3674:, or soul, of a deceased human, which may travel during the day but must return to its body each night. When Ra and Osiris meet, they merge into a single being. Their pairing reflects the Egyptian vision of time as a continuous repeating pattern, with one member (Osiris) being always static and the other (Ra) living in a constant cycle. Once he has united with Osiris' regenerative power, Ra continues on his journey with renewed vitality. This renewal makes possible Ra's emergence at dawn, which is seen as the rebirth of the sunâexpressed by a metaphor in which Nut gives birth to Ra after she has swallowed himâand the repetition of the first sunrise at the moment of creation. At this moment, the rising sun god swallows the stars once more, absorbing their power. In this revitalized state, Ra is depicted as a child or as the
3444:, the results of the destruction of mankind seem to mark the end of the direct reign of the gods and of the linear time of myth. The beginning of Ra's journey is the beginning of the cyclical time of the present. Yet in other sources, mythic time continues after this change. Egyptian accounts give sequences of divine rulers who take the place of the sun god as king on earth, each reigning for many thousands of years. Although accounts differ as to which gods reigned and in what order, the succession from Ra-Atum to his descendants Shu and Gebâin which the kingship passes to the male in each generation of the Enneadâis common. Both of them face revolts that parallel those in the reign of the sun god, but the revolt that receives the most attention in Egyptian sources is the one in the reign of Geb's heir
2845:, realizing the symbolic nature of Egyptian mythology, argued that apparently contradictory ideas are part of the "multiplicity of approaches" that the Egyptians used to understand the divine realm. Frankfort's arguments are the basis for much of the more recent analysis of Egyptian beliefs. Political changes affected Egyptian beliefs, but the ideas that emerged through those changes also have deeper meaning. Multiple versions of the same myth express different aspects of the same phenomenon; different gods that behave in a similar way reflect the close connections between natural forces. The varying symbols of Egyptian mythology express ideas too complex to be seen through a single lens.
3065:, a primordial watery chaos, a cosmic center, a rotating sky above the earth, an Ocean located at and surrounding the edges of the earth. The study of Egyptian cosmology is, however, done within certain limitations. There are no systematic accounts of creation from ancient Egyptian literature, and so cosmological views are pieced together from a variety of brief references across different texts as well as some pictorial evidence. A second issue is that views of Egyptian cosmology evolved over the long span of Egypt's history, and different regions also had different cosmological systems: while there is always one self-generated creator god that emerges from the eternal watery darkness
3433:, Ra discovers that humanity is plotting rebellion against him and sends his Eye to punish them. She slays many people, but Ra apparently decides that he does not want her to destroy all of humanity. He has beer dyed red to resemble blood and spreads it over the field. The Eye goddess drinks the beer, becomes drunk, and ceases her rampage. Ra then withdraws into the sky, weary of ruling on earth, and begins his daily journey through the heavens and the Duat. The surviving humans are dismayed, and they attack the people among them who plotted against Ra. This event is the origin of warfare, death, and humans' constant struggle to protect
3635:, the horizon, in the west. At times the horizon is described as a gate or door that leads to the Duat. At others, the sky goddess Nut is said to swallow the sun god, so that his journey through the Duat is likened to a journey through her body. In funerary texts, the Duat and the deities in it are portrayed in elaborate, detailed, and widely varying imagery. These images are symbolic of the awesome and enigmatic nature of the Duat, where both the gods and the dead are renewed by contact with the original powers of creation. Indeed, although Egyptian texts avoid saying it explicitly, Ra's entry into the Duat is seen as his death.
2747:, have said that true myths were rare in Egypt and may only have emerged partway through its history, developing out of the fragments of narration that appear in the earliest writings. Recently, however, Vincent Arieh Tobin and Susanne Bickel have suggested that lengthy narration was not needed in Egyptian mythology because of its complex and flexible nature. Tobin argues that narrative is even alien to myth, because narratives tend to form a simple and fixed perspective on the events they describe. If narration is not needed for myth, any statement that conveys an idea about the nature or actions of a god can be called "mythic".
3886:
2944:
3249:, although peoples allied with or subject to Egypt may be viewed more positively. For these reasons, events in Egyptian mythology rarely take place in foreign lands. While some stories pertain to the sky or the Duat, Egypt itself is usually the scene for the actions of the gods. Often, even the myths set in Egypt seem to take place on a plane of existence separate from that inhabited by living humans, although in other stories, humans and gods interact. In either case, the Egyptian gods are deeply tied to their home land.
3207:, however, believes that the Egyptians saw the sky as a solid canopy and described the sun as traveling through the Duat above the surface of the sky, from west to east, during the night. Joanne Conman, modifying Lesko's model, argues that this solid sky is a moving, concave dome overarching a deeply convex earth. The sun and the stars move along with this dome, and their passage below the horizon is simply their movement over areas of the earth that the Egyptians could not see. These regions would then be the Duat.
3755:
like giving offerings to the gods, with mythic themes serving as ideological background rather than as the focus of a rite. Nevertheless, myth and ritual strongly influenced each other. Myths could inspire rituals, like the ceremony with Isis and
Nephthys; and rituals that did not originally have a mythic meaning could be reinterpreted as having one, as in the case of offering ceremonies, in which food and other items given to the gods or the dead were equated with the Eye of Horus.
3718:
3321:, who represent the characteristics of the primeval water itself. Their actions give rise to the sun (represented in creation myths by various gods, especially Ra), whose birth forms a space of light and dryness within the dark water. The sun rises from the first mound of dry land, another common motif in the creation myths, which was likely inspired by the sight of mounds of earth emerging as the Nile flood receded. With the emergence of the sun god, the establisher of
3662:, a serpent god who represents the destructive aspect of disorder, and who threatens to destroy the sun god and plunge creation into chaos. In many of the texts, Ra overcomes these obstacles with the assistance of other deities who travel with him; they stand for various powers that are necessary to uphold Ra's authority. In his passage Ra also brings light to the Duat, enlivening the blessed dead who dwell there. In contrast, his enemiesâpeople who have undermined
3494:
2838:, was also said to be the creator of the world. Ptah's creation myth incorporates older myths by saying that it is the Ennead who carry out Ptah's creative commands. Thus, the myth makes Ptah older and greater than the Ennead. Many scholars have seen this myth as a political attempt to assert the superiority of Memphis' god over those of Heliopolis. By combining concepts in this way, the Egyptians produced an immensely complicated set of deities and myths.
2787:
outlines of a story, from which fragments describing particular incidents were drawn. Moreover, the gods are not well-defined characters, and the motivations for their sometimes inconsistent actions are rarely given. Egyptian myths are not, therefore, fully developed tales. Their importance lay in their underlying meaning, not their characteristics as stories. Instead of coalescing into lengthy, fixed narratives, they remained highly flexible and non-
2640:; warfare originates when humans begin fighting each other after the sun god's withdrawal into the sky. Myths also describe the supposed beginnings of less fundamental traditions. In a minor mythic episode, Horus becomes angry with his mother Isis and cuts off her head. Isis replaces her lost head with that of a cow. This event explains why Isis was sometimes depicted with the horns of a cow as part of her headdress.
2859:
knowledge of
Egyptian myths is drawn from written and pictorial sources. Only a small proportion of these sources has survived to the present, so much of the mythological information that was once written down has been lost. This information is not equally abundant in all periods, so the beliefs that Egyptians held in some eras of their history are more poorly understood than the beliefs in better documented times.
104:
3794:, the best-known of all Egyptian architectural forms, may have been inspired by mythic symbolism, for it represented the mound of creation and the original sunrise, appropriate for a monument intended to assure the owner's rebirth after death. Symbols in Egyptian tradition were frequently reinterpreted, so that the meanings of mythical symbols could change and multiply over time like the myths themselves.
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3306:
8095:
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3639:
3009:, beginning in the Middle Kingdom. Many of these references are mere allusions to mythic motifs, but several stories are based entirely on mythic narratives. These more direct renderings of myth are particularly common in the Late and Greco-Roman periods when, according to scholars such as Heike Sternberg, Egyptian myths reached their most fully developed state.
2743:. Actual narratives about the gods' actions are rare in Egyptian texts, particularly from early periods, and most references to such events are mere mentions or allusions. Some Egyptologists, like Baines, argue that narratives complete enough to be called "myths" existed in all periods, but that Egyptian tradition did not favor writing them down. Others, like
3853:", from the New Kingdom, tells the story of the conflict between the two gods, often with a humorous and seemingly irreverent tone. The Roman-era "Myth of the Eye of the Sun" incorporates fables into a framing story taken from myth. The goals of written fiction could also affect the narratives in magical texts, as with the New Kingdom story "
3331:, a god closely connected with the sun and the primeval mound, is the focus of a creation myth dating back at least to the Old Kingdom. Atum, who incorporates all the elements of the world, exists within the waters as a potential being. At the time of creation he emerges to produce other gods, resulting in a set of nine deities, the
2974:
the present. It is possible that the collections included more systematic records of myths, but no evidence of such texts has survived. Mythological texts and illustrations, similar to those on temple papyri, also appear in the decoration of the temple buildings. The elaborately decorated and well-preserved temples of the
2582:, renewing the fertility of the soil and allowing the highly productive farming that sustained Egyptian civilization. Thus the Egyptians saw water and the sun as symbols of life and thought of time as a series of natural cycles. This orderly pattern was at constant risk of disruption: unusually low floods resulted in
2775:
3617:
3501:
The next portion of the myth concerns Horus' birth and childhood. Isis gives birth to and raises her son in secluded places, hidden from the menace of Set. The episodes in this phase of the myth concern Isis' efforts to protect her son from Set or other hostile beings, or to heal him from sickness or
3202:
believes that these explanations of the sun's movements are dissimilar but coexisting ideas. In Allen's view, Nut represents the visible surface of the waters of Nun, with the stars floating on this surface. The sun, therefore, sails across the water in a circle, each night passing beyond the horizon
2786:
Few complete stories appear in
Egyptian mythological sources. These sources often contain nothing more than allusions to the events to which they relate, and texts that contain actual narratives tell only portions of a larger story. Thus, for any given myth the Egyptians may have had only the general
3789:
Allusions to myth were very widespread in
Egyptian art and architecture. In temple design, the central path of the temple axis was likened to the sun god's path across the sky, and the sanctuary at the end of the path represented the place of creation from which he rose. Temple decoration was filled
3785:
Illustrations of gods and mythical events appear extensively alongside religious writing in tombs, temples, and funerary texts. Mythological scenes in
Egyptian artwork are rarely placed in sequence as a narrative, but individual scenes, particularly depicting the resurrection of Osiris, do sometimes
3690:
Egyptian texts typically treat the dissolution of the world as a possibility to be avoided, and for that reason they do not often describe it in detail. However, many texts allude to the idea that the world, after countless cycles of renewal, is destined to end. This end is described in a passage in
3505:
In the third phase of the story, Horus competes with Set for the kingship. Their struggle encompasses a great number of separate episodes and ranges in character from violent conflict to a legal judgment by the assembled gods. In one important episode, Set tears out one or both of Horus' eyes, which
2973:
for rituals and other uses. Some of these papyri contain hymns, which, in praising a god for its actions, often refer to the myths that define those actions. Other temple papyri describe rituals, many of which are based partly on myth. Scattered remnants of these papyrus collections have survived to
3758:
Kingship was a key element of
Egyptian religion, through the king's role as link between humanity and the gods. Myths explain the background for this connection between royalty and divinity. The myths about the Ennead establish the king as heir to the lineage of rulers reaching back to the creator;
3612:
In traveling across the sky, Ra brings light to the earth, sustaining all things that live there. He reaches the peak of his strength at noon and then ages and weakens as he moves toward sunset. In the evening, Ra takes the form of Atum, the creator god, oldest of all things in the world. According
3268:
Many
Egyptian stories about the gods are characterized as having taken place in a primeval time when the gods were manifest on the earth and ruled over it. After this time, the Egyptians believed, authority on earth passed to human pharaohs. This primeval era seems to predate the start of the sun's
3127:
encompasses both the proper behavior of humans and the normal functioning of the forces of nature, both of which make life and happiness possible. Because the actions of the gods govern natural forces and myths express those actions, Egyptian mythology represents the proper functioning of the world
2794:
So flexible were
Egyptian myths that they could seemingly conflict with each other. Many descriptions of the creation of the world and the movements of the sun occur in Egyptian texts, some very different from each other. The relationships between gods were fluid, so that, for instance, the goddess
2762:
Egyptian deities represent natural phenomena, from physical objects like the earth or the sun to abstract forces like knowledge and creativity. The actions and interactions of the gods, the
Egyptians believed, govern the behavior of all of these forces and elements. For the most part, the Egyptians
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is the father and the historical queen the mother. By stating that the king originated among the gods and was deliberately created by the most important god of the period, the story gives a mythical background to the king's coronation, which appears alongside the birth story. The divine connection
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after the unrighteous rule of Set. With order restored, Horus can perform the funerary rites for his father that are his duty as son and heir. Through this service Osiris is given new life in the Duat, whose ruler he becomes. The relationship between Osiris as king of the dead and Horus as king of
3301:
Among the most important myths were those describing the creation of the world. The
Egyptians developed many accounts of the creation, which differ greatly in the events they describe. In particular, the deities credited with creating the world vary in each account. This difference partly reflects
2782:
The true realm of the gods is mysterious and inaccessible to humans. Mythological stories use symbolism to make the events in this realm comprehensible. Not every detail of a mythic account has symbolic significance. Some images and incidents, even in religious texts, are meant simply as visual or
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Most of Egypt's gods, including many of the major ones, do not have significant roles in any mythic narratives, although their nature and relationships with other deities are often established in lists or bare statements without narration. For the gods who are deeply involved in narratives, mythic
2675:
After these early times, most changes to mythology developed and adapted preexisting concepts rather than creating new ones, although there were exceptions. Many scholars have suggested that the myth of the sun god withdrawing into the sky, leaving humans to fight among themselves, was inspired by
2608:
in general. In ancient Egypt, the earliest evidence of religious practices predates written myths. Rituals early in Egyptian history included only a few motifs from myth. For these reasons, some scholars have argued that, in Egypt, rituals emerged before myths. But because the early evidence is so
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reenactments of myths. There are borderline cases, like a ceremony alluding to the Osiris myth in which two women took on the roles of Isis and Nephthys, but scholars disagree about whether these performances formed sequences of events. Much of Egyptian ritual was focused on more basic activities
3565:
Similar scenes appear in many post-New Kingdom temples, but this time the events they depict involve the gods alone. In this period, most temples were dedicated to a mythical family of deities, usually a father, mother, and son. In these versions of the story, the birth is that of the son in each
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sees them as the only periods in which true myths take place. Yet, to some extent, the cyclical aspect of time was present in the mythic past as well. Egyptians saw even stories that were set in that time as being perpetually true. The myths were made real every time the events to which they were
2853:
The sources that are available range from solemn hymns to entertaining stories. Without a single, canonical version of any myth, the Egyptians adapted the broad traditions of myth to fit the varied purposes of their writings. Most Egyptians were illiterate and may therefore have had an elaborate
3916:
Horus and Set, portrayed together, often stand for the pairing of Upper and Lower Egypt, although either god can stand for either region. Both of them were patrons of cities in both halves of the country. The conflict between the two deities may allude to the presumed conflict that preceded the
3848:
A fragment of a text about the actions of Horus and Set dates to the Middle Kingdom, suggesting that stories about the gods arose in that era. Several texts of this type are known from the New Kingdom, and many more were written in the Late and Greco-Roman periods. Although these texts are more
2985:
The Egyptians also performed rituals for personal goals such as protection from or healing of illness. These rituals are often called "magical" rather than religious, but they were believed to work on the same principles as temple ceremonies, evoking mythical events as the basis for the ritual.
