22:
271:, and by this time it was rarely used as a common noun to refer to the "master" of various groups. Since the relationship between Bannermen officials and the Emperors was comparable to that between "master and servant" in a household, Bannermen officials often used the term
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1990:
1973:
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1043:
267:. The word was often used by Bannermen officials to refer to the emperor of the Qing dynasty during the reign of the
2373:
1819:
211:
was rarely used in this sense. Even when it was used with this meaning, it appeared in general expressions such as
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2169:
2050:
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735:), meaning "master of an arrow" (an "arrow" was a basic unit of a banner army), later Sinicised to become
2174:
1236:
1140:
215:("lord of/in the country"), and it was also used to the refer to the Mongol khans and the Emperor of the
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2214:
1841:
1803:
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1388:
1371:
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system in the early 17th century, the term was used in the official names of the Eight
Banners, such as
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1935:
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1500:
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168:
54:
171:, meaning "lord" or "master". During the Later Jin dynasty the objects referred to by the term
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2008:
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in the official names of the Eight
Banners mentioned above, except for the highest-level
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who was the supreme leader of the Eight
Banners system, along with titles like the
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919:"The Qing Empire: Three Governments in One State and the Stability of Manchu Rule"
79:
2334:
2055:
1776:
1771:
21:
175:
in Manchu were originally diverse. For example, after the establishment of the
2002:
1846:
1796:
1766:
1609:
1791:
1781:
283:(meaning "servant") for self-address at court when addressing the Emperor.
2276:
2021:
1968:
1910:
1786:
1761:
876:
273:
2261:
941:
Orphan
Warriors: Three Manchu Generations and the End of the Qing World
1003:
136:
1985:
1544:
881:
279:
139:
word literally meaning "lord" or "master". It was used during the
993:
The
Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 3, AD 1420-AD 1804
1007:
15:
2155:
Convention
Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet
314:), meaning "master of a banner", later Sinicised to become
572:), meaning "master of a sub-banner", Sinicised to become
904:
Manchu-Mongol
Relations on the Eve of the Qing Conquest
151:
as the supreme leaders of the Eight
Banners system.
2327:
2295:
2252:
2245:
2160:
Convention for the
Extension of Hong Kong Territory
2114:
1959:
1891:
1812:
1717:
1513:
1404:
1214:
1121:
1051:
1042:
46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
143:of China to refer to leaders or officials of the
708:), meaning "master commandant of light chariot".
801:
656:
501:
372:
255:began to become a title for the emperor of the
1560:Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations
443:), meaning "vice master", Sinicised to become
1980:Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China
1951:Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
1019:
8:
629:), meaning "vanguard" or "skirmish leader";
2249:
1048:
1026:
1012:
1004:
849:), meaning "master commandant of cavalry".
1640:Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty
943:. Princeton University Press. p. 50.
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
1489:Imperial Edict of the Abdication of Puyi
2430:Titles of national or ethnic leadership
2096:Complete Library of the Four Treasuries
893:
831:Which was finally Sinicised to become
690:Which was finally Sinicised to become
531:Which was finally Sinicised to become
402:Which was finally Sinicised to become
2394:Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions
1635:Principles of the Constitution (1908)
661:), meaning "general of a sub-banner";
7:
1615:Ministry of Posts and Communications
862:List of emperors of the Qing dynasty
44:adding citations to reliable sources
2363:History of Qing (People's Republic)
159:The term can be traced back to the
2080:Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor
1449:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
1442:1909 Provincial Assembly elections
1322:Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)
1146:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
14:
2369:Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty
2210:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)
2085:Shamanism during the Qing dynasty
1237:Dogra–Tibetan war (Sino-Sikh war)
970:"滿文中用以指代清朝皇帝的兩個詞：han（汗）、ejen（厄真）"
806:), meaning "general of an arrow";
368:ángbāng zhāngjīng/ànbān zhāngjīng
2180:Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking
1496:Articles of Favourable Treatment
1252:Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)
753:), meaning "assistant captain";
20:
1227:Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813
1113:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
611:), meaning "staff general", or
207:to refer to the sovereign, and
31:needs additional citations for
1881:Guest House of Imperial Envoys
1171:Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas
845:
840:
836:
828:), meaning "adjutant officer";
824:
796:
791:
787:
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765:
761:
749:
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740:
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726:
722:
704:
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345:
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336:
324:
310:
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1:
2315:Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank
2090:Islam during the Qing dynasty
1946:Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)
1630:Provincial military commander
1620:Nine Gates Infantry Commander
1605:Imperial Household Department
1432:Preparative Constitutionalism
1136:Sino-Russian border conflicts
687:), meaning "chariot officer";
349:), meaning "chief commander";
2435:Emperors of the Qing dynasty
2074:Researches on Manchu Origins
1479:Mongolian Revolution of 1911
1089:Transition from Ming to Qing
1079:Later Jin invasion of Joseon
590:), meaning "staff captain";
149:Emperors of the Qing dynasty
1974:Changzhou School of Thought
1484:1911 Revolution in Xinjiang
1459:Railway Protection Movement
1437:1909 Parliamentary election
1422:British expedition to Tibet
1332:Qing reconquest of Xinjiang
1292:Self-Strengthening Movement
1267:Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)
457:), meaning "vice colonel";
440:méilè é'zhēn/měilíng é'zhēn
399:), meaning "prime officer";
377:), meaning "grand general";
199:(later became known as the
163:before 1636. At this time,
2451:
2374:Legacy of the Qing dynasty
1262:Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)
1201:Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)
1191:Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa
1161:Miao Rebellion (1735–1736)
813:
781:
716:
668:
636:
553:
528:), meaning "vice officer";
513:
506:), meaning "vice general";
485:
478:), meaning "vice general";
424:
384:
356:
295:
128:
2384:Names of the Qing dynasty
2032:Manchu Han Imperial Feast
1362:Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)
1357:Gongche Shangshu movement
1302:Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)
1151:Chinese Rites controversy
954:Gorelova, Liliya (2002).
939:Crossley, Pamela (2021).
819:
802:
657:
536:
519:
502:
491:
448:
407:
390:
373:
362:
319:
167:was a borrowed word from
2305:Great Qing Treasure Note
2125:Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)
1835:Administrative divisions
1652:Administrative divisions
1580:Flag of the Qing dynasty
219:. But by 1634, the term
1901:Chengde Mountain Resort
1702:Three Eastern Provinces
1352:First Sino-Japanese War
1327:Northern Chinese Famine
1186:Lin Shuangwen rebellion
1084:Qing invasion of Joseon
774:), meaning "rearguard";
2282:Great Qing Copper Coin
2170:Convention of Tientsin
2103:Annotated Bibliography
2051:Qing official headwear
1094:Battle of Shanhai Pass
956:Manchu Grammar: Part 8
901:Cosmo, Nicola (2021).
416:), meaning "viscount".
328:), meaning "colonel";
2356:Draft History of Qing
2215:Treaty of Shimonoseki
1996:performance criticism
1600:Imperial Commissioner
1590:Great Qing Legal Code
1389:Eight-Nation Alliance
1372:Third plague pandemic
1282:Punti–Hakka Clan Wars
1206:White Lotus Rebellion
990:Eltis, David (2011).
958:. Brill. p. 229.
2287:Great Qing Gold Coin
2220:Treaty of Tarbagatai
2165:Convention of Peking
2045:Pentaglot Dictionary
2027:Literary inquisition
1737:Ever Victorious Army
1570:Deliberative Council
1474:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
1427:1905 Batang uprising
1367:Hundred Days' Reform
1257:Small Swords Society
249:Ming-Qing transition
40:improve this article
2340:Anti-Qing sentiment
2190:Treaty of the Bogue
2130:Treaty of Nerchinsk
2062:Complete Tang Poems
1742:Green Standard Army
1625:Provincial governor
1595:Imperial Clan Court
1575:Diplomatic missions
1550:Consultative Bureau
1297:Tongzhi Restoration
1176:Afaqi Khoja revolts
1156:Ten Great Campaigns
1064:Jurchen unification
545:), meaning "baron".
