966:. This requires each computer to hold a copy of all the information to be rendered and increases bandwidth, but also increases latency. Also, each computer can render a different region of a single frame and send the results over a network for display. This again requires each computer to hold all of the data and can lead to a load imbalance when one computer is responsible for rendering a region of the screen with more information than other computers. Finally, each computer can render an entire frame containing a subset of the information. The resulting images plus the associated
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517:, and representing abstract data in a form that facilitates human interaction for exploration and understanding. Important aspects of information visualization are dynamics of visual representation and the interactivity. Strong techniques enable the user to modify the visualization in real-time, thus affording unparalleled perception of patterns and structural relations in the abstract data in question.
805:). VR is also characterized by the use of a spatial metaphor, where some aspect of the information is represented in three dimensions so that humans can explore the information as if it were present (where instead it was remote), sized appropriately (where instead it was on a much smaller or larger scale than humans can sense directly), or had shape (where instead it might be completely abstract).
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909:. For example, consider an aircraft avionics system where the pilot inputs roll, pitch, and yaw and the visualization system provides a rendering of the aircraft's new attitude. Another example would be a scientist who changes a simulation while it is running in response to a visualization of its current progress. This is called
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is often used to measure how interactive a visualization is. Framerates measure the frequency with which an image (a frame) can be generated by a visualization system. A framerate of 50 frames per second (frame/s) is considered good while 0.1 frame/s would be considered poor. The use of framerates to
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Another type of interactive visualization is collaborative visualization, in which multiple people interact with the same computer visualization to communicate their ideas to each other or to explore information cooperatively. Frequently, collaborative visualization is used when people are physically
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Computer graphics has from its beginning been used to study scientific problems. However, in its early days the lack of graphics power often limited its usefulness. The recent emphasis on visualization started in 1987 with the publication of
Visualization in Scientific Computing, a special issue of
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based on human input within this time frame. However, when large amounts of data must be processed to create a visualization, this becomes hard or even impossible with current technology. Thus the term "interactive visualization" is usually applied to systems that provide feedback to users within
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is the transformation, selection, or representation of data from simulations or experiments, with an implicit or explicit geometric structure, to allow the exploration, analysis, and understanding of the data. Scientific visualization focuses and emphasizes the representation of higher order data
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Its focus is on human information discourse (interaction) within massive, dynamically changing information spaces. Visual analytics research concentrates on support for perceptual and cognitive operations that enable users to detect the expected and discover the unexpected in complex information
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Apart from the distinction between interactive visualizations and animation, the most useful categorization is probably between abstract and model-based scientific visualizations. The abstract visualizations show completely conceptual constructs in 2D or 3D. These generated shapes are completely
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and non-computer-based visualization methods complementarily. Thus properly designed visualization is an important part of not only data analysis but knowledge transfer process, too. Knowledge transfer may be significantly improved using hybrid designs as it enhances information density but may
991:– where simplified representations of information are rendered to achieve a desired framerate while a person is providing input and then the full representation is used to generate a still image once the person is through manipulating the visualization. One common variant of LOD rendering is
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separated. Using several networked computers, the same visualization can be presented to each person simultaneously. The people then make annotations to the visualization as well as communicate via audio (i.e., telephone), video (i.e., a video-conference), or text (i.e.,
669:. 3D product visualization promises more interactive experiences for online shoppers, but also challenges retailers to overcome hurdles in the production of 3D content, as large-scale 3D content production can be extremely costly and time-consuming.
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can then be sent across the network and merged with the images from other computers. The result is a single frame containing all the information to be rendered, even though no single computer's memory held all of the information. This is called
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Information visualization concentrates on the use of computer-supported tools to explore large amount of abstract data. The term "information visualization" was originally coined by the User
Interface Research Group at Xerox PARC and included
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points for each 1 point rendered. Subsampling can also be used to accelerate rendering techniques such as volume visualization that require more than twice the computations for an image twice the size. By rendering a smaller image and then
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that are also shown on such programs. TV also offers scientific visualizations when it shows computer drawn and animated reconstructions of road or airplane accidents. Some of the most popular examples of scientific visualizations are
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The rapid response time required for interactive visualization is a difficult constraint to meet and there are several approaches that have been explored to provide people with rapid visual feedback based on their input. Some include
962:– where more than one computer or video card is used simultaneously to render an image. Multiple frames can be rendered at the same time by different computers and the results transferred over the network for display on a single
637:. Product visualization software typically provides high levels of photorealism so that a product can be viewed before it is actually manufactured. This supports functions ranging from design and styling to sales and marketing.