3286:
Some of the most important categories of myths are described below. Because of the fragmentary nature of Egyptian myths, there is little indication in Egyptian sources of a chronological sequence of mythical events. Nevertheless, the categories are arranged in a very loose chronological order.
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that transmitted myths through spoken storytelling. Susanne Bickel suggests that the existence of this tradition helps explain why many texts related to myth give little detail: the myths were already known to every Egyptian. Very little evidence of this oral tradition has survived, and modern
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around 3100 BC, made the king the focus of Egyptian religion, and thus the ideology of kingship became an important part of mythology. In the wake of unification, gods that were once local patron deities gained national importance, forming new relationships that linked the local deities into a
3745:
For this reason, Egyptian rituals often included actions that symbolized mythical events. Temple rites included the destruction of models representing malign gods like Set or Apophis, private magical spells called upon Isis to heal the sick as she did for Horus, and funerary rites such as the
3042:
contains, among other things, the longest ancient account of the myth of Osiris. These authors' knowledge of Egyptian religion was limited because they were excluded from many religious practices, and their statements about Egyptian beliefs are affected by their biases about Egypt's culture.
2553:
The details of these sacred events differ greatly from one text to another and often seem contradictory. Egyptian myths are primarily metaphorical, translating the essence and behavior of deities into terms that humans can understand. Each variant of a myth represents a different symbolic
3520:
the living stands for the relationship between every king and his deceased predecessors. Osiris, meanwhile, represents the regeneration of life. On earth he is credited with the annual growth of crops, and in the Duat he is involved in the rebirth of the sun and of deceased human souls.
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prospect are left unclear, including the fate of the dead who are associated with Osiris. Yet with the creator god and the god of renewal together in the waters that gave rise to the orderly world, there is the potential for a new creation to arise in the same manner as the old.
3669:
The key event in the journey is the meeting of Ra and Osiris. In the New Kingdom, this event developed into a complex symbol of the Egyptian conception of life and time. Osiris, relegated to the Duat, is like a mummified body within its tomb. Ra, endlessly moving, is like the
3302:
the desire of Egypt's cities and priesthoods to exalt their own patron gods by attributing creation to them. Yet the differing accounts were not regarded as contradictory; instead, the Egyptians saw the creation process as having many aspects and involving many divine forces.
3466:' death and succession is the most elaborate of all Egyptian myths, and it had the most widespread influence in Egyptian culture. In the first portion of the myth, Osiris, who is associated with both fertility and kingship, is killed and his position usurped by his brother
3514:
Texts present two different resolutions for the divine contest: one in which Egypt is divided between the two claimants, and another in which Horus becomes sole ruler. In the latter version, the ascension of Horus, Osiris' rightful heir, symbolizes the reestablishment of
3566:
triad. Each of these child gods is the heir to the throne, who will restore stability to the country. This shift in focus from the human king to the gods who are associated with him reflects a decline in the status of the pharaoh in the late stages of Egyptian history.
3403:. At one point he faces dissent even from an extension of himself, the Eye of Ra, which can act independently of him in the form of a goddess. The Eye goddess becomes angry with Ra and runs away from him, wandering wild and dangerous in the lands outside Egypt, usually
3387:
in Egyptian tradition, the period of stability that the Egyptians constantly sought to evoke and imitate. Yet the stories about Ra's reign focus on conflicts between him and forces that disrupt his rule, reflecting the king's role in Egyptian ideology as enforcer of
2875:(c. 3100â2686 BC), but little about the gods' actions can be gleaned from these sources because they include minimal writing. The Egyptians began using writing more extensively in the Old Kingdom, in which appeared the first major source of Egyptian mythology: the
3510:
is a prominent symbol of life and well-being in Egyptian iconography. Because Horus is a sky god, with one eye equated with the sun and the other with the moon, the destruction and restoration of the single eye explains why the moon is less bright than the sun.
3423:
signaled the start of the Nile flood, the return of the Eye goddess to Egypt coincides with the life-giving inundation. Upon her return, the goddess becomes the consort of Ra or of the god who has retrieved her. Her pacification restores order and renews life.
2922:(664â323 BC) and after, developed out of these earlier collections. The New Kingdom also saw the development of another type of funerary text, containing detailed and cohesive descriptions of the nocturnal journey of the sun god. Texts of this type include the
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in the present as a series of recurring patterns, whereas the earliest periods of time were linear. Myths are set in these earliest times, and myth sets the pattern for the cycles of the present. Present events repeat the events of myth, and in doing so renew
3699:, in which Atum says that he will one day dissolve the ordered world and return to his primeval, inert state within the waters of chaos. All things other than the creator will cease to exist, except Osiris, who will survive along with him. Details about this
3536:
Several disparate Egyptian texts address a similar theme: the birth of a divinely fathered child who is heir to the kingship. The earliest known appearance of such a story does not appear to be a myth but an entertaining folktale, found in the Middle Kingdom
3335:, which includes Geb, Nut, and other key elements of the world. The Ennead can by extension stand for all the gods, so its creation represents the differentiation of Atum's unified potential being into the multiplicity of elements present within the world.
2599:
Another possible source for mythology is ritual. Many rituals make reference to myths and are sometimes based directly on them. But it is difficult to determine whether a culture's myths developed before rituals or vice versa. Questions about this
3269:
journey and the recurring patterns of the present world. At the other end of time is the end of the cycles and the dissolution of the world. Because these distant periods lend themselves to linear narrative better than the cycles of the present,
3139:. In myth the pharaoh is the son of a variety of deities. As such, he is their designated representative, obligated to maintain order in human society just as they do in nature, and to continue the rituals that sustain them and their activities.
2612:
In private rituals, which are often called "magical", the myth and the ritual are particularly closely tied. Many of the myth-like stories that appear in the rituals' texts are not found in other sources. Even the widespread motif of the goddess
3613:
to early Egyptian texts, at the end of the day he spits out all the other deities, whom he devoured at sunrise. Here they represent the stars, and the story explains why the stars are visible at night and seemingly absent during the day.
3261:, renewing the fertility of the soil and allowing the highly productive agriculture that sustained Egyptian civilization. These periodic events inspired the Egyptians to see all of time as a series of recurring patterns regulated by
3605:
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events are very important expressions of their roles in the cosmos. Therefore, if only narratives are myths, mythology is a major element in Egyptian religious understanding, but not as essential as it is in many other cultures.
3523:
Although Horus to some extent represents any living pharaoh, he is not the end of the lineage of ruling gods. He is succeeded first by gods and then by spirits that represent dim memories of Egypt's Predynastic rulers, the
3012:
The attitudes toward myth in nonreligious Egyptian texts vary greatly. Some stories resemble the narratives from magical texts, while others are more clearly meant as entertainment and even contain humorous episodes.
2993:, for instance, is never explicitly described in Egyptian writings. The Egyptians believed that words and images could affect reality, so they avoided the risk of making such negative events real. The conventions of
2557:
Mythology profoundly influenced Egyptian culture. It inspired or influenced many religious rituals and provided the ideological basis for kingship. Scenes and symbols from myth appeared in art in tombs, temples, and
2830:, that was said to have created the world. It included the most important deities of the time but gave primacy to Atum and Ra. The Egyptians also overlaid old religious ideas with new ones. For instance, the god
3857:", which conveys a moral message unconnected to its magical purpose. The variety of ways that these stories treat mythology demonstrates the wide range of purposes that myth could serve in Egyptian culture.
3061:, and other cosmological systems, which may be collectively labelled as adhering to a "cradle cosmology" model insofar as they share a cluster of common features, including a flat earth surfaced by a solid
3725:
Because the Egyptians rarely described theological ideas explicitly, the implicit ideas of mythology formed much of the basis for Egyptian religion. The purpose of Egyptian religion was the maintenance of
3227:) lie at the center of the world in Egyptian cosmology. Outside them are the infertile deserts, which are associated with the chaos that lies beyond the world. Somewhere beyond them is the horizon, the
2636:, explaining the beginnings of various elements of the world, including human institutions and natural phenomena. Kingship arises among the gods at the beginning of time and later passed to the human
2778:
The sky depicted as a cow goddess supported by other deities. This image combines several coexisting visions of the sky: as a roof, as the surface of a sea, as a cow, and as a goddess in human form.
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the myth of divine birth states that the king is the son and heir of a god; and the myths about Osiris and Horus emphasize that rightful succession to the throne is essential to the maintenance of
2841:
Egyptologists in the early twentieth century thought that politically motivated changes like these were the principal reason for the contradictory imagery in Egyptian myth. However, in the 1940s,
2590:
was surrounded by harsh desert, populated by peoples the Egyptians regarded as uncivilized enemies of order. For these reasons, the Egyptians saw their land as an isolated place of stability, or
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with solar emblems that underscored this relationship. Similarly, the corridors of tombs were linked with the god's journey through the Duat, and the burial chamber with the tomb of Osiris. The
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The nature of the sky and the location of the Duat are uncertain. Egyptian texts variously describe the nighttime sun as traveling beneath the earth and within the body of Nut. The Egyptologist
3265:, renewing the gods and the universe. Although the Egyptians recognized that different historical eras differ in their particulars, mythic patterns dominate the Egyptian perception of history.
2621:
appears only in this type of text. The Egyptologist David Frankfurter argues that these rituals adapt basic mythic traditions to fit the specific ritual, creating elaborate new stories (called
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2562:. In literature, myths or elements of them were used in stories that range from humor to allegory, demonstrating that the Egyptians adapted mythology to serve a wide variety of purposes.
3325:, the world has its first ruler. Accounts from the first millennium BC focus on the actions of the creator god in subduing the forces of chaos that threaten the newly ordered world.
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of various deities developed theologies centered on their own patron gods. As the influence of different cults shifted, some mythological systems attained national dominance. In the
3155:
In Egyptian belief, there already existed an infinite and chaotic primordial ocean that preceded the creation of the ordered world. This cosmic ocean was personified by the god
2755:
Like myths in many other cultures, Egyptian myths serve to justify human traditions and to address fundamental questions about the world, such as the nature of disorder and the
2887:, intended to ensure that the kings buried in the pyramid would pass safely through the afterlife. Many of the incantations allude to myths related to the afterlife, including
3837:", incorporates ideas about the gods and the eventual dissolution of the world into a story set in the past. Some later stories take much of their plot from mythical events: "
1618:
3348:, or magic, which links things in the divine realm and things in the physical world, is the power that links the creator's original concept with its physical realization.
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unification of Upper and Lower Egypt at the start of Egyptian history, or it may be tied to an apparent conflict between worshippers of Horus and Set near the end of the
3257:
The Egyptians' vision of time was influenced by their environment. Each day the sun rose and set, bringing light to the land and regulating human activity; each year the
3360:, whose close association with craftsmen makes him a suitable deity to give a physical form to the original creative vision. Hymns from the New Kingdom describe the god
3179:. Therefore, the Egyptians conceived of the inhabited world as a bubble of air, finite and dry, surrounded by a universal and infinite, dark, formless, and inert ocean.
2895:. Many of the texts are likely much older than their first known written copies, and they therefore provide clues about the early stages of Egyptian religious belief.
3545:. In that story, the three kings are the offspring of Ra and a human woman. The same theme appears in a firmly religious context in the New Kingdom, when the rulers
3395:
In an episode known in different versions from temple texts, some of the gods defy Ra's authority, and he destroys them with the help and advice of other gods like
3367:
The origin of humans is not a major feature of Egyptian creation stories. In some texts the first humans spring from tears that Ra-Atum or his feminine aspect, the
6447:
3654:
Certain themes appear repeatedly in depictions of the journey. Ra overcomes numerous obstacles in his course, representative of the effort necessary to maintain
3833:" from the Middle Kingdom, contains a brief reference to a myth of some kind, possibly the Destruction of Mankind; the earliest known Egyptian short story, "
1665:
5810:
Frankfurter, David (1995). "Narrating Power: The Theory and Practice of the Magical Historiola in Ritual Spells". In Meyer, Marvin; Mirecki, Paul (eds.).
3371:, sheds in a moment of weakness and distress, foreshadowing humans' flawed nature and sorrowful lives. Others say humans are molded from clay by the god
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is said to travel through the sky, across the body of Nut, enlivening the world with his light. At night Ra passes beyond the western horizon into the
6440:
3313:
One common feature of the myths is the emergence of the world from the waters of chaos that surround it. This event represents the establishment of
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Information from religious sources is limited by a system of traditional restrictions on what they could describe and depict. The murder of the god
3854:
1611:
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In the period of the mythic past after the creation, Ra dwells on earth as king of the gods and of humans. This period is the closest thing to a
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must make educated guesses about its earliest phases, based on written sources that appeared much later. One obvious influence on myth is the
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5841:
5800:
5604:
5581:
3734:. The rituals of Egyptian religion were meant to make the mythic events, and the concepts they represented, real once more, thereby renewing
3470:. In some versions of the myth, Osiris is actually dismembered and the pieces of his corpse scattered across Egypt. Osiris' sister and wife,
3352:
itself can be personified as a god, but this intellectual process of creation is not associated with that god alone. An inscription from the
3342:, they described the formation of the world as the realization of a concept first developed within the mind of the creator god. The force of
2534:. Events from the present that might be regarded as myths include Ra's daily journey through the world and its otherworldly counterpart, the
6522:
3866:
3171:(heaven) that arches over it and separates the earth from the surrounding cosmic ocean. Heaven, for the Egyptians, was usually represented
2629:
says of magical texts that there is "not a shred of evidence that a specific kind of 'unorthodox' mythology was coined... for this genre."