2225:Treaty of Tientsin
1936:Western Qing tombs
1931:Eastern Qing tombs
1757:Peking Field Force
1501:Manchu Restoration
1394:Declaration of war
1347:Jindandao incident
1166:Lhasa riot of 1750
867:Chinese honorifics
2412:
2411:
2323:
2322:
2235:Treaty of Whampoa
2230:Treaty of Wanghia
2205:Treaty of Nanking
2175:Li–Lobanov Treaty
2150:Chefoo Convention
2145:Burlingame Treaty
2016:Kangxi Dictionary
1921:Old Summer Palace
1752:Firearm Battalion
1555:Cup of Solid Gold
1509:
1508:
1454:Manchurian plague
1417:Late Qing reforms
1408:(1901–1912)
1342:Sikkim expedition
1272:Panthay Rebellion
1242:Taiping Rebellion
1218:(1801–1900)
1196:Sino-Nepalese War
1141:Dzungar–Qing Wars
1127:(1683–1799)
1055:(1616–1683)
825:bàitālābùlè hāfān
811:baitalabura hafan
227:, was changed to
161:Later Jin dynasty
116:
115:
108:
90:
2442:
2389:New Qing History
2272:Qianlong Tongbao
2250:
2195:Treaty of Canton
2135:Unequal treaties
1941:Fuling Mausoleum
1540:Advisory Council
1469:Wuchang Uprising
1409:
1312:Tianjin Massacre
1277:Second Opium War
1219:
1181:Sino-Burmese War
1128:
1106:Battle of Penghu
1074:Seven Grievances
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652:zhālán zhāngjīng
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269:Qianlong Emperor
237:Meiren-i janggin
203:) commonly used
135:: 額真 or 主) is a
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2350:Chuang Guandong
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2200:Treaty of Kulja
2185:Treaty of Aigun
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2110:
2009:History of Ming
1961:
1955:
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1887:
1813:Special regions
1808:
1747:Imperial Guards
1713:
1505:
1464:1911 Revolution
1410:
1407:
1400:
1377:Boxer Rebellion
1337:Sino-French War
1287:Amur Annexation
1232:First Opium War
1220:
1217:
1210:
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1101:Great Clearance
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797:niúlù zhāngjīng
783:
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670:
658:Залангийн занги
638:
555:
515:
497:méilè zhāngjīng
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358:
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289:
213:gurun i/de ejen
195:. At this time
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2267:Kangxi Tongbao
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2140:Boxer Protocol
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1906:Forbidden City
1903:
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1869:General of Ili
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1856:
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1854:
1852:List of ambans
1849:
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1837:
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1329:
1324:
1319:
1317:Margary Affair
1314:
1309:
1307:Mudan incident
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1247:Nian Rebellion
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1223:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1208:
1203:
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1016:
1008:
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999:
996:. p. 204.
982:
961:
946:
931:
910:
907:. p. 187.
892:
891:
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662:
630:
548:
547:
546:
529:
507:
503:Мэйрэний занги
479:
419:
418:
417:
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396:jīngqíní hāfān
378:
350:
288:
285:
156:
153:
114:
113:
28:
26:
19:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2447:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2425:Eight Banners
2423:
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2420:
2405:
2402:
2400:
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2387:
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2379:Manchu people
