Educational toy - Knowledge (XXG)

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open-ended imaginative play, exploration and social engagement. Toys with the quality of open-endedness can be used by children in a variety of ways and at different ages and developmental levels. Educational toys vary widely in terms of their open-endedness and their potential for exploration, imaginative play, and social engagement. Play theorist Brian Sutton Smith, who advocates for free play, has asserted that "the plans of the playful imagination dominate the objects or the toys, not the other way around." Toys whose design is more heavily specified and restricted may be less intuitive for children to use, and require more engagement and support from adults. Many studies of educational toys report that the effectiveness of a toy is more related to the involvement and guidance of adults, or to the child's intellectual level, than to the toy itself.

182: 459: 989:, with the majority of scientific toy marketing being directed to boys, with occasional exceptions. A 1921 review of Chemcraft chemistry sets stated that "These outfits are more than toys. They are miniature chemical laboratories for boys and girls... this kind of play is most interesting and amusing to every youngster". In 1921, Chemcraft advertised a "Sachetcraft" set for girls that could be used to make perfumes and cosmetics. In the 1950s, Gilbert marketed a pink "Laboratory Technician" set for girls. It contained a microscope and factory-prepared slides, rather than the raw materials to make one's own slides for viewing. However, the manual contained identical information to that given to boys. 1008: 1020: 332: 996: 1414: 1221: 791: 806: 852: 1237: 1273: 3864: 1253: 568:, manipulatives for learning mathematics and other skills and concepts. Today, Montessori's methods are used in both homes and schools, and her manipulatives have been extensively studied. Her work was strongly motivated by slum conditions and the social and economic disadvantages facing poor women and their children. The Montessori method formed the basis for the creation of educational toys busy boards. 3874: 821: 837: 122: 25: 974:. Sold only by monthly mail-order subscription, these kits consisted of a small blue cardboard box containing basic materials and detailed instructions, usually to be supplemented by commonplace household materials and objects. The wealth of knowledge and entertainment that could be derived from simple and economical materials set a standard which would later be adopted by the pioneering 884:

that children would get into trouble after school and began to start after-school clubs. Scientific educational toys were produced and promoted to kids as fun, and to parents as keeping kids out of trouble and encouraging them to enter well-paying careers in science. Chemcraft specifically used the slogan “Experimenter Today . . . Scientist Tomorrow” to market their chemistry sets.

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became more prevalent, toys were introduced to expose children to fundamental ideas in digital circuitry and their applications. Most of these toys were marketed as educational kits, with modular components that could be combined in various combinations to make interesting and entertaining creations.

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were developed, and manufacturing processes became increasingly automated. This supported the development of educational toys, including construction toys, since it enabled the standardization of pieces. Toys such as Tinkertoy and Lincoln Logs, which were originally made of wood, were later also made

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Ergonomic hardware is fundamental for baby learning, where tablet computers and touchscreens are preferably used instead of keyboards and computer mice. Also, a sandbox environment is created, to disable the use of the keyboard (excepting some combination of keys that can only be typed by an adult),

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was translated into English and published in 1912. Montessori's curriculum focused primarily on tactile and perceptual learning in the early years, and was based on developmental theories and work with students. She emphasized practical exercises using ready-to-hand materials such as pouring rice or

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asserted that educational toys could enhance children's enjoyment of learning their letters: "There may be dice and play-things, with the letters on them to teach children the alphabet by playing; and twenty other ways may be found, suitable to their particular tempers, to make this kind of learning

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Up until the 20th century, however, manufactured toys were not readily available, and most often were owned by wealthy families. Moulded miniature dishes and toy soldiers have been found in England dating to as early as 1300. There are records of wealthy medieval children owning elaborate toy houses

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Although children are constantly interacting with and learning about the world, many of the objects they interact with and learn from are not toys. Toys are generally considered to be specifically built for children's use. A child might play with and learn from a rock or a stick, but it would not be

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or puzzles challenge the child to improve hand-eye coordination, patience, and an understanding of spatial relationships. Finally, a child in elementary school might use very sophisticated construction sets that include moving parts, motors and others to help further understand the complex workings

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Common examples include imaginatively designed handheld game consoles with a variety of pluggable educational game cartridges and book-like electronic devices into which a variety of electronic books can be loaded. These products are more portable than general laptop computers, but have a much more

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as a distinct life stage, with its own “youth culture”. With increased urbanization and use of cars, there were new options for after-school socialization, some of which were less supervised and allowed for contact across social, class, and gender lines. Teachers and post-depression parents worried

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introduced the Erector Set with the first national advertising campaign for a toy. The Erector Set contained girders and bolts that could be assembled into miniature buildings or other structures, and was acclaimed as fostering creativity in constructive play. In 1924, it was redesigned to include

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Nonetheless, "We often forget that throughout history, children have happily played without toys and manufactured playthings." Children improvised a wide variety of toys and games using whatever came to hand, including fences, barrels, sticks, stones, and sand. Both children and adults played games

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nontoxic substances and a booklet specifying how they can be used for a specific project. Writers frequently lament that it is no longer possible for chemistry-set users to engage in the wide range of (sometimes hazardous) experimentation that attracted them to the field of chemistry as children.