160:
143:
3601:
relate the nighttime half of the journey in sequences of vignettes. This journey is key to Ra's nature and to the sustenance of all life.
3241:
Foreign nations are associated with the hostile deserts in Egyptian ideology. Foreign people, likewise, are generally lumped in with the "
2814:
One commonly suggested reason for inconsistencies in myth is that religious ideas differed over time and in different regions. The local
8000:
6557:
3891:
2440:
2325:
2297:
3375:. But overall, the focus of the creation myths is the establishment of cosmic order rather than the special place of humans within it.
8125:
6477:
3842:
1604:
118:
84:
8130:
7965:
7960:
7715:
6567:
6404:
6366:
6347:
6328:
6301:
6236:
6196:
6139:
6120:
6101:
6033:
5995:
5976:
5957:
5903:
5884:
5862:
5819:
5781:
5759:
5718:
5696:
5637:
5550:
5523:
3885:
3850:
3427:
As Ra grows older and weaker, humanity, too, turns against him. In an episode often called "The Destruction of Mankind", related in
1267:
187:
8008:
6912:
2257:
521:
7905:
6552:
6482:
3483:
3296:
2965:, whose surviving remains date mostly from the New Kingdom and later, are another important source of myth. Many temples had a
2888:
2884:
2652:
suggests that early myths may have formed from these relationships. Egyptian sources link the mythical strife between the gods
2507:
2485:
1575:
1507:
178:
123:
2596:, surrounded and endangered by chaos. These themesâorder, chaos, and renewalâappear repeatedly in Egyptian religious thought.
6947:
3834:
3052:
2868:
2669:
1847:
1810:
562:
2997:
were also poorly suited for portraying whole narratives, so most myth-related artwork consists of sparse individual scenes.
3721:
Set and Horus support the pharaoh. The reconciled rival gods often stand for the unity of Egypt under the rule of its king.
6572:
6507:
3747:
3229:
2756:
2119:
150:
3825:
Themes and motifs from mythology appear frequently in Egyptian literature, even outside of religious writings. An early
3429:
2919:
2282:
2247:
2943:
2643:
Some myths may have been inspired by historical events. The unification of Egypt under the pharaohs, at the end of the
38:
8120:
7950:
6517:
3006:
2473:
2292:
1670:
1489:
155:
3528:. They link the entirely mythical rulers to the final part of the sequence, the lineage of Egypt's historical kings.
3195:, a mysterious region that borders the formlessness of Nun. At dawn he emerges from the Duat in the eastern horizon.
3583:
movements through the sky and the Duat are not fully narrated in Egyptian sources, although funerary texts like the
7975:
6487:
5647:
3830:
3415:, in different accountsâto retrieve her, by force or persuasion. Because the Eye of Ra is associated with the star
3270:
2823:
2728:
2287:
2040:
183:
8018:
7990:
6463:
3502:
injury. In these episodes Isis is the epitome of maternal devotion and a powerful practitioner of healing magic.
3353:
2899:
2815:
2736:
2469:
2468:
as a means of understanding the world around them. The beliefs that these myths express are an important part of
1937:
92:
3750:
and ritual offerings to the dead evoked the myth of Osiris' resurrection. Yet rituals rarely, if ever, involved
7945:
6597:
3838:
3175:, the goddess of the sky. Earth is also separated from the firmament by the atmosphere, personified as the god
2872:
2492:
decoration. These sources rarely contain a complete account of a myth and often describe only brief fragments.
2385:
214:
3849:
clearly derived from myth than those mentioned above, they still adapt the myths for non-religious purposes. "
3274:
related occurred. These events were celebrated with rituals, which often evoked myths. Ritual allowed time to
3115:
refers to the fundamental order of the universe in Egyptian belief. Established at the creation of the world,
5561:
3356:(c. 1070â664 BC), whose text may be much older, describes the process in detail and attributes it to the god
7800:
3918:
3275:
2433:
3364:, a mysterious power that lies behind even the other gods, as the ultimate source of this creative vision.
3233:. There, two mountains, in the east and the west, mark the places where the sun enters and exits the Duat.
3032:, who described Egyptian religion in the last centuries of its existence. Prominent among these writers is
7970:
7750:
7735:
7551:
7474:
6752:
6587:
3876:
3562:
legitimizes the king's rule and provides a rationale for his role as intercessor between gods and humans.
3542:
3525:
3338:
Over time, the Egyptians developed more abstract perspectives on the creation process. By the time of the
2979:
2948:
2506:, the fundamental order of the universe. Amongst the most important episodes from the mythic past are the
2402:
2270:
2242:
1922:
1857:
1304:
1190:
1107:
357:
2767:
writings. Instead, the relationships and interactions of the gods illustrated such processes implicitly.
2578:. Each day the sun rose and set, bringing light to the land and regulating human activity; each year the
5650:(April 1991). "Egyptian Myth and Discourse: Myth, Gods, and the Early Written and Iconographic Record".
3058:
2365:
2186:
2124:
1927:
3616:
2906:, which contain similar material and were available to non-royals. Succeeding funerary texts, like the
2510:, in which the gods form the universe out of primordial chaos; the stories of the reign of the sun god
2082:
6397:
Mythische Motive and Mythenbildung in den agyptischen Tempeln und Papyri der Griechisch-Romischen Zeit
8099:
3772:
3474:, finds her husband's body and restores it to wholeness. She is assisted by funerary deities such as
3309:
The sun rises over the circular mound of creation as goddesses pour out the primeval waters around it
3258:
3176:
2994:
2688:
2605:
2579:
2477:
2370:
2332:
2181:
2114:
2109:
2087:
1917:
1887:
1820:
1718:
1683:
1594:
7705:
7521:
7509:
5769:
3717:
2275:
2262:
1950:
1852:
1790:
1703:
1643:
1254:
1156:
1144:
103:
7918:
7685:
6937:
6702:
5675:
5667:
3742:, the same connection between the physical and divine realms that enabled the original creation.
2914:
2700:
2575:
2426:
2337:
2320:
2134:
2094:
2050:
2022:
1897:
1867:
1862:
1800:
1795:
1775:
1743:
1708:
1687:
1660:
1650:
1516:
550:
321:
6052:
6044:
3493:
3151:
The air god Shu, assisted by other gods, holds up Nut, the sky, as Geb, the earth, lies beneath.
2822:(c. 2686â2181 BC) the most important of these systems was the cults of Ra and Atum, centered at
1982:
1902:
6255:
6247:
3069:, for example, the creator god in different times and places had been identified separately as
8069:
7935:
7855:
7289:
6842:
6606:
6577:
6419:
6400:
6381:
6362:
6343:
6324:
6297:
6278:
6259:
6232:
6211:
6192:
6173:
6154:
6135:
6116:
6097:
6075:
6056:
6029:
6010:
5991:
5972:
5953:
5918:
5899:
5880:
5858:
5837:
5829:
5815:
5796:
5777:
5755:
5714:
5692:
5633:
5600:
5592:
5577:
5546:
5542:
5534:
5519:
5511:
3810:
3791:
3318:
3120:
2975:
2880:
2740:
2712:
2644:
2465:
2171:
2159:
2139:
2104:
2002:
1992:
1987:
1945:
1882:
1805:
1785:
1780:
1770:
1755:
1733:
1713:
1679:
1655:
1571:
1528:
1434:
914:
447:
225:
210:
2879:. These texts are a collection of several hundred incantations inscribed in the interiors of
7929:
7765:
7154:
6862:
5945:
5659:
5569:
3675:
3204:
3029:
2908:
2704:
2397:
2252:
2176:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2099:
2060:
2055:
2032:
1975:
1955:
1932:
1912:
1892:
1877:
1728:
1723:
1693:
1675:
1524:
1329:
775:
469:
7923:
7745:
7399:
7359:
7304:
6962:
6927:
6639:
6582:
6562:
6089:
3643:
3597:
3538:
3467:
3420:
2962:
2936:
2842:
2657:
2649:
2626:
2601:
2538:. Recurring themes in these mythic episodes include the conflict between the upholders of
2531:
2489:
2392:
2191:
2129:
2017:
2007:
1997:
1970:
1962:
1907:
1842:
1832:
1825:
1815:
1748:
1738:
1698:
1520:
1314:
1032:
990:
931:
579:
258:
192:
3930:
Horus the Elder is often treated as a separate deity from Horus, the child born to Isis.
3809:
amulets because it represented Horus' well-being after the restoration of his lost eye.
7124:
7044:
6957:
6822:
6649:
5706:
3199:
3156:
3066:
3017:
2855:
2835:
2075:
2070:
2027:
2012:
1872:
1760:
745:
661:
574:
427:
268:
65:
8114:
8074:
8028:
7985:
7940:
7885:
7770:
7613:
7608:
7374:
7094:
6877:
6747:
6687:
5933:
5679:
5627:
3841:" adapts parts of the Osiris myth into a fantastic story about ordinary people, and "
3763:. Thus, mythology provided the rationale for the very nature of Egyptian government.
3591:
3550:
3416:
3172:
2930:
2876:
2571:
2461:
2219:
2209:
2164:
1532:
1399:
1369:
1334:
1299:
1005:
713:
484:
352:
306:
8033:
8023:
8013:
7980:
7955:
7870:
7810:
7805:
7790:
7775:
7700:
7654:
7439:
7249:
7129:
7069:
6817:
6742:
6721:
6094:
Egyptian Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Goddesses, and Traditions of Ancient Egypt
5872:
5614:
Anthes, Rudolf (1961). "Mythology in Ancient Egypt". In Kramer, Samuel Noah (ed.).
3802:
3777:
3575:
3507:
3506:
are later restored by the healing efforts of Thoth or Hathor. For this reason, the
3317:
and the origin of life. One fragmentary tradition centers on the eight gods of the
3305:
3021:
2903:
2759:. The Egyptians explained these profound issues through statements about the gods.
2633:
2342:
1379:
1374:
1359:
1339:
1249:
1072:
874:
802:
750:
688:
422:
347:
5852:
5573:
61:
17:
5948:(1991). "Ancient Egyptian Cosmogonies and Cosmology". In Shafer, Byron E. (ed.).
8059:
7890:
7194:
7037:
6867:
6837:
6832:
6697:
6547:
6512:
6226:
6206:
Tobin, Vincent Arieh (2001). "Myths: An Overview". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.).
5623:
3700:
3554:
3457:
3224:
3216:
2892:
2819:
2804:
2744:
2708:
2677:
2665:
2661:
2587:
2515:
2224:
1557:
1484:
1439:
817:
649:
474:
442:
437:
316:
3797:
More ordinary works of art were also designed to evoke mythic themes, like the
3638:
2554:
perspective, enriching the Egyptians' understanding of the gods and the world.
8054:
7895:
7740:
7623:
7566:
7404:
7214:
7079:
7017:
6992:
6882:
6532:
3881:
3806:
3546:
3384:
3344:
3220:
3164:
2622:
2375:
2214:
1454:
1394:
1309:
1205:
1037:
837:
698:
634:
609:
538:
489:
7865:
7845:
7780:
7618:
7516:
7499:
7454:
7444:
7394:
7364:
7349:
7269:
7224:
7219:
6987:
6629:
6497:
6432:
6149:
Roth, Ann Macy (2001). "Opening of the Mouth". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.).
5709:(2004). "Myth and Sacred Narratives: Egypt". In Johnston, Sarah Iles (ed.).
3557:
depicted in temple reliefs their own conception and birth, in which the god
3368:
3242:
3168:
3062:
3025:
2732:
2692:
2347:
1459:
1449:
1424:
1344:
1151:
1134:
1087:
1077:
1027:
995:
980:
894:
847:
842:
604:
248:
3147:
5913:
Kaper, Olaf E. (2001). "Myths: Lunar Cycle". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.).
8064:
7815:
7659:
7561:
7546:
7264:
7259:
7179:
7114:
7104:
7022:
6972:
6807:
6682:
4750:
4748:
3871:
3486:. Isis then briefly revives Osiris to conceive an heir with him: the god
3475:
3033:
2952:
2764:
2412:
2380:
1837:
1567:
1384:
1200:
1185:
889:
884:
797:
735:
723:
656:
594:
412:
301:
197:
5687:
Baines, John (1996). "Myth and Literature". In Loprieno, Antonio (ed.).
3738:. The rituals were believed to achieve this effect through the force of
8079:
8049:
7880:
7850:
7840:
7755:
7664:
7603:
7489:
7484:
7419:
7414:
7384:
7329:
7279:
7254:
7119:
7089:
7084:
6982:
6847:
6782:
6757:
3730:, and the concepts that myths express were believed to be essential to
3136:
3038:
2970:
2637:
2543:
1562:
1552:
1479:
1429:
1419:
1349:
1319:
1124:
1119:
1052:
1042:
1015:
958:
909:
879:
740:
708:
703:
599:
452:
387:
362:
5737:
Conman, Joanne (2003). "It's About Time: Ancient Egyptian Cosmology".
5671:
5516:
Genesis in Egypt: The Philosophy of Ancient Egyptian Creation Accounts
3604:
2676:
the breakdown of royal authority and national unity at the end of the
7913:
7860:
7785:
7690:
7633:
7628:
7571:
7556:
7541:
7464:
7449:
7429:
7424:
7369:
7354:
7334:
7299:
7229:
7204:
7184:
7174:
7164:
7149:
7139:
7134:
7002:
6977:
6967:
6902:
6887:
6872:
6802:
6797:
6772:
6767:
6707:
6692:
6659:
6644:
6634:
6624:
6619:
3826:
3814:
3798:
3679:
3624:
3585:
3479:
3463:
3445:
3332:
2990:
2956:
2924:
2827:
2796:
2723:
Scholars have difficulty defining which ancient Egyptian beliefs are
2583:
2559:
2519:
2407:
1512:
1474:
1464:
1444:
1354:
1239:
1210:
1195:
1180:
1097:
1082:
1062:
1057:
1000:
985:
963:
926:
852:
827:
807:
787:
770:
760:
755:
619:
589:
584:
509:
494:
479:
407:
402:
377:
372:
326:
311:
278:
263:
253:
243:
238:
69:
3203:
to reach the skies that arch beneath the inverted land of the Duat.
5713:. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 578â580.
