266:
40:
458:
723:, having reached its 44th edition in 2023. The lecture commemorates the work of physicist and Edwards Vacuum founder FD Edwards, a member of staff at City, University of London's predecessor institution, The Northampton Institute, and Past Master of the Worshipful Company of Scientific Instrument Makers.
663:
In 1984, Edwards’ Henry
Wycliffe invented the Drystar roots/claw dry pump, patended by Edwards. The Drystar was a positive-displacement roots/claw pump that does not require oil for lubrication. The semiconductor industry in particular moved away quickly from oil-sealed pumps in favour of the new dry
607:
or “chip” came to the market at the end of the 1950s, and vacuum pumps again played an important role in their production. These early inventions were
Edwards' first steps into the electronics and semiconductors industry, which is to this day the company's biggest market. Chips became increasingly
472:
for the industrial, pharmaceutical, chemical, and scientific markets while manufacturing sites for the semiconductor market were opened in South Korea. Most of
Edwards' UK manufacturing capacity was moved, with abatement systems remaining in Clevedon, completing plans proposed under BOC in 2005.
643:
for the invention of magnetically suspended turbopumps. These molecular turbopumps use magnetically levitated bearings, which eliminate the risk of vacuum contamination, require less maintenance, and feature lower noise and vibration levels. This type of technology is particularly suitable for
689:
of the previous century. In the years that followed, technology evolved and displays became increasingly thinner, higher in resolution and larger. As a result, the required composite structures become increasingly complex, and the manufacturing methods became more demanding. Edwards Vacuum is
690:
involved in flat-screen display production with its turbomolecular pumps, which enable the high levels of vacuum required for the production process and coating of these displays. Abatement installations remove global warming, toxic, pyrophoric, and corrosive gases in a safe, regulatory way.
676:
came into force in 1994, driving the need for environmental solutions in the electronics industry. Two years prior, in 1992, Edwards Vacuum had acquired a small start-up company specialising in the abatement of semiconductor process exhaust gases, allowing for a more environmentally friendly
512:
for US$ 675 million in 2018. In 2019, Edwards marked its 100th anniversary. Its new North
America Semiconductor Technology Centre in Hillsboro opened in the same year. Edwards joined MIT.nano as a founding member, following its completion in 2018. MIT.nano is a 214,000-square-foot laboratory
304:
began, German patents were voided in the UK, which meant
Edwards was cut off from their suppliers. This led the company to begin manufacturing its own products in 1939. The firm was rebranded W Edwards and Co in 1940, then Edwards High Vacuum International Ltd in 1950, and moved from
647:
The newly emerged dry pumps and turbomolecular pumps supported innovation in the scientific instrument markets over the next couple of decades. The scientific instrument market is now the second biggest market for
Edwards Vacuum, after the semiconductor and electronics industry.
527:
During the same year, Edwards acquired Ceres
Technologies, Inc.. Ceres is a US-based manufacturer and designer of gas and vapour delivery equipment for the semiconductor industry. It also purchased HHV Pumps Pvt Ltd, a designer and manufacturer of vacuum pumps located in
1659:
1751:
800:
Hoffman counter claimed
Edwards used the confidential due diligence information to pitch their products to Hoffman's key customer at prices just below Hoffman's own intended level, and to demand cost reductions from suppliers to match those obtained by Hoffman.
774:
One of
Hoffman's key customers enquired whether it could provide a vacuum system that would work with pumps other than Edwards'. Hoffman informed Edwards whose response was to suggest purchasing Hoffman. Information was provided about Hoffman to Edwards for
386:
In the same year, the company purchased
Systems Chemistry Inc, a supplier of management systems for ultrapure chemicals used in semiconductor manufacturing, from Submicron Systems Corp of Allentown (USA). It became Edwards' chemical management division.
616:
The scientific and medical markets have always been important for Edwards. The introduction of X-ray technology required the use of a vacuum. Vacuum technology also played an important role in the development of neuroimaging (brain scanners), like
812:
because it had 70% share of the integrated vacuum pump frame systems market in the US and suppressed competition, imposing non-compete covenants on its suppliers and engaged in employee intimidation; customer threats, and bad faith litigation.
2279:
382:
to add to Edwards' semiconductor manufacturing environmental abatement technology. Four years later in 1996, new facilities in Burgess Hill are inaugurated. In 1997, BOC merged its electronics gases business with Edwards as BOC Edwards.
