Ancient Egyptian funerary practices

2327: 2843: 2894:, would not return to the deceased body if embalming was not carried out in the proper fashion. In that case, the body decayed, and possibly became unrecognizable, which rendered the afterlife unattainable for the deceased person. If the proper precautions were not taken, damnation would occur. Damnation meant that Egyptians would not experience the glories of the afterlife where they became a deified figure and would be welcomed by the deities. Instead, damnation was depicted in the books of the underworld. It was a place of opposites; chaos, fire, and struggle. Different pages of the books of the underworld depict different perspectives of what happens during damnation. It discusses cutting out humanity and individuality from the person and reversing the cosmic order. 2657: 2160: 3038: 1845: 2911: 1787:). At this point, bodies were regularly arranged in a crouched, compact position, with the face pointing toward either the east and the rising sun or the west that in this historical period was the land of the dead. Artists painted jars with funeral processions and perhaps images of ritual dancing. Figures of bare-breasted women with birdlike faces and their legs concealed under skirts also appeared. Some graves were much richer in goods than others, demonstrating the beginnings of social stratification. Gender differences in burials emerged with the inclusion of weapons in men's graves and 2986:, or the Funeral Papyri, and they were used through the Late Kingdom. The text in these books was divided according to chapters and spells, which were almost two-hundred in number. Each one of these texts was individualized for the deceased, although to varying degrees. If the person was wealthy enough, then they could commission their own personal version of the text that would include only the spells that they wanted. However, if one was not so wealthy, then one had to make do with mass-produced standardized versions generated with spaces left for insertion of the name of the deceased. 2409:, or preserving the dead body as to delay or prevent decay, mourners, especially if the deceased had high status, covered their faces with mud, and paraded around town while beating their chests. If the wife of a high-status male died, her body was not embalmed until three or four days have passed, because this prevented abuse of the corpse. In the case that someone drowned or was attacked, embalming was carried out immediately on their body, in a sacred and careful manner. This kind of death was viewed as venerated, and only priests were permitted to touch the body. 2151:. In that period, artists decorated tombs belonging to the elite with more scenes of religious events, rather than the everyday scenes that had been popular since the Old Kingdom. The funeral ceremony, the funerary meal with multiple relatives, the worshipping of the deities, even figures in the underworld were subjects in elite tomb decorations. The majority of objects found in the Ramesside period tombs were made for the afterlife. Aside from the jewelry, which could have been used also during life, objects in Ramesside tombs were manufactured for the next world. 2622:. The linen was adhered to the body using gum, opposed to a glue. The dressing provided the body physical protection from the elements, and depending on how wealthy the deceased's family was, the deceased could be dressed with an ornamented funeral mask and shroud. Special care was given to the head, hands, feet, and genitals, as contemporary mummies reveal extra wrappings and paddings in these areas. Mummies were identified via small, wooden name-tags tied typically around the deceased's neck. The 70-day process is connected to Osiris and the length the star 2087: 2805:, bodies were buried in deserts and they would naturally be preserved by dehydration. The "graves" were small oval or rectangular pits dug in the sand. They placed the body of the deceased in a tight position on its left side with a few jars of food and drink and slate palettes with magical religious spells alongside. The size of graves eventually increased according to status and wealth. The dry, desert conditions were a benefit in ancient Egypt for burials of the poor, who could not afford the complex burial preparations that the wealthy had. 30: 2630:

for a specific number of days. The oil was then drained out of the body, and with it came the internal organs, the stomach and the intestines, which were liquefied by the cedar oil. The flesh dissolved in the natron, which left only skin and bones left of the deceased body. The remains are given back to the family. The cheapest, most basic method of mummification, which was often chosen by the poor, involved purging out the deceased's internal organs, and then laying the body in natron for 70 days. The body was then given back to the family.

2424:, Nephthys, Horus, Anubis, and Thoth. As the tale goes, Set was envious of his brother Osiris for being granted the throne before him, so he plotted to kill him. Osiris's wife, Isis, battled back and forth with Set to gain possession of Osiris's body, and through this struggle, Osiris's spirit was lost. Nonetheless, Osiris resurrected and was reinstated as a god. In addition to the reenactment of the judgment of Osiris, numerous funeral processions were conducted throughout the nearby necropolis, which symbolized different sacred journeys. 3003: 2693: 2738:. This is where prayers were recited, incense was burned, and more rituals were performed to help prepare the king for the final journey. The king's mummy was then placed inside the pyramid along with enormous amounts of food, drink, furniture, clothes, and jewelry that were to be used in the afterlife. The pyramid was sealed so that no one would ever enter it again, although the king's soul could move through the burial chamber at will. After the funeral, kings become deities and could be worshipped in the temples beside their pyramid. 3083: 1939: 3120: 2136: 2834:

status, they were buried near the king, whereas middle and lower status individuals were simply buried near the communities in which they had lived. In many cases, the tombs of those of high-status were situated relatively to the tombs of those of lower status so that they would be viewed as a "focal point". For example, one burial site was designed so that the tombs of the governors were placed alongside the slope of a hill, whereas the tombs of the governor's attendants were placed at the foot of the hill.

3103:. The funerary boats were usually made of wood; the Egyptians used a collection of papyrus reeds and tied them together with the wood very tightly. The most common route for funerary boats to the afterlife was the River Nile. The boat carried the coffin and often had a dog in the boat since they believed a dog would lead the deceased to the afterlife. The boats usually measured about 20 feet or longer. These however did not match those of the great kings such as Khufu (who built the Great Pyramid). His 1755:. The people of these villages buried their dead in a simple, round grave with a pot. The body was neither treated nor arranged in a particular way as these aspects would change later in the historical period. Without any written evidence, except for the regular inclusion of a single pot in the grave, there is little to provide information about contemporary beliefs concerning the afterlife during that period. Given later customs, the pot was probably intended to hold food for the deceased. 3135:. Now, modern day archaeologists are using the writings of early historians as a basis for their study. The advancement of new technology including x-rays has allowed for the analysis of mummies without destroying the elaborate outer wrappings of the body. In addition to the use of x-rays, autopsies are also being performed in order to gain a better understanding of the diseases suffered by Ancient Egyptians as well as the treatments used for these diseases. A 1832:

specifically for the tomb. Some inconclusive evidence exists for mummification. Other objects in the tombs that had been used during daily life suggest that in the First Dynasty Egyptians already anticipated needing such objects in the next life. Further continuity from this life into the next can be found in the positioning of tombs: those persons who served the king during their lifetimes chose burials close to their king. The use of

5418: 2521: 1640: 76: 2606: 7125: 5407: 1562: 5370: 3061:. Shabtis were little clay statues made to perform tasks on command for the king. During that period objects of daily use appear in tombs again having become magical items also employed for protecting the living. Scarabs (beetles) collect animal dung and roll it into little balls. To the Egyptians, these balls resembled the life-giving Sun, so they hoped that scarabs would bring them long life. 5438: 2775: 5563: 1666:), scholars believe the importance of the physical body and its preservation originated during that time. This likely explains why people of that time did not follow the common practice of cremation among neighboring cultures, but rather buried the dead. Some of the scholars believe the Predynastic-era Egyptians may have feared the bodies would rise again if mistreated after death. 3018:

with jewelry, furniture, and other valuables, which made them targets of tomb robbers. In the early Dynastic Period, tombs were filled with daily life objects, such as furniture, jewelry, and other valuables. They also contained many stone and pottery vessels. One important factor in the development of Ancient Egyptian tombs was the need for storage space for the funerary goods.

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feet were apparently selected for deposition within the tombs. According to a study by Christopher Eyre, cattle meat was not a part of the daily diet in Ancient Egypt, as the consumption of meat only took place during celebrations, including funerary and mortuary rituals, and the practice of providing the deceased with offerings of cattle as early as the Predynastic period.

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way in which the tombs were built. Two hallmarks of the tomb included: a burial chamber, which housed the physical body of the deceased (inside a coffin) as well as funerary objects deemed most important, and a "cult place," which resembled a chapel where mourners, family, and friends could congregate. The tomb of a king included a full temple, rather than a chapel.

3198: 1989:; these kings and their high officials preferred burial in a mastaba near the pyramids belonging to their masters. Moreover, the difference in topography between Thebes and Lisht led to a difference in tomb type: In the north, nobles built mastaba tombs on the flat desert plains, while in the south, local dignitaries continued to excavate tombs into the mountain. 5428: 2653:. Therefore, animals associated with particular gods were buried to honor those deities. Some animal mummifications were performed to serve as sacred offerings to the deities who often took the form of animals such as cats, frogs, cows, baboons, and vultures. Other animals were mummified with the intention of being a food offering to humans in the afterlife. 2440: 2124:, tombs contained fewer items from daily life and included objects made especially for the next world. Thus, the change from the Eighteenth to the Nineteenth Dynasties formed a dividing line in burial traditions: the Eighteenth Dynasty more closely remembered the immediate past in its customs, whereas, the Nineteenth Dynasty anticipated the customs of the 3152:. A number of clay beakers and bowls were found inscribed with instructions for use (e.g. "to put on the head") or the name of the substances (e.g. "sefet"). A 2022 paper reports the chemical composition of their contents, noting that a number of embalming materials come from trade outside of Egypt. In 2023, similar tests were performed on 1993:

the Graeco-Roman period. Some tombs included wooded shoes and a simple statue near the body. In one burial there were only twelve loaves of bread, a leg of beef, and a jar of beer for food offerings. Jewelry could be included but only rarely were objects of great value found in non-elite graves. Some burials continued to include the

2975:. In this period, the nobles and many non-royal Egyptians began to have access to funerary literature. Although many spells from the earlier texts were carried over, the new coffin texts also had additional spells, along with slight changes made to make this new funerary text more fit for the nobility. 3068:

In the New Kingdom, some of the old burial customs changed. For example, an anthropoid coffin shape became standardized and the deceased were provided with a small shabti statue, which the Egyptians believed would perform work for them in the afterlife. Elite burials were often filled with objects of

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Based on this, the natural environment of the Dayr al-Barsha tombs, and the fact that only some parts of these animals were found, the possibility of natural deposition can be ruled out, and the cause of these remains in fact are most likely caused by animal sacrifices, as only the head, foreleg, and

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soldiers. Such graves reflect very ancient customs and feature shallow, round pits, bodies contracted, and minimal food offerings in pots. The occasional inclusion of identifiable Egyptian materials from the Second Intermediate period provides the only marks distinguishing these burials from those of

1916:, with its many centers of power, is reflected in the many local styles of art and burial at that time. The many regional styles for decorating coffins make their origins easy to distinguish from each other. For example, some coffins have one-line inscriptions and many styles include the depiction of 1669:

Early burials were in simple, shallow oval pits, with a few burial goods. Sometimes multiple people and animals were placed in the same grave. Over time, graves became more complex. At one point, bodies were placed in a wicker basket, but eventually bodies were placed in wooden or terracotta coffins.

