255:
29:
447:
712:, having reached its 44th edition in 2023. The lecture commemorates the work of physicist and Edwards Vacuum founder FD Edwards, a member of staff at City, University of London's predecessor institution, The Northampton Institute, and Past Master of the Worshipful Company of Scientific Instrument Makers.
652:
In 1984, Edwards’ Henry
Wycliffe invented the Drystar roots/claw dry pump, patended by Edwards. The Drystar was a positive-displacement roots/claw pump that does not require oil for lubrication. The semiconductor industry in particular moved away quickly from oil-sealed pumps in favour of the new dry
596:
or “chip” came to the market at the end of the 1950s, and vacuum pumps again played an important role in their production. These early inventions were
Edwards' first steps into the electronics and semiconductors industry, which is to this day the company's biggest market. Chips became increasingly
461:
for the industrial, pharmaceutical, chemical, and scientific markets while manufacturing sites for the semiconductor market were opened in South Korea. Most of
Edwards' UK manufacturing capacity was moved, with abatement systems remaining in Clevedon, completing plans proposed under BOC in 2005.
632:
for the invention of magnetically suspended turbopumps. These molecular turbopumps use magnetically levitated bearings, which eliminate the risk of vacuum contamination, require less maintenance, and feature lower noise and vibration levels. This type of technology is particularly suitable for
678:
of the previous century. In the years that followed, technology evolved and displays became increasingly thinner, higher in resolution and larger. As a result, the required composite structures become increasingly complex, and the manufacturing methods became more demanding. Edwards Vacuum is
679:
involved in flat-screen display production with its turbomolecular pumps, which enable the high levels of vacuum required for the production process and coating of these displays. Abatement installations remove global warming, toxic, pyrophoric, and corrosive gases in a safe, regulatory way.
665:
came into force in 1994, driving the need for environmental solutions in the electronics industry. Two years prior, in 1992, Edwards Vacuum had acquired a small start-up company specialising in the abatement of semiconductor process exhaust gases, allowing for a more environmentally friendly
501:
for US$ 675 million in 2018. In 2019, Edwards marked its 100th anniversary. Its new North
America Semiconductor Technology Centre in Hillsboro opened in the same year. Edwards joined MIT.nano as a founding member, following its completion in 2018. MIT.nano is a 214,000-square-foot laboratory
293:
began, German patents were voided in the UK, which meant
Edwards was cut off from their suppliers. This led the company to begin manufacturing its own products in 1939. The firm was rebranded W Edwards and Co in 1940, then Edwards High Vacuum International Ltd in 1950, and moved from
636:
The newly emerged dry pumps and turbomolecular pumps supported innovation in the scientific instrument markets over the next couple of decades. The scientific instrument market is now the second biggest market for
Edwards Vacuum, after the semiconductor and electronics industry.
516:
During the same year, Edwards acquired Ceres
Technologies, Inc.. Ceres is a US-based manufacturer and designer of gas and vapour delivery equipment for the semiconductor industry. It also purchased HHV Pumps Pvt Ltd, a designer and manufacturer of vacuum pumps located in
1648:
1740:
789:
Hoffman counter claimed
Edwards used the confidential due diligence information to pitch their products to Hoffman's key customer at prices just below Hoffman's own intended level, and to demand cost reductions from suppliers to match those obtained by Hoffman.
763:
One of
Hoffman's key customers enquired whether it could provide a vacuum system that would work with pumps other than Edwards'. Hoffman informed Edwards whose response was to suggest purchasing Hoffman. Information was provided about Hoffman to Edwards for
375:
In the same year, the company purchased
Systems Chemistry Inc, a supplier of management systems for ultrapure chemicals used in semiconductor manufacturing, from Submicron Systems Corp of Allentown (USA). It became Edwards' chemical management division.
605:
The scientific and medical markets have always been important for Edwards. The introduction of X-ray technology required the use of a vacuum. Vacuum technology also played an important role in the development of neuroimaging (brain scanners), like
801:
because it had 70% share of the integrated vacuum pump frame systems market in the US and suppressed competition, imposing non-compete covenants on its suppliers and engaged in employee intimidation; customer threats, and bad faith litigation.
2268:
371:
to add to Edwards' semiconductor manufacturing environmental abatement technology. Four years later in 1996, new facilities in Burgess Hill are inaugurated. In 1997, BOC merged its electronics gases business with Edwards as BOC Edwards.