1651:
1336:
567:
manufacturers innovated their products and new applications for vacuum emerged. This included but wasn't limited to, the development of radar transmitters and receivers used in operations, glass coating of binoculars and
1743:
664:
pumps. In the harsh semiconductor processes, oil-sealed pumps required frequent servicing and oil changes: this new dry pump technology enabled more complex production processes in the semiconductor industry.
480:
in 2012, and acquired USA-based Gamma Vacuum in 2013, maintaining the brand until this day. Gamma Vacuum specialises in ion and titanium sublimation pumps, with customers mainly in the scientific industry.
1691:
1885:
556:
method using vacuum chambers was patented in the 1930s. During World War II, the technology was further perfected and expanded to freeze-dry instant coffee, but also blood plasma and penicillin.
2271:
1721:
2026:
544:
Vacuum technology has always been an important utility in the production of electronics. The first TV and radio technologies emerged in the 1920s and 1930s, and Edwards Vacuum delivered
660:
was invented in the 1980s, initially to store and play digital audio recordings but a few years later also as general data storage. Vacuum is used for the metallization of CD surfaces.
1328:
2193:
1303:
1986:
673:
454:
in 2012 via ADS under the ticker symbol EVAC, with a US$ 100 million IPO. It was delisted in 2014 when Atlas Copco purchased the operating subsidiary Edwards Ltd for £1 billion.
771:, and held talks about becoming exclusive supplier for some items. It was also proposed that Hoffman would construct subassemblies and complete systems, but only for Edwards.
513:
dedicated to the characterisation and fabrication of nanoscale materials, structures, devices, and processes. In 2020, the company opened a new Service Technology Centre in
1825:
1437:
1007:
378:
manufacturing market. In 1992, Edwards purchased Electrotech Ltd's semiconductor manufacturing exhaust gas management systems. It was based in Nailsea before moving to
1781:
628:
The first home computers were brought to the market in the 1970s and the development of computer technology has been unstoppable ever since. The mass production of
2160:
1681:
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1403:
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cooling, storage of large quantities of food, freezing of blood and tissues samples, and semiconductors, as their technology and structures become more complex.
548:
for the production of valve amplifiers, which enabled transmission and reception. In its initial years, Edwards Vacuum imported vacuum equipment from Germany's
1366:
707:
Edwards CTI-Cryogenics and Edwards Polycold cryopumps and cryochillers play their role in cryogenic fields: MRI machines that uses liquid helium and require
2000:
1877:
2123:
1600:
1467:
1270:
1040:
2452:
1713:
2018:
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had been abusively registered by Eaton Engineering (Herts) Ltd and ordered that it be transferred to The BOC Group Ltd, the then owners of Edwards.
1922:
1236:
1176:
783:, in order to progress the acquisition. It included technical specifications for the pump agnostic vacuum system and Hoffman's cost structures.
2472:
1972:
2356:
1940:
1209:
1534:
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1107:
2185:
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1295:
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The lecture has a distinguished history and has been given by five Nobel Laureates over the years (Professor Denis Gabor, Professor Sir
374:
In 1984, Edwards developed and patented the first practical high vacuum dry (no-oil) pump. The design was taken up by the fast-growing
265:
1077:
937:
1817:
477:
1429:
632:
and integrated circuits necessitated electronic companies to scale up, with vacuum installations becoming bigger and demand for
2249:
1504:
977:
900:
289:
In 1919, physicist and university lecturer Frederick David Edwards and his father William founded their eponymous business in
999:
821:
1936:
446:
and its Asian fund in 2007 for US$ 901 million. Edwards was renamed Edwards Group Ltd, and then Edwards Group plc. A new,
1773:
1954:
2272:"Noerr-Pennington Doctrine Does Not Shield Litigants Bringing "Bad Faith" Trade Secret Claims from Antitrust Liability"
2152:
2462:
1395:
1358:
2153:"Edwards Vacuum, LLC v. Hoffman Instrumentation Supply, Inc., Case No. 3:20-cv-1681-SI - Casetext Search + Citator"
427:
Edwards then sold The Hibon, Hicks Hargreaves and Wilhelm Klein low pressure compressor businesses were sold on to
355:
purchase of Edwards in 1968 was followed by international expansion, particularly into Asia, and investment at the
2349:
1847:
505:
118:
704:
are a rapidly growing market, that also requires large amounts of vacuum in various stages of their production.