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and later, all daily life objects disappear from tombs. Most often burials at that time only contained a selection of items especially made for the burial. Also, in later burials, the numbers of shabti statues increased; in some burials, numbering more than four hundred statues. In addition to these

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Less fortunate Egyptians still wanted their family members to be given a proper burial. A typical burial would be held in the desert, where the family would wrap the body in a cloth and bury it with everyday objects so they would be comfortable in the afterlife. Although some commoners could and did

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Several kinds of animal remains have been discovered in tombs in the area of Dayr al-Barsha, a Coptic village in Middle Egypt. The remains found in the shafts and burial chambers included dogs, foxes, eagle owls, bats, rodents, and snakes. These were determined to be individuals that had entered the

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The second, moderately expensive option for mummification did not involve an incision into the abdominal cavity or the removal of the internal organs. Instead, the embalmers injected the oil of a cedar tree into the body, which prevented liquid from leaving the body. The body was then laid in natron

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by inserting a metal hook through the nostril, breaking through it into the brain. They removed as much as they could with the hook, and the rest they liquefied with drugs and drained out. They threw out the brain because they thought that the heart did all the thinking. The next step was to remove

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Some people were mummified and wrapped in linen bandages. The front of the mummy was often painted with a selection of traditional Egyptian symbols. Mummy masks, in cartonnage, plaster, or stucco, in either traditional Egyptian style or Roman style, might be added to the mummies. Another possibility

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People of the elite ranks in the Eighteenth Dynasty placed furniture as well as clothing and other items in their tombs, objects they undoubtedly used during life on earth. Beds, headrests, chairs, stools, leather sandals, jewelry, musical instruments, and wooden storage chests were present in these

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Some rectangular coffins of the Twelfth Dynasty have short inscriptions and representations of the most important offerings the deceased required. For men, the objects depicted were weapons and symbols of office as well as food. Women's coffins depicted mirrors, sandals, and jars containing food and

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At the Ure Museum, there is an Egyptian funerary boat on display that represents a typical tomb offering. This boat symbolizes the transport of the dead from life to the afterlife. In Ancient Egypt death was seen as a journey by boat. More specifically, it was seen as a trip across their River Nile

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was a judge and represented an ideal output of the judgment process for the deceased who entered the judgment hall. This is because Osiris resurrected and regained his godly status after he was justified against his brother Set, who wrongly murdered him. The deceased pleaded to Osiris that they had

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on the deceased. The deceased's head was turned toward the south, and the body was imagined to be a statue replica of the deceased. Opening the mouth of the deceased symbolized allowing the person to speak and defend themselves during the judgment process. Goods were then offered to the deceased to

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in faience for all classes are known. Canopic jars, although often nonfunctional, continued to be included. Staves and scepters representing the deceased's office in life were often present as well. A wooden figure of either the god Osiris or of the composite deity Ptah-Sokar-Osiris could be found,

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For those of ranks lower than royal courtiers during the Eleventh Dynasty, tombs were simpler. Coffins could be simple wooden boxes with the body either mummified and wrapped in linen or simply wrapped without mummification, and the addition of a cartonnage mummy mask, a custom that continued until

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The ancient burial process evolved over time as old customs were discarded and new ones adopted, but several important elements of the process persisted. Although specific details changed over time, the preparation of the body, the magic rituals, and grave goods were all essential parts of a proper

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mummy sheds light on pregnancy complications and prenatal care and treatments. In learning their age of death, experts are able to create a timeline of the dates regarding the ruling of Egyptian kings. In looking at the bones of the mummified bodies, experts get a better idea of the average height

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From the earliest periods of Egyptian history, all Egyptians were buried with at least some goods that they thought were necessary after death. At a minimum, these consisted of everyday objects such as bowls, combs, and other trinkets, along with food. Wealthier Egyptians could afford to be buried

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that there began to be any regulation of the order or even the number of spells that were to be included in the Book of the Dead. At that time, the regulation was set at 192 spells to be placed in the book, with certain ones holding the same place at all times. This makes it seem as if for many of

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Many mummies were provided with some form of funerary literature to take with them to the afterlife. Most funerary literature consists of lists of spells and instructions for navigating the afterlife. During the Old Kingdom, only the king had access to this material, which scholars refer to as the

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Anthropoid coffins soon emerged, which were tailored to the contour of the deceased's body. The deceased's face and hair was painted onto the coffin so to personalize it further. A sarcophagus, which is a large, stone container, was used to house the coffin, and provide supplementary protection to

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The tomb was the housing for the deceased and served two crucial functions: the tomb provided infinite protection for the deceased to rest, as well as a place for mourners to perform rituals in which aided the deceased into eternal life. Therefore, the ancient Egyptians were very serious about the

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Other animal remains that were found were more common and recurred more than those individuals who wound up accidentally trapped in these tombs. These remains included numerous gazelle and cattle bones, as well as calves and goats that were believed to have been as a result of human behavior. This

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The second part of the process took 30 days. This was the time when the deceased turned into a semi divine being, and all that was left in the body from the first part was removed, followed by applying first wine and then oils. The oils were for ritual purposes, as well as for preventing the limbs

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and buried with the mummified body. A canopic chest resembled a "miniature coffin" and was intricately painted. The Ancient Egyptians believed that by burying their organs with the deceased, they may rejoin in the afterlife. Other times, the organs were cleaned and cleansed, and then returned into

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first appeared in various shapes to protect different parts of the body. There is also the first evidence of inscriptions inside the coffins of the elite during the Old Kingdom. Often, reliefs of everyday items were etched onto the walls to supplement grave goods, which made them available through

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Limestone. In this relief, three men bring cattle to the tomb owner, "from the towns of the estate", as the inscription says. Two of these balding, rustic laborers wear kilts of coarse material and the other wears nothing at all. A fragmentary scene below shows men bringing cranes, which Egyptians

2858:. Although the coffins that housed the deceased bodies were made simply of wood, they were intricately painted and designed to suit each individual. During the Old Kingdom, the following was included on each coffin: the title of the deceased, a list of offerings, a false compartment through which 2797:

Typically, the tomb of a deceased person was located somewhere close by their home community. The ancient Egyptians opted to bury the deceased in land that was not particularly fertile or useful for vegetation. Therefore, tombs were mostly built in desert areas. Tombs were usually built near each

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could make use of large-scale, temple-like tombs built for the non-royal elite for the first time. But the majority of tombs in this period were in shafts sunk into the desert floor. In addition to fine statuary and reliefs reflecting the style of the Old Kingdom, the majority of grave goods were

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Occasionally men had tools and weapons placed in their graves, while some women had jewelry and cosmetic objects, such as mirrors. Grindstones were sometimes included in women's tombs, perhaps to be considered a tool for food preparation in the next world, just as the weapons in men's tombs imply

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in modern archaeology, developed in the Early Dynastic period. These tombs had niched walls, a style of building called the palace-façade motif because the walls imitated those surrounding the palace of the king. Since commoners as well as kings, however, had such tombs, the architecture suggests

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In addition to sources by ancient writers and modern scientists, a better understanding of the Ancient Egyptian mummification process is promoted through the study of mummies. The majority of what is known to be true about the mummification process is based on the writing of early historians who

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The Egyptians believed that, after death, the deceased could still have such feelings of anger or hold a grudge as during life, as well as feel affection for and concern over the welfare of their still-living family. Hence, the deceased were expected to support and help their living family. They

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The process of mummification was available for anyone who could afford it. It was believed that even those who could not afford this process could still enjoy the afterlife with the recitation of the correct spells. Mummification existed in three different processes, ranging from most expensive,

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The funeral procession to the tomb generally included cattle pulling the body in a sledge-type of carrier, with friends and family to follow. During the procession, the priest burned incense and poured milk before the dead body. Upon arrival to the tomb, and essentially the next life, the priest

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was a non-functioning stone sculpture of a door, found either inside the chapel or on the outside of the mastaba; it served as a place to make offerings and recite prayers for the deceased. Statues of the deceased were being included in tombs and used for ritual purposes. Burial chambers of some

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Chemical analysis has continually produced new insights on the composition of embalming mixtures. Ingredients for the "recipe" was not mentioned in any Egyption text, and only very fragmentarily mentioned by later Greek and Roman sources. Since the 1970s, chemists have tested the composition of

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A majority of cemeteries were located on the west bank of the Nile, which was viewed metaphorically as "the realm of the dead". The tomb was said to represent the deceased's place in the cosmos, which ultimately depended on the social class of the deceased. If the deceased was of a notably high

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and bones from breaking while being wrapped. The body was sometimes colored with a golden resin, which protected the body from bacteria and insects. Additionally, this practice was based on the belief that divine beings had flesh of gold. Next, the body was wrapped in linen cut into strips with

2552:. The body was drained of any liquids and left with the skin, hair, and muscles preserved. The mummification process is said to have taken up to seventy days. During this process, special priests worked as embalmers as they treated and wrapped the body of the deceased in preparation for burial. 2051:

saw another change in decoration. Different motifs were found in the north and south, a reflection of decentralized government power at the time. There was also a marked increase in the number of burials in one tomb, a rare occurrence in earlier periods. The reuse of one tomb by a family over

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expanded to include furniture, jewelry, and games as well as the weapons, cosmetic palettes, and food supplies in decorated jars known earlier, in the Predynastic period. In the richest tombs, grave goods then numbered in the thousands. Only the newly invented coffins for the body were made

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judged how virtuous the life of the deceased was, and this represented the principal element of the deceased entering the afterlife. After passing judgment, the family and friends of the deceased celebrated them and boasted about their righteousness to attain entry into the afterlife.

2379:(pigment suspended in wax) on a wooden panel. Sometimes the feet of the mummy were covered. An alternative to this was a complete shroud with Egyptian motifs, but a portrait in the Roman style. Tombs of the elite could also include fine jewelry. Gold armlets placed over the eyes and 2761:

made it possible for an invisible twin to be released from the body to support the family, while the Ka would recognize the twin when it would come back to the body. With the ideas of the dead being so valuable, it is clear why the Egyptians treated the deceased with respect.

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Rageot, Maxime; Hussein, Ramadan B.; Beck, Susanne; Altmann-Wendling, Victoria; Ibrahim, Mohammed I. M.; Bahgat, Mahmoud M.; Yousef, Ahmed M.; Mittelstaedt, Katja; Filippi, Jean-Jacques; Buckley, Stephen; Spiteri, Cynthianne; Stockhammer, Philipp W. (9 February 2023).

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Very few Ptolemaic tombs are known. Fine temple statuary of the period suggests the possibility of tomb sculpture and offering tables. Egyptian elite burials still made use of stone sarcophagi. The traditional Books of the Dead and amulets were also still popular.

1747:, which dates to 4800-4300 B.C. Located in the Nile delta, they are known for producing clay figurines, but did not bury their dead with grave goods or offerings. The first evidence of funerals in Egypt with grave goods are known from the villages of Omari and 3021:

As burial customs developed in the Old Kingdom, wealthy citizens were buried in wooden or stone coffins. However, the number of burial goods declined. They were often just a set of copper models of tools and vessels. Starting in the First Intermediate period,

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the body. The body cavity was then rinsed and cleaned with wine and an array of spices. The body was sewn up with aromatic plants and spices left inside. The heart stayed in the body, because in the hall of judgment, it would be weighed against the feather of

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ruling the north from the northeast delta, include small mudbrick structures containing the body, pottery vessels, a dagger in a men's graves, and often a nearby donkey burial. Simple pan-shaped graves in various parts of the country are thought to belong to

1875:, kings first built pyramids for their tombs surrounded by stone mastaba tombs for their high officials. The fact that most high officials were also royal relatives suggests another motivation for such placement: these complexes were also family cemeteries. 1777:), continuing the tradition of Omari and Maadi cultures. By the end of the Predynastic period, there were increasing numbers of objects deposited with the body in rectangular graves, and there is growing evidence of rituals practiced by Egyptians of the 2766:

afford mummification, most could not due to the expense. Often, poorer Ancient Egyptians are found in mass graves, not mummified and only with minimal household objects. Sites were located throughout the desert, often in areas that are now populated.

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in the sense that admission to the next life was allowed in the next life only due to the royal status, the role of kings changed, becoming merely the rulers of the population who upon death, would be leveled down toward the plane of the mortals.

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rely on the king's favor, but also the noble classes. They believed that upon death, kings became deities who could bestow upon certain individuals the ability to have an afterlife. This belief existed from the predynastic period through the

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The idea of judgment went as follows: in order to be considered for the admittance into the afterlife, those who died were obligated to undergo a multi-step judgment by certain deities. The concept and belief in judgment is outlined in the

2907:, a funerary text of the New Kingdom. The Book of the Dead is composed of spells relating to the deceased and the afterlife. Spell 125, in particular, is understood to be delivered by the deceased at the outset of the judgment process. 2644:

Animals were mummified in Ancient Egypt for many reasons. Household pets that held a special importance to their owners were buried alongside them. However, animals were not only viewed as pets, but as incarnations of the deities. Most

2026:) later in the Twelfth Dynasty. These early figurines do not have the text directing the figure to work in the place of the deceased that is found in later figurines. The richest people had stone figurines that seem to anticipate 2873:

were painted on the coffins, and were said to guard the deceased in the afterlife. Along the sides of the coffins amongst other deities, the four sons of Horus were painted. Prayers were often inscribed on the coffins as well.

2731: – a copper or stone blade. This ceremony ensured that the mummy could breathe and speak in the afterlife. In a similar fashion, the priest could utter spells to reanimate the mummy's arms, legs, and other body parts. 5030: 2680:

was due to finding that some remains had fragments altered, missing, or separated from their original skeletons. These remains also had traces of paint and cut marks on them, seen especially with cattle skulls and feet.

