36:
1830:
1840:
1204:
20:
28:
95:
dates back to the nineteenth century, and has rarely been used in recent scientific publications. Common scientific terms for the phenomenon include "visual noise" or "background adaptation". These terms arise due to the perception of an ever-changing field of tiny black and white dots seen in the
23:
Threshold increment versus background luminance for various target diameters (in arcmin). Data from tables 4 and 8 of
Blackwell (1946), plotted in Crumey (2014). The flat curves at low light indicate Eigengrau.
62:
161:. In human rod cells, these events occur about once every 100 seconds on average, which, taking into account the number of rhodopsin molecules in a rod cell, implies that the
165:
of a rhodopsin molecule is about 420 years. The indistinguishability of dark events from photon responses supports this explanation, because rhodopsin is at the input of the
1456:
107:
is more important to the visual system than absolute brightness. For example, the night sky looks darker than
Eigengrau because of the contrast provided by the stars.
133:
Researchers noticed as early as 1860 that the shape of intensity-sensitivity curves could be explained by assuming that an intrinsic source of noise in the
1607:
579:
1461:
35:
1597:
826:
153:) showed that the frequency of these spontaneous events is strongly temperature-dependent, which implies that they are caused by the thermal
438:
406:
314:"H. Richard Blackwell, Contrast Thresholds of the Human Eye. Journal of the Optical Society of America Vol. 36, Issue 11, pp. 624-643 (1946)"
1673:
1618:
1843:
1797:
1613:
1602:
238:
Hansen RM, Fulton AB (January 2000). "Background adaptation in children with a history of mild retinopathy of prematurity".
1678:
613:
572:
1481:
1141:
915:
1683:
1270:
819:
1448:
1341:
999:
797:
A typical sample is shown for each name; a range of color-variations is commonly associated with each color-name.
166:
1658:
1476:
1126:
859:
182:
55:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1864:
1710:
1663:
565:
1668:
264:
1592:
1347:
891:
812:
1066:
1565:
1248:
1236:
1280:
1212:
1695:
1101:
1009:
903:
534:
Shapley, Robert; Enroth-Cugell, Christina (1984). "Visual
Adaptation and Retinal Gain Controls".
364:
1874:
1805:
1758:
1355:
1170:
1109:
1061:
994:
989:
967:
896:
516:
485:
434:
402:
333:
294:
247:
110:
104:
1753:
1748:
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1081:
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1048:
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874:
608:
543:
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467:
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220:
187:
170:
1879:
1783:
1773:
1768:
1733:
1635:
1471:
1418:
1308:
1241:
1056:
972:
950:
603:
47:
722:
1869:
1833:
1778:
1763:
1743:
1738:
1521:
1335:
1330:
1158:
1136:
1071:
943:
908:
881:
732:
717:
712:
692:
648:
628:
618:
588:
480:
455:
427:
122:
72:
1858:
1718:
1303:
1189:
1114:
1091:
1031:
955:
938:
844:
547:
422:
394:
154:
114:
88:
1553:
1516:
1509:
1315:
1298:
1290:
1231:
1223:
1086:
930:
471:
277:
Wallach, Hans (1948). "Brightness
Constancy and the Nature of Achromatic Colors".
1690:
1548:
1325:
1320:
1184:
1153:
1119:
1024:
920:
886:
623:
1700:
1543:
1380:
1371:
1275:
1263:
1203:
1019:
982:
977:
960:
776:
707:
702:
643:
1560:
1533:
1528:
1037:
638:
456:"Two components of electrical dark noise in toad retinal rod outer segments"
162:
158:
146:
118:
379:
352:
337:
329:
298:
251:
121:
below approximately 10 cd m (25.08 mag arcsec). This is a limiting case of
520:
504:
489:
27:
1815:
1538:
1146:
771:
727:
313:
142:
425:(1977). "Retinal and Central Factors in Human Vision Limited by Noise".
1587:
869:
169:
chain. On the other hand, processes such as the spontaneous release of
19:
137:
produces random events indistinguishable from those triggered by real
1810:
1413:
1403:
633:
290:
224:
138:
134:
208:
1438:
1433:
1423:
1393:
864:
835:
687:
369:
100:
87:
background color that many people report seeing in the absence of
34:
26:
18:
557:
1428:
1408:
1388:
1258:
1175:
697:
84:
808:
804:
561:
1504:
1398:
1163:
265:
There Are So Many
Amazing Colors You Don’t Even Know About!