780:
686:
1652:"Proposed Merger between Air Liquide Electronics US LP and Chemical Management Division of Edwards Vacuum Inc"
1592:
1459:
1262:
1032:
1559:
828:
388:
148:
143:
2186:"Docket for Edwards Vacuum LLC v. Hoffman Instrumentation Supply, Inc., 3:20-cv-01681 - CourtListener.com"
832:
696:
is used in other industries, including solar cell photovoltaics. They are produced with processes such as
577:
2078:
1560:"BOC Group Plc & BOC Ltd v Eaton Engineering (Herts) Ltd [2005] DRS 2829 (22 September 2005)"
2467:
236:
128:
1855:
398:-based division of FSI International Inc, for US$ 38 million. This was followed by the purchase of the
1908:
1240:
520:
In 2022, Edwards invested in a new facility to manufacture products for the semiconductor industry in
2342:
2127:
1168:
720:
734:), as well as several Fellows of the Royal Society and Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering.
243:, South Korea, USA and China. Edwards' global research and development facilities remain in the UK.
701:
697:
462:
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108:
1201:
604:
290:
123:
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1099:
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497:
329:
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2105:
1329:"CEA-Leti and Edwards Demonstrate Energy-Saving System For Subfab Process-Support Equipment"
593:
533:
399:
270:
103:
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The parties did not agree terms to purchase Hoffman and Edwards withdrew from the process.
2384:
1069:
866:
Edwards Limited Annual Report and Financial Statements for the year ended 31 December 2020
364:
321:
1818:"Investegate |BOC Group PLC Announcements | BOC Group PLC: 1st Quarter Results"
816:
In May 2021, Edwards was granted a partial, interim injunction against Hoffman selling a
340:. Its founder FD Edwards died, and after financial difficulties, the company was sold to
1626:
929:
563:
World War II marked an acceleration in technological development for vacuum technology.
2049:
1987:"Edwards invests in new Arizona facility to support North America semiconductor growth"
1958:
693:
536:
manufacturer Shandong Jinggong Pump Co Ltd, to join the Edwards vacuum pump business.
469:
428:
402:
333:
240:
225:
178:
168:
133:
2019:"ATLAS COPCO TO ACQUIRE A CHINESE MANUFACTURER OF INDUSTRIAL VACUUM PUMPS AND SYSTEMS"
39:
2446:
2093:
2004:
794:
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A group of employees left Edwards to work for Hoffman and in 2020, Edwards sought an
776:
581:
553:
447:
375:
352:
341:
337:
317:
229:
2241:
1496:
1460:"EHVIL DISSENTIENTS LIMITED overview - Find and update company information - GOV.UK"
969:
892:
2394:
1878:"CMS advises Atlas Copco on acquisition of cryogenic business of Brooks Automation"
1686:
731:
657:
443:
414:
368:
301:
209:
75:
1923:"Edwards Vacuum breaks ground on new high-technology innovation centre in Oregon"
2365:
2301:
2215:
1593:"EDWARDS HOLDCO LIMITED overview - Find and update company information - GOV.UK"
809:
727:
644:
scientific applications and the harsh processes in semiconductor manufacturing.
629:
597:
564:
545:
532:, for £10.9 million. Atlas Copco also agreed to purchase the assets of Chinese,
490:
457:
418:
410:
395:
294:
273:
221:
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183:
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138:
95:
17:
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In 2019, Hoffman Instrumentation Supply Inc was a component vendor to Edwards'
790:
569:
557:
360:
208:
pump and exhaust gas management systems manufacturer. Its headquarters are in
153:
1744:"Ingersoll Rand Acquires the Global Low-pressure Air Business of BOC Edwards"
708:
700:, CdTe, CIGS, or Silicon Thin Film Technology, all of which require vacuum.
529:
509:
406:
163:
719:
The Edwards Lecture Series is the longest-running lecture series at City,
608:
small throughout the decades, increasing the importance of vacuum purity.
2098:
Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films
1263:"EDWARDS LIMITED overview - Find and update company information - GOV.UK"
805:
730:, Professor Sir Peter Mansfield, Professor Sir Paul Nurse, and Professor
622:
573:
501:
439:
379:
239:. Manufacturing is predominantly handled by subsidiary businesses in the
113:
1714:"BOC to acquire turbomolecular pump business from Seiko Instruments Inc"
592:
After the war, some of the inventions found new applications. The first
2426:
817:
748:
549:
521:
493:, a Swedish multinational industrial company, acquires Edwards Vacuum.