949:. Specifically, it is possible to achieve a good framerate of 50 frame/s but if the images generated refer to changes to the visualization that a person made more than 1 second ago, it will not feel interactive to a person.
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focuses on human interaction with visualization systems as part of a larger process of data analysis. Visual analytics has been defined as "the science of analytical reasoning supported by the interactive visual interface".
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involves visualization software technology for the viewing and manipulation of 3D models, technical drawing and other related documentation of manufactured components and large assemblies of products. It is a key part of
981:– where a framerate is guaranteed by rendering some subset of the information to be presented and providing incremental (progressive) improvements to the rendering once the visualization is no longer changing.
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arbitrary. The model-based visualizations either place overlays of data on real or digitally constructed images of reality or make a digital construction of a real object directly from the scientific data.
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to communicate a message. Visualization through visual imagery has been an effective way to communicate both abstract and concrete ideas since the dawn of humanity. from history include
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software, having very often its origins in universities, within an academic environment where sharing software tools and giving access to the source code is common. There are also many
570:. While information visualization concentrates on the use of computer-supported tools to derive new insights, knowledge visualization focuses on transferring insights and creating new
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using primarily graphics and animation techniques. It is a very important part of visualization and maybe the first one, as the visualization of experiments and phenomena is as old as
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Technologies resulting from visual analytics find their application in almost all fields, but are being driven by critical needs (and funding) in biology and national security.
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The use of visualization to present information is not a new phenomenon. It has been used in maps, scientific drawings, and data plots for over a thousand years. Examples from
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between when input is provided and a visual representation is updated is noticeable by most people . Thus it is desirable for an interactive visualization to provide a
1294:"Scientific Visualization." Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute. Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah, n.d. Retrieved from web
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Response time: changes made by the human must be incorporated into the visualization in a timely manner. In general, interactive visualization is considered a
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to create an image of something so it can be taught about. This is very useful when teaching about a topic that is difficult to otherwise see, for example,
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that involves studying how humans interact with computers to create graphic illustrations of information and how this process can be made more efficient.
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being represented or the way that the information is presented. When the information being presented is altered, the visualization is usually part of a
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Thomas, J.J., and Cook, K.A. (Eds) (2005). An
Illuminated Path: The Research and Development Agenda for Visual Analytics, IEEE Computer Society Press,
825:) was one of the first programmatic efforts at interactive visualization and provided an enumeration of the types of input humans provide. People can:
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a century and a half ago. Most of the concepts learned in devising these images carry over in a straightforward manner to computer visualization.
1029:– where the visualization is no longer presented as a time series of images, but as a single image where different regions are updated over time.
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Opila, J.; Opila, G. (May 2018). "Visualization of computable scalar 3D field using cubic interpolation or kernel density estimation function".
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may be implemented using iso-surfaces for field distribution and textures for the gradient of the field. Examples of such visual formats are
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toolkit, and data state models in spreadsheet systems such as the
Spreadsheet for Visualization and Spreadsheet for Images.
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2018 41st
International Convention on Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics (MIPRO)
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Visualization today has ever-expanding applications in science, education, engineering (e.g., product visualization),
191:'s revolutionary methods of technical drawing for engineering purposes that actively involve scientific requirements.
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The use of visual representations to transfer knowledge between at least two persons aims to improve the transfer of
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Kravetz, Stephen A. and David Womble. ed. Introduction to
Bioinformatics. Totowa, N.J. Humana Press, 2003.
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657:(CAD). CAD-drawings and models have several advantages over hand-made drawings such as the possibility of
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More frequently, the representation of the information is changed rather than the information itself.