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2346:
2345:Canton System
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2316:
2313:
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2310:Hubu Guanpiao
2308:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2298:
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2123:
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2120:
2117:
2113:
2105:
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2100:
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2030:
2028:
2025:
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2020:
2018:
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1997:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
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1960:Society &
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1952:
1949:
1947:
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1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1926:Summer Palace
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1916:Mukden Palace
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1892:Palaces &
1890:
1882:
1879:
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1870:
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1758:
1755:
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1750:
1748:
1745:
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1738:
1735:
1733:
1732:Eight Banners
1730:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1698:
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1633:
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1606:
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1598:
1596:
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1586:
1585:Grand Council
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
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1534:
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1512:
1502:
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1487:
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1477:
1475:
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1467:
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1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1443:
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1435:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1405:20th century
1403:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1215:19th century
1213:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1124:
1120:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1017:
1015:
1010:
1009:
1006:
995:
994:
986:
983:
971:
965:
962:
957:
950:
947:
942:
935:
932:
920:
914:
911:
906:
905:
897:
894:
887:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
859:
855:
848:
834:
830:
827:
812:
808:
799:
780:
776:
773:
759:
756:Evolved into
755:
754:
752:
738:
734:
715:
712:
707:
705:qīngchē dūweì
693:
692:qingche duwei
689:
686:
667:
663:
654:
635:
634:jalan janggin
631:
628:
614:
610:
596:
593:Evolved into
592:
591:
589:
575:
571:
552:
549:
544:
534:
530:
527:
512:
511:ashan-i hafan
508:
499:
484:
480:
477:
463:
460:Evolved into
459:
458:
456:
446:
442:
423:
422:Meiren-i ejen
420:
415:
405:
401:
398:
383:
382:jinkini hafan
379:
370:
355:
351:
348:
334:
331:Evolved into
330:
329:
327:
317:
313:
311:gùshān é'zhēn
294:
291:
290:
286:
284:
282:
281:
276:
275:
270:
266:
262:
261:Son of Heaven
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
241:Jalan janggin
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
185:Meiren-i ejen
182:
178:
177:Eight Banners
174:
170:
166:
162:
154:
152:
150:
146:
145:Eight Banners
142:
138:
134:
126:
122:
121:
110:
107:
99:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
64:
60:
57: –
56:
52:
51:Find sources:
45:
41:
35:
34:
29:This article
27:
23:
18:
17:
2399:Treaty ports
2361:
2354:
2328:Other topics
2101:
2094:
2072:
2060:
2043:
2038:Peiwen Yunfu
2036:
2014:
2007:
1978:
1727:Beiyang Army
1709:Zongli Yamen
1644:
1565:Da-Qing Bank
1382:Red Lanterns
1035:Qing dynasty
992:
985:
973:. Retrieved
964:
955:
949:
940:
934:
922:. Retrieved
913:
903:
896:
872:Khan (title)
844:
832:
823:
810:
795:
779:niru janggin
778:
769:
757:
748:
736:
732:niúlù é'zhēn
730:
713:
703:
691:
684:ā'dáhā hāfān
682:
665:
650:
633:
624:
612:
606:
594:
585:
573:
569:jiǎlā é'zhēn
567:
550:
540:
532:
525:ā'sīní hāfān
523:
510:
495:
482:
473:
461:
452:
444:
438:
421:
411:
403:
394:
381:
366:
354:amba janggin
353:
344:
332:
323:
315:
309:
292:
278:
272:
257:Qing dynasty
252:
247:. After the
245:Niru janggin
244:
240:
236:
235:"), such as
228:
224:
220:
217:Ming dynasty
212:
208:
192:
188:
184:
180:
172:
164:
158:
141:Qing dynasty
119:
118:
117:
102:
96:October 2023
93:
83:
76:
69:
62:
50:
38:Please help
33:verification
30:
2335:Aisin Gioro
2297:Paper money
2056:Qing poetry
1777:Wuwei Corps
1772:Shuishiying
1533:Family tree
814:ᠪᠠᡳᡨᠠᠯᠠᠪᡠᡵᡝ
803:Сумын занги
666:adaha hafan
2419:Categories
2003:Four Wangs
1894:mausoleums
1847:Golden Urn
1820:Inner Asia
1797:Xiang Army
1767:Hushenying
1692:Liangguang
1672:Liangjiang
1610:Lifan Yuan
1515:Government
975:October 1,
924:October 4,
888:References
809:Then into
777:Then into
664:Then into
632:Then into
551:Jalan ejen
509:Then into
481:Then into
380:Then into
352:Then into
231:(meaning "
189:Jalan ejen
66:newspapers
1825:Manchuria
1792:Huai Army
1782:Yong Ying
1667:Shaan-Gan
1123:High Qing
1069:Later Jin
714:Niru ejen
454:fù dūtǒng
445:fu dutong
435:梅勒額真/美凌額真
431:梅勒额真/美淩額真
363:昂邦章京/按班章京
293:Gūsa ejen
225:Gūsa ejen
193:Niru ejen
181:Gūsa ejen
169:Mongolian
2277:Hongqian
2246:Currency
2116:Treaties
2022:Kaozheng
1969:Booi Aha
1911:Hetu Ala
1864:Timeline
1859:Xinjiang
1830:Mongolia
1787:Chu Army
1762:New Army
1719:Military
1657:Viceroys
877:Booi Aha
856:See also
846:jì dūweì
833:ji duwei
608:cānjiàng
595:canjiang
486:ᠮᡝᡳᡵᡝᠨ ᡳ
425:ᠮᡝᡳᡵᡝᠨ ᡳ
374:Их занги
346:zǒngbīng
333:zongbing
274:Booi Aha
197:Jurchens
2262:Zhiqian
2254:Coinage
1991:Economy
1962:culture
1697:Yun-Gui
1687:Min-Zhe
1682:Sichuan
1677:Huguang
1523:Emperor
1044:History
820:拜他喇布勒哈番
750:zuólǐng
737:zuoling
587:cānlǐng
574:canling
514:ᠠᠰᡥᠠᠨ ᡳ
475:fùjiàng
462:fujiang
385:ᠵᡳᠩᡴᡳᠨᡳ
296:ᡤᡡᠰᠠᡳ
265:Huangdi
233:general
229:janggin
201:Manchus
155:History
147:or the
133:Chinese
80:scholar
1876:Taiwan
1052:Early
1037:topics
784:ᠵᠠᠩᡤᡳᠨ
639:ᠵᠠᠩᡤᡳᠨ
488:ᠵᠠᠩᡤᡳᠨ
359:ᠵᠠᠩᡤᡳᠨ
325:dūtǒng
316:dutong
243:, and
191:, and
137:Manchu
125:Manchu
82:
75:
68:
61:
55:"Ejen"
53:
2068:Queue
1986:Dibao
1842:Tibet
1662:Zhili
1545:Amban
882:Nucai
816:ᡥᠠᡶᠠᠨ
771:bèiyù
758:beiyu
679:阿達哈哈番
675:阿达哈哈番
671:ᡥᠠᡶᠠᠨ
669:ᠠᡩᠠᡥᠠ
637:ᠵᠠᠯᠠᠨ
626:yóujī
613:youji
554:ᠵᠠᠯᠠᠨ
520:阿思尼哈番
516:ᡥᠠᡶᠠᠨ
391:精奇尼哈番
387:ᡥᠠᡶᠠᠨ
287:Ranks
280:Nucai
87:JSTOR
73:books
1804:Navy
1645:Ejen
1528:List
977:2023
926:2023
792:牛錄章京
788:牛录章京
782:ᠨᡳᡵᡠ
727:牛錄額真
723:牛录额真
719:ᡝᠵᡝᠨ
717:ᠨᡳᡵᡠ
700:輕車都尉
696:轻车都尉
647:扎蘭章京
643:扎兰章京
564:甲喇額真
560:甲喇额真
556:ᡝᠵᡝᠨ
492:梅勒章京
427:ᡝᠵᡝᠨ
357:ᠠᠮᠪᠠ
306:固山額真
302:固山额真
298:ᡝᠵᡝᠨ
263:and
253:ejen
221:ejen
209:ejen
205:Khan
173:ejen
165:ejen
129:ᡝᠵᡝᠨ
120:Ejen
59:news
841:騎都尉
837:骑都尉
542:nán
533:nan
449:副都统
277:or
42:by
2421::
843:;
839:;
822:;
800:;
794:;
790:;
768:;
766:備御
764:;
762:备御
747:;
745:佐領
743:;
741:佐领
729:;
725:;
702:;
698:;
681:;
677:;
655:;
649:;
645:;
623:;
621:游擊
619:;
617:游击
605:;
603:參將
601:;
599:参将
584:;
582:參領
580:;
578:参领
566:;
562:;
539:;
522:;
500:;
494:;
472:;
470:副將
468:;
466:副将
451:;
437:;
433:;
413:zǐ
410:;
404:zi
393:;
371:;
365:;
343:;
341:總兵
339:;
337:总兵
322:;
320:都統
308:;
304:;
251:,
239:,
187:,
183:,
131:;
127::
1027:e
1020:t
1013:v
979:.
928:.
835:(
818:(
786:(
760:(
739:(
721:(
694:(
673:(
641:(
615:(
597:(
576:(
558:(
537:男
535:(
518:(
490:(
464:(
447:(
429:(
408:子
406:(
389:(
361:(
335:(
318:(
300:(
123:(
109:)
103:(
98:)
94:(
84:·
77:·
70:·
63:·
36:.
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