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The visual depiction of what judgment looks like has been discovered through ancient Egyptian ruins and artifacts. The procedure was depicted as follows: the deceased's heart was weighed in comparison to the feather of

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Funerary boats were a part of some ancient Egyptian burials. Boats played a major role in Egyptian religion because they were conceived as the main means by which the deities traveled across the sky and through to the

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Little is known of tombs from that period. The very lack of decorations in tombs seems to have led to much more elaborate decoration of coffins. The remaining grave goods of the period show fairly cheaply made

2504:. The family and friends of the deceased had a choice of options that ranged in price for the preparation of the body, similar to the process at modern funeral homes. Next, the embalmers escorted the body to 1878:

Among the elite, bodies were mummified, wrapped in linen bandages, sometimes covered with molded plaster, and placed in stone sarcophagi or plain wooden coffins. At the end of the Old Kingdom, mummy masks in

4874: 2745:. Since the weather was so hot and dry, it was easy for the bodies to remain preserved. Ancient Egyptians believed the burial process to be an important part in sending humans to a comfortable afterlife. 2960:

was the first to use this collection of spells, as he and a few subsequent kings had the texts carved on the walls of their pyramids. These texts were individually chosen from a larger bank of spells.

1681:, there was a constant cultural focus on eternal life and the certainty of personal existence beyond death. This belief in an afterlife is reflected in the burial of grave goods in tombs. The Egyptian 3111:

that joined the North and South. This funerary boat offering from the "Tomb of the Officials" at Beni Hassan, was added to the museum collection in 1923 from the Liverpool Institute of Archaeology.

2043:). The body was now regularly placed on its back, rather than its side as had been traditional for thousands of years. Coffin texts and wooden models disappeared from new tombs of the period while 1685:

became known throughout the ancient world by way of trade and cultural transmission and had an influence on other civilizations and religions. Notably, this belief became well known by way of the

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and then "true pyramids." As soon as a king took the throne construction of the burial pyramid would begin. Rituals of the burial, including the "Opening of the mouth ceremony" took place at the

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specially made for the tomb. Coffins continued to bear religious texts and scenes. Some shafts were personalized by the use of stela with personal prayers of and the name of the deceased on it.

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private people received their first decorations in addition to the decoration of the chapels. At the end of the Old Kingdom, the burial chamber decorations depicted offerings, but not people.

5484: 2560:. The first step was to remove the internal organs and liquid so that the body would not decay. After being laid out on a table, the embalmers took out the brain through a process named 2842: 1703:

and wall paintings begin to replace human victims. Some of these figurines may have been created to resemble certain people, so they could follow the king after their own lives ended.

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was thought to be allowed into the afterlife because of the role as a ruler of Ancient Egypt, which would be a purpose translated into qualification for admission to the afterlife.

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became very popular burial goods. These wooden models often depict everyday activities that the deceased expected to continue doing in the afterlife. Also, a type of rectangular

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the dead body. The Ancient Egyptians translated the word "sarcophagus" to mean "possessor of life", and therefore, the sarcophagus would aid the deceased into the afterlife.

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that in death, some wealthy people did achieve an elevated status. Later in the historical period, it is certain that the deceased was associated with the god of the dead,

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found in early royal tombs reinforce the idea of serving a purpose in the afterlife. Those sacrificed were probably meant to serve the king in the afterlife. Eventually,

2001:. Wooden models of boats, scenes of food production, craftsmen and workshops, and professions such as scribes or soldiers have been found in the tombs of this period. 4581:

Huber, B.; Hammann, S.; Loeben, C. E.; Jha, D. K.; Vassão, D. G.; Larsen, T.; Spengler, R. N.; Fuller, D. Q.; Roberts, P.; Devièse, T.; Boivin, N. (31 August 2023).

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directly reflect developments from the earlier period. At the beginning of that time, reliefs resembled those from the Ramesside period. Only at the very end of the

4882: 5477: 5064: 3407: 2971:, some of the Pyramid Text spells also are found in burial chambers of high officials and on many coffins, where they begin to evolve into what scholars call the 2047:

and figurines shaped as mummies were now often included in burials, as they would be for the remainder of Egyptian history. Coffin decoration was simplified. The

2143:, the lioness who was the fierce protector of the kings in life and death, from the Eighteenth Dynasty tomb of Tutankhamun, (fourteenth century BC), Cairo Museum 1812:, some Egyptians were wealthy enough to build tombs over their burials rather than placing their bodies in simple pit graves dug into the sand. The rectangular, 7538: 5090: 1730:, however, the importance of the king declined. Funerary texts, previously restricted to royal use, became more widely available. The kings no longer were 2862:

could pass through, and painted eyes so that the deceased could look through the coffin. The decorations on the coffin usually fit the deceased's status.

2412:

After embalming, the mourners may have carried out a ritual involving an enactment of judgment during the Hour Vigil, with volunteers to play the role of

2314:

followed the customs of mainland Greece, others adopted Egyptian customs, and indigenous Egyptians continued to follow their own already ancient customs.

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de Meyer, Marleen; van Neer, Wim; Peeters, Christoph; Willems, Harco (2005). "The role of animals in the funerary rites at Dayr al-Barshā".

2556:

moderately expensive, and most simplistic, or least expensive. The most classic, common, and most expensive method of mummification dates back to the

2383:

were used in some cases. Mummification largely came to an end in the 5th century AD with remaining practices being ended by the Arab conquest of 641.

2500:

return to the deceased body, and rebirth will take place. The embalmers received the body after death, and in a systematized manner, prepared it for

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During the Middle Kingdom, the coffin was treated as if it were a "miniature tomb" and was painted and inscribed as such. Images of the goddesses

2159: 1583: 4293: 3744:

Cosmacini, P; Piacentini, P (2008). "Notes on the history of the radiological study of Egyptian mummies: from X-rays to new imaging techniques".

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tombs. While all of the objects listed were for the elite, many poor people did not put anything beyond weapons and cosmetics into their tombs.

3086:

Ancient Egyptian funerary boat on display at the Ure Museum from the "Tomb of the Officials" at Beni Hassan (12th Dynasty, c. 19th century BCE)

3037: 5451: 4529: 4481:"From first to latest imaging technology: Revisiting the first mummy investigated with X-ray in 1896 by using dual-source computed tomography" 4065: 1864:

penned and raised for food. Artisans carved images of live food animals in tombs to supply the deceased with an eternal source of provisions.

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appears to be the last period in which Egyptians regularly included multiple objects from their daily lives in their tombs; beginning in the

1689:. Egyptians believed that individuals were admitted into the afterlife on the basis of being able to serve a purpose there. For example, the 1800:, Egyptians had begun to mummify the dead, wrapping them in linen bandages with embalming oils (conifer resin and aromatic plant extracts). 5552: 5337: 3584:

Rindi Nuzzolo, Carlo (2014). "Some remarks on the positioning of Ptah-Sokar-Osiris figures in Third Intermediate and Late period burials".

2891: 2537: 2489: 1844: 1696: 132: 115: 2405:(1st century BC) provide the most complete surviving evidence of how ancient Egyptians approached the preservation of a dead body. Before 7030: 5209: 5085: 5024: 4099: 3235: 2956:. The Pyramid Texts are a collection of spells to assure the royal resurrection and protect the king from various malignant influences. 2061: 3536: 7198: 5507: 5057: 4167: 3211: 3046: 2826:. While a pyramid's large size was made to protect against robbery, it may also be connected to a religious belief about the sun god, 2192: 1998: 1913: 1727: 1682: 1624: 1576: 90: 56: 4958: 3014:

changed throughout ancient Egyptian history, their purpose to protect the deceased and provide sustenance in the afterlife remained.

7543: 7162: 6995: 6990: 6745: 5597: 5174: 4859: 4795: 3485: 3430: 3391: 3354: 3031: 1239: 159: 4925: 7548: 7242: 7038: 5942: 5327: 5095: 3259: 3041:

The ancient Egyptians put green stone scarab beetles into the coffins of important people, along with the mummified bodies. Late

2033:

In the later Twelfth Dynasty, significant changes occurred in burials, perhaps reflecting administrative changes enacted by King

493: 5359: 4938: 3929: 7192: 6935: 5582: 5512: 5305: 5157: 2946: 2734:

The priests, maybe even the king's successor, proceeded to move the body of the embalmed dead king through the causeway to the

1547: 1479: 150: 95: 2910: 5977: 5332: 4840: 4776: 4732: 4713: 3496: 534: 2496:, which represented vitality, leaves the body once the person dies. Only if the body is embalmed in a specific fashion will 5602: 5537: 5118: 5113: 5050: 2990: 2847: 2720: 2488:

The preservation of a dead body was critical if the deceased wanted a chance at acceptance into the afterlife. Within the

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in front of the tomb began in the First Dynasty, indicating a desire to individualize the tomb with the deceased's name.

5265: 5140: 5108: 4894: 2989:

If the scribe ran out of room while doing the transcription, it would just stop without completion. It is not until the

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could reunite with it, and take pleasure in the afterlife. The main process of mummification was preserving the body by

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shabti statues, the deceased could be buried with many different types of magical figurines to protect them from harm.

6980: 5547: 5349: 5312: 5260: 5179: 4479:

Zesch, Stephanie; Panzer, Stephanie; Rosendahl, Wilfried; Nance, John W; Schönberg, Stefan O; Henzler, Thomas (2016).

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and no longer in pyramids. Priests conducted funerary rituals for them in stone temples built on the west bank of the

2048: 1951: 1461: 127: 42: 4224:"Artifacts: Mummy Cases, Coffins, and Sarcophagi, Mummification, Online Exhibits, Exhibits, Spurlock Museum, U of I" 3822:"Ancient Egyptian funerary practices from the first millennium BC to the Arab conquest of Egypt (c. 1069 BC-642 AD)" 7449: 7444: 7005: 5517: 5199: 4916: 2184: 155: 4583:"Biomolecular characterization of 3500-year-old ancient Egyptian mummification balms from the Valley of the Kings" 4223: 3601:"Tradition and Transformation: Retracing Ptah-Sokar-Osiris figures from Akhmîm in museums and private collections" 3588:. Fourth International Congress for Young Egyptologists. Sofia: Bulgarian Institute of Egyptology. pp. 30–36. 3002: 2798:

other and rarely stood alone. For a deceased king, however, the tomb was located in a place of utmost sacredness.

2692: 7048: 7020: 5493: 5322: 5290: 5275: 5270: 5169: 5123: 4997: 2964: 1966: 64: 4334:

Raymond O. Faulkner, The Ancient Egyptian Book of The Dead, (New York, British Museum Publications, 1985) p. 11.

3082: 2371:. During Roman rule, an elite hybrid burial style developed that incorporated both Egyptian and Roman elements. 6975: 5627: 5441: 5431: 5317: 5238: 5189: 2646: 2589:

was hawk-headed and guarded the small and large intestines. Sometimes the four canopic jars were placed into a

2478: 1982: 1947: 186: 3119: 1938: 29: 4553: 4434: 4410: 6830: 4929: 4823: 4810: 4028: 3124: 2968: 2786: 2086: 1962: 1943: 1981:; Thebes was the native city of the Eleventh Dynasty kings, and they preferred to be buried there. But the 7000: 6780: 6765: 6581: 6504: 5782: 5617: 5421: 5354: 5194: 5005: 2778: 2392: 2350: 2253: 1809: 1276: 1162: 1079: 329: 7368: 7155: 5386: 3320:

Erik Hornung, The Ancient Egyptian Book of the Afterlife, (Cornell: Cornell University Press, 1999) p. 7

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was approximately 144 feet long with 12 oars. Common funerary boats were smaller sized with fewer oars.

2261: 1644: 4297: 2741:

In ancient times Egyptians were buried directly in the ground. Usually the bodies would be buried in a

2135: 4455: 7471: 7236: 7129: 5411: 5369: 5226: 5135: 5128: 4759: 4654: 4594: 3639: 3203: 3182: 3173: 3042: 2979: 2148: 2102: 2064:

reveal the presence of non-Egyptians buried in the country. In the north, graves associated with the

1923: 1872: 1566: 34: 4283:

57, no. 2 (Fall 20152015): 17-23. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed September 20, 2017).

4073: 7553: 6735: 6551: 6539: 5231: 5152: 4247: 3509: 3281: 3140:

and life span. Studying Ancient Egyptian Mummies, archaeologists are able to learn about the past.