1640:
1325:
556:
manufacturers innovated their products and new applications for vacuum emerged. This included but wasn't limited to, the development of radar transmitters and receivers used in operations, glass coating of binoculars and
1732:
653:
pumps. In the harsh semiconductor processes, oil-sealed pumps required frequent servicing and oil changes: this new dry pump technology enabled more complex production processes in the semiconductor industry.
469:
in 2012, and acquired USA-based Gamma Vacuum in 2013, maintaining the brand until this day. Gamma Vacuum specialises in ion and titanium sublimation pumps, with customers mainly in the scientific industry.
1680:
1874:
545:
method using vacuum chambers was patented in the 1930s. During World War II, the technology was further perfected and expanded to freeze-dry instant coffee, but also blood plasma and penicillin.
2260:
1710:
2015:
533:
Vacuum technology has always been an important utility in the production of electronics. The first TV and radio technologies emerged in the 1920s and 1930s, and Edwards Vacuum delivered
649:
was invented in the 1980s, initially to store and play digital audio recordings but a few years later also as general data storage. Vacuum is used for the metallization of CD surfaces.
1317:
2182:
1292:
1975:
662:
443:
in 2012 via ADS under the ticker symbol EVAC, with a US$ 100 million IPO. It was delisted in 2014 when Atlas Copco purchased the operating subsidiary Edwards Ltd for £1 billion.
760:, and held talks about becoming exclusive supplier for some items. It was also proposed that Hoffman would construct subassemblies and complete systems, but only for Edwards.
502:
dedicated to the characterisation and fabrication of nanoscale materials, structures, devices, and processes. In 2020, the company opened a new Service Technology Centre in
1814:
1426:
996:
367:
manufacturing market. In 1992, Edwards purchased Electrotech Ltd's semiconductor manufacturing exhaust gas management systems. It was based in Nailsea before moving to
1770:
617:
The first home computers were brought to the market in the 1970s and the development of computer technology has been unstoppable ever since. The mass production of
2149:
1670:
1556:
1392:
700:
cooling, storage of large quantities of food, freezing of blood and tissues samples, and semiconductors, as their technology and structures become more complex.
537:
for the production of valve amplifiers, which enabled transmission and reception. In its initial years, Edwards Vacuum imported vacuum equipment from Germany's
1355:
696:
Edwards CTI-Cryogenics and Edwards Polycold cryopumps and cryochillers play their role in cryogenic fields: MRI machines that uses liquid helium and require
1989:
1866:
2112:
1589:
1456:
1259:
1029:
2441:
1702:
2007:
744:
had been abusively registered by Eaton Engineering (Herts) Ltd and ordered that it be transferred to The BOC Group Ltd, the then owners of Edwards.
1911:
1225:
1165:
772:, in order to progress the acquisition. It included technical specifications for the pump agnostic vacuum system and Hoffman's cost structures.
2461:
1961:
2345:
1929:
1198:
1523:
1131:
1096:
2174:
2446:
1284:
715:
The lecture has a distinguished history and has been given by five Nobel Laureates over the years (Professor Denis Gabor, Professor Sir
363:
In 1984, Edwards developed and patented the first practical high vacuum dry (no-oil) pump. The design was taken up by the fast-growing
254:
1066:
926:
1806:
466:
1418:
621:
and integrated circuits necessitated electronic companies to scale up, with vacuum installations becoming bigger and demand for
2238:
1493:
966:
889:
278:
In 1919, physicist and university lecturer Frederick David Edwards and his father William founded their eponymous business in
988:
810:
1925:
435:
and its Asian fund in 2007 for US$ 901 million. Edwards was renamed Edwards Group Ltd, and then Edwards Group plc. A new,
1762:
1943:
2261:"Noerr-Pennington Doctrine Does Not Shield Litigants Bringing "Bad Faith" Trade Secret Claims from Antitrust Liability"
2141:
2451:
1384:
1347:
2142:"Edwards Vacuum, LLC v. Hoffman Instrumentation Supply, Inc., Case No. 3:20-cv-1681-SI - Casetext Search + Citator"
416:
Edwards then sold The Hibon, Hicks Hargreaves and Wilhelm Klein low pressure compressor businesses were sold on to
344:
purchase of Edwards in 1968 was followed by international expansion, particularly into Asia, and investment at the
2338:
1836:
494:
107:
693:
are a rapidly growing market, that also requires large amounts of vacuum in various stages of their production.
