
890:Shinto
880:Shindo
875:Noaidi
855:Hanitu
814:Ethnic
509:Pawang
504:JhÄkri
463:Ritual
370:Ritual
350:Oracle
270:Augury
198:Fields
3309:JSTOR
3278:S2CID
2917:JSTOR
2882:S2CID
2866:JSTOR
2614:JSTOR
2532:JSTOR
2438:Notes
2364:JSTOR
2352:(PDF)
2314:JSTOR
2294:(PDF)
2234:JSTOR
2214:(PDF)
2192:JSTOR
2160:(PDF)
2121:JSTOR
2101:(PDF)
2079:JSTOR
2024:JSTOR
1985:JSTOR
1965:(PDF)
1943:JSTOR
1904:JSTOR
1884:(PDF)
1830:JSTOR
1810:(PDF)
1760:Works
1742:deism
1708:Tylor
1631:Tylor
1335:anima
1141:Sunni
1111:Ibadi
1099:Islam
860:Hausa
835:Anito
494:Dukun
484:Bomoh
439:Magic
410:Totem
3113:ISBN
2874:PMID
2651:ISBN
2486:2016
2341:1905
2325:1898
2283:1898
2267:1896
2245:1896
2203:1890
2149:1889
2132:1884
2090:1884
2051:1882
2035:1881
1996:1881
1954:1880
1927:Mind
1915:1877
1873:1877
1857:1871
1841:1871
1799:1867
1783:1865
1767:1861
1719:meme
1541:and
1399:and
1331:soul
1272:FRAI
1229:and
1131:Shia
840:Atua
816:and
499:Miko
489:Bora
335:Mana
146:Died
131:Born
111:FRAI
3394:at
3376:at
3367:at
3339:doi
3301:doi
3270:doi
3221:doi
3098:XVI
3077:".
2909:doi
2858:doi
2846:128
2811:in
2604:doi
2524:doi
2520:100
2356:Man
2306:doi
2226:doi
2182:hdl
2174:doi
2113:doi
2071:doi
2016:doi
1977:doi
1935:doi
1896:doi
1822:doi
1499:'s
1333:or
1320:."
1308:to
954:Zen
102:Sir
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3327:.
3307:.
3297:54
3295:.
3276:.
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3211:.
3096:.
3092:.
3019:^
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