3053:

At the end of the Middle Kingdom, new object types were introduced into burials, such as the first

2708: 2578: 2446: 2299: 2106: 2094: 1226: 1128: 1116: 75: 3718: 2886:

One of the funerary practices followed by the Egyptians was preparing properly for the afterlife.

1767:

from those of the Prehistoric period. At first, people excavated round graves with one pot in the

1611:

that they believed were necessary to ensure their immortality after death. These rituals included

7336: 7213: 6948: 6715: 5967: 5732: 5532: 5285: 5248: 5147: 4002: 3401: 2570: 2380: 2376: 2307: 1488: 522: 293: 110: 4395: 3123:

The first X-ray of a mummified Egyptian showing the knees of a child mummy in the collection of

3383: 17: 7247: 7099: 6965: 6885: 6319: 5872: 5636: 5607: 5243: 5184: 4855: 4836: 4791: 4772: 4728: 4709: 4682: 4622: 4510: 4375: 4173: 4163: 4107: 3769: 3761: 3700: 3690: 3665: 3492: 3481: 3426: 3387: 3350: 3239: 3099:. A large funerary boat, for example, was found near a royal pyramid from the Old Kingdom for 3062: 3023: 2933: 2802: 2719:

After the mummy was prepared, it would need to be re-animated, symbolically, by a priest. The

2364: 1994: 1922:

eyes (the human eye with the markings of a falcon). There are also regional variations in the

1764: 1678: 1651: 1543: 1500: 1406: 886: 419: 197: 182: 7507: 7391: 7296: 7148: 6959: 6795: 6184: 5892: 5300: 5214: 4672: 4662: 4612: 4602: 4500: 4492: 4318: 3753: 3655: 3647: 3608: 3375: 3168: 2983: 2904: 2451: 2402: 1888: 1788: 1674:. These graves contained burial goods such as jewellery, food, games, and sharpened splint. 1496: 1301: 747: 441: 45: 2994:

them, the order of the texts was not so important as that it be included among the spells.

2914:

The Weighing of the Heart as depicted in the Papyrus of Hunefer (19th Dynasty, c. 1300 BCE)

7481: 7439: 7290: 7225: 6953: 6775: 6429: 6389: 6334: 5992: 5957: 5669: 5612: 5592: 5009: 4055:— Houses the largest collection of Egyptian artifacts on exhibit in western North America. 3967: 3477: 3469: 3371: 3265: 2735: 2303: 2177: 1955: 1865: 1744: 1492: 1286: 1004: 962: 903: 551: 230: 164: 2649:

were associated with particular animals, frequently being depicted as such animals or as

2306:, one of his generals. His Macedonian Greek family fostered a culture that promoted both 4658: 4598: 4042: 3643: 2927:

awaited to eat the heart if the deceased was found to be a sinner. Among other deities,

2272:, locally produced animal fats and beeswax, and ingredients from distant places such as 2030:, though some scholars have seen them as mummy substitutes rather than servant figures. 2012:

Another kind of faience model of the deceased as a mummy seems to anticipate the use of

6154: 6074: 5987: 5852: 5679: 5280: 4677: 4642: 4505: 4480: 4322: 3660: 3627: 3607:. Conference held at the University of Liège, 6th-8th February 2013. pp. 445–474. 3144:

mummies and bandages to figure out the various oils, waxes, and herbs used. In 2019, a

2742: 2508:, translated to “place of purification”, a tent in which the body was washed, and then 2456: 2069: 1778: 1768: 717: 633: 546: 399: 240: 7532: 7476: 7396: 7274: 7104: 7058: 7015: 6970: 6915: 6800: 6643: 6638: 6404: 6124: 5907: 5777: 5717: 5073: 3933: 3376: 3096: 3095:. One type of boat used at funerals was for making pilgrimages to holy sites such as 2953: 2650: 2623: 2590: 2565:

the internal organs, the lungs, liver, stomach, and intestines, and to place them in

2561: 2006: 1970: 1723: 1604: 1504: 1371: 1341: 1306: 1271: 977: 685: 456: 324: 278: 4805:

Kamrin, Janice; Ikram, Salima (2006). "The ancient Egyptian view of the afterlife".

4023:

Kamrin, Janice; Ikram, Salima (2006). "The ancient Egyptian view of the afterlife".

2520: 1639: 7512: 7419: 7063: 7053: 7043: 7010: 6985: 6900: 6840: 6835: 6820: 6805: 6730: 6684: 6469: 6279: 6159: 6099: 5847: 5772: 5751: 5342: 3178: 3153: 3145: 3058: 3011: 2972: 2819: 2696: 2639: 2605: 2566: 2557: 2245: 2226: 2044: 2034: 1978: 1719: 1707: 1351: 1346: 1331: 1311: 1221: 1044: 846: 774: 722: 660: 394: 319: 3177:(1895), depicts the whole process of mummification and funeral at the fall of the 2105:

were rock-cut chambers. Kings were buried in multi-roomed, rock-cut tombs in the

37:

ceremony being performed on a mummy before the tomb. Extract from the Papyrus of

7486: 7362: 7089: 6920: 6224: 6067: 5897: 5867: 5862: 5727: 5577: 5542: 4911: 3156: 3070: 3034:. Objects of daily use were not often included in the tombs during that period. 2774: 2724: 2704: 2586: 2549: 2541: 2417: 2183:

Although the political structure of the New Kingdom collapsed at the end of the

2090: 1974: 1884: 1828: 1712: 1671: 1620: 1616: 1529: 1456: 1411: 789: 621: 446: 414: 409: 288: 4667: 4607: 4582: 4496: 3651: 2310:

and ancient Egyptian ways of life: many of the Greek-speaking people living in

7517: 7459: 7084: 6925: 6770: 6653: 6596: 6434: 6244: 6109: 6047: 6022: 5912: 5562: 5381: 3873: 3757: 3193: 3104: 3092: 2782: 2311: 2287: 1900: 1880: 1426: 1366: 1281: 1177: 1009: 809: 670: 606: 581: 510: 461: 3765: 3569:

Raven, Marteen (1978–1979). "Papyrus-sheaths and Ptah-Sokar-Osiris statues".

2237:" as well as "magical bricks" at the four compass points, could be included. 1985:

high officials served the kings of a new family now ruling from the north in

7502: 6895: 6875: 6810: 6648: 6546: 6529: 6484: 6474: 6424: 6394: 6379: 6299: 6254: 6249: 6017: 5659: 5527: 5462: 4177: 3971: 3904: 3851: 3704: 3550:

Aston, David (1991). "Two Osiris figures of the Third Intermediate period".

3136: 3132: 2932:

not committed sin, which is known as a "negative confession". The forty-two

2406: 2398: 2368: 1892: 1731: 1686: 1431: 1421: 1396: 1316: 1123: 1106: 1059: 1049: 999: 967: 952: 866: 819: 814: 576: 220: 4706:

Middle Egyptian: An introduction to the language and culture of hieroglyphs

4686: 4643:"Biomolecular analyses enable new insights into ancient Egyptian embalming" 4626: 4514: 3773: 3669: 3628:"Biomolecular analyses enable new insights into ancient Egyptian embalming" 3612: 2052:

generations seems to have occurred when wealth was more equitably spread.

1722:

also had new spells added, along with slight changes made to make the new

7330: 7094: 6845: 6689: 6591: 6576: 6294: 6289: 6209: 6144: 6134: 6052: 6002: 5837: 5712: 5253: 3686:

The beautiful burial in Roman Egypt: art, identity, and funerary religion

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was conducted by a priest who would utter a spell and touch the mummy or

2582: 2282: 2269: 2005:

drink. Some coffins included texts that were later versions of the royal

1813: 1539: 1356: 1172: 1157: 861: 856: 769: 707: 695: 628: 566: 384: 273: 169: 4617: 4411:"DK Find Out! | Fun Facts for Kids on Animals, Earth, History and more!" 4006: 3626:

Rageot, Maxime; B. Hussein, Ramadan; Beck, Susanne; et al. (2023).

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Ancient Egyptian Mummies: A Web Quest for 4th-6th Grade (Social Studies)

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Simplistic representation of the Ancient Egyptian mummification process

2265: 2249: 2241: 2140: 1817: 1718:

Although many spells from the earlier texts were carried over, the new

1700: 1690: 1534: 1524: 1451: 1401: 1391: 1321: 1291: 1096: 1091: 1024: 1014: 987: 930: 881: 851: 712: 680: 675: 571: 424: 359: 334: 38: 4132:(TV program). Courtesy Discovery. Discovery Channel. 23 November 2013. 6943: 6890: 6815: 6720: 6663: 6658: 6601: 6586: 6571: 6494: 6479: 6459: 6454: 6399: 6384: 6364: 6329: 6259: 6234: 6214: 6204: 6194: 6179: 6169: 6164: 6032: 6007: 5997: 5932: 5917: 5902: 5832: 5827: 5802: 5797: 5737: 5722: 5689: 5674: 5664: 5654: 5649: 5036: 4771:. Translated by Lorton, David. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. 3027: 2928: 2855: 2599: 2545: 2529: 2413: 2277: 2257: 2065: 2014: 1918: 1822: 1484: 1446: 1436: 1416: 1326: 1211: 1182: 1167: 1152: 1069: 1054: 1034: 1029: 972: 957: 935: 898: 824: 799: 779: 759: 742: 732: 727: 591: 561: 556: 481: 466: 451: 379: 374: 349: 344: 298: 283: 250: 235: 225: 215: 210: 4939:"Scientists reveal inside story of ancient Egyptian animal mummies" 3030:

became the standard, being brightly painted and often including an

2598:. After the body was washed with wine, it was stuffed with bags of 7414: 7383: 7357: 7349: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7307: 7285: 7280: 7266: 7257: 7231: 7219: 7171: 6865: 6855: 6850: 6825: 6534: 6499: 6489: 6439: 6409: 6354: 6339: 6314: 6304: 6264: 6239: 6229: 6219: 6174: 6129: 6084: 6062: 6057: 6042: 6037: 6027: 5952: 5922: 5822: 5817: 5792: 3821: 3216: 3118: 3100: 3081: 3036: 2924: 2909: 2841: 2773: 2691: 2655: 2604: 2574: 2533: 2501: 2474: 2325: 2273: 2158: 2134: 2085: 2074: 1986: 1937: 1843: 1833: 1752: 1748: 1638: 1612: 1386: 1376: 1361: 1336: 1111: 1074: 1064: 1019: 982: 925: 908: 876: 871: 829: 804: 794: 784: 737: 690: 645: 616: 611: 601: 596: 586: 505: 471: 369: 364: 339: 28: 2093:'s tomb was provided with vast quantities of wealth, such as the 7140: 6905: 6860: 6790: 6760: 6755: 6725: 6710: 6679: 6628: 6623: 6561: 6524: 6464: 6344: 6199: 5882: 5857: 5842: 5807: 5767: 5707: 5697: 5644: 5522: 4852:

Burial Customs in Ancient Egypt: Life in death for rich and poor

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did new funerary practices of the Late period begin to be seen.

2110: 1965:

reflect some of the political trends of that period. During the

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In order to live for all eternity and be presented in front of

2147:

No elite tombs are known to have survived unplundered from the

1883:(linen soaked in plaster, modeled, and painted) also appeared. 6269: 6104: 6094: 6089: 5927: 5702: 4982: 4835:. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. pp. 187–193. 2240:

Substances recovered from vessels at an embalming workshop in

1743:

Some of the earliest burial sites in ancient Egypt are of the

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How did ancient Egyptian embalmers work on the lower classes?

2569:

with lids shaped as the heads of the protective deities, the

4790:. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. p. 122. 2363:, ending the rule of the last and most famous member of the 2221:

along with heart scarabs, both gold and faience examples of

1887:

became used to hold their internal organs. Amulets of gold,

6374: 3474:

To Live Forever: Egyptian treasure from the Brooklyn Museum

2827: 947: 2229:

amulets, figures of deities, and images of the deceased's

3276: 3274: 2854:

After having been preserved, the mummy was placed into a

2512:, “the House of Beauty”, where mummification took place. 4869:

Roberson, Joshua Aaron (Fall 2015). "A season in hell".

4818:

Lesko, Leonard H. (2001). "Religion and the afterlife".

4788:

The British Museum Concise Introduction to Ancient Egypt

4554:"Egyptian mummy was a pregnant woman, not a male priest" 3464: 3462: 3334:. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. p. 116. 3529:"Mummy yields earliest known Egyptian embalming recipe" 3460: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3442: 2850:, c. 7th century BCE), in the Ägyptisches Museum Berlin 2757:

are what enabled the dead to support their family: the

2290:

were used in particular for the treatment of the head.