769:
675:
1641:"Proposed Merger between Air Liquide Electronics US LP and Chemical Management Division of Edwards Vacuum Inc"
1581:
1448:
1251:
1021:
1548:
817:
377:
137:
132:
2175:"Docket for Edwards Vacuum LLC v. Hoffman Instrumentation Supply, Inc., 3:20-cv-01681 - CourtListener.com"
821:
685:
is used in other industries, including solar cell photovoltaics. They are produced with processes such as
566:
2067:
1549:"BOC Group Plc & BOC Ltd v Eaton Engineering (Herts) Ltd [2005] DRS 2829 (22 September 2005)"
2456:
225:
117:
1844:
387:-based division of FSI International Inc, for US$ 38 million. This was followed by the purchase of the
1897:
1229:
509:
In 2022, Edwards invested in a new facility to manufacture products for the semiconductor industry in
2331:
2116:
1157:
709:
723:), as well as several Fellows of the Royal Society and Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering.
232:, South Korea, USA and China. Edwards' global research and development facilities remain in the UK.
690:
686:
451:
410:
97:
1190:
593:
279:
112:
1515:
1123:
1088:
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486:
318:
314:
2399:
2378:
2094:
1318:"CEA-Leti and Edwards Demonstrate Energy-Saving System For Subfab Process-Support Equipment"
582:
522:
388:
259:
92:
775:
The parties did not agree terms to purchase Hoffman and Edwards withdrew from the process.
2373:
1058:
855:
Edwards Limited Annual Report and Financial Statements for the year ended 31 December 2020
353:
310:
1807:"Investegate |BOC Group PLC Announcements | BOC Group PLC: 1st Quarter Results"
805:
In May 2021, Edwards was granted a partial, interim injunction against Hoffman selling a
329:. Its founder FD Edwards died, and after financial difficulties, the company was sold to
1615:
918:
552:
World War II marked an acceleration in technological development for vacuum technology.
2038:
1976:"Edwards invests in new Arizona facility to support North America semiconductor growth"
1947:
682:
525:
manufacturer Shandong Jinggong Pump Co Ltd, to join the Edwards vacuum pump business.
458:
417:
391:
322:
229:
214:
167:
157:
122:
2008:"ATLAS COPCO TO ACQUIRE A CHINESE MANUFACTURER OF INDUSTRIAL VACUUM PUMPS AND SYSTEMS"
28:
2435:
2082:
1993:
783:
778:
A group of employees left Edwards to work for Hoffman and in 2020, Edwards sought an
765:
570:
542:
436:
364:
341:
330:
326:
306:
218:
2230:
1485:
1449:"EHVIL DISSENTIENTS LIMITED overview - Find and update company information - GOV.UK"
958:
881:
2383:
1867:"CMS advises Atlas Copco on acquisition of cryogenic business of Brooks Automation"
1675:
720:
646:
432:
403:
357:
290:
198:
64:
1912:"Edwards Vacuum breaks ground on new high-technology innovation centre in Oregon"
2354:
2290:
2204:
1582:"EDWARDS HOLDCO LIMITED overview - Find and update company information - GOV.UK"
798:
716:
633:
scientific applications and the harsh processes in semiconductor manufacturing.
618:
586:
553:
534:
521:, for £10.9 million. Atlas Copco also agreed to purchase the assets of Chinese,
479:
446:
407:
399:
384:
283:
262:
210:
202:
194:
172:
147:
127:
84:
752:
In 2019, Hoffman Instrumentation Supply Inc was a component vendor to Edwards'
779:
558:
546:
349:
197:
pump and exhaust gas management systems manufacturer. Its headquarters are in
142:
1733:"Ingersoll Rand Acquires the Global Low-pressure Air Business of BOC Edwards"
697:
689:, CdTe, CIGS, or Silicon Thin Film Technology, all of which require vacuum.
518:
498:
395:
152:
708:
The Edwards Lecture Series is the longest-running lecture series at City,
597:
small throughout the decades, increasing the importance of vacuum purity.
2087:
Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films
1252:"EDWARDS LIMITED overview - Find and update company information - GOV.UK"
794:
719:, Professor Sir Peter Mansfield, Professor Sir Paul Nurse, and Professor
611:
562:
490:
428:
368:
228:. Manufacturing is predominantly handled by subsidiary businesses in the
102:
1703:"BOC to acquire turbomolecular pump business from Seiko Instruments Inc"
581:
After the war, some of the inventions found new applications. The first
2415:
806:
737:
538:
510:
482:, a Swedish multinational industrial company, acquires Edwards Vacuum.