5663:
3057:
Egyptian cosmology is analogous to ancient near eastern cosmology,
7835:
7825:
7820:
7795:
7504:
7469:
7459:
7409:
7379:
7324:
7309:
7284:
7274:
7234:
7209:
7199:
7189:
7144:
7099:
7054:
7032:
7027:
7012:
7007:
6997:
6922:
6892:
6792:
6787:
6762:
5969:
An Illustrated Dictionary of the Gods and Symbols of Ancient Egypt
3845:" transforms the conflict between Horus and Set into an allegory.
3776:
3751:
3716:
3647:
3637:
3615:
3603:
3492:
3487:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3372:
3304:
3146:
3086:
2942:
2788:
2773:
2653:
2618:
2527:
2480:, particularly in short stories and in religious material such as
2315:
1414:
1404:
1389:
1364:
1139:
1102:
1092:
1047:
1010:
953:
936:
904:
899:
857:
832:
822:
812:
765:
718:
673:
644:
639:
629:
624:
614:
533:
499:
397:
392:
367:
60:
6005:
Meltzer, Edmund S. (2001). "Horus". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.).
3642:
Mesektet Barque with Ra as Set spears Apophis in the underworld (
2604:
have spawned much discussion among Egyptologists and scholars of
7875:
7830:
7760:
7730:
7725:
7695:
7680:
7649:
7598:
7593:
7531:
7494:
7434:
7314:
7169:
6852:
6827:
6812:
6777:
6737:
6677:
6667:
6614:
6492:
6273:
Vischak, Deborah (2001). "Hathor". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.).
6070:
O'Rourke, Paul F. (2001). "Drama". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.).
3659:
3558:
3471:
3361:
3357:
3328:
3192:
3098:
3082:
3078:
3070:
2831:
2808:
2724:
2696:
2668:, which may have happened in the late Predynastic era or in the
2614:
2592:
2586:, and high floods destroyed crops and buildings. The hospitable
2535:
2523:
2502:
2496:
2481:
2457:
1634:
1469:
1409:
1324:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1244:
1234:
1168:
1129:
1067:
941:
792:
457:
432:
417:
382:
342:
296:
286:
233:
133:
128:
6436:
3407:. Weakened by her absence, Ra sends one of the other godsâShu,
2982:
periods (305 BCâAD 380) are an especially rich source of myth.
2774:
7239:
7074:
7064:
7059:
6897:
6672:
6168:
te Velde, Herman (2001). "Seth". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.).
3160:
862:
693:
683:
678:
504:
291:
5950:
Religion in Ancient Egypt: Gods, Myths, and Personal Practice
5115:
5113:
4313:
4311:
4309:
4103:
4101:
2799:
could be called the mother, wife, or daughter of the sun god
2727:. The basic definition of myth suggested by the Egyptologist
2691:(c. 1550â1070 BC), minor myths developed around deities like
5990:. Translated by G. M. Goshgarian. Cornell University Press.
5791:
Feucht, Erika (2001). "Birth". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.).
4816:
4814:
4588:
4586:
4489:
4487:
4485:
4272:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4264:
4262:
2735:". In Egypt, the narratives that are central to culture and
7344:
6378:
The Egyptian Myths: A Guide to the Ancient Gods and Legends
4848:
4846:
4181:
4179:
3682:, both of which represent rebirth in Egyptian iconography.
3666:âare tormented and thrown into dark pits or lakes of fire.
3620:
3580:
3482:, and the process of Osiris' restoration reflects Egyptian
3245:", people who threaten pharaonic rule and the stability of
3188:
3074:
2800:
2783:
dramatic embellishments of broader, more meaningful myths.
2511:
975:
73:
6210:. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. pp. 464â469.
6172:. Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. pp. 269â271.
6153:. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. pp. 605â609.
6074:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. pp. 407â410.
6009:. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. pp. 119â122.
5917:. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. pp. 480â482.
5836:. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. pp. 188â191.
5795:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. pp. 192â193.
3813:
symbolized the regeneration of life, referring to the god
3801:
that Egyptians commonly wore to invoke divine powers. The
5166:
5164:
4833:
4831:
4829:
4340:
4338:
4249:
4247:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3131:
To the Egyptians, the most important human maintainer of
6277:. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. pp. 82â85.
6231:. Translated by David Lorton. Cornell University Press.
5776:. Translated by David Lorton. Cornell University Press.
5632:. Translated by David Lorton. Cornell University Press.
5599:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. pp. 75â82.
4198:
4196:
4194:
4118:
4116:
2902:(c. 2181â2055 BC), the Pyramid Texts developed into the
2763:
did not describe these mysterious processes in explicit
2609:
sparse, the question may never be resolved for certain.
2570:
The development of Egyptian myth is difficult to trace.
2550:, and the continual death and regeneration of the gods.
6252:'Never Had the Like Occurred': Egypt's View of Its Past
6134:. The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.
6049:'Never Had the Like Occurred': Egypt's View of Its Past
5971:. Translated by Barbara Cummings. Thames & Hudson.
5879:. Translated by John Baines. Cornell University Press.
4675:
4673:
42:
4801:
4799:
4016:
4014:
3960:
3958:
3817:, the form that the sun god was said to take at dawn.
3541:, about the birth of the first three kings of Egypt's
3497:
Statues of Osiris and of Isis nursing the infant Horus
2883:
beginning in the 24th century BC. They were the first
2807:, or linked, as a single being. Thus the creator god
68:, the embodiment of the primordial waters, lifts the
3855:
Isis, the Rich Woman's Son, and the Fisherman's Wife
2715:
culture had little influence on Egyptian mythology.
2495:
Inspired by the cycles of nature, the Egyptians saw
220:
8042:
7999:
7904:
7714:
7673:
7642:
7584:
6716:
6658:
6605:
6596:
6540:
6470:
5896:
Idea into Image: Essays on Ancient Egyptian Thought
3278:to the mythic past and renew life in the universe.
3016:A final source of Egyptian myth is the writings of
277:
224:
6132:The Mechanics of Ancient Egyptian Magical Practice
2542:and the forces of disorder, the importance of the
5986:Meeks, Dimitri; Favard-Meeks, Christine (1996) .
5877:Conceptions of God in Egypt: The One and the Many
5290:
5278:
4960:
4900:
4888:
4754:
4146:
3608:Ra on the solar barque, adorned with the sun-disk
5938:New Directions in the Study of Ancient Geography
3005:References to myth also appear in non-religious
5566:Handbook of Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy
5691:. Cornell University Press. pp. 361â377.
5689:Ancient Egyptian Literature: History and Forms
5537:. In O'Connor, David; Quirke, Stephen (eds.).
3658:. The greatest challenge is the opposition of
3437:from the destructive actions of other people.
6448:
5952:. Cornell University Press. pp. 89â122.
5832:(2001). "Isis". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.).
5730:Reconsidering Creation Ex Nihilo in Genesis 1
2434:
1612:
8:
6248:"The Ancient Egyptian View of World History"
6113:The Cult of Ra: Sun Worship in Ancient Egypt
5362:
4778:
3976:
3805:, for instance, was a very common shape for
6189:Theological Principles of Egyptian Religion
5898:. Translated by Elizabeth Bredeck. Timken.
5591:Andrews, Carol A. R. (2001). "Amulets". In
4032:
3623:(at center) travels through the sky in his
2739:are almost entirely about events among the
26:
6602:
6455:
6441:
6433:
6323:. The American University in Cairo Press.
4493:
4476:
4416:
2955:watching over the corpse of their brother
2441:
2427:
1630:
1619:
1605:
221:
79:
5774:Gods and Men in Egypt: 3000 BCE to 395 CE
5446:
5422:
4068:
6275:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt
6208:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt
6170:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt
6151:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt
6072:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt
6007:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt
5915:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt
5834:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt
5793:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt
5597:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt
5302:
4640:
4628:
3781:Funerary amulet in the shape of a scarab
32:This is an accepted version of this page
5711:Religions of the Ancient World: A Guide
5458:
5350:
5266:
5242:
5194:
5155:
5119:
5104:
5068:
5032:
4996:
4852:
4790:
4380:
4368:
4356:
4329:
4238:
4226:
4134:
4107:
4056:
3942:
3909:
3462:The collection of episodes surrounding
2660:with a conflict between the regions of
2632:Much of Egyptian mythology consists of
2518:, concerning the struggles of the gods
1633:
91:
76:into the sky at the moment of creation.
28:
6028:. Translated by Ann E. Keep. Methuen.
5494:
5482:
5470:
5434:
5410:
5386:
5374:
5326:
5314:
5230:
5143:
5131:
5008:
4820:
4766:
4739:
4691:
4616:
4592:
4565:
4541:
4517:
4505:
4440:
4392:
4300:
4288:
4276:
4202:
4170:
4158:
4122:
4080:
4020:
4005:
3949:
3215:The fertile lands of the Nile Valley (
2811:was combined with Ra to form Ra-Atum.
2472:. Myths appear frequently in Egyptian
5398:
5206:
5182:
5170:
5092:
5056:
5020:
4984:
4972:
4948:
4936:
4924:
4912:
4876:
4864:
4837:
4805:
4727:
4715:
4703:
4679:
4664:
4652:
4604:
4577:
4553:
4529:
4464:
4452:
4428:
4404:
4344:
4317:
4253:
4214:
4185:
4092:
4044:
3988:
3964:
2867:Many gods appear in artwork from the
2826:. They formed a mythical family, the
7:
5934:"The Kozy Kosmos of Early Cosmology"
5338:
5254:
5218:
5080:
5044:
3867:Index of Egyptian mythology articles
3159:. The earth, personified by the god
2602:relationship between myth and ritual
2464:, which describe the actions of the
5772:; Zivie-Coche, Christiane (2004) .
5752:Religion and Magic in Ancient Egypt
5629:The Search for God in Ancient Egypt
5535:"The Egyptian Concept of the World"
3892:Traditional African religion portal
3128:and the sustenance of life itself.
2951:, depicting the goddesses Isis and
2731:is "a sacred or culturally central
6416:Myths and Legends of Ancient Egypt
6359:Myths and Legends of Ancient Egypt
5562:"Egyptian Cosmology and Cosmogony"
3843:The Blinding of Truth by Falsehood
3484:traditions of embalming and burial
3167:and is also covered by a flat sky/
57:
7966:Enigmatic Book of the Netherworld
7961:The Contendings of Horus and Seth
5814:. E. J. Brill. pp. 457â476.
5739:Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur
3851:The Contendings of Horus and Seth
3119:distinguishes the world from the
2803:. Separate deities could even be
8093:
8009:Beautiful Festival of the Valley
6531:
6294:Symbol and Magic in Egyptian Art
5616:Mythologies of the Ancient World
5568:. Springer. pp. 1471â1475.
5564:. In Ruggles, Clive L.N. (ed.).
3884:
3631:At sunset Ra passes through the
3123:that preceded and surrounds it.
1588:
102:
6321:Gods and Myths of Ancient Egypt
5988:Daily Life of the Egyptian Gods
5652:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
5618:. Anchor Books. pp. 16â92.
3695:and a more explicit one in the
3297:Ancient Egyptian creation myths
3183:Firmament and course of the sun
2576:Egyptians' natural surroundings
1576:Church of the Most High Goddess
6292:Wilkinson, Richard H. (1993).
6130:Ritner, Robert Kriech (1993).
5812:Ancient Magic and Ritual Power
5732:. Penn State University Press.
5518:. Yale Egyptological Seminar.
3835:Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor
3053:Ancient near eastern cosmology
2625:) based on myth. In contrast,
1:
6187:Tobin, Vincent Arieh (1989).
5940:. Eisenbrauns. pp. 5â55.
5936:. In Roller, Duane W. (ed.).
5857:. University of Texas Press.
5574:10.1007/978-1-4614-6141-8_147
5497:, pp. 366, 371â373, 377.
5291:Meeks & Favard-Meeks 1996
5279:Dunand & Zivie-Coche 2004
4961:Meeks & Favard-Meeks 1996
4901:Meeks & Favard-Meeks 1996
4889:Dunand & Zivie-Coche 2004
4755:Meeks & Favard-Meeks 1996
4147:Meeks & Favard-Meeks 1996
4059:, pp. 113, 115, 119â122.
3786:appear in religious artwork.
3748:Opening of the mouth ceremony
3708:Influence in Egyptian culture
2969:, or temple library, storing
2834:, whose cult was centered at
2757:ultimate fate of the universe
2681:
6225:Traunecker, Claude (2001) .
5728:Chambers, Nathan J. (2021).
5485:, pp. 367â369, 373â374.
4781:, pp. 155â156, 169â171.
3442:The Book of the Heavenly Cow
3430:The Book of the Heavenly Cow
2648:unified national tradition.
7951:Book of Traversing Eternity
6399:(in German). Harrassowitz.
6096:. Oxford University Press.
6024:Morenz, Siegfried (1973) .
3627:, accompanied by other gods
2912:in the New Kingdom and the
2530:against the disruptive god
8147:
7976:Litany of the Eye of Horus
6529:
6319:Armour, Robert A (2001) .
6045:"Egypt's View of 'Others'"
4655:, pp. 79â82, 197â199.
3831:Teaching for King Merykara
3770:
3573:
3455:
3294:
3103:The Egyptian word written
3096:
3050:
2703:. In contrast, during the
2699:who had been adopted from
2617:rescuing her poisoned son
8126:Ancient Egyptian religion
8088:
8019:Coronation of the pharaoh
7991:Spell of the Twelve Caves
6728:
6464:Ancient Egyptian religion
6414:Tyldesley, Joyce (2010).
6395:Sternberg, Heike (1985).
5967:Lurker, Manfred (1980) .
3354:Third Intermediate Period
2900:First Intermediate Period
2687: â 2181 BC). In the
2470:ancient Egyptian religion
335:
8131:Middle Eastern mythology
8100:Ancient Egypt portal
7946:Book of the Heavenly Cow
6361:. Grosset & Dunlap.
6338:Ions, Veronica (1982) .
6111:Quirke, Stephen (2001).
6043:O'Connor, David (2003).
5560:Allen, James P. (2014).
5533:Allen, James P. (2003).
5425:, pp. 27â29, 69â70.
5107:, pp. 129, 141â145.
3979:, pp. 155, 178â179.
3839:Tale of the Two Brothers
3532:Birth of the royal child
3379:The reign of the sun god
2514:upon the earth; and the
1595:Ancient Egypt portal
39:latest accepted revision
7801:Horus on the Crocodiles
6380:. Thames & Hudson.
6376:Shaw, Garry J. (2014).
6357:James, T. G. H (1971).
6342:. Peter Bedrick Books.