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Computer
Graphics. Since then, there have been several conferences and workshops, co-sponsored by the
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Many conferences occur where interactive visualization academic papers are presented and published.
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is the use of interactive, sensory representations, typically visual, of abstract data to reinforce
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the image to fill the requested screen space, much less time is required to render the same data.
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Edward R. Tufte (1997). Visual
Explanations: Images and Quantities, Evidence and Narrative.
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characterize interactivity is slightly misleading however, since framerate is a measure of
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of information, or of the information being represented, must be available to a human, and
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Set of techniques for creating images, diagrams, or animations to communicate a message
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1281:"Scientific Visualization." sciencedaily.com. Science Daily, 2010. Retrieved from web
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All of these actions require a physical device. Input devices range from the common –
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has written three critically acclaimed books that explain many of these principles.
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210:) may be the most important development in visualization since the invention of
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For a visualization to be considered interactive it must satisfy two criteria:
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simulations), a lower resolution version can easily be generated by skipping
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and is used when large amounts of information must be rendered interactively.
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454:. There are several different techniques to visualize scientific data, with
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Interactive Data
Visualization: Foundations, Techniques, and Applications.
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Data visualization is a related subcategory of visualization dealing with
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Most people are familiar with the digital animations produced to present
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163:)), also known as Graphics Visualization, is any technique for creating
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Amer. Soc. of
Information Science and Technology (ASIS&T SIGVIS)
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324:, though few can distinguish between those models of reality and the
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https://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/s/scientific_visualization.htm
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a point of interest (which may not have an existing representation);
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Visual Explanations: Images and Quantities, Evidence and Narrative
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Visualization of how a car deforms in an asymmetrical crash using
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The Craft of Information Visualization: Readings and Reflections
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Simulation of a Raleigh–Taylor instability caused by two mixing
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Information Visualization: Design for Interaction (2nd Edition)
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Reactive Business Intelligence. From Data to Models to Insight
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models popularized by systems such as AVS, IRIS Explorer, and
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Models and frameworks for building visualizations include the
202:, etc. Typical of a visualization application is the field of
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Special Interest Group in Visualization Information and Sound
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decrease clarity as well. For example, visualization of a 3D
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Readings in information visualization: using vision to think
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The Programmer's Hierarchical Interactive Graphics System (
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is an important aspect of product development. Originally
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itself. Traditional areas of scientific visualization are
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Scientific visualization is usually done with specialized
250:) at the extreme right, beyond the island of "Taprobane" (
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by using various complementary visualizations. See also:
337:
in action, out in the void far beyond Earth, or on other
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IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
1690:
1338:"Role of Visualization in a Knowledge Transfer Process"
715:
resources. Recent research in the field has focused on
1599:(1992). The Visual Display of Quantitative Information
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When the information being represented is stored in a
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Experiments have shown that a delay of more than 20
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These input actions can be used to control both the
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One particular type of interactive visualization is
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http://www.sci.utah.edu/research/visualization.html
1085:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
582:, knowledge visualization aims to further transfer
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1169:
782:Human input: control of some aspect of the visual
30:Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see
1554:(eds.). Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc. pp.
645:were made by hand, but with the rise of advanced
1645:Scientific Visualization Tutorials, Georgia Tech
1602:Edward R. Tufte (1990). Envisioning Information.
285:(2nd century AD), a map of China (1137 AD), and
832:some part of an existing visual representation;
1640:National Institute of Standards and Technology
1608:Matthew Ward, Georges Grinstein, Daniel Keim.
1203:The Visual Display of Quantitative Information
2647:Note: This template roughly follows the 2012
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8:
368:packages of scientific visualization tools.
1572:Will Schroeder, Ken Martin, Bill Lorensen.
1258:"evl – electronic visualization laboratory"
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2608:
1957:
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341:. Dynamic forms of visualization, such as
254:, oversized) and the "Aurea Chersonesus" (
242:(circa 150), indicating the countries of "
206:. The invention of computer graphics (and
1353:
1145:Learn how and when to remove this message
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
505:) that is abstracted in schematic form.