345:
299:
244:
236:
206:
70:
2420:
2098:
1419:"Edwards High Vacuum International - Science Museum Group Collection"
1385:"Transcript of a conversation between Henry Wycliffe and Andrew Chew"
622:
503:
440:
295:
1962:"Semiconductor supplier to open manufacturing facility in Chandler"
286:
to research laboratories from the UK, France, Germany and the USA.
629:
445:
253:
240:
1926:"MIT.nano announces founding members of its corporate consortium"
674:
Flat-screen display technology began in the 2000s, replacing the
573:
to remove moisture, applied to various pharmaceutical processes.
2318:
809:
component. Judgement declined to accept Edwards' application of
585:
was released in 1954, and its manufacturing process made use of
222:
182:
2327:
309:
equipment manufacturer Alto Vuoto SpA in 1954, followed by the
2323:
757:
607:
439:-based holding company called Edwards Group Ltd was listed on
2083:"Turbomolecular pump with an ultimate pressure of 10−12 Torr"
2113:"44th Edwards Lecture - Professor Dame Jocelyn Bell Burnell"
2093:(4). Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology: 1695–1698.
1228:(Press release). Atlas Copco. 9 January 2014. Archived from
1059:"Gamma Vacuum pumps: ultra-high vacuum technologies Edwards"
431:
purchased BOC in 2006 for €12.4 billion, selling Edwards to
1285:"Vacuum pump maker Edwards snapped up in a £1 billion deal"
753:
248:
1022:"Edwards acquiring Brooks Automation's cryogenic business"
1990:"Saugerties-based Ceres Technologies acquired by Edwards"
1837:"Edwards Group Shows Why Working in a Vacuum Can Pay Off"
959:"Edwards Group Ltd 2012 Annual/Transition Report 20-F/A"
782:
against Hoffman to prevent misuse of the ex employees's
820:
through which both parties' claims were dismissed with
569:, which confused radar systems and the introduction of
221:
and other industries. Its pumps remove contaminants at
816:
In June 2022, the parties entered into a Confidential
813:
to dismiss Hoffman's anti competition counterclaim.
663:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
1226:"Atlas Copco completes acquisition of Edwards Group"
628:
In the 1970s, Edwards Vacuum also collaborated with
2408:
2392:
2361:
1793:
Edwards HoldCo Ltd Group of Companies Accounts 2013
989:"Edwards opens vacuum pump plant in Czech Republic"
380:. It became Edwards' chemical management division.
178:
166:
77:
59:
51:
43:
35:
549:itself was also produced using vacuum technology.
402:operations, and Hibon Inc for £12.8 million from
1944:"Edwards to create 120 jobs in new Dublin plant"
1348:"Vacuum maker says markets suck as float pulled"
213:, and produces equipment used for manufacturing
457:Manufacturing sites were opened in 2011 in the
282:, as Edwards Equipment and Services. They sold
1763:"BOC Edwards Unit Sold to Private Equity Firm"
2339:
8:
2081:Ishimaru, Hajime; Hisamatsu, Hiromi (1994).
21:
2346:
2332:
2324:
1543:
1541:
1312:
1310:
27:
20:
2062:
2060:
1671:"Regulatory News Item - Smiths Group plc"
1279:
1277:
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
666:manufacturing process of semiconductors.
2169:
2167:
1609:
1607:
1220:
1218:
1216:
919:"Frederick David Edwards - Graces Guide"
565:, used for night flying and operations,
413:manufacturing business for £70 million.
1576:
1574:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1151:
1149:
849:
847:
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
833:
2291:"CM/ECF - USDC Oregon-Confirm Request"
2205:"CM/ECF - USDC Oregon-Confirm Request"
2136:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1185:
1183:
1016:
1014:
913:
911:
909:
907:
876:
874:
872:
870:
868:
866:
864:
1930:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1898:"Edwards Vacuum celebrates 100 years"
1877:from the original on 25 February 2021
1496:from the original on 24 November 2020
1118:
1116:
1114:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
7:
1896:Simpson, Joanna (11 February 2019).