6296:. Thames & Hudson.
6250:. In Tait, John (ed.).
6047:. In Tait, John (ed.).
5750:David, Rosalie (2002).
5473:, pp. 74, 104â105.
5209:, pp. 49, 136â138.
2885:Egyptian funerary texts
7971:Great Hymn to the Aten
7751:Crown of justification
7475:Souls of Pe and Nekhen
6753:Amenhotep, son of Hapu
6588:Veneration of the dead
6254:. UCL Press. pp.
6246:Uphill, E. P. (2003).
6051:. UCL Press. pp.
5894:Hornung, Erik (1992).
5541:. UCL Press. pp.
5245:, pp. 95, 99â101.
5197:, pp. 96â97, 113.
4173:, pp. 81â85, 104.
3877:Regalia of the Pharaoh
3782:
3722:
3651:
3628:
3609:
3570:The journey of the sun
3526:souls of Nekhen and Pe
3498:
3310:
3152:
2959:
2779:
2711:eras (332 BCâ641 AD),
2403:Religion and mythology
1108:Souls of Pe and Nekhen
358:Amenhotep, son of Hapu
77:
6115:. Thames and Hudson.
5932:Keyser, Paul (2020).
5851:Hart, George (1990).
4927:, pp. 36â42, 60.
4769:, pp. 64â65, 82.
4757:, pp. 82â88, 91.
4607:, pp. 35, 39â42.
4431:, pp. 28, 84â85.
4371:, pp. 41â45, 96.
4320:, pp. 18, 23â26.
3811:Scarab-shaped amulets
3780:
3771:Further information:
3720:
3641:
3619:
3607:
3496:
3308:
3150:
3059:early Greek cosmology
3051:Further information:
2947:Temple decoration at
2946:
2869:Early Dynastic Period
2777:
2670:Early Dynastic Period
2456:is the collection of
2366:Comparative mythology
1666:Aboriginal Australian
64:
6573:Opening of the mouth
3773:Art of ancient Egypt
2719:Definition and scope
2606:comparative religion
2371:Comparative religion
2333:Legendary progenitor
1811:Continental Germanic
7706:The Indestructibles
7510:Hermes Trismegistus
5365:, pp. 407â409.
5341:, pp. 605â608.
5317:, pp. 246â249.
5305:, pp. 269â270.
5269:, pp. 162â165.
5185:, pp. 183â184.
5122:, pp. 116â119.
5095:, pp. 480â482.
5071:, pp. 131â134.
4999:, pp. 113â116.
4823:, pp. 364â365.
4793:, pp. 151â154.
4730:, pp. 117â120.
4595:, pp. 365â376.
4568:, pp. 243â249.
4544:, pp. 218â219.
4419:, pp. 101â103.
4291:, pp. 104â105.
4279:, pp. 100â104.
4241:, pp. 107â112.
4188:, pp. 464â468.
4110:, pp. 119â122.
4071:, pp. 188â190.
4035:, pp. 472â474.
3686:End of the universe
3276:periodically return
3093:Maat (cosmic order)
3039:De Iside et Osiride
3007:Egyptian literature
2751:Content and meaning
2120:Proto-Indo-European
1268:Symbols and objects
1255:The Indestructibles
1145:Hermes Trismegistus
29:Page version status
8121:Egyptian mythology
7919:Books of Breathing
6938:Four sons of Horus
6340:Egyptian Mythology
5830:Griffiths, J. Gwyn
5593:Redford, Donald B.
5257:, pp. 57, 61.
4879:, pp. 81, 89.
4520:, pp. 84, 90.
3783:
3723:
3652:
3629:
3610:
3499:
3311:
3153:
2960:
2915:Books of Breathing
2780:
2701:Canaanite religion
2645:Predynastic Period
2454:Egyptian mythology
2321:Legendary creature
2037:Pacific Northwest
1517:Books of Breathing
551:Four sons of Horus
78:
35:
18:Egyptian Mythology
8108:
8107:
8070:Mysteries of Isis
8043:Related religions
7936:Book of the Earth
7580:
7579:
6425:978-1-84614-369-4
6387:978-0-500-25198-0
6284:978-0-19-510234-5
6265:978-1-84472-007-1
6228:The Gods of Egypt
6217:978-0-19-510234-5
6179:978-0-19-510234-5
6160:978-0-19-510234-5
6081:978-0-19-510234-5
6062:978-1-84472-007-1
6026:Egyptian Religion
6016:978-0-19-510234-5
5946:Lesko, Leonard H.
5924:978-0-19-510234-5
5843:978-0-19-510234-5
5802:978-0-19-510234-5
5770:Dunand, Françoise
5606:978-0-19-510234-5
5583:978-1-4614-6140-1
5461:, pp. 75â82.
5449:, pp. 11â12.
5401:, pp. 90â95.
5353:, pp. 49â51.
5293:, pp. 18â19.
5281:, pp. 67â68.
5233:, pp. 45â46.
5221:, pp. 52â54.
5173:, pp. 91â92.
5083:, pp. 36â38.
5059:, pp. 79â80.
5047:, pp. 30â33.
5023:, pp. 76â78.
5011:, pp. 17â26.
4987:, pp. 71â74.
4963:, pp. 22â25.
4939:, pp. 66â68.
4903:, pp. 19â21.
4891:, pp. 45â50.
4855:, pp. 77â80.
4840:, pp. 27â31.
4742:, pp. 33â37.
4718:, pp. 25â29.
4556:, pp. 37â38.
4479:, pp. 10â11.
4467:, pp. 16â17.
4455:, pp. 45â46.
4443:, pp. 62â63.
4407:, pp. 62â63.
4395:, pp. 24â25.
4383:, pp. 82â85.
4347:, pp. 48â49.
4303:, pp. 18â20.
4256:, pp. 38â39.
4229:, pp. 80â81.
4149:, pp. 49â51.
4083:, pp. 33â36.
4008:, pp. 81â84.
3991:, pp. 10â11.
3952:, pp. 29â30.
2863:Religious sources
2451:
2450:
1629:
1628:
1572:Kemetic Orthodoxy
1547:Related religions
1529:Book of the Earth
1219:
1218:
16:(Redirected from
8138:
8098:
8097:
8096:
7930:Book of the Dead
7766:Egyptian obelisk
7155:Kothar-wa-Khasis
6603:
6568:Offering formula
6563:Mortuary temples
6553:Embalming ritual
6535:
6457:
6450:
6443:
6434:
6429:
6410:
6391:
6372:
6353:
6334:
6307:
6288:
6269:
6242:
6221:
6202:
6183:
6164:
6145:
6126:
6107:
6090:Pinch, Geraldine
6085:
6066:
6039:
6020:
6001:
5982:
5963:
5941:
5928:
5909:
5890:
5868:
5847:
5825:
5806:
5787:
5765:
5746:
5733:
5724:
5702:
5683:
5643:
5619:
5610:
5587:
5556:
5539:Mysterious Lands
5529:
5498:
5492:
5486:
5480:
5474:
5468:
5462:
5456:
5450:
5444:
5438:
5432:
5426:
5420:
5414:
5408:
5402:
5396:
5390:
5384:
5378:
5372:
5366:
5360:
5354:
5348:
5342:
5336:
5330:
5324:
5318:
5312:
5306:
5300:
5294:
5288:
5282:
5276:
5270:
5264:
5258:
5252:
5246:
5240:
5234:
5228:
5222:
5216:
5210:
5204:
5198:
5192:
5186:
5180:
5174:
5168:
5159:
5153:
5147:
5141:
5135:
5129:
5123:
5117:
5108:
5102:
5096:
5090:
5084:
5078:
5072:
5066:
5060:
5054:
5048:
5042:
5036:
5030:
5024:
5018:
5012:
5006:
5000:
4994:
4988:
4982:
4976:
4970:
4964:
4958:
4952:
4946:
4940:
4934:
4928:
4922:
4916:
4915:, pp. 8â11.
4910:
4904:
4898:
4892:
4886:
4880:
4874:
4868:
4862:
4856:
4850:
4841:
4835:
4824:
4818:
4809:
4803:
4794:
4788:
4782:
4776:
4770:
4764:
4758:
4752:
4743:
4737:
4731:
4725:
4719:
4713:
4707:
4701:
4695:
4689:
4683:
4677:
4668:
4662:
4656:
4650:
4644:
4638:
4632:
4626:
4620:
4619:, p. 18â19.
4614:
4608:
4602:
4596:
4590:
4581:
4575:
4569:
4563:
4557:
4551:
4545:
4539:
4533:
4532:, pp. 6â11.
4527:
4521:
4515:
4509:
4503:
4497:
4491:
4480:
4474:
4468:
4462:
4456:
4450:
4444:
4438:
4432:
4426:
4420:
4414:
4408:
4402:
4396:
4390:
4384:
4378:
4372:
4366:
4360:
4354:
4348:
4342:
4333:
4327:
4321:
4315:
4304:
4298:
4292:
4286:
4280:
4274:
4257:
4251:
4242:
4236:
4230:
4224:
4218:
4212:
4206:
4200:
4189:
4183:
4174:
4168:
4162:
4156:
4150:
4144:
4138:
4132:
4126:
4120:
4111:
4105:
4096:
4090:
4084:
4078:
4072:
4066:
4060:
4054:
4048:
4042:
4036:
4033:Frankfurter 1995
4030:
4024:
4018:
4009:
4003:
3992:
3986:
3980:
3974:
3968:
3962:
3953:
3947:
3931:
3928:
3922:
3914:
3894:
3889:
3888:
3827:instruction text
3697:Book of the Dead
3205:Leonard H. Lesko
3030:Diodorus Siculus
2909:Book of the Dead
2686:
2683:
2484:, ritual texts,
2443:
2436:
2429:
2398:Pseudo-mythology
2310:Related concepts
1631:
1621:
1614:
1607:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1525:Book of the Dead
1330:Egyptian obelisk
776:Kothar-wa-Khasis
222:
188:Offering formula
106:
95:
94:Ancient Egyptian
80:
47:4 September 2024
21:
8146:
8145:
8141:
8140:
8139:
8137:
8136:
8135:
8111:
8110:
8109:
8104:
8094:
8092:
8084:
8038:
7995:
7924:Book of Caverns
7900:
7746:Crook and flail
7717:
7710:
7669:
7638:
7576:
6928:Dionysus-Osiris
6724:
6712:
6654:
6592:
6536:
6527:
6466:
6461:
6426:
6418:. Allen Lanes.
6413:
6407:
6394:
6388:
6375:
6369:
6356:
6350:
6337:
6331:
6318:
6315:
6313:Further reading
6310:
6304:
6291:
6285:
6272:
6266:
6245:
6239:
6224:
6218:
6205:
6199:
6186:
6180:
6167:
6161:
6148:
6142:
6129:
6123:
6110:
6104:
6088:
6082:
6069:
6063:
6042:
6036:
6023:
6017:
6004:
5998:
5985:
5979:
5966:
5960:
5944:
5931:
5925:
5912:
5906:
5893:
5887:
5871:
5865:
5850:
5844:
5828:
5822:
5809:
5803:
5790:
5784:
5768:
5762:
5749:
5736:
5727:
5721:
5707:Bickel, Susanne
5705:
5699:
5686:
5646:
5640:
5622:
5613:
5607:
5590:
5584:
5559:
5553:
5532:
5526:
5512:Allen, James P.
5510:
5506:
5501:
5493:
5489:
5481:
5477:
5469:
5465:
5457:
5453:
5445:
5441:
5433:
5429:
5421:
5417:
5409:
5405:
5397:
5393:
5385:
5381:
5373:
5369:
5361:
5357:
5349:
5345:
5337:
5333:
5325:
5321:
5313:
5309:
5301:
5297:
5289:
5285:
5277:
5273:
5265:
5261:
5253:
5249:
5241:
5237:
5229:
5225:
5217:
5213:
5205:
5201:
5193:
5189:
5181:
5177:
5169:
5162:
5154:
5150:
5142:
5138:
5130:
5126:
5118:
5111:
5103:
5099:
5091:
5087:
5079:
5075:
5067:
5063:
5055:
5051:
5043:
5039:
5031:
5027:
5019:
5015:
5007:
5003:
4995:
4991:
4983:
4979:
4971:
4967:
4959:
4955:
4947:
4943:
4935:
4931:
4923:
4919:
4911:
4907:
4899:
4895:
4887:
4883:
4875:
4871:
4863:
4859:
4851:
4844:
4836:
4827:
4819:
4812:
4804:
4797:
4789:
4785:
4777:
4773:
4765:
4761:
4753:
4746:
4738:
4734:
4726:
4722:
4714:
4710:
4702:
4698:
4690:
4686:
4682:, pp. 3â7.
4678:
4671:
4663:
4659:
4651:
4647:
4639:
4635:
4627:
4623:
4615:
4611:
4603:
4599:
4591:
4584:
4576:
4572:
4564:
4560:
4552:
4548:
4540:
4536:
4528:
4524:
4516:
4512:
4504:
4500:
4496:, pp. 1â5.
4494:Traunecker 2001
4492:
4483:
4477:Traunecker 2001
4475:
4471:
4463:
4459:
4451:
4447:
4439:
4435:
4427:
4423:
4417:Traunecker 2001
4415:
4411:
4403:
4399:
4391:
4387:
4379:
4375:
4367:
4363:
4355:
4351:
4343:
4336:
4328:
4324:
4316:
4307:
4299:
4295:
4287:
4283:
4275:
4260:
4252:
4245:
4237:
4233:
4225:
4221:
4217:, pp. 1â2.
4213:
4209:
4201:
4192:
4184:
4177:
4169:
4165:
4157:
4153:
4145:
4141:
4133:
4129:
4121:
4114:
4106:
4099:
4095:, pp. 6â7.
4091:
4087:
4079:
4075:
4067:
4063:
4055:
4051:
4043:
4039:
4031:
4027:
4019:
4012:
4004:
3995:
3987:
3983:
3975:
3971:
3967:, pp. 1â2.