1973:

surrounding the king's tomb or, in local cemeteries in

4530:"World's Only Known Pregnant Egyptian Mummy Revealed" 2846:

Anthropoid coffin and sarcophagus of priest Ken-Hor (

4951:"Egyptian animals were mummified same way as humans" 2330:

Encaustic painted mummy portrait of a Roman officer

192: 7432: 7407: 7382: 7348: 7306: 7265: 7256: 7185: 7178: 7072: 7029: 6934: 6744: 6703: 6672: 6614: 5746: 5688: 5635: 5626: 5570: 5500: 4752:"Mummies: Death and the afterlife in ancient Egypt" 4094: 4092: 2207:

Late period, monumentality and return to traditions

249: 196: 3370:Eiwanger, Josef (1999). "Merimde Beni-salame". In 2532:, the body of the deceased had to be preserved by 1816:tomb with an underground burial chamber, termed a 3131:carefully recorded the processes—one of whom was 2203:, even when the owner was a queen or a princess. 3995:Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 3972:"Funerary rituals (Ptolemaic and Roman Periods)" 3378:Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt 2749:specifically believed that the abilities of the 3510:"This ancient mummy is older than the pharaohs" 4887:was Egyptians' inside guide to the underworld" 4873:. Vol. 57, no. 2. Philadelphia, PA: 3316: 3314: 2375:was a Roman-style mummy portrait, executed in 2302:, the country was ruled by the descendants of 2139:Gilded bier fashioned to resemble the goddess 1954:, c. 19th century BCE). Cartonnage, 37.1387E, 1677:From the Predynastic period through the final 7156: 5478: 5058: 4370:Starry Dog (2003). "History: Ancient Egypt". 4018: 4016: 2056:Second Intermediate period, foreigner burials 1908:First Intermediate period, regional variation 1584: 8: 4758:. British Museum. 7 May 2012. Archived from 4374:. WS PACIFIC PUBLICATIONS, INC. p. 71. 4372:Biggest Ever Book of Questions & Answers 4043:"Burial practices, afterlife, & mummies" 2393:Dance in ancient Egypt § Funeral Dances 4822:. Vol. 12, no. 1. Englewood, NJ: 4809:. Vol. 17, no. 1. Englewood, NJ: 4769:The Ancient Egyptian Books of the Afterlife 4708:. Cambridge University Press. p. 315. 4045:. San Jose, CA: Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum 4027:. Vol. 17, no. 1. Englewood, NJ: 3115:The study of ancient Egyptian mummies today 2585:was jackal-headed and guarded the stomach; 1763:Funerary customs were developed during the 7262: 7182: 7163: 7149: 7141: 5632: 5485: 5471: 5463: 5065: 5051: 5043: 4576: 4574: 4397:Solar Boat/Funerary Boat of Cheops (Khufu) 4317:Raymond O. Faulkner, The Ancient Egyptian 4100:"How were other ancient Egyptians buried?" 3605:(Re)productive traditions in ancient Egypt 3406:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2703:, performing the opening of the mouth for 2618:while a priest recited prayers and burned 2573:: Imsety, Hapy, Duamutef, and Qebhseneuf. 2233:. Tools for the tomb's ritual called the " 1759:Predynastic period, development of customs 1591: 1577: 193: 51: 4676: 4666: 4616: 4606: 4504: 3659: 4833:Death and the Afterlife in Ancient Egypt 4162:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 4160:Death and the afterlife in ancient Egypt 3001: 2602:. The dehydration process took 40 days. 2577:was human-headed and guarded the liver; 2519: 2294:Ptolemaic period, Hellenistic influences 1930:men's assignment to a role in fighting. 1804:Early Dynastic period, tombs and coffins 3689:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 3288:. London, UK: Cornell University Press. 3227: 1969:, tombs were cut into the mountains of 1840:Old Kingdom, pyramids and mummification 1726:more relatable to the nobility. In the 63: 4456:"Facts of Ancient Egypt Funeral Boats" 4435:"Ancient Egyptian model funerary boat" 4218: 4216: 4214: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3399: 3264:, Lee Anne Brandt. Retrieved from the 2818:. Royal mastabas later developed into 2581:was ape-headed and guarded the lungs; 2357:The Romans conquered Egypt in 30 2078:Predynastic and even earlier periods. 1650:Although no writing survived from the 4271: 4269: 4267: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4139: 3924: 3922: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3852:"Funerary rituals (Pharaonic period)" 3845: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3425:. Taylor & Francis. p. 174. 3065:have been found in tombs and graves. 2651:humans with the heads of such animals 2449:A funeral procession depicted in the 1670:The latest tombs Egyptians made were 7: 5427: 5025:Digital Egypt page on burial customs 3508:Seisberger, Mindy (16 August 2016). 3148:embalming workshop was unearthed at 2892:Ancient Egyptian concept of the soul 2490:Ancient Egyptian concept of the soul 7539:Ancient Egyptian funerary practices 5447: 4957:. 15 September 2004. Archived from 4910:Mark, Joshua J. (19 January 2013). 4725:Religion and Magic in Ancient Egypt 2475:Mummy § Mummification and rank 2298:Following the conquest of Egypt by 2101:The majority of elite tombs in the 4485:European Journal of Radiology Open 3212:Ancient Egyptian afterlife beliefs 25: 6996:Enigmatic Book of the Netherworld 6991:The Contendings of Horus and Seth 5175:Ancient Egyptian race controversy 3527:Wei-Haas, Maya (15 August 2018). 3049:(c. 12th century-8th century BCE) 2187:, the majority of burials in the 2163:Shabtis of King Pinudjem I, 1934:Middle Kingdom, new tomb contents 7206:Officials, nobles, and commoners 7123: 7039:Beautiful Festival of the Valley 5561: 5446: 5436: 5426: 5417: 5416: 5405: 5368: 4975:"Object: Egyptian funerary boat" 4937:Pruitt, Sarah (30 August 2018). 4106:. British Museum. Archived from 3930:"THE AFTERLIFE in Ancient Egypt" 3586:Cult and Belief in Ancient Egypt 3349:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 355. 3268:internet archive on May 8, 2013. 3196: 2438: 2082:New Kingdom, new object purposes 1560: 74: 5437: 3976:UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology 3909:UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology 3856:UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology 3236:"Digital Egypt, Burial customs" 2947:Ancient Egyptian funerary texts 2808:The simple graves evolved into 2676:deposits by accident, however. 2116:From the current evidence, the 1912:The political situation in the 1751:in the north, near present-day 1548:Church of the Most High Goddess 18:Ancient Egyptian burial customs 4742:David, Rosalie (10 May 2012). 4400:, 2001. Retrieved May 9, 2013. 4294:"Digital Egypt, Pyramid texts" 3599:Rindi Nuzzolo, Carlo (2017) . 2982:, the Coffin Texts became the 2322:Roman period, Roman influences 1: 4744:Journey through the Afterlife 3472:; Cooney, Kathlyn M. (2008). 3284:; Lichtenberg, Roger (2006). 3006:A selection of shabti statues 2890:, the vital force within the 2721:opening of the mouth ceremony 2661: 2430:Opening of the mouth ceremony 2331: 2164: 1997:that were popular during the 1852: 1849:Relief of Men Presenting Oxen 1655: 4998:"Grave goods, mummification" 3932:. 2008-04-21. Archived from 3820:Tomorad, Mladen (May 2009). 3725:. National Museums Liverpool 3421:Hoffman, Michael A. (1980). 3382:. London/New York. pp. 3347:The origins of human society 3332:The Culture of Ancient Egypt 3163:Depictions in modern culture 2660:Mummy of a peregrine falcon 2349:, with related grave goods ( 1739:Prehistory, earliest burials 1623:thought to be needed in the 1619:, and burials with specific 6981:Book of Traversing Eternity 5360:Egypt–Mesopotamia relations 5180:Population history of Egypt 4850:Grajetzki, Wolfram (2003). 3850:Harold, Hays (2010-01-22). 3305:University of Chicago Press 2781:, the mastaba tomb of King 2280:from southeast Asia; while 1652:Predynastic period in Egypt 7570: 7006:Litany of the Eye of Horus 5559: 5027:(archived 15 October 2014) 4981:. A History of the World. 4926:"The methods of embalming" 4917:World History Encyclopedia 4668:10.1038/s41586-022-05663-4 4608:10.1038/s41598-023-39393-y 4497:10.1016/j.ejro.2016.07.002 4325:Publications, 1985) p. 11. 3903:Mark, Smith (2008-10-27). 3652:10.1038/s41586-022-05663-4 3345:Bogucki, Peter I. (1999). 3286:Mummies and Death in Egypt 2944: 2637: 2548:, a natural salt found in 2472: 2390: 2062:Second Intermediate period 1926:used to decorate coffins. 7495: 7118: 7049:Coronation of the pharaoh 7021:Spell of the Twelve Caves 5758: 5494:Ancient Egyptian religion 5400: 5377: 5366: 5104: 5081: 5033:(archived 19 August 2004) 5004:. Artifacts. Urbana, IL: 4912:"Ancient Egyptian burial" 4854:. London, UK: Duckworth. 4228:www.spurlock.illinois.edu 4066:"The Dead and the Living" 3905:"Osiris and the Deceased" 3874:"Isis, Osiris, and Horus" 3758:10.1007/s11547-008-0280-7 3683:Riggs, Christina (2005). 3603:. In Gillen, Todd (ed.). 3423:Egypt before the pharaohs 3299:Donadoni, Sergio (1997). 3047:Third Intermediate Period 2965:First Intermediate Period 2707:. Wall painting from the 2626:was absent from the sky. 2420:, as well as the deities 2193:Third Intermediate period 2155:Third Intermediate period 1999:First Intermediate period 1914:First Intermediate period 1728:First Intermediate period 307: 7544:Death customs by culture 7130:Ancient Egypt portal 6976:Book of the Heavenly Cow 5412:Ancient Egypt portal 4704:Allen, James P. (2000). 4275:Joshusa Aaron Roberson: 4199:John Taylor, pp. 187–193 4158:Taylor, John H. (2001). 3878:AncientEgyptOnline.co.uk 3330:Wilson, John A. (1965). 2647:Ancient Egyptian deities 2479:List of Egyptian mummies 2248:contained extracts from 1659: 6000 – 3150 1607:had an elaborate set of 1567:Ancient Egypt portal 7549:Death customs by region 6831:Horus on the Crocodiles 5039:in Internet Archaeology 4930:Smithsonian Institution 4824:Dwight-Englewood School 4811:Dwight-Englewood School 4746:. Elsevier. p. 20. 4727:. Penguin. p. 93. 4723:David, Rosalie (2002). 4252:www.historyembalmed.org 4029:Dwight-Englewood School 3880:. Gods of Ancient Egypt 3723:liverpoolmuseums.org.uk 3125:Naturmuseum Senckenberg 2433:conclude the ceremony. 2345:, white tunic, and red 2264:region, in addition to 2018:figurines (also called 1683:beliefs in an afterlife 7001:Great Hymn to the Aten 6781:Crown of justification 6505:Souls of Pe and Nekhen 5783:Amenhotep, son of Hapu 5618:Veneration of the dead 5031:Egyptian mummification 5006:University of Illinois 4893:. 2016. Archived from 4786:James, T.G.H. (2005). 4767:Hornung, Erik (1999). 