356:
310:
255:
247:
217:
81:
2431:
2109:
1430:"Edwards High Vacuum International - Science Museum Group Collection"
1396:"Transcript of a conversation between Henry Wycliffe and Andrew Chew"
633:
514:
451:
306:
1973:"Semiconductor supplier to open manufacturing facility in Chandler"
297:
to research laboratories from the UK, France, Germany and the USA.
640:
456:
264:
251:
1937:"MIT.nano announces founding members of its corporate consortium"
685:
Flat-screen display technology began in the 2000s, replacing the
584:
to remove moisture, applied to various pharmaceutical processes.
2329:
820:
component. Judgement declined to accept Edwards' application of
596:
was released in 1954, and its manufacturing process made use of
233:
193:
2338:
320:
equipment manufacturer Alto Vuoto SpA in 1954, followed by the
2334:
768:
618:
450:-based holding company called Edwards Group Ltd was listed on
2094:"Turbomolecular pump with an ultimate pressure of 10−12 Torr"
2124:"44th Edwards Lecture - Professor Dame Jocelyn Bell Burnell"
2104:(4). Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology: 1695–1698.
1239:(Press release). Atlas Copco. 9 January 2014. Archived from
1070:"Gamma Vacuum pumps: ultra-high vacuum technologies Edwards"
442:
purchased BOC in 2006 for €12.4 billion, selling Edwards to
1296:"Vacuum pump maker Edwards snapped up in a £1 billion deal"
764:
259:
1033:"Edwards acquiring Brooks Automation's cryogenic business"
2001:"Saugerties-based Ceres Technologies acquired by Edwards"
1848:"Edwards Group Shows Why Working in a Vacuum Can Pay Off"
970:"Edwards Group Ltd 2012 Annual/Transition Report 20-F/A"
793:
against Hoffman to prevent misuse of the ex employees's
831:
through which both parties' claims were dismissed with
580:, which confused radar systems and the introduction of
232:
and other industries. Its pumps remove contaminants at
827:
In June 2022, the parties entered into a Confidential
824:
to dismiss Hoffman's anti competition counterclaim.
674:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
1237:"Atlas Copco completes acquisition of Edwards Group"
639:
In the 1970s, Edwards Vacuum also collaborated with
2419:
2403:
2372:
1804:
Edwards HoldCo Ltd Group of Companies Accounts 2013
1000:"Edwards opens vacuum pump plant in Czech Republic"
391:. It became Edwards' chemical management division.
189:
177:
88:
70:
62:
54:
46:
560:itself was also produced using vacuum technology.
413:operations, and Hibon Inc for £12.8 million from
1955:"Edwards to create 120 jobs in new Dublin plant"
1359:"Vacuum maker says markets suck as float pulled"
224:, and produces equipment used for manufacturing
468:Manufacturing sites were opened in 2011 in the
293:, as Edwards Equipment and Services. They sold
1774:"BOC Edwards Unit Sold to Private Equity Firm"
2350:
8:
2092:Ishimaru, Hajime; Hisamatsu, Hiromi (1994).
32:
2357:
2343:
2335:
1554:
1552:
1323:
1321:
38:
31:
2073:
2071:
1682:"Regulatory News Item - Smiths Group plc"
1290:
1288:
963:
961:
959:
957:
955:
677:manufacturing process of semiconductors.
2180:
2178:
1620:
1618:
1231:
1229:
1227:
930:"Frederick David Edwards - Graces Guide"
576:, used for night flying and operations,
424:manufacturing business for £70 million.
1587:
1585:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1162:
1160:
860:
858:
856:
854:
852:
850:
848:
844:
2302:"CM/ECF - USDC Oregon-Confirm Request"
2216:"CM/ECF - USDC Oregon-Confirm Request"
2147:
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1424:
1422:
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1027:
1025:
924:
922:
920:
918:
887:
885:
883:
881:
879:
877:
875:
1941:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1909:"Edwards Vacuum celebrates 100 years"
1888:from the original on 25 February 2021
1507:from the original on 24 November 2020
1129:
1127:
1125:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
7:
1907:Simpson, Joanna (11 February 2019).