353:"Human contrast threshold and astronomical visibility"
113:
threshold data, collected by
Blackwell and plotted by
397:(1972). "Dark and Light Adaptation: Psychophysics.".
1796:
1709:
1634:
1627:
1578:
1497:
1447:
1379:
1370:
1289:
1222:
1211:
1100:
1047:
929:
852:
843:
426:
1457:Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate
357:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
267:, by Ben Davis, August 20, 2024, Artnet website.
509:Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science
454:Baylor, D.A.; Matthews, G; Yau, K.-W. (1980).
103:object in normal lighting conditions, because
820:
573:
8:
39:An example of noise observed in the dark #2
1839:
1631:
1376:
1219:
849:
827:
813:
805:
580:
566:
558:
117:, shows Eigengrau occurring at adaptation
479:
378:
368:
318:Journal of the Optical Society of America
99:Eigengrau is perceived as lighter than a
1608:International Commission on Illumination
31:An example of noise observed in the dark
199:
1598:Color Association of the United States
209:"Direct control of the retinal field"
54:
7:
503:Baylor, Denis A. (1 January 1987).
75:and German for "intrinsic light"),
1462:Blue–green distinction in language
505:"Photoreceptor Signals and Vision"
279:Journal of Experimental Psychology
14:
1838:
1829:
1828:
1619:International Colour Association
1202:
173:cannot be completely ruled out.
1614:International Color Consortium
1603:International Colour Authority
472:10.1113/jphysiol.1980.sp013529
1:
1679:List of Crayola crayon colors
401:. New York: Springer-Verlag.
548:10.1016/0278-4327(84)90011-7
536:Progress in Retinal Research
433:. New York: Academic Press.
240:Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci
1482:Traditional colors of Japan
1259:Achromatic colors (Neutral)
1142:Multi-primary color display
916:Spectral power distribution
16:Illusionary dark gray color
1896:
1824:
1342:Color realism (art style)
1200:
1000:Evolution of color vision
795:
597:
429:Vertebrate Photoreception
1659:List of colors (compact)
1477:Color in Chinese culture
1127:Digital image processing
860:Electromagnetic spectrum
183:Closed-eye hallucination
56:[ˈʔaɪ̯gŋ̍ˌgʁaʊ̯]
1664:List of colors by shade
351:Crumey, Andrew (2014).
207:Ladd, Trumbull (1894).
141:. Later experiments on
1669:List of color palettes
330:10.1364/JOSA.36.000624
83:, is the uniform dark
50:for "intrinsic gray";
40:
32:
24:
1593:Color Marketing Group
1348:On Vision and Colours
1281:Tinctures in heraldry
892:Structural coloration
460:Journal of Physiology
312:BLACKWELL HR (1946).
38:
30:
22:
1674:List of color spaces
1566:Tint, shade and tone
1449:Cultural differences
1264:Polychromatic colors
1249:Complementary colors
1237:Monochromatic colors
399:Visual Psychophysics
380:10.1093/mnras/stu992
213:Psychological Review
1654:List of colors: N–Z
1649:List of colors: G–M
1644:List of colors: A–F
1701:List of web colors
1696:List of RAL colors
1102:Color reproduction
1067:Lüscher color test
904:Color of chemicals
41:
33:
25:
1852:
1851:
1792:
1791:
1574:
1573:
1366:
1365:
1356:Theory of Colours
1198:
1197:
1110:Color photography
1062:Color preferences
1005:Impossible colors
995:Color vision test
990:Color temperature
968:Color calibration
897:Animal coloration
802:
801:
790:
789:
440:978-0-12-078950-4
408:978-0-387-05146-8
171:neurotransmitters
1887:
1842:
1841:
1832:
1831:
1632:
1498:Color dimensions
1487:Human skin color
1377:
1254:Analogous colors
1220:
1206:
1132:Color management
1049:Color psychology
1015:Opponent process
931:Color perception
850:
829:
822:
815:
806:
600:
599:
591:
582:
575:
568:
559:
552:
551:
531:
525:
524:
500:
494:
493:
483:
451:
445:
444:
432:
419:
413:
412:
391:
385:
384:
382:
372:
363:(3): 2600–2619.