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Pretend Play is an imaginative activity in which "children are playing as if something or someone is real". "This type of play benefits all areas of a child’s development and gives a child tools for experiences later in life such as emotional regulation, creativity, and logical reasoning". Pretend

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to promote sales to parents. The packaging of many toys includes a table of skills and benefits asserted to be enhanced by use of the product. The actual developmental benefit of these, by comparison to a cheaper, simpler or more easily available product, is often unproven. In many cases homemade

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embargoed German goods, including toys. Later, toy-making businesses were established in Britain and other countries, in some cases employing ex-soldiers. Britain became a principal supplier of toys, to be followed by America, and later Japan and China. Toys became cheaper and accessible to more

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Studies that examine the usefulness of manipulatives have found that outcomes may vary widely depending on physical characteristics of the materials themselves and the ways in which they are used. Emphasis is often placed on the importance of the physicality of the manipulative, but some work on

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Some manufacturers regarded standard personal computers as an inappropriate platform for learning software for younger children, and produced custom child-friendly pieces of hardware instead. The hardware and software are generally combined into a single product, such as a laptop-lookalike. Such

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as "I study, I put together". By the 1950s, the sets were becoming available beyond Denmark and Germany, eventually being marketed worldwide and surpassing all previous construction toys in popularity. Lego bricks are versatile and are used by adults as well as children to make a near-limitless

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Dolls can be seen as an early "educational toy" because dolls acted as substitutes, allowing children to learn to care for living babies and children. Similarly, toy bows and arrows or other weapons acted as substitutes for real weapons, enabling children to develop skills needed for hunting or

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Early chemistry sets included a wide range of hardware, glassware and chemicals, much of which is omitted from modern-day sets due to later concerns about possible hazards and liability. Modern chemistry kits tend to discourage free-form experimentation, containing a limited amount of specific

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Teachers who use educational toys in classroom settings try to identify toys that will be appropriate to a child's developmental level, existing skills, and interests. They try to engage children with toys in ways that support cognitive development. Many educators emphasize the importance of

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Toys are big business: the global toy market is estimated at over 80 billion US dollars annually. In 2013 the average household in the United Kingdom spent the equivalent of $ 438 US per child on toys, while US families spent $ 336 per child. In advertising, "educational toys" are sometimes

406:"To those who acquire habits of observation, every thing that is to be seen or heard, becomes a source of amusement... most well ordered families allow their horses and their dogs to have houses to themselves; cannot one room be allotted to the children of the family? If they are to learn 774:

introduced what would eventually become a versatile and powerful set of modular construction components, incorporating sophisticated pneumatic, electrical, electronic, and robotic capabilities. The company's products also achieved some success in the hobbyist and school markets, including

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kits, introduced in 1998. With the software and hardware provided in the kit, which includes a system controller, motors, and peripheral sensors as well as ordinary Lego building blocks, children can create programmable robots. Lego Mindstorms draws heavily on the

293:. He depicts around 200 children in at least 75 play activities. Only a few activities involved toys made specifically for children, and even fewer might be classed as "educational toys": dolls, simple musical instruments and a water gun used to shoot at a bird. 347:

or "Dissected Map". Records indicate that she used some type of wooden map to teach girls geography in the 1750s. However, since no examples of her maps still exist, it is impossible to confirm that they were "dissected" into pieces. British cartographer

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Though chemistry sets lost popularity beginning in the safety-conscious 1960s, they appear to be regaining interest in the 21st century. A line of chemistry sets reminiscent of the traditional Gilbert and Porter sets was marketed as of 2012 by

652:. Sets contained interlockable wooden spools and rods that could be combined to make a wide variety of constructions. They were marketed in different sets, according to the types and numbers of pieces included, allowing them to be both 208:

discusses the history of toys and states that "in multifarious ways toys are mediating these cultural conflicts within the personal lives of children". Educational toys in particular tend to reflect the cultural concerns of their time.

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by allowing it to sway without collapsing. His son adapted the idea to enable children to build constructions that would stand up to rough play. In the 1950s, Lincoln Logs were one of the first toys to be marketed on television.