3963:
3956:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3935:
3934:
3929:
3925:
3915:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3890:
3883:
3863:
3823:
3775:
3769:
3715:
3710:
3688:
3644:Egyptian Museum
3598:Book of Caverns
3578:
3572:
3539:Westcar Papyrus
3534:
3460:
3454:
3421:heliacal rising
3401:Horus the Elder
3381:
3299:
3293:
3284:
3255:
3239:
3237:Foreign nations
3213:
3185:
3145:
3107:often rendered
3101:
3095:
3055:
3049:
3003:
2937:Book of Caverns
2873:Egypt's history
2865:
2851:
2843:Henri Frankfort
2753:
2721:
2684:
2650:Geraldine Pinch
2627:J. F. Borghouts
2568:
2546:in maintaining
2447:
2418:
2417:
2393:Lower mythology
2361:
2353:
2352:
2311:
2303:
2302:
2238:
2230:
2229:
2205:
2197:
2196:
2047:Plains Indians
1938:Native American
1646:
1625:
1589:
1587:
1582:
1581:
1548:
1540:
1539:
1521:Book of Caverns
1503:
1495:
1494:
1315:Crook and flail
1270:
1260:
1259:
1230:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1215:
331:
273:
218:
203:
202:
174:
166:
165:
114:
93:
72:of the sun god
55:
54:
53:
52:
51:
50:
34:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8144:
8142:
8134:
8133:
8128:
8123:
8113:
8112:
8106:
8105:
8103:
8102:
8089:
8086:
8085:
8083:
8082:
8077:
8072:
8067:
8062:
8057:
8052:
8046:
8044:
8040:
8039:
8037:
8036:
8031:
8026:
8021:
8016:
8011:
8005:
8003:
7997:
7996:
7994:
7993:
7988:
7983:
7978:
7973:
7968:
7963:
7958:
7953:
7948:
7943:
7938:
7933:
7926:
7921:
7916:
7910:
7908:
7902:
7901:
7899:
7898:
7893:
7888:
7883:
7878:
7873:
7868:
7863:
7858:
7853:
7848:
7843:
7838:
7833:
7828:
7823:
7818:
7813:
7808:
7803:
7798:
7793:
7788:
7783:
7778:
7773:
7768:
7763:
7758:
7753:
7748:
7743:
7738:
7733:
7728:
7722:
7720:
7712:
7711:
7709:
7708:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7688:
7683:
7677:
7675:
7671:
7670:
7668:
7667:
7662:
7657:
7652:
7646:
7644:
7640:
7639:
7637:
7636:
7631:
7626:
7621:
7616:
7611:
7606:
7601:
7596:
7590:
7588:
7582:
7581:
7578:
7577:
7575:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7559:
7554:
7549:
7544:
7539:
7534:
7529:
7524:
7519:
7514:
7513:
7512:
7502:
7497:
7492:
7487:
7482:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7347:
7342:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7212:
7207:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7125:Khenti-Amentiu
7122:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7041:
7040:
7030:
7025:
7020:
7015:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6975:
6970:
6965:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6945:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6915:
6913:Cavern deities
6910:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6729:
6726:
6725:
6720:
6718:
6714:
6713:
6711:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6664:
6662:
6656:
6655:
6653:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6611:
6609:
6600:
6594:
6593:
6591:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6544:
6542:
6538:
6537:
6530:
6528:
6526:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6483:Creation myths
6480:
6474:
6472:
6468:
6467:
6462:
6460:
6459:
6452:
6445:
6437:
6431:
6430:
6424:
6411:
6405:
6392:
6386:
6373:
6367:
6354:
6348:
6335:
6329:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6308:
6302:
6289:
6283:
6270:
6264:
6243:
6237:
6222:
6216:
6203:
6197:
6184:
6178:
6165:
6159:
6146:
6140:
6127:
6121:
6108:
6102:
6086:
6080:
6067:
6061:
6040:
6034:
6021:
6015:
6002:
5996:
5983:
5977:
5964:
5958:
5942:
5929:
5923:
5910:
5904:
5891:
5885:
5869:
5863:
5854:Egyptian Myths
5848:
5842:
5826:
5820:
5807:
5801:
5788:
5782:
5766:
5760:
5747:
5734:
5725:
5719:
5703:
5697:
5684:
5664:10.1086/373483
5644:
5638:
5620:
5611:
5605:
5588:
5582:
5557:
5551:
5530:
5524:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5499:
5487:
5475:
5463:
5451:
5447:Wilkinson 1993
5439:
5437:, p. 115.
5427:
5423:Wilkinson 1993
5415:
5413:, p. 103.
5403:
5391:
5379:
5377:, p. 101.
5367:
5355:
5343:
5331:
5329:, p. 150.
5319:
5307:
5295:
5283:
5271:
5259:
5247:
5235:
5223:
5211:
5199:
5187:
5175:
5160:
5148:
5146:, p. 364.
5136:
5134:, p. 193.
5124:
5109:
5097:
5085:
5073:
5061:
5049:
5037:
5035:, p. 124.
5025:
5013:
5001:
4989:
4977:
4975:, p. 143.
4965:
4953:
4941:
4929:
4917:
4905:
4893:
4881:
4869:
4857:
4842:
4825:
4810:
4795:
4783:
4771:
4759:
4744:
4732:
4720:
4708:
4696:
4694:, p. 7â9.
4684:
4669:
4667:, p. 156.
4657:
4645:
4633:
4621:
4609:
4597:
4582:
4570:
4558:
4546:
4534:
4522:
4510:
4508:, p. 379.
4498:
4481:
4469:
4457:
4445:
4433:
4421:
4409:
4397:
4385:
4373:
4361:
4359:, p. 112.
4349:
4334:
4332:, p. 117.
4322:
4305:
4293:
4281:
4258:
4243:
4231:
4219:
4207:
4205:, p. 578.
4190:
4175:
4163:
4161:, p. 361.
4151:
4139:
4137:, p. 116.
4127:
4125:, p. 580.
4112:
4097:
4085:
4073:
4069:Griffiths 2001
4061:
4049:
4037:
4025:
4010:
3993:
3981:
3969:
3954:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3923:
3919:Second Dynasty
3908:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3895:
3880:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3862:
3859:
3822:
3819:
3768:
3765:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3701:eschatological
3687:
3684:
3574:Main article:
3571:
3568:
3533:
3530:
3456:Main article:
3453:
3450:
3380:
3377:
3295:Main article:
3292:
3289:
3283:
3280:
3254:
3251:
3238:
3235:
3212:
3209:
3200:James P. Allen
3184:
3181:
3144:
3141:
3097:Main article:
3094:
3091:
3048:
3045:
3002:
2999:
2893:myth of Osiris
2889:creation myths
2864:
2861:
2856:oral tradition
2850:
2847:
2752:
2749:
2720:
2717:
2685: 2686 BC
2567:
2564:
2508:creation myths
2486:funerary texts
2449:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2438:
2431:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2318:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2265:
2260:
2258:Feral children
2255:
2250:
2245:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1965:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1647:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1616:
1609:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1508:Funerary texts
1504:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1271:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1172:
1171:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
967:
966:
961:
956:
945:
944:
939:
934:
929:
918:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
866:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
779:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
746:Khenti-Amentiu
743:
738:
727:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
665:
664:
659:
654:
653:
652:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
566:
565:
554:
553:
542:
541:
536:
525:
524:
522:Cavern deities
513:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
461:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
336:
333:
332:
330:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
283:
281:
275:
274:
272:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
230:
228:
219:
209:
208:
205:
204:
201:
200:
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158:
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148:
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89:
88:
56:
36:
30:
27:
25:
24:
23:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8143:
8132:
8129:
8127:
8124:
8122:
8119:
8118:
8116:
8101:
8091:
8090:
8087:
8081:
8078:
8076:
8075:Temple of Set
8073:
8071:
8068:
8066:
8063:
8061:
8058:
8056:
8053:
8051:
8048:
8047:
8045:
8041:
8035:
8032:
8030:
8029:Opet Festival
8027:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8010:
8007:
8006:
8004:
8002:
7998:
7992:
7989:
7987:
7986:Pyramid Texts
7984:
7982:
7979:
7977:
7974:
7972:
7969:
7967:
7964:
7962:
7959:
7957:
7954:
7952:
7949:
7947:
7944:
7942:
7941:Book of Gates
7939:
7937:
7934:
7932:
7931:
7927:
7925:
7922:
7920:
7917:
7915:
7912:
7911:
7909:
7907:
7903:
7897:
7894:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7886:Vulture crown
7884:
7882:
7879:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7869:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7857:
7854:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7834:
7832:
7829:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7812:
7809:
7807:
7804:
7802:
7799:
7797:
7794:
7792:
7789:
7787:
7784:
7782:
7779:
7777:
7774:
7772:
7771:Egyptian pool
7769:
7767:
7764:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7754:
7752:
7749:
7747:
7744:
7742:
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7635:
7632:
7630:
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7622:
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7617:
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7612:
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7609:Hieracosphinx
7607:
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7600:
7597:
7595:
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7383:
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7378:
7376:
7375:Renpetneferet
7373:
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7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
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6789:
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6689:
6686:
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6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6665:
6663:
6661:
6657:
6651:
6648:
6646:
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6641:
6638:
6636:
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6613:
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6610:
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6604:
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6534:
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6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6475:
6473:
6469:
6465:
6458:
6453:
6451:
6446:
6444:
6439:
6438:
6435:
6427:
6421:
6417:
6412:
6408:
6406:3-447-02497-6
6402:
6398:
6393:
6389:
6383:
6379:
6374:
6370:
6368:0-448-00866-1
6364:
6360:
6355:
6351:
6349:0-911745-07-6
6345:
6341:
6336:
6332:
6330:977-424-669-1
6326:
6322:
6317:
6316:
6312:
6305:
6303:0-500-23663-1
6299:
6295:
6290:
6286:
6280:
6276:
6271:
6267:
6261:
6257:
6253:
6249:
6244:
6240:
6238:0-8014-3834-9
6234:
6230:
6229:
6223:
6219:
6213:
6209:
6204:
6200:
6198:0-8204-1082-9
6194:
6190:
6185:
6181:
6175:
6171:
6166:
6162:
6156:
6152:
6147:
6143:
6141:0-918986-75-3
6137:
6133:
6128:
6124:
6122:0-500-05107-0
6118:
6114:
6109:
6105:
6103:0-19-517024-5
6099:
6095:
6091:
6087:
6083:
6077:
6073:
6068:
6064:
6058:
6054:
6050:
6046:
6041:
6037:
6035:0-8014-8029-9
6031:
6027:
6022:
6018:
6012:
6008:
6003:
5999:
5997:0-8014-8248-8
5993:
5989:
5984:
5980:
5978:0-500-27253-0
5974:
5970:
5965:
5961:
5959:0-8014-2550-6
5955:
5951:
5947:
5943:
5939:
5935:
5930:
5926:
5920:
5916:
5911:
5907:
5905:0-943221-11-0
5901:
5897:
5892:
5888:
5886:0-8014-1223-4
5882:
5878:
5874:
5873:Hornung, Erik
5870:
5866:
5864:0-292-72076-9
5860:
5856:
5855:
5849:
5845:
5839:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5823:
5821:0-8014-2550-6
5817:
5813:
5808:
5804:
5798:
5794:
5789:
5785:
5783:0-8014-8853-2
5779:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5763:
5761:0-14-026252-0
5757:
5753:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5735:
5731:
5726:
5722:
5720:0-674-01517-7
5716:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5700:
5698:90-04-09925-5
5694:
5690:
5685:
5681:
5677:
5673:
5669:
5665:
5661:
5658:(2): 81â105.
5657:
5653:
5649:
5645:
5641:
5639:0-8014-3786-5
5635:
5631:
5630:
5625:
5621:
5617:
5612:
5608:
5602:
5598:
5594:
5589:
5585:
5579:
5575:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5558:
5554:
5552:1-84472-004-7
5548:
5544:
5540:
5536:
5531:
5527:
5525:0-912532-14-9
5521:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5508:
5503:
5496:
5491:
5488:
5484:
5479:
5476:
5472:
5467:
5464:
5460:
5455:
5452:
5448:
5443:
5440:
5436:
5431:
5428:
5424:
5419:
5416:
5412:
5407:
5404:
5400:
5395:
5392:
5389:, p. 84.
5388:
5383:
5380:
5376:
5371:
5368:
5364:
5363:O'Rourke 2001
5359:
5356:
5352:
5347:
5344:
5340:
5335:
5332:
5328:
5323:
5320:
5316:
5311:
5308:
5304:
5303:te Velde 2001
5299:
5296:
5292:
5287:
5284:
5280:
5275:
5272:
5268:
5263:
5260:
5256:
5251:
5248:
5244:
5239:
5236:
5232:
5227:
5224:
5220:
5215:
5212:
5208:
5203:
5200:
5196:
5191:
5188:
5184:
5179:
5176:
5172:
5167:
5165:
5161:
5158:, p. 96.
5157:
5152:
5149:
5145:
5140:
5137:
5133:
5128:
5125:
5121:
5116:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5101:
5098:
5094:
5089:
5086:
5082:
5077:
5074:
5070:
5065:
5062:
5058:
5053:
5050:
5046:
5041:
5038:
5034:
5029:
5026:
5022:
5017:
5014:
5010:
5005:
5002:
4998:
4993:
4990:
4986:
4981:
4978:
4974:
4969:
4966:
4962:
4957:
4954:
4951:, p. 69.
4950:
4945:
4942:
4938:
4933:
4930:
4926:
4921:
4918:
4914:
4909:
4906:
4902:
4897:
4894:
4890:
4885:
4882:
4878:
4873:
4870:
4867:, p. 57.
4866:
4861:
4858:
4854:
4849:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4834:
4832:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4817:
4815:
4811:
4808:, p. 85.
4807:
4802:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4787:
4784:
4780:
4779:O'Connor 2003
4775:
4772:
4768:
4763:
4760:
4756:
4751:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4736:
4733:
4729:
4724:
4721:
4717:
4712:
4709:
4705:
4700:
4697:
4693:
4688:
4685:
4681:
4676:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4661:
4658:
4654:
4649:
4646:
4643:, p. 20.
4642:
4641:Chambers 2021
4637:
4634:
4631:, p. 19.
4630:
4629:Chambers 2021
4625:
4622:
4618:
4613:
4610:
4606:
4601:
4598:
4594:
4589:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4574:
4571:
4567:
4562:
4559:
4555:
4550:
4547:
4543:
4538:
4535:
4531:
4526:
4523:
4519:
4514:
4511:
4507:
4502:
4499:
4495:
4490:
4488:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4473:
4470:
4466:
4461:
4458:
4454:
4449:
4446:
4442:
4437:
4434:
4430:
4425:
4422:
4418:
4413:
4410:
4406:
4401:
4398:
4394:
4389:
4386:
4382:
4377:
4374:
4370:
4365:
4362:
4358:
4353:
4350:
4346:
4341:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4326:
4323:
4319:
4314:
4312:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4297:
4294:
4290:
4285:
4282:
4278:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4265:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4250:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4235:
4232:
4228:
4223:
4220:
4216:
4211:
4208:
4204:
4199:
4197:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4182:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4167:
4164:
4160:
4155:
4152:
4148:
4143:
4140:
4136:
4131:
4128:
4124:
4119:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4104:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4089:
4086:
4082:
4077:
4074:
4070:
4065:
4062:
4058:
4053:
4050:
4047:, p. 17.