1526:from the original on 16 January 2010
1486:"Edwards High Vacuum - Graces Guide"
1429:from the original on 4 December 2020
1032:from the original on 20 January 2021
489:CTI-Cryogenics and Polycold branded
2045:. A&E Television Networks, LLC
1616:"Deals Bloom in Capital Equipment"
1099:from the original on 4 August 2021
892:from the original on 2 August 2021
748:Hoffman Instrumentation Supply Inc
424:Linde and CCMP Capital (2006-2014)
398:units; Wilhelm Klein GmbH; Stokes
14:
2241:from the original on 21 July 2022
2229:Simon, Michael H. (10 May 2021).
2185:from the original on 21 July 2022
2152:from the original on 21 July 2022
2018:from the original on 22 July 2022
1847:from the original on 22 July 2022
1817:from the original on 24 July 2022
1773:from the original on 21 July 2022
1743:from the original on 24 July 2022
1713:from the original on 24 July 2022
1683:from the original on 24 July 2022
1651:from the original on 11 July 2022
1592:from the original on 21 July 2022
1559:from the original on 20 July 2022
1516:"Redundancy hits factory workers"
1459:from the original on 21 July 2022
1395:from the original on 22 July 2022
1328:from the original on 21 July 2022
1295:from the original on 21 July 2022
1262:from the original on 20 July 2022
1201:from the original on 21 July 2022
1168:from the original on 12 June 2021
1134:from the original on 21 July 2022
1069:from the original on 30 July 2021
999:from the original on 21 July 2022
969:from the original on 22 July 2022
929:from the original on 21 July 2022
793:Hoffman alleged Edwards employed
235:Major customers in 2012 included
89:Environmental abatement equipment
2442:Engineering companies of England
2271:from the original on 1 June 2022
1358:from the original on 26 May 2021
465:Edwards was awarded its seventh
313:factory of former subcontractor
205:since 2014. Edwards holds 1,700
1737:investors.tranetechnologies.com
317:in 1958. In the 1960s the firm
209:, including for dry (oil-free)
201:, UK, and has been part of the
2037:Pruitt, Sarah (29 June 2021).
1158:"Industrial Dry Pumps Edwards"
963:Securities Exchange Commission
383:In 1999, Edwards acquired the
1:
2462:2014 mergers and acquisitions
1614:Dorsch, Jeff (14 June 1999).
55:Frederick David (F E) Edwards
2068:"History of the Vacuum Pump"
756:, subsidiary Edwards Vacuum
2231:"EDWARDS VACUUM v. HOFFMAN"
1914:. Gas World. 17 April 2018.
1026:www.semiconductor-today.com
797:practices in breach of the
740:determined the domain name
193:is a British multinational
2478:
2447:Companies based in Crawley
2039:"Who Invented Television?"
1191:"Oil Sealed Pumps Edwards"
474:Atlas Copco (2014-present)
406:. In 2002, they purchased
305:Edwards purchased Italian
108:Titanium sublimation pumps
1124:"Small Dry Pumps Edwards"
1089:"Diffusion Pumps Edwards"
811:Noerr–Pennington doctrine
676:cathode ray tube displays
26:
770:non disclosure agreement
217:, scientific research,
16:Vacuum pump manufacturer
1795:, Companies House, 2014
857:, Companies House, 2021
523:liquid ring vacuum pump
274:Independent (1919-1967)
704:Edwards Lecture Series
454:
315:J H Holmes and Son Ltd
265:
2070:. Vacuum. March 1959.
1811:www.investegate.co.uk
1490:www.gracesguide.co.uk
923:www.gracesguide.co.uk
691:Lithium-ion batteries
449:
257:
226:Large Hadron Collider
2295:ecf.ord.uscourts.gov
2267:. 7 September 2021.
2265:Trade Secret Tracker
2209:ecf.ord.uscourts.gov
2117:University of London
1950:. 22 September 2022.
1389:Vacuum Science World
1324:. 15 February 2011.
1322:www.businesswire.com
818:Settlement Agreement
710:University of London
529:Products and markets
493:operations based in
98:Turbomolecular pumps
1813:. 8 February 2006.
1522:. 13 January 2010.
732:Domain registration
687:crystalline silicon
487:Brooks Automation's
452:turbomolecular pump
411:turbomolecular pump
23:
2452:Pump manufacturers
1707:www.chemeurope.com
1291:. 19 August 2013.
882:"Edwards Timeline"
594:integrated circuit
485:Edwards purchased
455:
325:and suffered from
280:Camberwell, London
266:
258:Edwards two stage
2429:
2428:
2369:Chicago Pneumatic
1978:. Edwards Vacuum.