4190:Leonard Lesko, pp. 4–5 3613:10.26180/5c982e07e6676 3127: 3087: 3050: 3010:Although the types of 3007: 2915: 2851: 2790: 2716: 2672: 2665: 2000–1001 2610: 2525: 2416:and his enemy brother 2354: 2351:Antikensammlung Berlin 2180: 2168: 1025–1007 2144: 2098: 2060:Known graves from the 1961:Burial customs in the 1958: 1896:their representation. 1868: 1856: 2500–2350 1647: 1080:Souls of Pe and Nekhen 330:Amenhotep, son of Hapu 49: 7369:Mummies of Guanajuato 5086:Glossary of artifacts 5037:A Virtual Kelvingrove 5002:spurlock.illinois.edu 4831:Taylor, John (2001). 4208:Leonard Lesko pp. 4–5 3826:The Heritage of Egypt 3122: 3085: 3040: 3005: 2913: 2845: 2777: 2695: 2659: 2609:Painted mummy bandage 2608: 2523: 2516:Mummification process 2401:(5th century BC) and 2329: 2262:eastern Mediterranean 2162: 2138: 2089: 1941: 1847: 1779:Naqada II period 1645:professional mourners 1642: 32: 7472:Mummification Museum 7456:Archeological sites 5603:Opening of the mouth 4961:on November 13, 2018 4928:. Egyptian Mummies. 4534:Smithsonian Magazine 3746:La Radiologia Medica 3719:"Tongue Cover-Plate" 3204:Ancient Egypt portal 2991:Twenty-sixth Dynasty 2634:Animal mummification 2235:opening of the mouth 2189:Twenty-first Dynasty 2113:opposite of Thebes. 1942:Mask from a coffin. 35:Opening of the Mouth 6736:The Indestructibles 6540:Hermes Trismegistus 5232:Cursive hieroglyphs 5000:. Online Exhibits. 4955:National Geographic 4897:on November 7, 2019 4891:National Geographic 4659:2023Natur.614..287R 4599:2023NatSR..1312477H 4437:. Australian Museum 4394:Mary Ann Sullivan, 4104:Ancient Egypt.co.uk 3644:2023Natur.614..287R 3539:on August 16, 2018. 3533:National Geographic 2779:Mastabat al-Fir'aun 2709:Tomb of Tutankhamun 2300:Alexander the Great 2107:Valley of the Kings 2095:mask of Tutankhamun 1791:in women's graves. 1613:mummifying the body 1240:Symbols and objects 1227:The Indestructibles 1117:Hermes Trismegistus 7214:Chinchorro mummies 6949:Books of Breathing 5968:Four sons of Horus 5205:Funerary practices 4587:Scientific Reports 3128: 3088: 3051: 3008: 2916: 2852: 2812:structures called 2791: 2727:with a ceremonial 2717: 2673: 2611: 2571:four sons of Horus 2558:eighteenth dynasty 2526: 2455:(Extract from the 2355: 2244:dated back to the 2181: 2145: 2122:Nineteenth Dynasty 2118:Eighteenth Dynasty 2099: 2049:Thirteenth Dynasty 2035:Senwosret III 1959: 1869: 1765:Predynastic period 1648: 1631:Egyptian funeral. 1609:funerary practices 1489:Books of Breathing 523:Four sons of Horus 50: 7526: 7525: 7428: 7427: 7378: 7377: 7138: 7137: 7100:Mysteries of Isis 7073:Related religions 6966:Book of the Earth 6610: 6609: 5460: 5459: 5215:Great Royal Wives 5185:Prehistoric Egypt 4877:. pp. 17–23. 4813:. pp. 10–11. 4756:The History Place 4754:. Bowers Museum. 4653:(7947): 287–293. 4381:978-1-4454-8792-2 4031:. pp. 10–11. 3696:978-1-4294-3090-6 3638:(7947): 287–293. 3069:daily use. Under 2934:Assessors of Maat 2803:Prehistoric Egypt 2397:Greek historians 2365:Ptolemaic dynasty 2185:Twentieth Dynasty 1789:cosmetic palettes 1706:Not only did the 1679:Ptolemaic dynasty 1605:ancient Egyptians 1601: 1600: 1544:Kemetic Orthodoxy 1519:Related religions 1501:Book of the Earth 1191: 1190: 16:(Redirected from 7561: 7508:Incorruptibility 7392:Buddhist mummies 7297:Maronite mummies 7263: 7228:(Canary Islands) 7222:(Peru and Chile) 7183: 7165: 7158: 7151: 7142: 7128: 7127: 7126: 6960:Book of the Dead 6796:Egyptian obelisk 6185:Kothar-wa-Khasis 5633: 5598:Offering formula 5593:Mortuary temples 5583:Embalming ritual 5565: 5487: 5480: 5473: 5464: 5450: 5449: 5440: 5439: 5430: 5429: 5420: 5419: 5410: 5409: 5408: 5372: 5067: 5060: 5053: 5044: 5013: 4993: 4991: 4989: 4970: 4968: 4966: 4946: 4933: 4921: 4906: 4904: 4902: 4885:Book of the Dead 4878: 4865: 4846: 4827: 4814: 4801: 4782: 4763: 4747: 4738: 4719: 4691: 4690: 4680: 4670: 4637: 4631: 4630: 4620: 4610: 4578: 4569: 4568: 4566: 4565: 4550: 4544: 4543: 4541: 4540: 4525: 4519: 4518: 4508: 4476: 4470: 4469: 4467: 4466: 4452: 4446: 4445: 4443: 4442: 4431: 4425: 4424: 4422: 4421: 4407: 4401: 4392: 4386: 4385: 4367: 4361: 4354: 4348: 4341: 4335: 4332: 4326: 4319:Book of The Dead 4315: 4309: 4308: 4306: 4305: 4296:. Archived from 4290: 4284: 4277:A season in Hell 4273: 4262: 4261: 4259: 4258: 4244: 4238: 4237: 4235: 4234: 4220: 4209: 4206: 4200: 4197: 4191: 4188: 4182: 4181: 4155: 4134: 4133: 4126: 4120: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4096: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4072:. Archived from 4062: 4056: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4039: 4033: 4032: 4020: 4011: 4010: 3990: 3984: 3983: 3968:Christina, Riggs 3964: 3958: 3951: 3945: 3944: 3942: 3941: 3926: 3917: 3916: 3900: 3889: 3888: 3886: 3885: 3870: 3864: 3863: 3847: 3834: 3833: 3817: 3778: 3777: 3741: 3735: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3715: 3709: 3708: 3680: 3674: 3673: 3663: 3623: 3617: 3616: 3596: 3590: 3589: 3581: 3575: 3574: 3566: 3560: 3559: 3547: 3541: 3540: 3535:. Archived from 3524: 3518: 3517: 3505: 3499: 3491: 3476:. Brooklyn, NY: 3470:Bleiberg, Edward 3466: 3437: 3436: 3418: 3412: 3411: 3405: 3397: 3381: 3372:Bard, Kathryn A. 3367: 3361: 3360: 3342: 3336: 3335: 3327: 3321: 3318: 3309: 3308: 3296: 3290: 3289: 3278: 3269: 3257: 3251: 3250: 3248: 3247: 3238:. Archived from 3232: 3217:Egyptian mummies 3206: 3201: 3200: 3199: 3032:offering formula 2984:Book of the Dead 2905:Book of the Dead 2743:compact position 2671: 2670: 2669: 2663: 2452:Book of the Dead 2442: 2403:Diodorus Siculus 2387:Funerary rituals 2362: 2361: 2336: 2333: 2175: 2173: 2172: 2166: 2149:Ramesside period 2042: 2041: 2037:(1836–1818 1967:Eleventh Dynasty 1862: 1861: 1860: 1854: 1799: 1798: 1786: 1785: 1781:(3650–3300 1776: 1775: 1771:(4400–3800 1697:Human sacrifices 1665: 1664: 1663: 1657: 1593: 1586: 1579: 1565: 1564: 1563: 1497:Book of the Dead 1302:Egyptian obelisk 748:Kothar-wa-Khasis 194: 160:Offering formula 78: 67: 66:Ancient Egyptian 52: 46:Book of the Dead 21: 7569: 7568: 7564: 7563: 7562: 7560: 7559: 7558: 7529: 7528: 7527: 7522: 7491: 7440:List of mummies 7424: 7403: 7374: 7344: 7302: 7252: 7226:Guanche mummies 7174: 7169: 7139: 7134: 7124: 7122: 7114: 7068: 7025: 6954:Book of Caverns 6930: 6776:Crook and flail 6747: 6740: 6699: 6668: 6606: 5958:Dionysus-Osiris 5754: 5742: 5684: 5622: 5566: 5557: 5496: 5491: 5461: 5456: 5406: 5404: 5396: 5373: 5364: 5100: 5077: 5071: 5021: 5016: 5010:Spurlock Museum 4996: 4987: 4985: 4973: 4964: 4962: 4949: 4936: 4924: 4909: 4900: 4898: 4881: 4868: 4862: 4849: 4843: 4830: 4826:. pp. 4–5. 4817: 4804: 4798: 4785: 4779: 4766: 4750: 4741: 4735: 4722: 4716: 4703: 4699: 4694: 4639: 4638: 4634: 4580: 4579: 4572: 4563: 4561: 4560:. 29 April 2021 4552: 4551: 4547: 4538: 4536: 4527: 4526: 4522: 4478: 4477: 4473: 4464: 4462: 4454: 4453: 4449: 4440: 4438: 4433: 4432: 4428: 4419: 4417: 4409: 4408: 4404: 4393: 4389: 4382: 4369: 4368: 4364: 4355: 4351: 4342: 4338: 4333: 4329: 4316: 4312: 4303: 4301: 4292: 4291: 4287: 4274: 4265: 4256: 4254: 4246: 4245: 4241: 4232: 4230: 4222: 4221: 4212: 4207: 4203: 4198: 4194: 4189: 4185: 4170: 4157: 4156: 4137: 4128: 4127: 4123: 4113: 4111: 4098: 4097: 4090: 4079: 4077: 4064: 4063: 4059: 4048: 4046: 4041: 4040: 4036: 4022: 4021: 4014: 3992: 3991: 3987: 3966: 3965: 3961: 3952: 3948: 3939: 3937: 3928: 3927: 3920: 3902: 3901: 3892: 3883: 3881: 3872: 3871: 3867: 3849: 3848: 3837: 3819: 3818: 3781: 3743: 3742: 3738: 3728: 3726: 3717: 3716: 3712: 3697: 3682: 3681: 3677: 3625: 3624: 3620: 3598: 3597: 3593: 3583: 3582: 3578: 3568: 3567: 3563: 3549: 3548: 3544: 3526: 3525: 3521: 3507: 3506: 3502: 3488: 3478:Brooklyn Museum 3468: 3467: 3440: 3433: 3420: 3419: 3415: 3398: 3394: 3369: 3368: 3364: 3357: 3344: 3343: 3339: 3329: 3328: 3324: 3319: 3312: 3303:. Chicago, IL: 3298: 3297: 3293: 3280: 3279: 3272: 3266:Wayback Machine 3258: 3254: 3245: 3243: 3234: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3202: 3197: 3195: 3192: 3165: 3159:balm residues. 3117: 3080: 3000: 2949: 2943: 2900: 2884: 2840: 2772: 2736:mortuary temple 2715:, c. 1325 BCE). 2690: 2667: 2666: 2664: 2642: 2636: 2518: 2486: 2481: 2473:Main articles: 2471: 2466: 2465: 2464: 2448: 2443: 2395: 2389: 2359: 2358: 2334: 2324: 2296: 2211:Burials in the 2209: 2178:Brooklyn Museum 2170: 2169: 2167: 2157: 2084: 2058: 2039: 2038: 1983:Twelfth Dynasty 1956:Brooklyn Museum 1936: 1910: 1866:Brooklyn Museum 1858: 1857: 1855: 1842: 1806: 1796: 1795: 1783: 1782: 1773: 1772: 1769:Badarian period 1761: 1745:Merimde culture 1741: 1661: 1660: 1658: 1637: 1597: 1561: 1559: 1554: 1553: 1520: 1512: 1511: 1493:Book of Caverns 1475: 1467: 1466: 1287:Crook and flail 1242: 1232: 1231: 1202: 1194: 1193: 1192: 1187: 303: 245: 190: 175: 174: 146: 138: 137: 86: 65: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7567: 7565: 7557: 7556: 7551: 7546: 7541: 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6155:Khenti-Amentiu 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6071: 6070: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5943:Cavern deities 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5759: 5756: 5755: 5750: 5748: 5744: 5743: 5741: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5694: 5692: 5686: 5685: 5683: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5641: 5639: 5630: 5624: 5623: 5621: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5574: 5572: 5568: 5567: 5560: 5558: 5556: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5513:Creation myths 5510: 5504: 5502: 5498: 5497: 5492: 5490: 5489: 5482: 5475: 5467: 5458: 5457: 5455: 5454: 5444: 5434: 5424: 5414: 5401: 5398: 5397: 5395: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5378: 5375: 5374: 5367: 5365: 5363: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5346: 5345: 5340: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5309: 5308: 5303: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5257: 5256: 5251: 5241: 5236: 5235: 5234: 5224: 5223: 5222: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5166: 5165: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5144: 5143: 5133: 5132: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5111: 5105: 5102: 5101: 5099: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5082: 5079: 5078: 5072: 5070: 5069: 5062: 5055: 5047: 5041: 5040: 5034: 5028: 5020: 5019:External links 5017: 5015: 5014: 4994: 4971: 4947: 4934: 4922: 4907: 4879: 4866: 4860: 4847: 4841: 4828: 4815: 4802: 4796: 4783: 4777: 4764: 4762:on 2019-02-13. 4748: 4739: 4733: 4720: 4714: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4692: 4632: 4570: 4545: 4528:Katz, Brigit. 