481:
391:
229:
140:
1659:Periodic Table of Visualization Methods
1157:
3347:Knowledge representation and reasoning
1650:Scientific Visualization Studio (NASA)
1472:. Trento, Italy: Reactive Search Srl.
3372:Philosophy of artificial intelligence
1381:. Opatija: IEEE. pp. 0189–0194.
1002:rectangular array (as is common with
525:Educational visualization is using a
7:
2691:Energy consumption (Green computing)
1083:adding citations to reliable sources
65:adding citations to reliable sources
3377:Distributed artificial intelligence
2649:ACM Computing Classification System
1419:"3D Workflows in Global E-Commerce"
945:while humans are more sensitive to
933:several seconds of input. The term
222:also helped advance visualization.
2882:Integrated development environment
1520:Charles D. Hansen, Chris Johnson.
472:Data and information visualization
466:Data and information visualization
25:
3357:Automated planning and scheduling
2887:Software configuration management
1342:Business Systems Research Journal
850:an option from a list of options;
3611:
3601:
3592:
3591:
1059:
486:Relative average utilization of
41:
3602:
3005:Computational complexity theory
1070:needs additional citations for
320:data during weather reports on
238:, reconstituted from Ptolemy's
52:needs additional citations for
2789:Network performance evaluation
1516:The Elements of Graphing Data.
1514:Cleveland, William S. (1994).
1336:Opiła, Janusz (1 April 2019).
817:Human control of visualization
752:Interactive data visualization
688:through the visual display of
578:. Beyond the mere transfer of
32:Visualization (disambiguation)
1:
3160:Multimedia information system
3145:Geographic information system
3135:Enterprise information system
2724:Computer systems organization
1762:Biological data visualization
1316:http://datavis.ca/milestones/
1094:"Visualization" graphics
1045:Spatial visualization ability
920:Rapid response to human input
76:"Visualization" graphics
3519:Computational social science
3107:Theoretical computer science
2920:Software development process
2696:Electronic design automation
2681:Very Large Scale Integration
1706:ACM Transactions on Graphics
692:. Primarily associated with
635:product lifecycle management
3342:Natural language processing
3130:Information storage systems
1486:Bederson, Benjamin B., and
1387:10.23919/MIPRO.2018.8400036
1326:(Burkhard and Meier, 2004),
448:astrophysical visualization
218:period. The development of
3674:
3258:Human–computer interaction
3228:Intrusion detection system
3140:Social information systems
3125:Database management system
1802:Mathematical visualization
1574:The Visualization Toolkit,
1523:The Visualization Handbook
973:parallel depth compositing
896:omnidirectional treadmills
856:by inputting a number; and
749:
475:
469:
402:
269:'s information graphic of
29:
3587:
3524:Computational engineering
3499:Computational mathematics
2645:
1797:Information visualization
1782:Educational visualization
1494:, Morgan Kaufmann, 2003,
765:interactive visualisation
761:Interactive visualization
719:and graphically oriented
521:Educational visualization
456:isosurface reconstruction
331:computer-generated images
256:Southeast Asian peninsula
18:Educational visualization
3643:Visualization (graphics)
3534:Computational healthcare
3529:Differentiable computing
3448:Graphics processing unit
2867:Domain-specific language
2736:Computational complexity
1973:Charles-René de Fourcroy
1822:Scientific visualization
1749:of technical information
1620:The Grammar of Graphics,
1466:; Mauro Brunato (2011).
431:Scientific visualization
415:scientific visualization
405:Scientific visualization
388:Scientific visualization
3509:Computational chemistry
3443:Photograph manipulation
3334:Artificial intelligence
3150:Decision support system
1585:, Prentice Hall, 2007,
1172:Envisioning Information
639:Technical visualization
537:Knowledge visualization
462:being the more common.
460:direct volume rendering
147:finite element analysis
3574:Educational technology
3405:Reinforcement learning
3155:Process control system
3053:Computational geometry
3043:Algorithmic efficiency
3038:Analysis of algorithms
2686:Systems on Chip (SoCs)
2393:Christopher R. Johnson
1945:Technical illustration
1832:Software visualization
1355:10.2478/bsrj-2019-0012
1298:. on 17 November 2011.