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taskbar, and opening of other programs and screens. Child computer keyboards may use large and differently colored keys to help differentiate them. Baby and toddler computers include ABC keyboards. Some child computers include

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and identifiable by difficulty level (e.g. junior, big boy, grad). In addition to use as a construction toy, they have been used by scientists and students to model molecules, and even to build a primitive computer.

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are used in toddler's computers. They are programmed for “one-click” operation. The case may be reinforced to protect it from misadventure. Such computers are not seen as a replacement for time spent parenting.

173:. An educational toy should teach a child about a particular subject or help a child develop a particular skill. More toys are designed with the child's education and development in mind today than ever before. 1368:

computer program that required them to consider their actions carefully learned more than students who learned from textbooks, and retained that knowledge longer than students who used physical manipulatives.

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Sometimes described as "the work of children", child's play can be viewed as the process through which children experience the world, practicing and internalizing new skills and ideas. Experiences include

402:. Edgeworth even suggested that children be given a play area for loud and messy educational activities, to support the development of "the young philosopher", who she clearly expected to be well-to-do. 879:

By the 1920s and 1930s, child labor laws and other social reforms were resulting in increased numbers of children attending school. As the amount of time spent at school increased, people began to see

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Educational toys claim to enhance intellectual, social, emotional, and/or physical development. Educational toys are thus designed to target development milestones within appropriate age groups. For

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purpose such as helping a child develop a particular skill or teaching a child about a particular subject. They often simplify, miniaturize, or even model activities and objects used by adults.

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all appeared in the early 20th century, and were promoted as developing fine motor skills, encouraging free play and creativity, and introducing children to engineering and construction ideas.

1128:, which allowed children to construct a simple digital computer, composed entirely of mechanical parts operated by hand. They could then play with it, watching as mechanical versions of “ 1019: 2697: 535:. They were collected and published starting in 1889. His geometrical demonstrations, craft projects, and physics experiments could be carried out with everyday household materials. 478:, all five senses were stimulated. They were intended to support learning of concepts such as number, size, shape, weight, and cause and effect. Froebel also established the first " 1097:. Instruction booklets gave series of instructions for creating complex machines which could solve specific Boolean equations. Specific machines could play simple games like 1007: 505:

sets have remained in almost continuous production since then, and modern components are still compatible with the durable antique elements made more than a century ago.

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described a "rational toy-shop" where educational toys would be sold. They proposed that such a shop should sell materials for a wide variety of activities including

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In the mid-1950s, more explicitly engineering-themed construction toys appeared, including plastic girders, columns, and panels that could be assembled into a model

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play is important for the child's development in many fields, such as: "social and emotional skills, language skills, thinking skills, nurturing the imagination".

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The difference lies in perception or reality of the toy's intention and value. An educational toy is expected to educate. It is expected to instruct, promote

4553: 911:(e.g. the Skil Craft Biology Lab). Other companies produced biological models such as the Visible Frog Anatomy Kit and human anatomical models such as the 3464: 581: 181: 3147: 1220: 458: 3052: 2197: 1338:

age youngsters, simple wooden blocks might be a good starting point for a child to begin to understand causal relationships, basic principles of

3370: 4644: 4341: 1029: 916: 1998: 1842: 927:, marketing slogans again reveal social tensions of the time, asserting that “Porter Science Prepares Young America for World Leadership”. 475: 352:

is generally credited with inventing the jigsaw puzzle or "dissected map" in 1766. He intended it to be an educational tool for geography.

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structural system was extended to a Hydro-Dynamic setup by adding pipes, valves, tanks, nozzles, and pumps to allow construction of model

3024: 995: 3910: 2141: 1120:. The expensive device attracted few buyers, and was soon upgraded and retargeted for the corporate technical training market. In 1963, 1342:(e.g. if a block falls from the top of a structure, it will fall until a surface stops its fall), and develop patience and rudimentary 625:. Patented as "Mechanics Made Easy" in 1901, it became known as "Meccano" in 1907. Educators were aware of societal changes caused by 585:

people. However, the emergence of an industrialized toy manufacturing industry in Canada, Britain, and elsewhere was disrupted by the

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considered an educational toy because 1) it is a natural object, not a designed one, and 2) it has no expected educational purpose.

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teaching geometry concepts suggests that manipulability and meaningfulness are more important than physicality. Students who used a

1180: 805: 108: 3624: 3317: 2474: 1252: 4394: 1350:, other, more sophisticated manipulatives might further aid the development of these skills. Interlocking manipulative toys like 42: 3593:"Studies Find That Use of Learning Toys Can Backfire Though some children helped, others distracted by in-class 'manipulatives'" 683:. For the hotel, Frank Lloyd Wright designed a system of interlocking timber beams that were intended protect the hotel against 4538: 4384: 3823: 943:; using precise but smaller quantities of chemicals is more economical and safer than traditional setups. The related genre of 895:

intended for children. By 1950, Porter sold as many as 15 different chemistry sets, ranging widely in price and contents. The

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The center of toy making in the 1800s was Germany, renowned for its fine craftsmanship. Between 1836 and 1850, German educator

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of the world. Importantly, the educational value derived by the child increases when the educational toy is age appropriate.