348:
342:
341:
309:
303:
302:
291:10.1037/h0053804
274:
268:
262:
256:
255:
235:
229:
228:
225:10.1037/h0068980
204:
188:Impossible color
66:
65:
64:
58:
53:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1848:
1820:
1788:
1705:
1623:
1580:
1570:
1493:
1472:Blue in culture
1443:
1362:
1309:Secondary color
1285:
1242:black-and-white
1214:
1207:
1194:
1096:
1082:National colors
1077:Political color
1057:Color symbolism
1043:
973:Color constancy
951:Color blindness
925:
882:Spectral colors
839:
833:
803:
798:
791:
777:Dark slate grey
693:Battleship grey
593:
589:
586:
556:
555:
533:
532:
528:
502:
501:
497:
453:
452:
448:
441:
421:
420:
416:
409:
393:
392:
388:
350:
349:
345:
324:(11): 624–643.
311:
310:
306:
276:
275:
271:
263:
259:
237:
236:
232:
206:
205:
201:
196:
179:
151:Rhinella marina
131:
67:), also called
61:
60:
59:
51:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1893:
1891:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1865:Shades of gray
1857:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1836:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1813:
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1800:
1794:
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1789:
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1584:
1582:
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1571:
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1568:
1563:
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1557:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1468:Color history
1466:
1465:
1464:
1453:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1385:
1383:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1352:
1351:(Schopenhauer)
1344:
1339:
1336:Color analysis
1333:
1331:Color triangle
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1295:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
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1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1228:
1226:
1217:
1209:
1208:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1137:Color printing
1134:
1129:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1106:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1072:Kruithof curve
1069:
1064:
1059:
1053:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1034:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
986:
985:
975:
970:
965:
964:
963:
958:
948:
947:
946:
944:Sonochromatism
935:
933:
927:
926:
924:
923:
918:
913:
912:
911:
901:
900:
899:
894:
884:
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877:
872:
867:
856:
854:
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841:
840:
834:
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831:
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788:
787:
784:
780:
779:
774:
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767:
764:
761:
758:
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749:
746:
743:
740:
736:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
684:
683:
680:
677:
674:
671:
668:
665:
662:
659:
656:
652:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
598:
595:
594:
590:Shades of gray
587:
585:
584:
577:
570:
562:
554:
553:
526:
495:
446:
439:
414:
407:
386:
343:
304:
269:
257:
230:
198:
197:
195:
192:
191:
190:
185:
178:
175:
130:
127:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1892:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1845:
1837:
1835:
1827:
1826:
1823:
1817:
1814:
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1809:
1807:
1804:
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1801:
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1772:
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1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1581:organizations
1577:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1523:
1522:Pastel colors
1520:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1304:Primary color
1302:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1271:Light-on-dark
1269:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1210:
1205:
1191:
1190:Color mapping
1188:
1186:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1115:Color balance
1113:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1093:
1092:Chromotherapy
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1033:
1032:Tetrachromacy
1030:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
984:
981:
980:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
962:
959:
957:
956:Achromatopsia
954:
953:
952:
949:
945:
942:
941:
940:
939:Chromesthesia
937:
936:
934:
932:
928:
922:
919:
917:
914:
910:
907:
906:
905:
902:
898:
895:
893:
890:
889:
888:
885:
883:
880:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
862:
861:
858:
857:
855:
853:Color physics
851:
848:
846:
845:Color science
842:
837:
830:
825:
823:
818:
816:
811:
810:
807:
794:
785:
782:
781:
778:
775:
773:
770:
769:
765:
762:
759:
756:
753:
750:
747:
744:
741:
738:
737:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
685:
681:
678:
675:
672:
669:
666:
663:
660:
657:
654:
653:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
601:
596:
592:
583:
578:
576:
571:
569:
564:
563:
560:
549:
545:
541:
537:
530:
527:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
499:
496:
491:
487:
482:
477:
473:
469:
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296:
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288:
285:(3): 310–24.
284:
280:
273:
270:
266:
261:
258:
253:
249:
246:(1): 320–24.
245:
241:
234:
231:
226:
222:
219:(4): 351–55.