1285:. on 17 November 2011.
911:computational steering
756:Interactive whiteboard
490:
452:chemical visualization
400:
274:
259:
196:interactive multimedia
149:
3648:Computational science
3544:Electronic publishing
3514:Computational biology
3504:Computational physics
3400:Unsupervised learning
3314:Distributed computing
3190:Information retrieval
3097:Mathematical analysis
3087:Mathematical software
2970:Theory of computation
2935:Software construction
2925:Requirements analysis
2803:Software organization
2731:Computer architecture
2701:Hardware acceleration
2666:Printed circuit board
2287:Lawrence J. Rosenblum
2100:Edward Walter Maunder
2024:Charles Joseph Minard
1842:User interface design
1817:Product visualization
1506:Cleveland, William S.
979:Progressive rendering
769:graphic visualization
655:computer-aided design
653:has been replaced by
630:Product visualization
625:Product visualization
485:
476:Further information:
444:medical visualization
395:
343:educational animation
307:IEEE Computer Society
265:
233:
144:
3304:Concurrent computing
3276:Ubiquitous computing
3248:Application security
3243:Information security
3072:Discrete mathematics
3048:Randomized algorithm
3000:Computability theory
2978:Model of computation
2950:Software maintenance
2945:Software engineering
2907:Software development
2857:Programming language
2852:Programming paradigm
2769:Network architecture
2567:Scientific modelling
2542:Information graphics
2282:Clifford A. Pickover
2232:William S. Cleveland
2140:Henry Norris Russell
2125:Howard G. Funkhouser
2069:Florence Nightingale
2034:Francis Amasa Walker
1930:Statistical graphics
1852:Volume visualization
1827:Social visualization
1079:improve this article
1040:Graphical perception
886:– to the esoteric –
678:Visual communication
673:Visual communication
503:thematic cartography
495:statistical graphics
366:proprietary software
283:Ptolemy's Geographia
208:3D computer graphics
181:Egyptian hieroglyphs
161:spelling differences
61:improve this article
3579:Document management
3569:Operations research
3494:Enterprise software
3410:Multi-task learning
3395:Supervised learning
3117:Information systems
2940:Software deployment
2897:Software repository
2751:Real-time computing
2547:Information science
2510:in computer science
2302:Sheelagh Carpendale
2237:George G. Robertson
2074:Karl Wilhelm Pohlke
2009:André-Michel Guerry
1885:Graph of a function
1880:Engineering drawing
1655:Visual-literacy.org
1314:. Project moved to
1027:Frameless rendering
212:central perspective
3362:Search methodology
3309:Parallel computing
3266:Interaction design
3175:Computing platform
3102:Numerical analysis
3092:Information theory
2877:Software framework
2840:Software notations
2779:Network components
2676:Integrated circuit
2587:Volume cartography
2351:Early 21st century
2247:Catherine Plaisant
2242:Bruce H. McCormick
2196:Mary Eleanor Spear
2186:Arthur H. Robinson
2120:Arthur Lyon Bowley
2093:Early 20th century
1940:Technical drawings
1812:Molecular graphics
1787:Flow visualization
1777:Data visualization
1701:IEEE Visualization
1538:Mackinlay, Jock D.
1425:. 28 February 2020
1236:. Graphics Press.
959:Parallel rendering
903:unique information
862:by inputting text.
643:technical drawings
616:picture dictionary
491:
440:flow visualization
401:
295:invasion of Russia
275:
260:
150:
3653:Computer graphics
3625:
3624:
3554:Electronic voting
3484:Quantum Computing
3477:Applied computing
3463:Image compression
3233:Hardware security
3223:Security services
3180:Digital marketing
2960:Open-source model
2872:Modeling language
2784:Network scheduler
2605:
2604:
2582:Visual perception
2532:Graphic organizer
2505:Computer graphics
2476:
2475:
2458:Martin Wattenberg
2433:Hanspeter Pfister
2388:Martin Krzywinski
2312:Jock D. Mackinlay
2292:Thomas A. DeFanti
2215:Late 20th century
2135:Ejnar Hertzsprung
1837:Technical drawing
1616:Wilkinson, Leland
1510:Visualizing Data.