4046:
4041:
4038:
4034:
4029:
4026:
4023:, p. 83.
4022:
4017:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4002:
4000:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3985:
3982:
3978:
3977:O'Connor 2003
3973:
3970:
3966:
3961:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3946:
3943:
3937:
3927:
3924:
3920:
3913:
3910:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3887:
3882:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3852:
3846:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3821:In literature
3820:
3818:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3795:
3793:
3787:
3779:
3774:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3756:
3753:
3749:
3743:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3719:
3712:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3677:
3676:scarab beetle
3673:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3649:
3645:
3640:
3636:
3634:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3606:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3593:
3592:Book of Gates
3588:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3569:
3567:
3563:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3551:Amenhotep III
3548:
3544:
3543:Fifth Dynasty
3540:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3521:
3518:
3512:
3509:
3503:
3495:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3459:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3443:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3431:
3425:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3393:
3391:
3386:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3307:
3303:
3298:
3290:
3288:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3272:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3244:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3211:Cosmic center
3210:
3208:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3149:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3129:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3100:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3054:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3036:, whose work
3035:
3031:
3027:
3024:writers like
3023:
3019:
3014:
3010:
3008:
3001:Other sources
3000:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2987:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2945:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2932:
2931:Book of Gates
2927:
2926:
2921:
2917:
2916:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2901:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2877:Pyramid Texts
2874:
2870:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
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2810:
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2802:
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2750:
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2746:
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2734:
2730:
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2710:
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2659:
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2651:
2646:
2641:
2639:
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2630:
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2616:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2572:Egyptologists
2565:
2563:
2561:
2555:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2504:
2498:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2466:Egyptian gods
2463:
2462:ancient Egypt
2459:
2455:
2444:
2439:
2437:
2432:
2430:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2414:
2411:
2409:
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2399:
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2277:
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2259:
2256:
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2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2226:
2223:
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2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
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2089:
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2084:
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2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2041:KwakwakaĘźwakw
2039:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1954:
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1949:
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1943:
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1911:
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1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1535:
1534:
1533:Book of Gates
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1491:
1488:
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1468:
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1423:
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1418:
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1413:
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1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1370:Hieracosphinx
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1335:Egyptian pool
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1300:Book of Thoth
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1272:
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1241:
1238:
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1233:
1232:
1226:
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1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
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1182:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1170:
1167:
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1164:
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1155:
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1150:
1146:
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1133:
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1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
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1109:
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1041:
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1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1006:Renpetneferet
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
973:
972:
971:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
951:
950:
949:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
924:
923:
922:
916:
913:
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908:
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903:
901:
898:
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893:
891:
888:
886:
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881:
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872:
871:
870:
864:
861:
859:
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854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
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814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
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791:
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786:
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784:
783:
777:
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772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
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749:
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742:
739:
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734:
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731:
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715:
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710:
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705:
702:
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697:
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692:
690:
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682:
680:
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663:
660:
658:
655:
651:
648:
647:
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643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
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593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
572:
571:
570:
564:
561:
560:
559:
558:
552:
549:
548:
547:
546:
540:
537:
535:
532:
531:
530:
529:
523:
520:
519:
518:
517:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
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483:
481:
478:
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471:
468:
467:
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459:
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449:
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431:
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391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
340:
339:
334:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
284:
282:
280:
276:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
231:
229:
227:
223:
216:
212:
207:
206:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
185:
182:
180:
177:
176:
170:
169:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
145:
142:
141:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
116:
110:
109:
105:
101:
100:
97:
90:
86:
82:
81:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
8034:Sed festival
8024:Min festival
8014:Cattle count
7981:Litany of Re
7956:Coffin Texts
7928:
7871:Solar barque
7811:Imiut fetish
7806:Hypocephalus
7791:Hemhem crown
7776:Eye of Horus
7701:Land of Manu
7655:Djadjaemankh
7536:
7526:
7479:
7389:
7339:
7319:
7294:
7250:Nebethetepet
7244:
7159:
7130:Khenti-kheti
7109:
7049:
6952:
6948:Gate deities
6942:
6932:
6917:
6907:
6857:
6732:
6722:Theban Triad
6548:Canopic jars
6502:
6415:
6396:
6377:
6358:
6339:
6320:
6293:
6274:
6251:
6227:
6207:
6188:
6169:
6150:
6131:
6112:
6093:
6071:
6048:
6025:
6006:
5987:
5968:
5949:
5937:
5914:
5895:
5876:
5853:
5833:
5811:
5792:
5773:
5751:
5742:
5738:
5729:
5710:
5688:
5655:
5651:
5648:Baines, John
5628:
5624:Assmann, Jan
5615:
5596:
5565:
5538:
5515:
5490:
5478:
5466:
5459:Andrews 2001
5454:
5442:
5430:
5418:
5406:
5394:
5382:
5370:
5358:
5351:Assmann 2001
5346:
5334:
5322:
5310:
5298:
5286:
5274:
5267:Hornung 1982
5262:
5250:
5243:Hornung 1992
5238:
5226:
5214:
5202:
5195:Hornung 1992
5190:
5178:
5156:Hornung 1992
5151:
5139:
5127:
5120:Assmann 2001
5105:Assmann 2001
5100:
5088:
5076:
5069:Assmann 2001
5064:
5052:
5040:
5033:Assmann 2001
5028:
5016:
5004:
4997:Assmann 2001
4992:
4980:
4968:
4956:
4944:
4932:
4920:
4908:
4896:
4884:
4872:
4860:
4853:Assmann 2001
4791:Hornung 1992
4786:
4774:
4762:
4735:
4723:
4711:
4699:
4687:
4660:
4648:
4636:
4624:
4612:
4600:
4580:, p. 6.
4573:
4561:
4549:
4537:
4525:
4513:
4501:
4472:
4460:
4448:
4436:
4424:
4412:
4400:
4388:
4381:Vischak 2001
4376:
4369:Hornung 1992
4364:
4357:Assmann 2001
4352:
4330:Assmann 2001
4325:
4296:
4284:
4239:Assmann 2001
4234:
4227:Assmann 2001
4222:
4210:
4166:
4154:
4142:
4135:Assmann 2001
4130:
4108:Meltzer 2001
4088:
4076:
4064:
4057:Assmann 2001
4052:
4040:
4028:
3984:
3972:
3945:
3926:
3912:
3847:
3824:
3803:Eye of Horus
3796:
3788:
3784:
3760:
3757:
3744:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3724:
3696:
3693:Coffin Texts
3692:
3689:
3671:
3668:
3663:
3655:
3653:
3632:
3630:
3611:
3596:
3590:
3584:
3579:
3576:Solar barque
3564:
3535:
3522:
3516:
3513:
3508:Eye of Horus
3504:
3500:
3461:
3441:
3439:
3434:
3428:
3426:
3394:
3389:
3382:
3366:
3349:
3343:
3340:Coffin Texts
3339:
3337:
3327:
3322:
3314:
3312:
3300:
3285:
3267:
3262:
3259:Nile flooded
3256:
3246:
3240:
3228:
3214:
3197:
3187:The sun god
3186:
3154:
3132:
3130:
3124:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3102:
3056:
3037:
3015:
3011:
3004:
2995:Egyptian art
2988:
2984:
2966:
2961:
2935:
2929:
2923:
2913:
2907:
2904:Coffin Texts
2897:
2866:
2852:
2840:
2813:
2793:
2785:
2781:
2769:
2761:
2754:
2722:
2674:
2642:
2634:origin myths
2631:
2611:
2598:
2591:
2580:Nile flooded
2569:
2556:
2552:
2547:
2539:
2501:
2494:
2453:
2452:
2343:Culture hero
2187:West African
2125:Proto-Uralic
1967:Californian
1923:Mesopotamian
1765:
1511:
1380:Imiut fetish
1375:Hypocephalus
1360:Hemhem crown
1340:Eye of Horus
1250:Land of Manu
1174:
1173:
1162:
1161:
1113:
1112:
1021:
1020:
969:
968:
947:
946:
920:
919:
875:Nebethetepet
868:
867:
781:
780:
751:Khenti-kheti
729:
728:
667:
666:
568:
567:
563:Gate deities
556:
555:
544:
543:
527:
526:
515:
514:
463:
462:
337:
138:
58:
46:
37:This is the
31:
8060:Hermeticism
7891:Was-sceptre
7718:and objects
7195:Mehet-Weret
7038:Harpocrates
6868:Banebdjedet
6833:Arensnuphis
6513:Osiris myth
6191:. P. Lang.
5754:. Penguin.
5504:Works cited
5495:Baines 1996
5483:Baines 1996
5471:Lurker 1980
5435:Quirke 2001
5411:Baines 1991
5387:Morenz 1973
5375:Baines 1991
5327:Ritner 1993
5315:Ritner 1993
5231:Quirke 2001
5144:Baines 1996
5132:Feucht 2001
5009:Uphill 2003
4821:Baines 1996
4767:Lurker 1980
4740:Conman 2003
4692:Keyser 2020
4617:Keyser 2020
4593:Baines 1996
4566:Ritner 1993
4542:Morenz 1973
4518:Baines 1991
4506:Bickel 2004
4441:Anthes 1961
4393:Anthes 1961
4301:Anthes 1961
4289:Baines 1991
4277:Baines 1991
4203:Bickel 2004
4171:Baines 1991
4159:Baines 1996
4123:Bickel 2004
4081:Anthes 1961
4021:Baines 1991
4006:Morenz 1973
3950:Anthes 1961
3713:In religion
3555:Ramesses II
3458:Osiris myth
3452:Osiris myth
3282:Major myths
3271:John Baines
3225:Lower Egypt
3217:Upper Egypt
2920:Late Period
2898:During the
2820:Old Kingdom
2805:syncretized
2765:theological
2745:Jan Assmann
2729:John Baines
2713:Greco-Roman
2689:New Kingdom
2678:Old Kingdom
2666:Lower Egypt
2623:historiolas
2588:Nile valley
2516:Osiris myth
1942:Algonquian
1928:Micronesian
1821:Anglo-Saxon
1644:Mythologies
1558:Hermeticism
1485:Was-sceptre
1440:Seqtet boat
818:Mehet-Weret
650:Harpocrates
475:Banebdjedet
438:Arensnuphis
8115:Categories
8055:Gnosticism
7896:Winged sun
7741:Corn mummy
7643:Characters
7567:Werethekau
7405:Sebiumeker
7215:Meretseger
7080:Ikhemu-sek
7018:Hermanubis
6518:Philosophy
6508:Numerology
5399:Tobin 1989
5207:Tobin 1989
5183:Pinch 2002
5171:Pinch 2002
5093:Kaper 2001
5057:Pinch 2002
5021:Pinch 2002
4985:Pinch 2002
4973:Pinch 2002
4949:Pinch 2002
4937:Pinch 2002
4925:Allen 1988
4913:Allen 1988
4877:David 2002
4865:Pinch 2002
4838:Tobin 1989
4806:Pinch 2002
4728:Lesko 1991
4716:Allen 2003
4704:Allen 2014
4680:Allen 1988
4665:Pinch 2002
4653:Tobin 1989
4605:Pinch 2002
4578:Pinch 2002
4554:Pinch 2002
4530:Pinch 2002
4465:Tobin 1989
4453:Allen 1988
4429:David 2002
4405:Allen 1988
4345:Tobin 1989
4318:Tobin 1989
4254:Tobin 1989
4215:Pinch 2002
4186:Tobin 2001
4093:Pinch 2002
4045:Pinch 2002
3989:Tobin 1989
3965:David 2002
3899:References
3807:protective
3547:Hatshepsut
3385:golden age
2934:, and the
2824:Heliopolis
2376:Euhemerism
2182:Vietnamese
2115:Polynesian
2110:Philippine
2088:Talamancan
1918:Melanesian
1888:Lusitanian
1858:Indonesian
1719:Cantabrian
1684:Lithuanian
1568:Kemeticism
1490:Winged sun
1455:Set animal
1395:Matet boat
1310:Corn mummy
1206:Werethekau
1038:Sebiumeker
838:Meretseger
699:Ikhemu-sek
635:Hermanubis
539:Duau (god)
156:Philosophy
151:Numerology
8001:Festivals
7866:Shen ring
7846:Ouroboros
7781:Eye of Ra
7736:Cartouche
7674:Locations
7619:Serpopard
7586:Creatures
7517:Tjenenyet
7500:Ta-Bitjet
7445:Shesmetet
7365:Renenutet
7350:Raet-Tawy
7270:Nehmetawy
7220:Meskhenet
6988:Hedjhotep
6843:Assessors
6541:Practices
6503:Mythology
6498:Maa Kheru
6478:Afterlife
5875:(1982) .
5680:162233011
5626:(2001) .
5339:Roth 2001
5255:Hart 1990
5219:Hart 1990
5081:Hart 1990
5045:Hart 1990
3938:Citations
3369:Eye of Ra
3243:nine bows
3169:firmament
3063:firmament
3047:Cosmology
3026:Herodotus
2976:Ptolemaic
2918:from the
2733:narrative
2408:Symbolism
2348:Folk hero
2248:Creatures
2243:Creations
2067:Puebloan
1951:Blackfoot
1853:Hungarian
1704:Brazilian
1635:Mythology
1460:Shen ring
1450:Serpopard
1425:Ouroboros
1345:Eye of Ra
1305:Cartouche
1229:Locations
1152:Tjenenyet
1135:Ta-Bitjet
1078:Shesmetet
996:Renenutet
981:Raet-Tawy
895:Nehmetawy
843:Meskhenet
605:Hedjhotep
448:Assessors
184:Offerings
173:Practices
139:Mythology
124:Cosmology
119:Afterlife
8065:Kemetism
7906:Writings
7816:Khepresh
7660:Rededjet
7562:Wepwawet
7547:Wadj-wer
7265:Nehebkau
7260:Nefertem
7180:Mandulis
7115:Kebechet
7105:Iusaaset
7023:Heryshaf
6973:Hatmehit
6808:Apedemak
6683:Nephthys
6578:Pyramids
6558:Funerals
6092:(2002).
5514:(1988).