1537:from the original on 16 January 2010
1497:"Edwards High Vacuum - Graces Guide"
1440:from the original on 4 December 2020
1043:from the original on 20 January 2021
500:CTI-Cryogenics and Polycold branded
2056:. A&E Television Networks, LLC
1627:"Deals Bloom in Capital Equipment"
1110:from the original on 4 August 2021
903:from the original on 2 August 2021
759:Hoffman Instrumentation Supply Inc
435:Linde and CCMP Capital (2006-2014)
409:units; Wilhelm Klein GmbH; Stokes
25:
2252:from the original on 21 July 2022
2240:Simon, Michael H. (10 May 2021).
2196:from the original on 21 July 2022
2163:from the original on 21 July 2022
2029:from the original on 22 July 2022
1858:from the original on 22 July 2022
1828:from the original on 24 July 2022
1784:from the original on 21 July 2022
1754:from the original on 24 July 2022
1724:from the original on 24 July 2022
1694:from the original on 24 July 2022
1662:from the original on 11 July 2022
1603:from the original on 21 July 2022
1570:from the original on 20 July 2022
1527:"Redundancy hits factory workers"
1470:from the original on 21 July 2022
1406:from the original on 22 July 2022
1339:from the original on 21 July 2022
1306:from the original on 21 July 2022
1273:from the original on 20 July 2022
1212:from the original on 21 July 2022
1179:from the original on 12 June 2021
1145:from the original on 21 July 2022
1080:from the original on 30 July 2021
1010:from the original on 21 July 2022
980:from the original on 22 July 2022
940:from the original on 21 July 2022
804:Hoffman alleged Edwards employed
246:Major customers in 2012 included
100:Environmental abatement equipment
2453:Engineering companies of England
2282:from the original on 1 June 2022
1369:from the original on 26 May 2021
476:Edwards was awarded its seventh
324:factory of former subcontractor
216:since 2014. Edwards holds 1,700
1748:investors.tranetechnologies.com
328:in 1958. In the 1960s the firm
220:, including for dry (oil-free)
212:, UK, and has been part of the
2048:Pruitt, Sarah (29 June 2021).
1169:"Industrial Dry Pumps Edwards"
974:Securities Exchange Commission
394:In 1999, Edwards acquired the
1:
2473:2014 mergers and acquisitions
1625:Dorsch, Jeff (14 June 1999).
66:Frederick David (F E) Edwards
2079:"History of the Vacuum Pump"
767:, subsidiary Edwards Vacuum
2242:"EDWARDS VACUUM v. HOFFMAN"
1925:. Gas World. 17 April 2018.
1037:www.semiconductor-today.com
808:practices in breach of the
751:determined the domain name
204:is a British multinational
2489:
2458:Companies based in Crawley
2050:"Who Invented Television?"
1202:"Oil Sealed Pumps Edwards"
485:Atlas Copco (2014-present)
417:. In 2002, they purchased
316:Edwards purchased Italian
119:Titanium sublimation pumps
1135:"Small Dry Pumps Edwards"
1100:"Diffusion Pumps Edwards"
822:Noerr–Pennington doctrine
687:cathode ray tube displays
37:
781:non disclosure agreement
228:, scientific research,
27:Vacuum pump manufacturer
1806:, Companies House, 2014
868:, Companies House, 2021
534:liquid ring vacuum pump
285:Independent (1919-1967)
715:Edwards Lecture Series
465:
326:J H Holmes and Son Ltd
276:
2081:. Vacuum. March 1959.
1822:www.investegate.co.uk
1501:www.gracesguide.co.uk
934:www.gracesguide.co.uk
702:Lithium-ion batteries
460:
268:
237:Large Hadron Collider
2306:ecf.ord.uscourts.gov
2278:. 7 September 2021.
2276:Trade Secret Tracker
2220:ecf.ord.uscourts.gov
2128:University of London
1961:. 22 September 2022.
1400:Vacuum Science World
1335:. 15 February 2011.
1333:www.businesswire.com
829:Settlement Agreement
721:University of London
540:Products and markets
504:operations based in
109:Turbomolecular pumps
1824:. 8 February 2006.
1533:. 13 January 2010.
743:Domain registration
698:crystalline silicon
498:Brooks Automation's
463:turbomolecular pump
422:turbomolecular pump
34:
2463:Pump manufacturers
1718:www.chemeurope.com
1302:. 19 August 2013.
893:"Edwards Timeline"
605:integrated circuit
496:Edwards purchased
466:
336:and suffered from
291:Camberwell, London
277:
269:Edwards two stage
2440:
2439:
2380:Chicago Pneumatic
1989:. Edwards Vacuum.