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Although portable chemical chests had existed as early as 1791, they were intended for use by adults, rather than children.

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a sport to them." This type of block, one of the first explicitly educational toys, is often identified as "Locke's Blocks".

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The Impact of Federal Policy on Teachers' Use of Science Manipulatives: A Survey of Teacher Philosophy and Practices Book

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but toys continued to be costly and belong to the wealthy. A toy might cost as much as a working man's wage for a week.

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educational toys may be just as effective as expensive purchased ones, as long as developmental issues are understood.

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and military toys, which could enable them to mimic adult activities such as managing a household or enacting a siege.

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differentiated from "promotional" toys, which are marketed primarily as part of a group of related products (e.g.

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Simple computers and game consoles that focused on children's learning started appearing in the 1980s, like this

474:" and less solid materials such as foldable papers which he called "occupations". Through interaction with these 309:

The identification of specific toys as having an explicitly educational purpose dates to the 1700s. In 1693, in

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Research on the history of toys and their use tends to focus on western cultures, but work has also been done on

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Toys, play, culture and society : an anthropological approach with reference to North Africa and the Sahara

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made of wood, clay, wax or cloth may be the earliest known toys. Archaeologists have found them in sites from

482:". It provided care and education for pre-school children whose parents were absent at work during the day. 4513: 3903: 3694: 1199: 1129: 888: 57: 3109: 4346: 4185: 3534:

Casper, Virginia; Theilheimer, Rachel (2010). "Chapter 4: Children Understanding the World through Play".

2988: 1479: 622: 2531:"What Makes Mathematics Manipulatives Effective? Lessons From Cognitive Science and Montessori Education" 1986:

The future of play theory : a multidisciplinary inquiry into the contributions of Brian Sutton-Smith

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as an early aid in learning typing. Small mice, about half the size of a typical adult mouse, or large

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computers may be custom-designed standalone toys, or personal computers tailored for children's use.

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was another leader, producing toys that promoted a wide variety of science activities. Their first

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microcomputer. Such projects were enthusiastically recommended as a merit badge activity for

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Laski, Elida V.; Jor’dan, Jamilah R.; Daoust, Carolyn; Murray, Angela K. (June 25, 2015).

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Female biography; containing notices of distinguished women, in different nations and ages

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circuit. This setup allowed simple computations to be performed, similar to a mechanical

150:") are objects of play, generally designed for children, which are expected to stimulate 2797: 2309: 4659: 4639: 4634: 4624: 4584: 4261: 4190: 3980: 3761: 3213: 2699:

OBJECTS OF AFFECTION: PRODUCING AND CONSUMING TOYS AND CHILDHOOD IN CANADA, 1840 - 1989

2574: 2482: 1744: 1634: 1604: 1523: 1473: 1277: 1184: 1117: 975: 858: 771: 638: 252: 1272: 1101:, or solve arithmetic puzzles, but the output resulted directly from the input given. 4725: 4654: 4563: 4508: 4503: 4445: 4276: 4112: 4097: 4082: 3995: 3955: 3867: 3709: 3652: 1901: 1651: 1546: 1492: 1447: 1379: 1211: 1137: 1082: 1055: 1025: 979: 920: 912: 892: 724: 653: 633: 626: 471: 447: 344: 2559: 2171: 641:

and other pieces which could be used to create all sorts of self-actuated machines.

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When toys come alive : narratives of animation, metamorphosis, and development

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without tormenting the whole family with noise, a room should be provided for them.

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Throughout the early part of the 20th century, a variety of new materials such as

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By 1880, the wooden blocks designed by Froebel had inspired the development of

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Mechling, Jay (1987). "Reviewed Work: Toys as Culture by Brian Sutton-Smith".