1479:978-88-905795-0-9
1155:
1154:
1147:
1129:
1012:finite difference
985:Level-of-detail (
663:rapid prototyping
647:computer graphics
620:visual dictionary
289:'s map (1861) of
236:Ptolemy world map
204:computer graphics
189:Leonardo da Vinci
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
3665:
3615:
3614:
3605:
3604:
3595:
3594:
3415:Cross-validation
3387:Machine learning
3271:Social computing
3238:Network security
3033:Algorithm design
2955:Programming team
2915:Control variable
2892:Software library
2830:Software quality
2825:Operating system
2774:Network protocol
2639:Computer science
2632:
2625:
2618:
2609:
2592:Volume rendering
2577:Visual analytics
2572:Spatial analysis
2552:Misleading graph
2403:David McCandless
2378:Gordon Kindlmann
2342:Alfred Inselberg
2337:Leland Wilkinson
2272:Michael Friendly
2206:Howard T. Fisher
2169:Mid 20th century
2110:W. E. B. Du Bois
2014:William Playfair
2004:Adolphe Quetelet
1978:Joseph Priestley
1961:Pre-19th century
1958:
1925:Skeletal formula
1792:Geovisualization
1767:Chemical imaging
1740:
1733:
1726:
1717:
1569:
1483:
1464:Battiti, Roberto
1451:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1357:
1333:
1327:
1324:
1318:
1308:Michael Friendly
1305:
1299:
1292:
1286:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1228:Tufte, Edward R.
1224:
1218:
1217:
1206:(2nd ed.).
1198:Tufte, Edward R.
1194:
1188:
1187:
1175:
1166:Tufte, Edward R.
1162:
1150:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1130:
1128:
1087:
1063:
1055:
876:graphics tablets
773:computer science
732:Visual analytics
727:Visual analytics
531:atomic structure
411:computer science
409:As a subject in
326:satellite photos
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
3673:
3672:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3662:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3621:
3612:
3583:
3564:Word processing
3472:
3458:Virtual reality
3419:
3381:
3352:Computer vision
3328:
3324:Multiprocessing
3290:
3252:
3218:Security hacker
3194:
3170:Digital library
3111:
3062:Mathematics of
3057:
3019:
2995:Automata theory
2990:Formal language
2964:
2930:Software design
2901:
2834:
2820:Virtual machine
2798:
2794:Network service
2755:
2746:Embedded system
2719:
2652:
2641:
2636:
2606:
2601:
2597:Information art
2537:Imaging science
2482:
2472:
2453:Fernanda Viégas
2448:Moritz Stefaner
2373:Jessica Hullman
2346:
2317:Alan MacEachren
2267:Ben Shneiderman
2210:
2164:
2088:
1987:
1949:
1862:
1856:
1807:Medical imaging
1750:
1744:
1636:
1597:Edward R. Tufte
1576:by August 2004.