218:
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200:
193:
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156:
155:isomerization
152:
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128:
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97:
96:phenomenon.
94:
90:
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78:
74:
70:
63:
57:
49:
45:
37:
29:
21:
1554:Fluorescence
1517:Colorfulness
1510:Dichromatism
1354:
1346:
1316:Chromaticity
1299:Color mixing
1291:Color theory
1224:Color scheme
1087:Chromophobia
1036:
723:Payne's grey
539:
535:
529:
515:(1): 34–49.
512:
508:
498:
463:
459:
449:
428:
423:Barlow, H.B.
417:
398:
395:Barlow, H.B.
389:
360:
356:
346:
321:
317:
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282:
278:
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260:
243:
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216:
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202:
167:transduction
150:
132:
109:
98:
92:
91:. The term
80:
76:
68:
43:
42:
1691:Color chart
1549:Iridescence
1381:Basic terms
1372:Color terms
1326:Color wheel
1321:Color solid
1185:Color space
1171:subtractive
1154:Color model
1025:Unique hues
921:Colorimetry
887:Chromophore
718:Davy's grey
634:Rose quartz
624:French grey
604:White smoke
542:: 263–346.
466:: 591–621.
123:Ricco's law
1859:Categories
1711:Shades of:
1544:Brightness
1276:Web colors
1232:Color tool
1215:philosophy
1120:Color cast
1020:Afterimage
1010:Metamerism
983:Color code
978:Color task
961:Dichromacy
708:Nardo grey
703:Slate grey
688:Taupe grey
644:Cadet grey
614:Timberwolf
194:References
147:cane toads
119:luminances
93:Eigenlicht
81:brain gray
77:dark light
69:Eigenlicht
52:pronounced
1561:Grayscale
1534:Lightness
1529:Luminance
1338:(fashion)
1038:The dress
649:Cool grey
639:Cinereous
370:1405.4209
163:half-life
159:rhodopsin
143:rod cells
44:Eigengrau
1875:Darkness
1834:Category
1816:Lighting
1539:Darkness
1359:(Goethe)
1159:additive
1147:Quattron
772:Feldgrau
733:Gunmetal
728:Glaucous
713:Dim grey
629:Ash grey
609:Platinum
338:20274431
299:18865234
252:10634637
177:See also
111:Contrast
105:contrast
1798:Related
1759:Magenta
1684:history
1588:Pantone
875:Visible
870:Rainbow
521:3026986
490:6788941
481:1274605
139:photons
1880:Vision
1811:Qualia
1806:Vision
1754:Purple
1749:Violet
1729:Yellow
1724:Orange
1419:Orange
1414:Purple
1404:Yellow
838:topics
786:
783:
766:
763:
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754:
751:
748:
745:
742:
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682:
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664:
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658:
655:
619:Silver
519:
488:
478:
437:
405:
336:
297:
250:
135:retina
115:Crumey
48:German
1870:Color
1844:Index
1784:Black
1774:White
1769:Brown
1734:Green
1636:Lists
1628:Names
1610:(CIE)
1579:Color
1439:Brown
1434:White
1424:Black
1394:Green
1213:Color
909:Water
865:Light
836:Color
365:arXiv
129:Cause
101:black
89:light
79:, or
73:Dutch
1779:Gray
1764:Pink
1744:Blue
1739:Cyan
1429:Gray
1409:Pink
1389:Blue
1176:CMYK
698:Grey
517:PMID
486:PMID
435:ISBN
403:ISBN
334:PMID
295:PMID
248:PMID
85:gray
1719:Red
1505:Hue
1399:Red
1164:RGB
544:doi
476:PMC
468:doi
464:309
375:doi
361:442
326:doi
287:doi
221:doi
157:of
145:of
1861::
538:.
513:28
511:.
507:.
484:.
474:.
462:.
458:.
373:.
359:.
355:.
332:.
322:36
320:.
316:.
293:.
283:38
281:.
244:41
242:.
215:.
211:.
125:.
828:e
821:t
814:v
581:e
574:t
567:v
550:.
546::
540:3
523:.
492:.
470::
443:.
411:.
383:.
377::
367::
340:.
328::
301:.
289::
254:.
227:.
223::
217:1
149:(
71:(
46:(
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