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in the United Kingdom as an inexpensive option that would promote teaching of

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Mindstorms the complete guide for families living with traumatic brain injury

2550: 915:. In 1950, Gilbert even produced a toy targeted at potential physicists, the 4320: 4291: 4266: 4150: 4005: 3919: 3766: 1867: 1690: 1671: 1612: 1594: 1564: 1551: 1533: 1429: 1391: 1312: 1298: 1043: 959: 944: 900: 764: 760: 665: 600: 419: 407: 387: 383: 375: 197: 155: 3625:"Average amount spent per child on toys by country in 2013 (in US dollars)" 2064:, Item #332, accessed January 23, 2017. Annotated by Miriam Forman-Brunell. 283:, which helped to develop manual dexterity, memory, and strategy. In 1560, 939:. Many modern chemistry sets are designed according to the guidelines of 551:

A wide array of manipulatives was introduced in the early 20th century by

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Toys have changed substantially throughout history, as has the concept of

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featured 6 electromechanical relays and a unique motorized display (1961)

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variety of creations. The company has created a line of kits for complex

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sets appeared in the 1920s, and were followed by many others. Gilbert's

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introduced a set of specially shaped geometric solids which he called "

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computations, solved problems in binary logic, and calculated simple

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Bruck, M. T. (1996). "Maria Edgeworth; Scientific 'LITERARY Lady'".

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limited range of purposes, concentrating on literacy and numeracy.

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Cole, David J.; Cole, Eve Browning; Schroeder, Fred E.H. (2003).

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toys). It is also possible for these categories to overlap (e.g.

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A bare-bones computing model was marketed in the form of a basic

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skills in lower-income schools, it has also become popular with

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programs, but was overshadowed by Lego in the consumer segment.

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Havis, Elizabeth G. Hainstock ; foreword by Lee (1997).

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By the 1980s, expanding on the popularity of build-your-own

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Teaching Montessori in the home : the pre-school years

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In 1961, Scientific Development Corporation introduced the

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Dawe, Bob (1997). "Tiny Arrowheads: Toys in the Toolkit".

891:'s Chemcraft set, marketed in 1915, was likely the first 3345:"These 5 Kits Can Teach Kids About Computers and Coding" 2146:

National Association for the Education of Young Children

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Pieter Bruegel the Elder’s "Children's Games" (Painting)

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with a primitive memory, all designed by the pioneer of

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with a small amount of radioactive material. During the

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Meccano in 1899 to encourage his children's interest in

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The history of toys : from spinning tops to robots

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Works of Maria Edgeworth: Modern Griselda. Moral tales

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is being used by teachers and students. Introduced by

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learning theories of computer scientist and educator

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Edgeworth, Maria; Edgeworth, Richard Lovell (1825).