1566:
1552:Ben Shneiderman
1536:
1488:Ben Shneiderman
1480:
1462:
1459:
1457:Further reading
1454:
1442:
1438:
1428:
1426:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1397:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1306:
1302:
1293:
1289:
1280:
1276:
1266:
1264:
1262:www.evl.uic.edu
1256:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1214:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1184:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1151:
1140:
1134:
1131:
1088:
1086:
1076:
1064:
1053:
1036:
922:
819:
799:virtual reality
767:is a branch of
758:
748:
729:
699:, it includes:
694:two dimensional
675:
627:
539:
523:
499:geospatial data
480:
474:
468:
407:
390:
385:
333:that show real
246:" and "Sinae" (
228:
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3671:
3669:
3661:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3630:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3619:
3609:
3599:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3468:Solid modeling
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3429:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3391:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3367:Control method
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3338:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3319:Multithreading
3316:
3311:
3306:
3300:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3262:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3213:Formal methods
3210:
3204:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3185:World Wide Web
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3121:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3068:
3066:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3029:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2974:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2911:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2848:
2846:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2765:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2662:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2627:
2620:
2612:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2562:Patent drawing
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2527:Graphic design
2524:
2519:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2486:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2468:Hadley Wickham
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2423:Tamara Munzner
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2322:David Goodsell
2319:
2314:
2309:
2307:Cynthia Brewer
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2201:Edgar Anderson
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2176:Jacques Bertin
2172:
2170:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2130:John B. Peddle
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2084:Francis Galton
2081:
2079:Toussaint Loua
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2059:Georg von Mayr
2056:
2051:
2049:Matthew Sankey
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1964:
1962:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1915:Sankey diagram
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1866:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1847:Visual culture
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1751:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1735:
1728:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1662:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1635:
1634:External links
1632:
1631:
1630:
1613:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1594:
1580:Spence, Robert
1577:
1570:
1564:
1534:
1531:
1528:Academic Press
1518:
1512:
1503:
1484:
1478:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1452:
1436:
1410:
1395:
1369:
1348:(1): 164–179.
1328:
1319:
1300:
1287:
1274:
1249:
1242:
1219:
1212:
1189:
1182:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1067:
1065:
1058:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1024:
1004:digital photos
982:
976:
921:
918:
864:
863:
857:
851:
845:
839:
833:
818:
815:
795:
794:
791:soft real-time
787:
784:representation
747:
744:
728:
725:
674:
671:
626:
623:
538:
535:
522:
519:
511:Jock Mackinlay
470:Main article:
467:
464:
425:building, and
403:Main article:
389:
386:
384:
381:
318:meteorological
267:Charles Minard
227:
224:
177:cave paintings
135:
134:
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3670:
3659:
3658:Data modeling
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3618:
3610:
3608:
3600:
3598:
3590:
3589:
3586:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3453:Mixed reality
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3384:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3287:
3286:Accessibility
3284:
3282:
3281:Visualization
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3060:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2741:Dependability
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2716:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2650:
2644:
2640:
2633:
2628:
2626:
2621:
2619:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
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2054:Charles Booth
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2029:Luigi Perozzo
2027:
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2019:August Kekulé
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
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1999:Charles Dupin
1997:
1996:
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1983:Gaspard Monge
1981:
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1968:Edmond Halley
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1772:Crime mapping
1770:
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1747:Visualization
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1591:0-13-206550-9
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1423:www.dgg3d.com
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1096: –
1095:
1091:
1090:Find sources:
1084:
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1073:
1068:This article
1066:
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1000:topologically
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701:alphanumerics
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682:communication
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651:drawing board
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157:visualisation
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153:Visualization
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117:February 2013
109:
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78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
3638:Infographics
3549:Cyberwarfare
3280:
3208:Cryptography
2557:Neuroimaging
2517:CPK coloring
2500:Color coding
2438:Hans Rosling
2418:Miriah Meyer
2383:Aaron Koblin
2368:Jeffrey Heer
2262:Edward Tufte
2257:Pat Hanrahan
2227:Nigel Holmes
2105:Otto Neurath
2044:Oliver Byrne
1992:19th century
1816:
1781:
1746:
1696:Eurographics
1686:ACM SIGGRAPH
1669:
1619:
1609:
1582:
1573:
1542:
1530:(June 2004).
1521:
1515:
1509:
1491:
1468:
1439:
1427:. Retrieved
1422:
1413:
1378:
1372:
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1341:
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1303:
1290:
1277:
1265:. Retrieved
1261:
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1202:
1192:
1171:
1160:
1141:
1135:January 2008
1132:
1122:
1115:
1108:
1101:
1089:
1077:Please help
1072:verification
1069:
1026:
1015:
992:
984:
978:
972:
968:depth buffer
957:
951:
935:interactive
934:
923:
915:
910:
900:
888:wired gloves
865:
859:
853:
847:
841:
835:
829:
820:
813:) messages.