3872:Kemetism
3861:See also
3752:dramatic
3476:Nephthys
3419:, whose
3291:Creation
3143:Universe
3034:Plutarch
2967:per-ankh
2953:Nephthys
2891:and the
2881:pyramids
2789:dogmatic
2737:religion
2638:pharaohs
2474:writings
2413:Theology
2381:Folklore
2360:See also
2220:National
2210:Creation
2135:Romanian
2095:Ossetian
2083:Selk'nam
2051:Ho-Chunk
2023:Iroquois
1898:Malagasy
1868:Japanese
1806:Frankish
1801:Germanic
1796:Georgian
1781:Etruscan
1776:Estonian
1766:Egyptian
1744:Scottish
1709:Buddhist
1688:Prussian
1661:Armenian
1651:Albanian
1385:Khepresh
1201:Wepwawet
1186:Wadj-wer
890:Nehebkau
885:Nefertem
798:Mandulis
736:Kebechet
724:Iusaaset
657:Heryshaf
595:Hatmehit
413:Apedemak
302:Nephthys
198:Pyramids
179:Funerals
96:religion
85:a series
83:Part of
43:reviewed
8080:Thelema
8050:Atenism
7881:Ushabti
7851:Pschent
7841:Neshmet
7756:Deshret
7716:Symbols
7665:Ubaoner
7604:Griffin
7490:Taweret
7485:Tatenen
7420:Serapis
7415:Sekhmet
7385:Resheph
7330:Qed-her
7280:Nekhbet
7255:Nebtuwi
7120:Khensit
7090:Imhotep
7085:Imentet
6983:Hedetet
6848:Astarte
6783:Andjety
6758:Amesemi
6598:Deities
6583:Temples
6471:Beliefs
6053:155â185
5595:(ed.).
3829:, the "
3799:amulets
3792:pyramid
3137:pharaoh
3135:is the
2963:Temples
2949:Dendera
2849:Sources
2836:Memphis
2566:Origins
2560:amulets
2544:pharaoh
2298:Sources
2283:Objects
2271:Culture
2267:Heroes
2253:Deities
2172:Tibetan
2105:Persian
2003:Guarani
1993:Choctaw
1988:Chilote
1946:Abenaki
1883:Lugbara
1863:Italian
1848:Hittite
1838:Guanche
1786:Finnish
1771:English
1756:Chinese
1734:Cornish
1714:Catalan
1680:Latvian
1656:Arabian
1563:Thelema
1553:Atenism
1480:Ushabti
1430:Pschent
1420:Neshmet
1350:Griffin
1320:Deshret
1125:Taweret
1120:Tatenen
1053:Serapis
1043:Sekhmet
1016:Resheph
959:Qed-her
910:Nekhbet
880:Nebtuwi
741:Khensit
709:Imhotep
704:Imentet
600:Hedetet
453:Astarte
388:Andjety
363:Amesemi
211:Deities
193:Temples
113:Beliefs
7914:Amduat
7861:Serekh
7856:Scarab
7786:Hedjet
7691:Benben
7634:Uraeus
7629:Sphinx
7614:Medjed
7572:Wosret
7557:Wepset
7542:Wadjet
7465:Sopdet
7450:Shezmu
7430:Seshat
7425:Serket
7370:Renpet
7355:Rekhyt
7335:Qetesh
7300:Pakhet
7230:Mnevis
7205:Menhit
7185:Medjed
7175:Mafdet
7165:Maahes
7150:Khonsu
7140:Kherty
7135:Khepri
7003:Hemsut
6978:Hauron
6968:Hathor
6903:Buchis
6888:Ba-Pef
6873:Bastet
6803:Anuket
6798:Anubis
6773:Amu-Aa
6768:Am-heh
6717:Triads
6708:Tefnut
6693:Osiris
6660:Ennead
6645:Naunet
6635:Kauket
6625:Hauhet
6620:Amunet
6607:Ogdoad
6422:
6403:
6384:
6365:
6346:
6327:
6300:
6281:
6262:
6235:
6214:
6195:
6176:
6157:
6138:
6119:
6100:
6078:
6059:
6032:
6013:
5994:
5975:
5956:
5921:
5902:
5883:
5861:
5840:
5818:
5799:
5780:
5758:
5717:
5695:
5678:
5672:545669
5670:
5636:
5603:
5580:
5549:
5522:
3815:Khepri
3767:In art
3680:Khepri
3625:barque
3595:, and
3586:Amduat
3553:, and
3480:Anubis
3464:Osiris
3446:Osiris
3417:Sothis
3333:Ennead
3319:Ogdoad
3219:) and
3113:ma'at,
2991:Osiris
2971:papyri
2957:Osiris
2928:, the
2925:Amduat
2828:Ennead
2797:Hathor
2584:famine
2526:, and
2520:Osiris
2490:temple
2488:, and
2293:Places
2263:Floods
2225:Origin
2192:Yoruba
2177:Turkic
2155:Talysh
2150:Somali
2145:Slavic
2100:Papuan
2061:Pawnee
2056:Lakota
2033:Muisca
1976:Ohlone
1956:Lenape
1933:Mongol
1913:Meitei
1893:Maasai
1878:Korean
1826:Gothic
1791:French
1729:Breton
1724:Celtic
1694:Basque
1676:Baltic
1671:Berber
1513:Amduat
1475:Uraeus
1465:Sphinx
1445:Serekh
1435:Scarab
1400:Medjed
1355:Hedjet
1240:Benben
1211:Wosret
1196:Wepset
1181:Wadjet
1098:Sopdet
1083:Shezmu
1063:Seshat
1058:Serket
1001:Renpet
986:Rekhyt
964:Qetesh
927:Pakhet
853:Mnevis
828:Menhit
808:Mafdet
803:Medjed
788:Maahes
771:Khonsu
761:Kherty
756:Khepri
620:Hemsut
590:Hathor
585:Hauron
510:Buchis
495:Ba-Pef
480:Bastet
408:Anuket
403:Anubis
378:Amu-Aa
373:Am-heh
327:Tefnut
312:Osiris
279:Ennead
264:Naunet
254:Kauket
244:Hauhet
239:Amunet
226:Ogdoad
70:barque
7836:Nemes
7826:Menat
7821:Kneph
7796:Hennu
7686:Akhet
7552:Weneg
7505:Thoth
7470:Sopdu
7460:Sobek
7410:Seker
7400:Satis
7380:Repyt
7325:Qebui
7310:Petbe
7305:Perit
7290:Neper
7285:Nemty
7275:Neith
7235:Montu
7210:Meret
7200:Mehit
7190:Mehen
7170:Ma'at
7145:Khnum
7100:Iunit
7055:Iabet
7033:Horus
7028:Hesat
7013:Heqet
7008:Henet
6998:Hemen
6923:Dedun
6893:Bennu
6793:Anput
6788:Anhur
6763:Ammit
6748:Akhty
6488:Isfet
6256:15â29
5676:S2CID
5668:JSTOR
5543:23â30
3904:Notes
3648:Cairo
3633:akhet
3488:Horus
3413:Anhur
3411:, or
3409:Thoth
3405:Nubia
3397:Thoth
3373:Khnum
3230:akhet
3221:Delta
3163:, is
3121:chaos
3105:m3Ët,
3087:Khnum
3085:, or
3022:Roman
3018:Greek
2980:Roman
2816:cults
2725:myths
2709:Roman
2705:Greek
2662:Upper
2654:Horus
2619:Horus
2528:Horus
2482:hymns
2460:from
2458:myths
2386:Epics
2338:Twins
2316:Deity
2288:Pairs
2237:Lists
2215:Flood
2204:Types
2130:Roman
2018:Inuit
2008:Haida
1998:Creek
1983:ChanĂĄ
1971:Miwok
1963:Aztec
1908:Mbuti
1903:MÄori
1873:Kongo
1843:Hindu
1833:Greek
1816:Norse
1749:Welsh
1739:Irish
1699:Bantu
1502:Texts
1415:Nemes
1405:Menat
1390:Kneph
1365:Hennu
1191:Weneg
1140:Thoth
1103:Sopdu
1093:Sobek
1048:Seker
1033:Satis
1011:Repyt
954:Qebui
937:Petbe
932:Perit
915:Neper
905:Nemty
900:Neith
858:Montu
833:Meret
823:Mehit
813:Mehen
793:Ma'at
766:Khnum
719:Iunit
674:Iabet
645:Horus
640:Hesat
630:Heqet
625:Henet
615:Hemen
534:Dedun
500:Bennu
398:Anput
393:Anhur
368:Ammit
353:Akhty
144:Index
134:Ma'at
7876:Tyet
7831:Nebu
7761:Djed
7731:Atef
7726:Ankh
7696:Duat
7681:Aaru
7650:Dedi
7599:Abtu
7594:Aani
7532:Unut
7522:Tutu
7495:Tayt
7440:Shed
7435:Shai
7315:Ptah
7070:Igai
6993:Heka
6963:Hapi
6883:Bata
6863:Babi
6853:Aten
6828:Aqen
6818:Apis
6813:Apep
6778:Anat
6743:Aker
6738:Aati
6678:Isis
6668:Atum
6615:Amun
6523:Soul
6493:Maat
6420:ISBN
6401:ISBN
6382:ISBN
6363:ISBN
6344:ISBN
6325:ISBN
6298:ISBN
6279:ISBN
6260:ISBN
6233:ISBN
6212:ISBN
6193:ISBN
6174:ISBN
6155:ISBN
6136:ISBN
6117:ISBN
6098:ISBN
6076:ISBN
6057:ISBN
6030:ISBN
6011:ISBN
5992:ISBN
5973:ISBN
5954:ISBN
5919:ISBN
5900:ISBN
5881:ISBN
5859:ISBN
5838:ISBN
5816:ISBN
5797:ISBN
5778:ISBN
5756:ISBN
5715:ISBN
5693:ISBN
5634:ISBN
5601:ISBN
5578:ISBN
5547:ISBN
5520:ISBN
3761:maat
3740:heka
3736:maat
3732:maat
3728:maat
3691:the
3678:god
3664:maat
3660:Apep
3656:maat
3581:Ra's
3559:Amun
3517:maat
3478:and
3472:Isis
3435:maat
3399:and
3390:maat
3362:Amun
3358:Ptah
3350:Heka
3345:heka
3329:Atum
3323:maat
3315:maat
3263:maat
3253:Time
3247:maat
3193:Duat
3165:flat
3133:maat
3125:Maat
3117:maat
3109:maat
3099:Maat
3083:Atum
3079:Amun
3071:Ptah
3028:and
3020:and
2978:and
2832:Ptah
2809:Atum
2741:gods
2707:and
2697:Anat
2695:and
2664:and
2656:and
2615:Isis
2593:maat
2548:maat
2540:maat
2536:Duat
2524:Isis
2503:maat
2497:time
2476:and
2326:Type
2276:Folk
2165:Thai
2140:SĂĄmi
2076:Zuni
2071:Hopi
2028:Maya
2013:Inca
1761:Efik
1470:Tyet
1410:Nebu
1325:Djed
1295:Atet
1290:Atef
1285:Ankh
1280:Abtu
1275:Aani
1245:Duat
1235:Aaru
1169:Unut
1157:Tutu
1130:Tayt
1073:Shed
1068:Shai
942:Ptah
689:Igai
610:Heka
580:Hapi
490:Bata
470:Babi
458:Aten
433:Aqen
423:Apis
418:Apep
383:Anat
348:Aker
343:Aati
297:Isis
287:Atum
234:Amun
215:list
161:Soul
129:Duat
7624:Sha
7455:Sia
7395:Sah
7360:Rem
7240:Mut
7225:Min
7095:Ipy
7075:Ihy
7065:Iat
7060:Iah
6898:Bes
6878:Bat
6838:Ash
6823:Apt
6703:Shu
6698:Set
6688:Nut
6673:Geb
6640:Kek
6630:Heh
5660:doi
5570:doi
3468:Set
3440:In
3177:Shu
3173:Nut
3161:Geb
3157:Nun
3111:or
3067:Nun
2871:of
2693:Yam
2658:Set
2532:Set
2478:art
2160:Tai
1088:Sia
1028:Sah
991:Rem
863:Mut
848:Min
714:Ipy
694:Ihy
684:Iat
679:Iah
505:Bes
485:Bat
443:Ash
428:Apt
322:Shu
317:Set
307:Nut
292:Geb
259:Kek
249:Heh
66:Nun
45:on
8117::
7345:Ra
7045:Hu
6958:Ha
6650:Nu
6258:.
6055:.
5743:31
5741:.
5674:.
5666:.
5656:50
5654:.
5576:.
5545:.
5163:^
5112:^
4845:^
4828:^
4813:^
4798:^
4747:^
4672:^
4585:^
4484:^
4337:^
4308:^
4261:^
4246:^
4193:^
4178:^
4115:^
4100:^
4013:^
3996:^
3957:^
3672:ba
3646:,
3621:Ra
3589:,
3549:,
3490:.
3448:.
3392:.
3189:Ra
3089:.
3081:,
3077:,
3075:Ra
3073:,
2940:.
2801:Ra
2791:.
2682:c.
2672:.
2522:,
2512:Ra
1686:-
1682:-
1574:â˘
1531:â˘
1527:â˘
1523:â˘
1519:â˘
1515:â˘
976:Ra
662:Hu
575:Ha
269:Nu
186::
87:on
74:Ra
41:,
7537:W
7527:U
7480:T
7390:S
7340:R
7320:Q
7295:P
7245:N
7160:M
7110:K
7050:I
6953:H
6943:G
6933:F
6918:D
6908:C
6858:B
6733:A
6456:e
6449:t
6442:v
6428:.
6409:.
6390:.
6371:.
6352:.
6333:.
6306:.
6287:.
6268:.
6241:.
6220:.
6201:.
6182:.
6163:.
6144:.
6125:.
6106:.
6084:.
6065:.
6038:.
6019:.
6000:.
5981:.
5962:.
5927:.
5908:.
5889:.
5867:.
5846:.
5824:.
5805:.
5786:.
5764:.
5745:.
5723:.
5701:.
5682:.
5662::
5642:.
5609:.
5586:.
5572::
5555:.
5528:.
4706:.
3921:.
3650:)
3223:(
2680:(
2442:e
2435:t
2428:v
1690:)
1678:(
1620:e
1613:t
1606:v
1578:)
1570:(
1536:)
1510:(
1175:W
1163:U
1114:T
1022:S
970:R
948:Q
921:P
869:N
782:M
730:K
668:I
569:H
557:G
545:F
528:D
516:C
464:B
338:A
217:)
213:(
49:.
20:)
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