2029:(1st ed.). New Haven, Conn.: Yale Univ. Press. 4668: 4577: 4494: 4418: 4370: 4229: 4126: 4021: 3926: 3837: 3816: 3790: 3682: 2849:Maciorowski, Ed; Maciorowski, Jeff (Nov 16, 2015). 2702:. Kingston, Ontario: Queen’s University. p. 23 985:Marketing of science toys has tended to be heavily 49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3536:Early childhood education : learning together 1900: 1866: 1743: 3025:"The Rise and Fall and Rise of the Chemistry Set" 2647:V&A Museum of Childhood Bethnal Green, London 1989:. Albany: State Univ. of New York Press. p. 1159:, it was possible to buy a kit to build your own 1081:, and in 1958 a similar toy called Brainiac. The 3060:University of Cincinnati Department of Chemistry 2504:Montessori, Maria; George, Anne Everett (1912). 644:Tinkertoy was developed and patented in 1914 by 3506:. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe. pp. 163–164. 3503:Encyclopedia of education and human development 1400:The term "educational toy" is often applied in 799:from 1880 are still compatible with modern sets 404: 3431:A child's work: the importance of fantasy play 3103: 3101: 1013:A. C. Gilbert Girl's lab technician set, 1950s 958:kits, each focused on a single topic, such as 750:, or "play well", and is also translatable in 3904: 3660: 2691: 2689: 1907:. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 564:tying a shoelace. She also developed sets of 497:) made of artificial stone in Germany by the 335:Dissected map of Europe, John Spilsbury, 1766 8: 3570:. New York: P. Lang. pp. 86–89, 92–93. 3018: 3016: 3014: 2599:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2247: 2245: 2243: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3199: 2852:The Ultimate Guide to Collectible Lego Sets 2074: 2072: 2070: 1170:The Lego company expanded into the area of 723:. Other extensions of the system supported 523:"Tom Tit") published weekly articles about 3911: 3897: 3889: 3667: 3653: 3645: 3500:Farenga, Stephen J.; Ness, Daniel (2005). 2637: 2635: 398:and the exciting discoveries of the first 3567:The politics of early childhood education 3458: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3343:Pullen, John Patrick (October 13, 2015). 3081:"My Experience with Gilbert Science Sets" 2579:(New updated ed.). New York: Plume. 2549: 1894: 1892: 1890: 109:Learn how and when to remove this message 3433:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 3375:Transformative Learning Technologies Lab 2796:Klein, Christopher (February 12, 2016). 2277:. Boston: S. H. Parker. pp. 305–308 2136: 2134: 660:Lincoln Logs were introduced in 1918 by 422:; if they are to take sufficient bodily 180: 16:Plaything intended to stimulate learning 3559: 3557: 3555: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2510:. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Company 2442:The encyclopedia of everyday inventions 2434: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2379:. Pepperdine University. pp. 24–. 1974: 1972: 1970: 1737: 1735: 1731: 1216: 991: 786: 547:Some of Montessori's many manipulatives 128:bricks encourage learning through play. 3141: 3139: 3137: 3135: 2592: 2410:. Philadelphia: Thomas Wardle. p. 230. 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 1421:Examples of educational toys include: 1030:Gilbert U-238 Atomic Energy Laboratory 947:science toys has also become popular. 917:Gilbert U-238 Atomic Energy Laboratory 154:. They are often intended to meet an 3412:"Tech in the Classroom: Raspberry Pi" 3023:Zielinski, Sarah (October 10, 2012). 7: 2726:The Strong National Hall Toy of Fame 2324:"Victorian Toys and Victorian Games" 2176:The Strong National Hall Toy of Fame 343:may be the earliest inventor of the 47:adding citations to reliable sources 3318:"Electronics kits for merit badges" 1983:. In Pellegrini, Anthony D. (ed.). 1662:Science Kit and Boreal Laboratories 1417:Didactic model of anatomical planes 1359:Measuring educational effectiveness 1093:and could not solve problems using 857:Automatic marble sorter built with 725:suburban-style housing developments 4711:Parents Against Child Exploitation 3474:. September: 50–56. Archived from 3399:. Cambridge, Mass.: Da Capo Press. 3212:Sullivan, Jim (October 30, 2014). 2116:Some Thoughts Concerning Education 1262:digital mechanical computer (1963) 811:Model steam locomotive built with 731:transportation systems (Skyrail). 341:Jeanne-Marie Le Prince de Beaumont 312:Some Thoughts Concerning Education 14: 4681:Mothers Apart from Their Children 3591:Viadero, Debra (April 24, 2007). 3316:Perry, Robert L. (October 1982). 2082:Toys, play, and child development 1810:. New York, N.Y.: Gardner Press. 1686:Constructionism (learning theory) 1230:computer lacked any memory (1955) 1054:, consisting of three calibrated 3872: 3863: 3862: 2926:"The Importance of Pretend Play" 2902:"Is Pretend Play Good for Kids?" 2696:Hutchinson, Braden P.L. (2013). 1773:The Journal of American Folklore 1251: 1235: 1219: 1073:Around 1955, computer scientist 1018: 1006: 994: 850: 835: 819: 804: 789: 23: 4539:Management of domestic violence 4385:Corporal punishment in the home 3824:American International Toy Fair 3172:Berry Drago, Elisabeth (2016). 3108:Berry Drago, Elisabeth (2016). 2951:"Rebel without a Chemistry Set" 2949:Berry Drago, Elisabeth (2016). 2855:. F+W Media, Inc. p. 112. 