4520: 4471: 4447: 4426: 4402: 4387: 4380: 4362: 4358:Burial Customs 4349: 4345:Burial Customs 4336: 4327: 4323:British Museum 4310: 4285: 4263: 4239: 4210: 4201: 4192: 4183: 4169:978-0226791647 4168: 4135: 4121: 4088: 4057: 4034: 4012: 3985: 3970:(2010-01-22). 3959: 3953:Salima Ikram, 3946: 3918: 3890: 3865: 3835: 3779: 3752:(5): 615–626. 3736: 3710: 3695: 3675: 3618: 3591: 3576: 3561: 3542: 3519: 3500: 3486: 3438: 3431: 3413: 3392: 3362: 3355: 3337: 3322: 3310: 3307:. p. 262. 3291: 3270: 3252: 3226: 3224: 3221: 3220: 3219: 3214: 3208: 3207: 3191: 3188: 3187: 3186: 3164: 3161: 3116: 3113: 3079: 3078:Funerary boats 3076: 3057:and the first 2999: 2996: 2969:Middle Kingdom 2945:Main article: 2942: 2941:Funerary texts 2939: 2899: 2896: 2883: 2880: 2839: 2836: 2789:, c. 2505 BCE) 2771: 2768: 2689: 2688:Burial rituals 2686: 2638:Main article: 2635: 2632: 2536:, so that the 2517: 2514: 2485: 2482: 2470: 2467: 2463:, c. 1250 BCE) 2457:Papyrus of Ani 2445: 2444: 2437: 2436: 2435: 2428:performed the 2388: 2385: 2337:, with a blue 2323: 2320: 2295: 2292: 2208: 2205: 2156: 2153: 2083: 2080: 2070:Semitic people 2057: 2054: 1963:Middle Kingdom 1944:Middle Kingdom 1935: 1932: 1909: 1906: 1841: 1838: 1805: 1802: 1760: 1757: 1740: 1737: 1636: 1633: 1599: 1598: 1596: 1595: 1588: 1581: 1573: 1570: 1569: 1556: 1555: 1552: 1551: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1521: 1518: 1517: 1514: 1513: 1510: 1509: 1480:Funerary texts 1476: 1473: 1472: 1469: 1468: 1465: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1254: 1249: 1243: 1238: 1237: 1234: 1233: 1230: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1203: 1200: 1199: 1196: 1195: 1189: 1188: 1186: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1144: 1143: 1132: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1120: 1119: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1083: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1022: 1017: 1012: 1007: 1002: 991: 990: 985: 980: 975: 970: 965: 960: 955: 950: 939: 938: 933: 928: 917: 916: 911: 906: 901: 890: 889: 884: 879: 874: 869: 864: 859: 854: 849: 838: 837: 832: 827: 822: 817: 812: 807: 802: 797: 792: 787: 782: 777: 772: 767: 762: 751: 750: 745: 740: 735: 730: 725: 720: 718:Khenti-Amentiu 715: 710: 699: 698: 693: 688: 683: 678: 673: 668: 663: 658: 653: 648: 637: 636: 631: 626: 625: 624: 614: 609: 604: 599: 594: 589: 584: 579: 574: 569: 564: 559: 554: 549: 538: 537: 526: 525: 514: 513: 508: 497: 496: 494:Cavern deities 485: 484: 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 449: 444: 433: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 377: 372: 367: 362: 357: 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 308: 305: 304: 302: 301: 296: 291: 286: 281: 276: 271: 266: 261: 255: 253: 247: 246: 244: 243: 238: 233: 228: 223: 218: 213: 208: 202: 200: 191: 181: 180: 177: 176: 173: 172: 167: 162: 153: 147: 144: 143: 140: 139: 136: 135: 130: 125: 120: 119: 118: 108: 103: 98: 93: 87: 84: 83: 80: 79: 71: 70: 61: 60: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7566: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7536: 7534: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7498: 7497: 7494: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7477:Excerebration 7475: 7473: 7470: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7457: 7455: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7442: 7441: 7438: 7437: 7435: 7431: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7412: 7410: 7406: 7398: 7397:Sokushinbutsu 7395: 7394: 7393: 7390: 7389: 7387: 7385: 7381: 7370: 7367: 7364: 7363:Aztec mummies 7361: 7359: 7356: 7355: 7353: 7351: 7350:North America 7347: 7339: 7338: 7334: 7333: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7313: 7311: 7309: 7305: 7298: 7295: 7293:(Philippines) 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7276: 7275:Tarim mummies 7273: 7272: 7270: 7268: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7255: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7227: 7224: 7221: 7218: 7215: 7212: 7208: 7207: 7203: 7201: 7200: 7196: 7195: 7194: 7193:Ancient Egypt 7191: 7190: 7188: 7184: 7181: 7177: 7173: 7172:Mummification 7166: 7161: 7159: 7154: 7152: 7147: 7146: 7143: 7131: 7121: 7120: 7117: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7105:Temple of Set 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7077: 7075: 7071: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7059:Opet Festival 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7036: 7034: 7032: 7028: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7016:Pyramid Texts 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6971:Book of Gates 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6961: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6941: 6939: 6937: 6933: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6916:Vulture crown 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6801:Egyptian pool 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6753: 6751: 6749: 6743: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6708: 6706: 6702: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6677: 6675: 6671: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6639:Hieracosphinx 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6621: 6619: 6617: 6613: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6541: 6538: 6537: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6405:Renpetneferet 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6069: 6066: 6065: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5760: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5687: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5642: 5640: 5638: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5625: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5575: 5573: 5569: 5564: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5505: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5488: 5483: 5481: 5476: 5474: 5469: 5468: 5465: 5453: 5445: 5443: 5435: 5433: 5425: 5423: 5415: 5413: 5403: 5402: 5399: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5387:Egyptologists 5385: 5383: 5380: 5379: 5376: 5371: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5335: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5298: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5246: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5233: 5230: 5229: 5228: 5225: 5221: 5218: 5217: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5164: 5161: 5160: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5142: 5139: 5138: 5137: 5134: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5116: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5106: 5103: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5083: 5080: 5075: 5074:Ancient Egypt 5068: 5063: 5061: 5056: 5054: 5049: 5048: 5045: 5038: 5035: 5032: 5029: 5026: 5023: 5022: 5018: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4984: 4980: 4979:www.bbc.co.uk 4976: 4972: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4886: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4867: 4863: 4861:0-7156-3217-5 4857: 4853: 4848: 4844: 4838: 4834: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4803: 4799: 4797:0-472-03137-6 4793: 4789: 4784: 4780: 4774: 4770: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4740: 4736: 4730: 4726: 4721: 4717: 4711: 4707: 4702: 4701: 4696: 4688: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4636: 4633: 4628: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4577: 4575: 4571: 4559: 4555: 4549: 4546: 4535: 4531: 4524: 4521: 4516: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4475: 4472: 4461: 4457: 4451: 4448: 4436: 4430: 4427: 4416: 4412: 4406: 4403: 4399: 4398: 4391: 4388: 4383: 4377: 4373: 4366: 4363: 4359: 4353: 4350: 4346: 4340: 4337: 4331: 4328: 4324: 4321:, (New York, 4320: 4314: 4311: 4300:on 2014-03-03 4299: 4295: 4289: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4264: 4253: 4249: 4248:"Sarcophagus" 4243: 4240: 4229: 4225: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4211: 4205: 4202: 4196: 4193: 4187: 4184: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4165: 4161: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4140: 4136: 4131: 4125: 4122: 4110:on 2019-01-11 4109: 4105: 4101: 4095: 4093: 4089: 4076:on 2019-02-13 4075: 4071: 4067: 4061: 4058: 4044: 4038: 4035: 4030: 4026: 4019: 4017: 4013: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3989: 3986: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3963: 3960: 3957:, pp. 275–282 3956: 3955:Ancient Egypt 3950: 3947: 3936:on 2008-04-21 3935: 3931: 3925: 3923: 3919: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3891: 3879: 3875: 3869: 3866: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3836: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3780: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3740: 3737: 3724: 3720: 3714: 3711: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3692: 3688: 3687: 3679: 3676: 3671: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3622: 3619: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3595: 3592: 3587: 3580: 3577: 3572: 3565: 3562: 3557: 3553: 3546: 3543: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3523: 3520: 3515: 3511: 3504: 3501: 3498: 3494: 3489: 3487:9781904832522 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3439: 3434: 3432:0-7100-0495-8 3428: 3424: 3417: 3414: 3409: 3403: 3395: 3393:9780415185899 3389: 3385: 3380: 3379: 3373: 3366: 3363: 3358: 3356:1-57718-112-3 3352: 3348: 3341: 3338: 3333: 3326: 3323: 3317: 3315: 3311: 3306: 3302: 3301:The Egyptians 3295: 3292: 3287: 3283: 3277: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3262: 3256: 3253: 3242:on 2014-10-15 3241: 3237: 3231: 3228: 3222: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3209: 3205: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3175: 3170: 3169:Bolesław Prus 3167: 3166: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3141: 3138: 3134: 3126: 3121: 3114: 3112: 3108: 3106: 3105:funerary boat 3102: 3098: 3094: 3084: 3077: 3075: 3072: 3066: 3064: 3060: 3059:heart scarabs 3056: 3048: 3044: 3039: 3035: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3024:wooden models 3019: 3015: 3013: 3004: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2987: 2985: 2981: 2976: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2961: 2959: 