1778:www.photonics.com
491:Atlas Copco Group
214:Atlas Copco Group
199:
198:
104:Liquid ring pumps
16:(Redirected from
2480:
2411:Marcel Desoutter
2359:
2352:
2345:
2336:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2312:
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2113:
2110:10.1116/1.579038
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2083:
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2075:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2036:
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2015:
2009:
2008:
1997:
1991:
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1983:
1977:
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1969:
1963:
1962:
1951:
1945:
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1933:
1927:
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1919:
1913:
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1904:
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1814:
1808:
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1770:
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1740:
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1710:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1678:
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1642:
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1639:
1637:
1622:
1613:
1612:
1610:
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1589:
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1575:
1556:
1547:
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1544:
1542:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1512:
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1480:
1479:
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1456:
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1447:
1445:
1426:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1392:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1365:. 8 April 2011.
1355:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1325:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1292:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1243:on 27 March 2015
1233:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1198:
1189:
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1186:
1184:
1164:
1155:
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1152:
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1131:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1096:
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1089:
1087:
1085:
1066:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1029:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1015:
996:
990:
989:
987:
985:
965:
950:
949:
947:
945:
926:
913:
912:
910:
908:
889:
870:
869:
862:
753:bocedwards.co.uk
594:transistor radio
574:infrared systems
530:Bengalaru, India
419:Seiko Industry's
194:Official website
42:
35:
21:
18:Edwards (vacuum)
2488:
2487:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2415:
2399:
2385:Desoutter Tools
2368:
2363:
2326:
2321:
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2468:Vacuum pumps
2395:Leybold GmbH
2373:Subsidiaries
2309:. Retrieved
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2157:casetext.com
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1911:. Gas World.
1902:
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1687:Smiths Group
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1363:The Guardian
1362:
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1332:
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630:CRT displays
627:
623:PET scanners
615:
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415:Smiths Group
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373:
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351:
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299:
295:vacuum pumps
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222:vacuum pumps
210:Burgess Hill
201:
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159:Piston pumps
139:Scroll pumps
96:Vacuum pumps
76:Burgess Hill
71:Headquarters
29:
2366:Atlas Copco
2311:7 September
2225:6 September
1959:RTÉ Ireland
1004:World Pumps
810:Sherman Act
728:Harry Kroto
641:Seiko Seiki
570:windscreens
565:Vacuum pump
411:piston pump
396:Minneapolis
353:BOC Group's
274:vacuum pump
271:rotary vane
202:Edwards Ltd
154:Screw pumps
149:Roots pumps
50:Engineering
33:Edwards Ltd
2447:Categories
2060:3 November
839:References
791:injunction
779:, under a
621:, CT, and
603:The first
558:Penicillin
506:Chelmsford
361:Eastbourne
164:Vane pumps
144:Claw pumps
1167:Edwards.
833:prejudice
747:In 2005,
709:cryogenic
510:Monterrey
431:in 2006.
407:deaerator
313:in 1953.
129:NEG pumps
124:Ion pumps
114:Cryopumps
2280:Archived
2250:Archived
2194:Archived
2161:Archived
2027:Archived
2023:Impeller
1886:Archived
1856:Archived
1826:Archived
1782:Archived
1752:Archived
1722:Archived
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1568:Archived
1535:Archived
1531:BBC News
1505:Archived
1468:Archived
1438:Archived
1404:archived
1367:Archived
1337:Archived
1304:Archived
1271:Archived
1247:24 March
1210:Archived
1177:Archived
1143:Archived
1108:Archived
1078:Archived
1041:Archived
1008:Archived
978:Archived
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901:Archived
806:monopoly
588:1950-60s
502:cryopump
461:Edwards
440:Linde AG
365:Shoreham
322:Shoreham
89:Products
47:Industry
2427:Dynapac
2420:History
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2286:21 July
2256:21 July
2200:21 July
2167:21 July
2033:22 July
1892:24 July
1882:cms.law
1862:22 July
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897:Edwards
818:bellows
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550:Leybold
371:sites.
357:Crawley
311:Crawley
280:History
256:Agilent
248:Samsung
218:patents
190:Website
82:England
63:Founder
55:Founded
2432:Epiroc
2404:People
2246:Leagle
681:Recent
515:Dublin
452:NASDAQ
330:listed
307:London
234:CERN's
206:vacuum
179:Parent
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668:1990s
652:1980s
612:1970s
332:as a
300:When
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988:.
948:.
911:.
20:)
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