2475:"The Collaged World of Tom Tit" 1077:designed the computational toy 875:Chemistry sets and science kits 580:(1914-1918), countries such as 468:Friedrich Wilhelm August Fröbel 430:In contrast to the Edgeworths, 255:emphasizes their universality. 34:needs additional citations for 4696:National Fatherhood Initiative 2079:Goldstein, Jeffrey H. (1994). 1001:Gilbert chemistry set, ca.1940 566:Montessori sensorial materials 1: 4701:National Parents Organization 4426:Adverse childhood experiences 3429:Paley, Vivian Gussin (2004). 2672:What did children do for fun? 2615:"Early History of Montessori" 2406:Samuel Lorenzo Knapp (1843), 2373:Helgoe, Catherine A. (2008). 2062:Children and Youth in History 1953:10.1080/2052546.1997.11931825 1899:Kuznets, Lois Rostow (1994). 1515:Skil Craft Biology Lab, 1960s 1346:. For a child moving towards 1306:Educational theories and play 976:science and technology center 538: 4466:Effects of domestic violence 4108:Social emotional development 1831:Rossie, Jean-Pierre (2005). 1806:Sutton Smith, Brian (1986). 738:was originally developed by 4282:Identification (psychology) 3606:(34): 12–13. Archived from 3564:Soto, Lourdes Diaz (1999). 3275:. December 1921. p. 36 3269:"Chemcraft (Advertisement)" 3146:Hix, Lisa (July 20, 2011). 2798:"The Birth of Lincoln Logs" 2619:American Montessori Society 1472:Electronic toys (see also: 4748: 4706:Parent–teacher association 4481:Parental abuse by children 4362:Positive Parenting Program 4312:Parent management training 4307:Normative social influence 3410:Cunningham, Jason (2013). 2993:Chemical Heritage Magazine 2643:"Must Have Toys 1900-1919" 2298:Irish Astronomical Journal 1151:and electronics kits from 1110:electromechanical computer 539:Montessori's manipulatives 4691:National Childbirth Trust 4486:Stress in early childhood 4206:Taking children seriously 4038:Applied behavior analysis 3858: 3808:National Toy Hall of Fame 3803:Toy Industry Hall of Fame 3297:. Early Computers Project 2883:Stagnitti, Karen (2011). 2815:Tillotson, Giles (2008). 2748:"Tinkertoys Vintage Toys" 2252:Edgeworth, Maria (1798). 2234:"The Time of the Jigsaws" 2113:Locke, John (1909–1914). 1873:. London: Octopus Books. 1721:Educational entertainment 719:systems like a simulated 169:, emotional or physical 4347:The talk (sex education) 4058:Developmental psychology 3829:Toy Industry Association 3463:Guyton, Gabriel (2011). 3395:Papert, Seymour (2009). 3243:Bookseller and Stationer 2802:History in the Headlines 2551:10.1177/2158244015589588 2236:. BBC. 15 November 2016. 1865:Fraser, Antonia (1973). 1437:wooden construction cars 1085:construction sets used 757:architectural structures 703:skyscraper. Later, this 372:Richard Lovell Edgeworth 285:Pieter Bruegel the Elder 190:Pieter Bruegel the Elder 146:(sometimes also called " 4554:Parental responsibility 4514:Cost of raising a child 2885:"What is Pretend Play?" 2777:www.computerhistory.org 2023:Orme, Nicholas (2003). 1979:Kline, Stephen (1995). 1742:Jaffé, Deborah (2006). 1626:Botley the Coding Robot 1520:Models of real objects 1200:Raspberry Pi Foundation 1142:mathematical operations 1108:, a simple relay-based 889:Porter Chemical Company 555:. Based on her work in 531:in the French magazine 204:(1986), anthropologist 2544:(2): 215824401558958. 2119:. The Harvard Classics 1418: 1281: 1124:marketed the low-cost 623:mechanical engineering 548: 494: 463: 428: 336: 306: 296: 220: 193: 140: 129: 4676:Families Need Fathers 4237:After-school activity 4161:Concerted cultivation 4156:Buddha-like parenting 4088:Nature versus nurture 4053:Cognitive development 3720:Cymbal-banging monkey 3629:The Statistics Portal 2668:"Schools World War I" 2507:The Montessori Method 1941:Plains Anthropologist 1837:. Stockholm: SITREC. 1545:Model microbes, e.g. 1416: 1344:hand-eye coordination 1275: 897:A. C. Gilbert Company 740:Ole Kirk Christiansen 696:in plastic versions. 561:The Montessori method 546: 461: 453: 334: 304: 215: 184: 135: 124: 4534:Right to family life 4461:Dysfunctional family 4171:Free-range parenting 4146:Attachment parenting 4136:Achievement ideology 3613:on February 2, 2017. 3249:: 191. March 1, 1921 3029:Smithsonian Magazine 2987:Cook, Rosie (2010). 1701:Educational software 1539:Model animals, e.g. 941:microscale chemistry 777:vocational education 717:chemical engineering 664:, second son of the 495:Anker-Steinbaukasten 462:Replica Fröbel Gifts 440:Charlotte Mary Yonge 43:improve this article 4549:Parental alienation 4476:Narcissistic parent 4400:Positive discipline 4221:Work at home parent 4201:Strict father model 4186:Nurturant parenting 4093:Parental investment 3928:Kinship terminology 3850:List of wooden toys 2989:"Chemistry at Play" 2485:on 14 December 2012 2310:1996IrAJ...23...49B 2258:Practical Education 1667:Thames & Kosmos 1622:Kasey the Kinderbot 1560:Musical instruments 1541:Carnegie collection 1134:electronic circuits 1087:combinational logic 972:mechanical linkages 954:issued a series of 937:Thames & Kosmos 797:Anchor Stone Blocks 770:In the late 1960s, 727:(Build-A-Home), or 721:distillation column 615:Lancashire, England 525:La Science Amusante 510:La Science Amusante 499:Lilienthal brothers 487:Anchor Stone Blocks 400:chemical revolution 363:Practical Education 356:A Rational Toy-Shop 317:liberal philosopher 4595:T. Berry Brazelton 4332:Social integration 4068:Identity formation 3369:Blikstein, Paulo. 