2955: 2954:Pyramid Texts 2948: 2940: 2938: 2935: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2912: 2908: 2906: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2889: 2881: 2879: 2875: 2872: 2868: 2863: 2861: 2857: 2849: 2844: 2837: 2835: 2831: 2829: 2825: 2824:Valley Temple 2821: 2820:step pyramids 2817: 2816: 2811: 2806: 2804: 2799: 2795: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2769: 2767: 2763: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2746: 2744: 2739: 2737: 2732: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2687: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2658: 2654: 2652: 2648: 2641: 2633: 2631: 2627: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2607: 2603: 2601: 2597: 2592: 2591:canopic chest 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2563: 2562:excerebration 2559: 2553: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2534:mummification 2531: 2522: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2502:mummification 2499: 2495: 2491: 2483: 2480: 2476: 2469:Mummification 2468: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2453: 2447: 2441: 2434: 2431: 2425: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2410: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2394: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2378: 2372: 2370: 2369:Cleopatra VII 2366: 2352: 2348: 2344: 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1617:magic spells 1608: 1602: 1483: 1352:Imiut fetish 1347:Hypocephalus 1332:Hemhem crown 1312:Eye of Horus 1222:Land of Manu 1146: 1145: 1134: 1133: 1085: 1084: 993: 992: 941: 940: 919: 918: 892: 891: 847:Nebethetepet 840: 839: 753: 752: 723:Khenti-kheti 701: 700: 639: 638: 540: 539: 535:Gate deities 528: 527: 516: 515: 499: 498: 487: 486: 435: 434: 309: 48:(c.1300 BCE) 43:19th-Dynasty 26: 7487:Mummy paper 7243:Philippines 7090:Hermeticism 6921:Was-sceptre 6748:and objects 6225:Mehet-Weret 6068:Harpocrates 5898:Banebdjedet 5863:Arensnuphis 5543:Osiris myth 5452:WikiProject 5266:Mathematics 5227:Hieroglyphs 5141:Portraiture 5109:Agriculture 5096:Main topics 4875:Penn Museum 4491:: 172–181. 4360:, pp. 15–26 4356:Grajetzki, 4343:Grajetzki, 4114:27 November 4080:24 November 3183:New Kingdom 3157:canopic jar 3093:netherworld 3071:Ramesses II 3043:New Kingdom 2980:New Kingdom 2967:and in the 2787:4th Dynasty 2725:sarcophagus 2705:Tutankhamun 2550:Wadi Natrun 2542:dehydrating 2308:Hellenistic 2213:Late period 2126:Late period 2103:New Kingdom 2091:Tutankhamun 1924:hieroglyphs 1873:Old Kingdom 1829:Grave goods 1713:Old Kingdom 1621:grave goods 1530:Hermeticism 1457:Was-sceptre 1412:Seqtet boat 790:Mehet-Weret 622:Harpocrates 447:Banebdjedet 410:Arensnuphis 7554:Egyptology 7533:Categories 7518:Prosection 7460:Qilakitsoq 7445:DNA-tested 7331:Bog bodies 7239:(Colombia) 7186:Deliberate 7085:Gnosticism 6926:Winged sun 6771:Corn mummy 6673:Characters 6597:Werethekau 6435:Sebiumeker 6245:Meretseger 6110:Ikhemu-sek 6048:Hermanubis 5548:Philosophy 5538:Numerology 5382:Egyptology 5350:Technology 5313:Philosophy 5261:Literature 5153:Chronology 4988:15 October 4965:15 October 4871:Expedition 4842:0226791645 4778:0801485150 4734:0140262520 4715:0521774837 4564:2021-05-02 4539:2021-05-02 4465:2017-11-17 4441:2017-11-17 4420:2017-11-17 4347:, pp. 7–14 4304:2018-07-21 4281:Expedition 4257:2018-04-07 4233:2018-04-07 4049:2 December 3940:2018-03-12 3884:2018-03-13 3497:1904832520 3282:Dunand, F. 3246:2018-07-21 3223:References 2783:Shepseskaf 2587:Qebhseneuf 2391:See also: 2335: 130 2312:Alexandria 2288:castor oil 2286:resin and 1901:false door 1881:cartonnage 1672:sarcophagi 1615:, casting 1540:Kemeticism 1462:Winged sun 1427:Set animal 1367:Matet boat 1282:Corn mummy 1178:Werethekau 1010:Sebiumeker 810:Meretseger 671:Ikhemu-sek 607:Hermanubis 511:Duau (god) 128:Philosophy 123:Numerology 7503:Embalming 7482:Forgeries 7450:fictional 7358:Greenland 7299:(Lebanon) 7248:Communist 7031:Festivals 6896:Shen ring 6876:Ouroboros 6811:Eye of Ra 6766:Cartouche 6704:Locations 6649:Serpopard 6616:Creatures 6547:Tjenenyet 6530:Ta-Bitjet 6475:Shesmetet 6395:Renenutet 6380:Raet-Tawy 6300:Nehmetawy 6250:Meskhenet 6018:Hedjhotep 5873:Assessors 5571:Practices 5533:Mythology 5528:Maa Kheru 5508:Afterlife 5286:Mythology 5210:Geography 5200:Dynasties 5148:Astronomy 4001:: 45–71. 3766:0033-8362 3558:: 95–107. 3402:cite book 3133:Herodotus 2882:Damnation 2711:(KV 62) ( 2699:, with a 2544:it using 2510:per nefer 2484:Embalming 2407:embalming 2399:Herodotus 2377:encaustic 2341:, silver 2268:from the 1893:carnelian 1732:god-kings 1701:figurines 1687:Silk Road 1625:afterlife 1432:Shen ring 1422:Serpopard 1397:Ouroboros 1317:Eye of Ra 1277:Cartouche 1201:Locations 1124:Tjenenyet 1107:Ta-Bitjet 1050:Shesmetet 968:Renenutet 953:Raet-Tawy 867:Nehmetawy 815:Meskhenet 577:Hedjhotep 420:Assessors 156:Offerings 145:Practices 111:Mythology 96:Cosmology 91:Afterlife 7499:See also 7433:Articles 7371:(Mexico) 7365:(Mexico) 7095:Kemetism 6936:Writings 6846:Khepresh 6690:Rededjet 6592:Wepwawet 6577:Wadj-wer 6295:Nehebkau 6290:Nefertem 6210:Mandulis 6145:Kebechet 6135:Iusaaset 6053:Heryshaf 6003:Hatmehit 5838:Apedemak 5713:Nephthys 5608:Pyramids 5588:Funerals 5422:Category 5343:District 5338:Capitals 5323:Religion 5306:Titulary 5296:Pharaohs 5276:Military 5271:Medicine 5254:Hieratic 5244:Language 5170:Clothing 5124:Obelisks 4901:14 March 4820:Calliope 4807:Calliope 4687:36725928 4627:37652925 4515:27504475 4178:45195698 4025:Calliope 4007:27651798 3832:: 12–28. 3774:18523844 3729:31 March 3705:77837854 3670:36725928 3573:. 59–60. 3190:See also 3137:pregnant 2923:, while 2898:Judgment 2871:Nephthys 2815:mastabas 2810:mudbrick 2583:Duamutef 2283:Pistacia 2270:Dead Sea 2252:bushes, 2176:16.190, 2020:shawabti 1899:The new 1814:mudbrick 1357:Khepresh 1173:Wepwawet 1158:Wadj-wer 862:Nehebkau 857:Nefertem 770:Mandulis 708:Kebechet 696:Iusaaset 629:Heryshaf 567:Hatmehit 385:Apedemak 274:Nephthys 170:Pyramids 151:Funerals 68:religion 57:a series 55:Part of 7465:Saltmen 7326:Denmark 7281:Siberia 7277:(China) 7258:Natural 7216:(Chile) 7179:Mummies 7110:Thelema 7080:Atenism 6911:Ushabti 6881:Pschent 6871:Neshmet 6786:Deshret 6746:Symbols 6695:Ubaoner 6634:Griffin 6520:Taweret 6515:Tatenen 6450:Serapis 6445:Sekhmet 6415:Resheph 6360:Qed-her 6310:Nekhbet 6285:Nebtuwi 6150:Khensit 6120:Imhotep 6115:Imentet 6013:Hedetet 5878:Astarte 5813:Andjety 5788:Amesemi 5628:Deities 5613:Temples 5501:Beliefs 5442:Outline 5432:Commons 5392:Museums 5328:Scribes 5318:Pottery 5249:Demotic 5239:History 5190:Cuisine 5119:Revival 5012:. 2020. 4943:History 4678:9908542 4655:Bibcode 4595:Bibcode 4558:AP NEWS 4506:4968187 4460:Synonym 3661:9908542 3640:Bibcode 3374:(ed.). 3174:Pharaoh 3150:Saqqara 3063:Scarabs 3055:shabtis 2978:In the 2963:In the 2838:Coffins 2620:incense 2616:amulets 2347:balteus 2304:Ptolemy 2266:bitumen 2254:cypress 2250:juniper 2242:Saqqara 2218:Shabtis 2201:shabtis 2141:Sekhmet 2028:shabtis 2024:ushabti 1889:faience 1871:In the 1818:mastaba 1808:By the 1635:History 1535:Thelema 1525:Atenism 1452:Ushabti 1402:Pschent 1392:Neshmet 1322:Griffin 1292:Deshret 1097:Taweret 1092:Tatenen 1025:Serapis 1015:Sekhmet 988:Resheph 931:Qed-her 882:Nekhbet 852:Nebtuwi 713:Khensit 681:Imhotep 676:Imentet 572:Hedetet 425:Astarte 360:Andjety 335:Amesemi 183:Deities 165:Temples 85:Beliefs 39:Hunefer 7308:Europe 7199:Royals 6944:Amduat 6891:Serekh 6886:Scarab 6816:Hedjet 6721:Benben 6664:Uraeus 6659:Sphinx 6644:Medjed 6602:Wosret 6587:Wepset 6572:Wadjet 6495:Sopdet 6480:Shezmu 6460:Seshat 6455:Serket 6400:Renpet 6385:Rekhyt 6365:Qetesh 6330:Pakhet 6260:Mnevis 6235:Menhit 6215:Medjed 6205:Mafdet 6195:Maahes 6180:Khonsu 6170:Kherty 6165:Khepri 6033:Hemsut 6008:Hauron 5998:Hathor 5933:Buchis 5918:Ba-Pef 5903:Bastet 5833:Anuket 5828:Anubis 5803:Amu-Aa 5798:Am-heh 5747:Triads 5738:Tefnut 5723:Osiris 5690:Ennead 5675:Naunet 5665:Kauket 5655:Hauhet 5650:Amunet 5637:Ogdoad 5291:People 5158:Cities 5076:topics 4858: 4839: 4794: 4775: 4731: 4712: 4685: 4675: 4647:Nature 4625: 4513: 4503: 4378: 4279:, in: 4176: 4166: 4005: 3772: 3764: 3703: 3693: 3668: 3658: 3632:Nature 3495: 3484: 3429: 3390: 3386:–505. 3353: 3097:Abydos 3028:coffin 2929:Osiris 2856:coffin 2624:Sothis 2600:natron 2575:Imsety 2546:natron 2530:Osiris 2477:, and 2414:Osiris 2381:tongue 2343:fibula 2278:dammar 2075:Nubian 2066:Hyksos 2022:or an 2015:shabti 1971:Thebes 1919:Wadjet 1891:, and 1823:Osiris 1485:Amduat 1447:Uraeus 1437:Sphinx 1417:Serekh 1407:Scarab 1372:Medjed 1327:Hedjet 1212:Benben 1183:Wosret 1168:Wepset 1153:Wadjet 1070:Sopdet 1055:Shezmu 1035:Seshat 1030:Serket 973:Renpet 958:Rekhyt 936:Qetesh 899:Pakhet 825:Mnevis 800:Menhit 780:Mafdet 775:Medjed 760:Maahes 743:Khonsu 733:Kherty 728:Khepri 592:Hemsut 562:Hathor 557:Hauron 482:Buchis 467:Ba-Pef 452:Bastet 380:Anuket 375:Anubis 350:Amu-Aa 345:Am-heh 299:Tefnut 284:Osiris 251:Ennead 236:Naunet 226:Kauket 216:Hauhet 211:Amunet 198:Ogdoad 7408:Other 7384:Self- 7316:Italy 7232:Italy 6866:Nemes 6856:Menat 6851:Kneph 6826:Hennu 6716:Akhet 6582:Weneg 6535:Thoth 6500:Sopdu 6490:Sobek 6440:Seker 6430:Satis 6410:Repyt 6355:Qebui 6340:Petbe 6335:Perit 6320:Neper 6315:Nemty 6305:Neith 6265:Montu 6240:Meret 6230:Mehit 6220:Mehen 6200:Ma'at 6175:Khnum 6130:Iunit 6085:Iabet 6063:Horus 6058:Hesat 6043:Heqet 6038:Henet 6028:Hemen 5953:Dedun 5923:Bennu 5823:Anput 5818:Anhur 5793:Ammit 5778:Akhty 5518:Isfet 5355:Trade 5333:Sites 5281:Music 5195:Dance 5129:Pylon 5091:Index 4883:"The 4003:JSTOR 3101:Khufu 2925:Ammit 2770:Tombs 2339:sagum 2274:elemi 2258:cedar 1987:Lisht 1975:Upper 1834:stela 1753:Cairo 1749:Maadi 1474:Texts 1387:Nemes 1377:Menat 1362:Kneph 1337:Hennu 1163:Weneg 1112:Thoth 1075:Sopdu 1065:Sobek 1020:Seker 1005:Satis 983:Repyt 926:Qebui 909:Petbe 904:Perit 887:Neper 877:Nemty 872:Neith 830:Montu 805:Meret 795:Mehit 785:Mehen 765:Ma'at 738:Khnum 691:Iunit 646:Iabet 617:Horus 612:Hesat 602:Heqet 597:Henet 587:Hemen 506:Dedun 472:Bennu 370:Anput 365:Anhur 340:Ammit 325:Akhty 116:Index 106:Ma'at 7337:list 7286:Iran 7267:Asia 6906:Tyet 6861:Nebu 6791:Djed 6761:Atef 6756:Ankh 6726:Duat 6711:Aaru 6680:Dedi 6629:Abtu 6624:Aani 6562:Unut 6552:Tutu 6525:Tayt 6470:Shed 6465:Shai 6345:Ptah 6100:Igai 6023:Heka 5993:Hapi 5913:Bata 5893:Babi 5883:Aten 5858:Aqen 5848:Apis 5843:Apep 5808:Anat 5773:Aker 5768:Aati 5708:Isis 5698:Atum 5645:Amun 5553:Soul 5523:Maat 5301:List 5220:List 5163:List 4990:2020 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