1767:www.photonics.com
480:Atlas Copco Group
203:Atlas Copco Group
188:
187:
93:Liquid ring pumps
2469:
2400:Marcel Desoutter
2348:
2341:
2334:
2325:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2226:
2220:
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2201:
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2190:
2171:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2138:
2121:
2120:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2099:10.1116/1.579038
2078:
2072:
2071:
2064:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1611:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1578:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1545:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1482:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1415:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1381:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1354:. 8 April 2011.
1344:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1314:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1281:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1232:on 27 March 2015
1222:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1187:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1153:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1120:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1055:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1018:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1004:
985:
979:
978:
976:
974:
954:
939:
938:
936:
934:
915:
902:
901:
899:
897:
878:
859:
858:
851:
742:bocedwards.co.uk
583:transistor radio
563:infrared systems
519:Bengalaru, India
408:Seiko Industry's
183:Official website
31:
24:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2404:
2388:
2374:Desoutter Tools
2357:
2352:
2315:
2310:
2309:
2299:
2297:
2289:
2288:
2284:
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2014:. 4 July 2022.
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2457:Vacuum pumps
2384:Leybold GmbH
2362:Subsidiaries
2298:. Retrieved
2294:
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2273:. Retrieved
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2234:
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2146:casetext.com
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1900:. Gas World.
1891:
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1676:Smiths Group
1674:
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1352:The Guardian
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644:
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619:CRT displays
616:
612:PET scanners
604:
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587:vacuum pumps
580:
567:foil coating
551:
535:vacuum pumps
532:
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511:Arizona, USA
508:
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433:CCMP Capital
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369:Clevedon, UK
362:
358:Burgess Hill
340:
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291:World War II
288:
284:vacuum pumps
277:
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199:Burgess Hill
190:
189:
148:Piston pumps
128:Scroll pumps
85:Vacuum pumps
65:Burgess Hill
60:Headquarters
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2355:Atlas Copco
2300:7 September
2214:6 September
1948:RTÉ Ireland
993:World Pumps
799:Sherman Act
717:Harry Kroto
630:Seiko Seiki
559:windscreens
554:Vacuum pump
400:piston pump
385:Minneapolis
342:BOC Group's
263:vacuum pump
260:rotary vane
191:Edwards Ltd
143:Screw pumps
138:Roots pumps
39:Engineering
22:Edwards Ltd
2436:Categories
2049:3 November
828:References
780:injunction
768:, under a
610:, CT, and
592:The first
547:Penicillin
495:Chelmsford
350:Eastbourne
153:Vane pumps
133:Claw pumps
1156:Edwards.
822:prejudice
736:In 2005,
698:cryogenic
499:Monterrey
420:in 2006.
396:deaerator
302:in 1953.
118:NEG pumps
113:Ion pumps
103:Cryopumps
2269:Archived
2239:Archived
2183:Archived
2150:Archived
2016:Archived
2012:Impeller
1875:Archived
1845:Archived
1815:Archived
1771:Archived
1741:Archived
1711:Archived
1681:Archived
1649:Archived
1590:Archived
1557:Archived
1524:Archived
1520:BBC News
1494:Archived
1457:Archived
1427:Archived
1393:archived
1356:Archived
1326:Archived
1293:Archived
1260:Archived
1236:24 March
1199:Archived
1166:Archived
1132:Archived
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1067:Archived
1030:Archived
997:Archived
967:Archived
927:Archived
890:Archived
795:monopoly
577:1950-60s
491:cryopump
450:Edwards
429:Linde AG
354:Shoreham
311:Shoreham
78:Products
36:Industry
2416:Dynapac
2409:History
2379:Edwards
2275:21 July
2245:21 July
2189:21 July
2156:21 July
2022:22 July
1881:24 July
1871:cms.law
1851:22 July
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1003:21 July
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896:20 July
886:Edwards
807:bellows
738:Nominet
539:Leybold
360:sites.
346:Crawley
300:Crawley
269:History
245:Agilent
237:Samsung
207:patents
179:Website
71:England
52:Founder
44:Founded
2421:Epiroc
2393:People
2235:Leagle
670:Recent
504:Dublin
441:NASDAQ
319:listed
296:London
223:CERN's
195:vacuum
168:Parent
957:SEC.
657:1990s
641:1980s
601:1970s
321:as a
289:When
241:Hynix
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1657:2022
1645:CCCS
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