3152:Collector's Weekly 3050:Jensen, William B. 2328:Victorian Children 2214:on 2 February 2017 2205:Old World Auctions 2152:on 2 February 2017 1750:. Stroud: Sutton. 1536:and other vehicles 1452:Construction toys 1419: 1323:, and engaging in 1315:, reasoning about 1282: 1114:information theory 1038:Computational toys 982:in San Francisco. 968:static electricity 950:Starting in 1940, 669:Frank Lloyd Wright 650:Evanston, Illinois 549: 464: 337: 307: 221: 206:Brian Sutton Smith 194: 141: 130: 4719: 4718: 4529:Family disruption 4451:Cinderella effect 4431:Child abandonment 4405:Tactical ignoring 4302:Moral development 4181:Helicopter parent 4176:Gatekeeper parent 4141:Atlas personality 4118:Social psychology 4063:Human development 4048:Child development 4033:Attachment theory 3886: 3885: 3218:Discover Magazine 2172:"Alphabet Blocks" 2026:Medieval children 2000:978-0-7914-2641-8 1844:978-91-974811-3-7 1480:Speak & Spell 1348:elementary school 1325:symbolic thinking 1064:Wheatstone bridge 956:Things of Science 734:The building toy 662:John Lloyd Wright 646:Charles H. Pajeau 572:Construction sets 119: 118: 111: 93: 58:"Educational toy" 4739: 4732:Educational toys 4569:Shared parenting 4380:Blanket training 4372:Child discipline 4012:In loco parentis 3991:Shared parenting 3913: 3906: 3899: 3890: 3876: 3866: 3865: 3700:Construction set 3669: 3662: 3655: 3646: 3640: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3621: 3615: 3614: 3612: 3597: 3588: 3582: 3581: 3561: 3550: 3549: 3531: 3525: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3497: 3491: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3480: 3469: 3460: 3445: 3444: 3426: 3420: 3419: 3407: 3401: 3400: 3392: 3386: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3366: 3360: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3340: 3334: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3313: 3307: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3291: 3285: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3265: 3259: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3209: 3194: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3169: 3163: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3143: 3130: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3105: 3096: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3077: 3071: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3057: 3046: 3040: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3020: 3009: 3008: 3006: 3004: 2984: 2971: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2946: 2940: 2939: 2937: 2936: 2922: 2916: 2915: 2913: 2912: 2906:Psychology Today 2898: 2892: 2891: 2889: 2880: 2874: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2846: 2840: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2812: 2806: 2805: 2793: 2787: 2786: 2784: 2783: 2769: 2763: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2743: 2737: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2718: 2712: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2693: 2684: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2664: 2658: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2639: 2630: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2611: 2605: 2604: 2598: 2590: 2570: 2564: 2563: 2553: 2535: 2526: 2520: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2501: 2495: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2481:. 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Kazdin 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4585:Mary Ainsworth 4581: 4579: 4575: 4574: 4572: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4500: 4498: 4497:social aspects 4492: 4491: 4489: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4422: 4420: 4416: 4415: 4413: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4376: 4374: 4368: 4367: 4365: 4364: 4359: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4262:Dishabituation 4259: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4233: 4231: 4227: 4226: 4224: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4191:Slow parenting 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4132: 4130: 4124: 4123: 4121: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4029: 4027: 4022:Theories 4019: 4018: 4016: 4015: 4008: 4003: 4001:Blended family 3998: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3981:Nuclear family 3978: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3932: 3930: 3924: 3923: 3918: 3916: 3915: 3908: 3901: 3893: 3884: 3883: 3881: 3880: 3870: 3859: 3856: 3855: 3853: 3852: 3847: 3841: 3839: 3838:Related topics 3835: 3834: 3832: 3831: 3826: 3820: 3818: 3814: 3813: 3811: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3794: 3792: 3788: 3787: 3785: 3784: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3733: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3686: 3684: 3680: 3679: 3674: 3672: 3671: 3664: 3657: 3649: 3642: 3641: 3616: 3600:Education Week 3583: 3576: 3551: 3544: 3526: 3512: 3492: 3472:Young Children 3446: 3439: 3421: 3402: 3387: 3361: 3335: 3308: 3286: 3260: 3230: 3195: 3164: 3131: 3097: 3085:Jitterbuzz.com 3072: 3041: 3010: 2972: 2941: 2930:Scholastic.com 2917: 2893: 2875: 2861: 2841: 2827: 2807: 2788: 2764: 2746:Coopee, Todd. 2738: 2713: 2685: 2659: 2631: 2606: 2586:978-0452279094 2585: 2565: 2521: 2496: 2465: 2452:978-0313313455 2451: 2412: 2399: 2385: 2365: 2340: 2315: 2288: 2263: 2260:. 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