807:
796:
777:
764:
760:
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741:
737:
730:
676:
638:
628:
604:perspectives
600:expectations
552:scalar field
540:
524:
515:transforming
507:
492:
478:Infographics
408:
383:Applications
370:
355:
351:
315:
311:ACM SIGGRAPH
303:
299:Edward Tufte
276:
239:
193:
156:
152:
151:
138:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
3559:Video games
3539:Digital art
3296:Concurrency
3165:Data mining
3077:Probability
2810:Interpreter
2490:Cartography
2428:Ade Olufeko
2398:Manuel Lima
2327:Kwan-Liu Ma
2252:Stuart Card
2222:Borden Dent
2160:Erwin Raisz
2115:Henry Gantt
1666:Conferences
1612:(May 2010).
1548:Card, S. K.
1267:2 September
994:subsampling
989:) rendering
894:, and even
803:stereoscopy
690:information
612:predictions
588:experiences
362:open source
279:cartography
216:Renaissance
3632:Categories
3617:Glossaries
3489:E-commerce
3082:Statistics
3025:Algorithms
2983:Stochastic
2815:Middleware
2671:Peripheral
2413:John Maeda
2191:John Tukey
2155:Harry Beck
2150:Fritz Kahn
1900:Photograph
1681:ACM SIGCHI
1243:0961392126
1213:0961392142
1183:0961392118
1105:newspapers
1051:References
880:trackballs
750:See also:
717:web design
713:electronic
667:simulation
661:modeling,
527:simulation
423:hypothesis
335:spacecraft
322:television
240:Geographia
173:animations
87:newspapers
3438:Rendering
3433:Animation
3064:computing
3015:Semantics
2706:Processor
2495:Chartjunk
2463:Bang Wong
2358:Polo Chau
2064:John Snow
2039:John Venn
1920:Schematic
1905:Pictogram
1622:Springer
1364:1847-9375
1200:(2001) .
1008:MRI scans
943:bandwidth
937:framerate
930:rendering
892:boom arms
884:touchpads
868:keyboards
721:usability
592:attitudes
572:knowledge
545:by using
543:knowledge
427:reasoning
419:cognition
373:data flow
347:timelines
252:Sri Lanka
220:animation
3597:Category
3425:Graphics
3200:Security
2862:Compiler
2761:Networks
2658:Hardware
2481:Related
1890:Ideogram
1691:ACM VRST
1657:, (e.g.
1540:(1999).
1508:(1993).
1429:22 April
1405:49640048
1310:(2008).
1230:(1997).
1168:(1990).
1034:See also
739:spaces.
608:opinions
584:insights
560:diagrams
556:sketches
547:computer
358:software
291:Napoleon
281:include
273:'s march
271:Napoleon
226:Overview
200:medicine
185:geometry
183:, Greek
169:diagrams
3607:Outline
2363:Ben Fry
1875:Diagram
1119:scholar
1021:scaling
964:monitor
947:latency
854:Valuate
844:a path;
680:is the
568:stories
501:(as in
436:science
339:planets
214:in the
101:scholar
2483:topics
1954:People
1861:Image
1755:Fields
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1010:, and
882:, and
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842:Stroke
836:Locate
711:, and
697:images
665:, and
610:, and
596:values
576:groups
564:images
450:, and
398:fluids
287:Minard
244:Serica
187:, and
165:images
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3010:Logic
2844:tools
1935:Table
1870:Chart
1863:types
1401:S2CID
1126:JSTOR
1112:books
860:Write
823:PHIGS
793:task.
709:signs
686:ideas
580:facts
248:China
171:, or
159:(see
108:JSTOR
94:books
2842:and
2715:Form
2711:Size
1910:Plot
1624:ISBN
1587:ISBN
1560:ISBN
1496:ISBN
1474:ISBN
1445:ISBN
1431:2020
1391:ISBN
1360:ISSN
1269:2018
1238:ISBN
1208:ISBN
1178:ISBN
1098:news
872:mice
830:Pick
754:and
649:the
497:and
488:IPv4
458:and
309:and
234:The
155:(or
80:news
1895:Map
1556:686
1383:doi
1350:doi
1081:by
987:LOD
811:IRC
771:in
763:or
705:art
684:of
659:3-D
574:in
377:VTK
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